457:. In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," Petrus Camper metamorphized a horse into a human being using comparative anatomical physiology. The concept that animals or groups of animals were all variations on one and the same basic plan has been called the "Unity of Plan," a phrase not used by Petrus Camper. The word "metamorphosis," which he favored, came from the Greek, meta or "over" and morphe or "form," refers to a change of form. The underlying similarity between all vertebrates had imporessed many observers for centuries. Plato had his theory of universal Ideas or Forms and Aristotle recognized that the parts were the same in all the animals belonging to the same class, only they differed in "excess or defect" (later known as the "Principle of Correlation"). After the Renaissance, the Unity of Type was recognized by Pierre Belon de Mans, Marco Aurelio Severino, Claude Perrault, Jan Swammerdam, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Petrus Camper was preceded by several colleagues in his century. Maupertuis in 1751, Buffon in 1753, Diderot in 1754, Kant in 1763, Robinet in 1766, and Vicq-d'Azyr in 1774 discussed in various fashions the concept of basic anatomical similarity among the vertebrates. Petrus Camper's contribution to the concept of vertebrate uniformity were his graphic metamorphoses, which greatly impressed Denis Diderot and Johann Wolfgang Goethe. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of "type" â a common structural pattern in some manner. This is confirmed by Peter Hanns Reill who argues convincingly that the practitioners in the life sciences switched from pure mechanism to "vitalism" in the second half of the eighteenth century. Whereas mechanical natural philosophy focused on two types of force, imparted force and conserved force, Georges de Buffon and his followers added an active or self-activating force, which had a teleological character. The teleological principle reintroduced both development and contingency as explanatory concepts. Progressive development was not continuous, but proceeded through a series of drastic changes, "revolutions," in which the outward form was changed drastically, followed by a gradual development in the newly formed shape. The image often used for these revolutions was "metamorphosis." The goal of mediation between regular development and free creation was to find the similar tendencies between dissimilar things; this hidden organizer was the ground on which all reality rested. In eighteenth-century language, this hidden, informing agent was called by terms such as "internal mold" (Buffon), "prototype" (Robinet), "Mittelkraft" (Schiller), "Urtype" (Goethe), "schemata" (Kant), or "Haupttypus" (Herder). As a comparative anatomist and incredibly skilled draftsman, Petrus Camper could demonstrate the hidden prototype inherent in it's physiology "with a few strokes of the pencil" by progressively tracing one animal into another.
139:
287:
379:
361:
526:: "His physics teachers were Willem Jacob âsGravesande (1688-1742) and Pieter van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), both among the leading continental proponents of Newtonian empiricism. In the medical faculty he was taught by Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770), Herman Oosterdijk Schacht (1704-1792), and Hieronymus Davides Gaub (1705-1780). Camper practised midwifery under the guidance of Cornelis Trioen (1686-1746), the teacher of the cityâs midwives."
389:
532:) says: "Through lectures from âs Gravesande and Van Musschenbroek, Camper learned first hand about theories and methodologies of the new experimental physics. He had a broad interest in science but developed a special interest in medicine. The medical faculty in Leiden was one of the best in Europe. Bernhard Albinusâ anatomy lessons and those in botany from Adriaan van Rooyen were very important in the scientific forming of Petrus Camper."
277:
256:
77:
53:
188:
167:
22:
87:
632:
The page in Dutch (and in West
Friesian - it's the same page) mentions Willem Jacob 's Gravesande and Petrus van Musschenbroek (I think only it says that they spread the ideas of Newton, nothing about teaching, but Dutch is only partly understandable to me), and that Frans Hemsterhuis was a lifelong
468:
It has been generally accepted in recent times that the racist application of his facial angle is due to interpreting his work through other scientist who used it improperly. A quick glance over primary sources will show that infact he was one of the few people that respected blacks in his time.
657:
In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of
Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all
619:
mention of Camper is this: "Camper, Peter, a Dutch anatomist, born at Leyden; held sundry professorships; made a special study of the facial angle in connection with intelligence; he was an artist as well as a scientist, and a patron of art
702:
308:-related topics and create a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easy-to-use resource on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
565:- and he resigned from his chairs in botany and chemistry in 1729, when Camper was seven years old, and he died in 1738 when Camper was 16). (The article on Boerhaave in this "Dictionnaire" (found
697:
680:
Angle measurement shown in picture is 68 degree (wrong) it is morelike 22 degree, its not facial angle but real facial angle form from frankfor horizontal plane intersect with facial plane.
737:
148:
63:
707:
626:
How about the other
Wikipedias? The only page claiming that he studied under Boerhaave is the French. The only reference whatsoever is the article on Camper in the same
343:
732:
333:
545:
The short article on Camper in "Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas
Bouillet and Alexis Chassang. (1878). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie." can be found
576:
742:
309:
752:
105:
453:
To understand the laws of morphology, Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by the mechanical exercise he called a
415:
722:
228:
727:
712:
539:
The only reference given among the notes for the chapter "Studies and teaching" is about his marriage some 18 years after the death of
Boerhaave.
109:
300:
261:
747:
470:
579:
is just something about a 1778 lecture on similarity between the Human
Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish... and doen't mention Boerhaave.
204:
593:"His novel Gewassen vlees is set during the eighteenth century, at the time of the Pachtersoproer." Much truth in novels? By the way, the
411:
402:
366:
238:
104:, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Knowledge (XXG)'s articles about people. All interested editors are invited to
692:
113:
100:
58:
717:
484:
I agree, and I have tried to set the record straight by uploading his initial lectures to
Wikisource and making a separate article
549:. It does mention Boerhaave (and nobody else) as being the teacher of Camper, but it also says that Boerhaave was "professeur de
195:
172:
33:
529:
663:
513:
474:
39:
642:
485:
566:
546:
203:
on
Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
611:
Wood, James, ed. (1907). The
Nuttall EncyclopĂŠdia. London and New York: Frederick Warne can be found
21:
292:
633:
friend - but
Boerhaave, no. And neither does any of the other wikipedia-pages in other languages.
394:
138:
638:
517:
493:
667:
583:
92:
612:
509:
378:
360:
594:
200:
686:
489:
305:
605:
523:
535:
Which are the articles' references for the claim that he studied for Boerhaave?
407:
276:
255:
520:(as a grad student), who, in their turn, both were grad students of Boerhaave.
76:
52:
664:
https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Camper%2C+Petrus%2C+1722-1789%22
384:
282:
82:
187:
166:
670:
646:
497:
478:
406:, an attempt to create, expand, and improve articles related to the
542:
And what do the five given references for the article have to say:
112:. For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the
410:
on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, visit the
703:
Unknown-importance biography (arts and entertainment) articles
464:
Petrus Camper Did Not Use the Facial Angle for Racist Purposes
15:
137:
602:
Issues at Stake in Eighteenth-century Racial Classification
597:
took place in 1748, ten years after Boerhaave's death.
414:
where you can join the project or contribute to the
304:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
199:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
698:
C-Class biography (arts and entertainment) articles
676:
Measure shown in facial angle picture is incorrect.
628:Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie
573:trustworthy is this source? A dictonary from 1878.
608:. And of course there is no mention of Boerhaave.
738:C-Class Palaeontology articles of Mid-importance
8:
708:Arts and entertainment work group articles
355:
250:
161:
47:
318:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Palaeontology
569:doesn't mention anything about Camper.)
424:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Netherlands
400:This article falls within the scope of
357:
252:
163:
49:
19:
733:Mid-importance Palaeontology articles
149:the arts and entertainment work group
122:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Biography
7:
504:Studied under Boerhaave? References?
298:This article is within the scope of
193:This article is within the scope of
98:This article is within the scope of
213:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Teylers
38:It is of interest to the following
743:WikiProject Palaeontology articles
321:Template:WikiProject Palaeontology
14:
753:All WikiProject Netherlands pages
557:" (actually he was professor in
427:Template:WikiProject Netherlands
387:
377:
359:
285:
275:
254:
186:
165:
85:
75:
51:
20:
723:Mid-importance Teylers articles
460:by Miriam Claude Meijer, Ph.D.
338:This article has been rated as
233:This article has been rated as
728:C-Class Palaeontology articles
713:WikiProject Biography articles
516:(as a research assistant) and
125:Template:WikiProject Biography
1:
528:The University of Groningen (
312:and see a list of open tasks.
207:and see a list of open tasks.
146:This article is supported by
748:C-Class Netherlands articles
671:01:47, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
647:17:58, 12 January 2013 (UTC)
479:17:10, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
216:Template:WikiProject Teylers
110:contribute to the discussion
577:Miriam Claude Meijer's page
769:
693:C-Class biography articles
510:Pieter Camper on Neurotree
344:project's importance scale
239:project's importance scale
372:
337:
301:WikiProject Palaeontology
270:
232:
181:
145:
70:
46:
718:C-Class Teylers articles
666:doesn't seem to have it
514:Pieter van Musschenbroek
498:12:16, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
403:WikiProject Netherlands
660:
486:Facial Angles (Camper)
324:Palaeontology articles
142:
64:Arts and Entertainment
28:This article is rated
662:Wish I had a source,
655:
652:must-see illustration
553:, de medicine, et de
141:
101:WikiProject Biography
32:on Knowledge (XXG)'s
430:Netherlands articles
293:Paleontology portal
196:WikiProject Teylers
512:his "parents" was
395:Netherlands portal
143:
128:biography articles
34:content assessment
668:Arlo James Barnes
589:is a novel! Yes,
518:Adriaan van Royen
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
354:
353:
350:
349:
249:
248:
245:
244:
160:
159:
156:
155:
760:
584:Thomas Rosenboom
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
397:
392:
391:
390:
381:
374:
373:
363:
356:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
295:
290:
289:
288:
279:
272:
271:
266:
258:
251:
221:
220:
219:Teylers articles
217:
214:
211:
190:
183:
182:
177:
169:
162:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
106:join the project
95:
93:Biography portal
90:
89:
88:
79:
72:
71:
66:
55:
48:
31:
25:
24:
16:
768:
767:
763:
762:
761:
759:
758:
757:
683:
682:
678:
654:
561:, medicine and
506:
471:142.151.152.161
466:
451:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
393:
388:
386:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
291:
286:
284:
264:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
175:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
91:
86:
84:
61:
29:
12:
11:
5:
766:
764:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
685:
684:
677:
674:
653:
650:
634:
631:
624:
623:
622:
621:
609:
600:Thomson, Ann.
598:
595:Pachtersoproer
587:Gewassen vlees
582:The reference
580:
574:
540:
527:
521:
505:
502:
501:
500:
465:
462:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
433:
399:
398:
382:
370:
369:
364:
352:
351:
348:
347:
340:Mid-importance
336:
330:
329:
327:
310:the discussion
297:
296:
280:
268:
267:
265:Midâimportance
259:
247:
246:
243:
242:
235:Mid-importance
231:
225:
224:
222:
205:the discussion
201:Teylers Museum
191:
179:
178:
176:Midâimportance
170:
158:
157:
154:
153:
144:
134:
133:
131:
97:
96:
80:
68:
67:
56:
44:
43:
37:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
765:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
681:
675:
673:
672:
669:
665:
659:
651:
649:
648:
644:
640:
635:
630:as this page.
629:
620:(1722-1789)."
618:
614:
610:
607:
604:can be found
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
531:
525:
522:According to
519:
515:
511:
508:According to
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
481:
480:
476:
472:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:metamorphosis
448:
434:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
396:
385:
383:
380:
376:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
345:
341:
335:
332:
331:
328:
315:Palaeontology
311:
307:
306:palaeontology
303:
302:
294:
283:
281:
278:
274:
273:
269:
263:
262:Palaeontology
260:
257:
253:
240:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
174:
171:
168:
164:
151:
150:
140:
136:
135:
132:
115:
114:documentation
111:
107:
103:
102:
94:
83:
81:
78:
74:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
35:
27:
23:
18:
17:
679:
661:
658:vertebrates.
656:
639:Episcophagus
636:
627:
625:
616:
601:
590:
586:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
534:
524:Who named it
507:
467:
459:
454:
452:
412:project page
401:
339:
299:
234:
194:
147:
99:
40:WikiProjects
551:philosophie
421:Netherlands
408:Netherlands
367:Netherlands
687:Categories
416:discussion
563:chemistry
119:Biography
59:Biography
591:a novel!
555:chirugie
449:Untitled
342:on the
237:on the
210:Teylers
173:Teylers
30:C-class
615:. Its
559:botany
36:scale.
643:talk
617:only
613:here
606:here
567:here
547:here
530:here
494:talk
490:Jane
475:talk
108:and
571:How
334:Mid
229:Mid
689::
645:)
637:--
496:)
488:.
477:)
62::
641:(
492:(
473:(
418:.
346:.
241:.
152:.
116:.
42::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
