Talk:Weimar Republic/Archive 3

1484:

phrase might be used properly. So I think that Knowledge (XXG) needs a new article for the central government of Germany for the period 1919 through 1945, when the allies imposed a new government. (It could be called "Central Government of Germany 1919-1945".) The title would not suffer from slanting useful for trivializing leftists' responsibility for the Nazis' rise to power, and the new article would include relevant information now only sprinkled in "Weimar Republic" and another messy, incoherent article, "Nazi Germany". The articles for Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany could then be reduced to stubs or just a few paragraphs. The problems of the arbitrary terms will have been sidestepped as will the question of how much the Weimar Republic overlapped with Nazi Germany. It's not at all arbitrary, however, that Germany had an evolving central government during the period 1919 - 1945 or that the government began in oligarchy, ended in oligarchy, and relied throughout upon some writing called a constitution.

1472:

central government, the institutions of the central government, and, of course, the constitution used by the Nazis until the bitter end of their regime. Another problem is even more significant. It seems that the phrase "Weimar Republic" was defined arbitrarily long ago to trivialize the fact that Hitler was one of the Weimar Republic's ministers, but as we've seen the popular defintion is difficult to maintain. The Weimar Republic itself installed Hitler in power as its chancellor, and it was both the machinery and a founding document of the WR that the Nazis continued to rely upon even afer 1933. These and other embarrasing facts such as the presence of numerous non-nazis in Hitler's cabinet and the continuation of the presidency until Aug 1934 betray the fact that the Weimar Republic extended well into the period often described as the Third Reich, which supposedly began in March 1933. (In short, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany overlap, contrary to the false dichotomy often assumed by historians.)

1680:

collapse of the Weimar Republic to unreasonable reparation payments is a fallacious argument; no payments were ever made, so no drain on the economy. In fact, even if payments had been made, (according to the book), the German economy should have been able to handle it easily. By way of contrast, after France's surrender in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, Germany extracted reparation payments which were much higher, proportionately speaking (considering the size of the French economy in 1871), than the payments expected from Germany in 1919. Yet, although France struggled, it managed to pay back all the reparations demanded of her. I suggest someone research this more thoroughly to ensure its correctness, and perhaps include it in the article. The book to which I refer seems very well researched; the author's name escapes me, but she's a female, and, I believe, Winston Churchill's granddaughter.

1372:

the constitution of the Weimar Republic. The article itself has already suggested this (but again references and clarity are lacking). In short, no Weimar Republic, no Nazi dictatorship. Now we can see more clearly yet another problem in the second paragraph. It reads that "The legal measures taken by the new Nazi government in February and March 1933...meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution". Once again, proper references are missing. More importantly, what we know so far about the Weimar Republic's constitution suggests that the Weimar Republic provided the Nazis with flexibility needed to "legislate contrary to the constitution". Thus did dictatorial powers of the Weimar Republic provide the foundation of not only one dictatorship, Hindenburg's, but

1478:

the Nazis' despotism much more likely that it would have been if the weaker imperial government been preserved after WWI. But that opening explanation of the WR is no good way to get the truth out. Given the origins of the Weimar Republic, so called, among a relatively small clique of self-appointed populist leaders, we should call the Weimar Republic "a populist oligarchy which assumed at the beginning the forms of a federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy but which ended its life as a barbarous despotism". It's just a coincidence, of course, that leftwing revolutions in both Germany and Russia at about the same time helped to establish not only the aforementioned populist oligarchy in Germany but another one in Russia.

1136:"However, it overcame many of the oppressive requirements of the Treaty of Versailles"... This statement is more of an opinion rather than of fact. The Treaty of Vesailles did not impose economic requirements any more "oppressive" than those imposed on the French at the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in equal economic terms. The fact that German nationalism of the 30s opposed them as 'oppressive' does not make them being oppressive a fact. Besides the fact that the Germans repaid all of the reparations required of Versailles in the 1990s would seem to invalidate this "opinion". 1614:(predominatly catholic) and a conservative wing (predominatly protestant), the Zentrum party was largely christian democrat and predominatly catholic. German protestants before 33 voted monarchistic, liberal or social democrat, but not Zentrum. Personally, I think that Brüning was a honest man, and his attemps to save democracy were earnest. The tragedy was that he attempted his noble goal via with anti-parlamentary means, thus paving the way for authoritarian regimes like Papen and Schleicher, and finally Hitler. In this sense, there may be paralleles to Dollfuss in Austria. 310:

thesis continues, was in some respects a consequence of these contradictions. I doubt very much if the Prussian Junkers around Wilhelm would ever willingly have surendered power-and control of the military-to the Reichstag. You are right, though, to dismiss any suggestion that the Second Reich was 'totalitarian'; but does any state-with the possible exception of Stalin's Russia-come anywhere near this model? Hitler's Reich was such a bundle of madly competing interests that it cannot really be described as totalitarian in any meaningful sense.

1183:, this: "The total under negotiation was 16 billion marks of debts from the 1920s which had defaulted in the 1930s, but which Germany decided to repay to restore its reputation. This money was owed to government and private banks in the U.S., France and Britain. Another 16 billion marks represented postwar loans by the U.S. Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953, the repayable amount was reduced by 50% to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years, and compared to the fast-growing German economy were of minor impact." And from 246:

themselves Freistaat (Free state), Hessen was a Volksstaat (Popular state) and Baden a Republic. As for Prussian provinces. Everything that was Prussian under the Kaiser was also Prussian under the Weimar Republic (with the exception of the territories ceded to other nations, most notably Poland). The only change in provinces was that the remnants of the Provinces of Western Prussia and Posen were merged into a new province. Some parts of Western Prussia were also merged into Eastern Prussia. All other provinces remained the same.

2031:"On 3 May 1919, loyal elements of the German army (called the “White Guards of Capitalism” by the communists), with a force of 9,000, and Freikorps (such as the Freikorps Epp and the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt) with a force of about 30,000 men, entered Munich and defeated the communists after bitter street fighting in which over 1,000 supporters of the Munich soviet government were killed. About 700 men and women were arrested and summarily executed by the victorious Freikorps troops. " 1354:

dictatorship. Thus, "liberal democracy" did not lapse in 1930 but continued after Hindenburg assumed emergency powers provided by "liberal democracy" itself. In fact, the electoral machinery of "liberal democracy" was in place when Hitler contested Hindenburg for the presidency in 1932, and the machinery of the Weimar Republic was functioning so well that there was even a run-off election for the presidency. (That was an interesting emergency dictatorship, nicht wahr?)

1212:"Faced with ... hostility from the victors of World War I." Where are the references and support for this statement? From everything I have read, Weimar enjoyed much support from the victors of WWI, including reducing the amount of reparations not once, but twice, through restructuring of their debt, including the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. The major hostility to Weimar came from nationalist groups within Germany, not from groups outside Germany. 31: 591:

was a gay, philosemitic, conservative tangentially linked to the circle of Stefan George who published a book called der Dritte Humanismus)and so the cultural history of Weimar has figured significantly in my research. I only mention this as a bona fide to say that Weitz' book is an excellent treatment of the period and our interview would add, I think, to the knowledge of people visiting this article. The link to the interview is

2065:

beginning of the sentence originally referred to a meeting in January (when 196 would have been correct), but it now seems to refer to a meeting in March. Something obviously went wrong somewhere, but I'm not sure what the various editors were actually trying to say. Whatever it was intended to say, I presume that the current version is not backed up by sources (since it is nonsense). Or have I missed something? --

854:

Hindenburg, effectively allowing him as Reich Chancellor to assume the Prussian government's powers; the pretext was that the SPD and the KPD elements in the Prussian government were conspiring against the Nazis (a claim which was on its face ridiculous as those parties could have coalesced in April-June 1932 to form a majority government in Prussia).

1857:) and seeing as this is the most widely-known term for the geographical entity being discussed on this page and it is indeed the name of the page, I maintain that one name for Germany is this period should be used consistently throughout. I therefore suggest that someone change 'Deutsches Reich/German Empire' to 'Weimarer Republik/Weimar Republic'. 266:

typically leads to parlimentary democracies (I think...like in Britain?). I usuallly think that the Zweite Reich gets treated too much as a totalitarian regime that was an enemy of democrcy, while in reality it was probably on a course to eventual parliamentary democracy. But, I'm not a student of Germany history...So feel free to enlighten me.

1179:, which states that "West Germany paid off the remainder by 1980. According to the agreement, the debt would be serviced for 20 years, leading to the last payments being due on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification. About 10% of this debt, about 20 million euro, has not been claimed yet." And also from 995:

just acting. The next sentence is referenced and states Hitler's reaction objectively. The reader can draw his or her own conclusions as to motivation and state of mind. The same could possibly be said of the word "brave", which could be removed without detriment to the article, in my opinion. Sometimes less is more. --

1036:, followed by a small image. The thing is, the image is the same as the one at the top. There is obviously an error somewhere, either with the top image, the bottom image or the inclusion of the box in the first place. There is a citation, but it is a book citation, so I can't check to see which it is. 2222:

I think that matter should probably be raised in some WikiProject to resolve that question. I can live with the compromise of just putting "Germany" there for now, even though I still strongly believe that giving the official name of the state is the way to go. I also disagree with the first sentence

2106:

I agree; it is simplistic to claim, in a straightforward fashion, that the Depression caused the Nazi political victory. However, to your other point, I feel that the term "ascend" is neutral. Just as we say a party "rises" to power. Whether or not that's a good thing will be subjective, but it seems

1972:

Since the coat of arms used toward the end of the Weimar Republic is the same as the coat of arms that is used by the modern Federal Republic of Germany, it seems sensible to follow German Knowledge (XXG), and restore the different coat of arms used at the beginning of the Weimar Republic to identify

1874:

In the info box should be the official name, because the name Weimar Repbulic was created ex post. The official name remains Deutsches Reich or German Empire, like in the article about Vichy France there is also French State/l'État français in the ifo box as the official name and in the article about

1792:

I would definitely not call the Weimar Republic "German Reich" - it was at all the first try to establish a democracy, the term "Reich" comprises anything but democratic structures... to be honest I'm a little shocked to see this term used here with the Weimar Republic... there is an gap between the

1371:

We need to deal also with the flatly untrue claim that "the measures taken by the Nazis in the early part of their rule rendered the constitution irrelevant". First of all, no reference is given to substantiate the claim. Second, the Nazis' rule, like Hindenburg's dictatorship, was not independent of

791:

The powers of the Länder (states) were transferred to the Reich, obsolescing the Reichsrat. A month later, the Reichsrat itself was dissolved. In August, President von Hindenburg died, and Hitler appropriated the president's powers for himself. The Enabling Act did not specify any recourse that could

290:

In 1918 however, the constituion was changed, under the pressure of World War I (especially the US and the German military leaders that wanted to shift the blame): ministers were introduced and made politically responsible and the Chancellor needed parliament's approval. Members of parliament (Social

2240:

The official name was "Deutsches Reich" -the Germans used only the German language in official documents -- the English translation was never "official". Much worse: the English term is highly misleading to English language speakers (which is the audience for this Knowledge (XXG)). Cambridge English

2151:

i would love to see Art 20 (4) GG as a 'learning' - a lack of the idea for a "self-defensing-democracy". It explicitly declares a "extra-statutory necessity", wherein ANY measure for defending democratic, constitutional principles might be legal. this is an important new idea after the ill-fated but

1483:

Anyhow, the popular meaning of phrase "Weimar Republic" is slanted in ways that make it nearly useless analytically and, furthermore, contrary to NPOV. But the Knowledge (XXG) article is not supposed to be a place for editorializing about the defectiveness of the phrase's popular usage or how such a

1477:

Another problem is in the first paragraph. The explanation of the "Weimar Republic" as "the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy..." is useful for sheltering the reputations of German republicans and leftists against the quite reasonable suspicion that the Weimar Republic made

1471:

I want to make a few more general remarks about this article, which has numerous other problems in addition to the incoherence that I've attempted to correct by editing the list of chancellors. As things stand, the article is a mishmash of history and personalities that neglects the structure of the

1159:

There are problems with the new, unsourced statement "even though Germany eventually repaid all the reparations required of the treaty in the 1990s". Firstly, the date needs to be confirmed. Secondly we need confirmation that the full amount specified in the Treaty of Versailles was repaid. Thirdly,

994:

I don't see these as POV in the sense of being partial. However, I would say the sentence including "restrain his wrath" should be removed because it states as fact what is actually speculation on Hitler's state of mind; it is possible that Hitler's screaming etc. was not indicative of wrath but was

874:

the actions taken by the defendant were not intended to obliterate the authority of the Prussian state. Even though the decree had entirely nullified the power of the Prussian state and had effectively transferred that to Papen as Commissioner, this was only a temporary measure aimed at removing the

561:

article. After going through a swathe of documents, it became clear to me that "Empire" is officially correct only for 1871-1918 Germany. I can't remember if I wrote the "half-translated" bit or not: I think I did, if only to stop people from incorrectly using "Empire" - the same can be said for the

333:

Now, there were a couple of totalitarian regimes: you mention Stalin (but let us not forget, that the Soviet Union was already totalitarian under Lenin and remained totalitarian under Stalin's successors), but there's also Nazi Germany, Mao's China, the Khmer Rouge, or to go back in time, the French

939:

Midway through this section of the article (starting with the paragraph "As in other countries..."), the writing style changes radically from the reasonably clear and grammatical to the confused, awkward and ungrammatical. I am no expert in this period of German history and would therefore be very

915:

However, it also held that paragraph 2 regulated a different situation than that contemplated by paragraph 1. Under paragraph 2, the Court taking note of the near total breakdown of public order and safety, the President was entitled to take the measures he had taken, assuming control not merely of

911:

In respect of Papen's argument under paragraph 1 of Article 48, the Court held that this presented a legal and factual dispute and that the national government bore the burden of demonstrating that the state government was not fulfilling its duties of contending with the breakdown of law and order,

849:

The Prussian Landtag electoral rules had been revised by the then-majority coalition, such that if a government lost a no-confidence vote, a new government required an absolute majority to replace it. In April 1932 the Nazis and their German Nationalist allies won about 200 seats, while the SPD and

824:

Did Hitler actually bother to announce his laws in the Gazette once everyone was out of the way? And if he wanted to do something, he probably wouldn't bother to pass a law authorising it first (Night of the Long Knives, for instance). Does this mean that he was constantly breaking the law while he

89:

I think more chancellors should be mentioned in the article. Philipp Scheidemann, Gustav Bauer, Hermann Müller, Constantin Fehrenbach, Joseph Wirth, Wilhelm Cuno, Gustav Stresemann, Wilhelm Marx, Hans Luther, Wilhelm Marx, Hermann Müller, Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen, Kurt von Schleicher were

1832:

There must be an official name for Weimar Republic in the british and american documents concerning foreign affairs. I haven't found a consistent name for Germany jet. In many documents it was described as "German Government", but I also found "German Empire" and "German Reich". Maybe someone else

590:

I would like to add a link to the radio interview I did with cultural historian Eric Weitz about his 2007 book Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy. I've been working on a book about a resistance group in Occupied Holland that was led by a writer who came out of the disparate currents of Weimar (he

2064:

Until recently it had the figures 196+52 and somebody recently corrected this to 288+52. However, that conflicts with the beginning of the sentence, which has " the first cabinet meeting was attended by the two coalition parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag ". I would guess that the

1679:

This article claims that in 1923, the Weimar Republic claimed it could "no longer afford the reparation payments," and that it "defaulted" on "some payments." According to the book "Paris 1919," Germany ignored reparation payments from the beginning. It seems ascribing any part of the economic

1353:

The second paragraph is worded cleverly where it reads that "The ensuing period of liberal democracy lapsed by 1930, when Hindenburg assumed dictatorial emergency powers, leading...". But those dictatorial powers were a feature of the Weimar Republic's "liberal democracy" even before Hindenburg's

974:

Otto Wels, the leader of the Social Democrats, whose seats were similarly depleted from 120 to below 100, was the only speaker to defend democracy and in a futile but brave effort to deny Hitler the two-thirds majority, he made a speech critical of the abandonment of democracy to dictatorship. At

919:

The Court held that nevertheless the Presidential decree had to stay within the bounds of the Constitution, but this gave the Prussian government very little. The Prussian government could not, for example, be deprived of its right to representation in the national Reichsrat or to relate to other

541:

half-translated, since "Reich" is a word in the English language, appearing in English-language dictionaries (including wiktionary); and third, because it comes across as dismissive (whether or not that was the original intent) and therefore POV, as if the author is looking down on people who use

2247:

by the Weimar Republic....conjured up an image among educated Germans that resonated far beyond the institutional structures Bismarck created: the successor to the Roman Empire; the vision of God's Empire here on earth; the universality of its claim to suzerainty; and a more prosaic but no less

1711:

OK, I understand the first part, but what does "despite nationalist outrage at the fragmentation of Germany" mean? It looks like this bit was added by somebody who didn't bother reading the preceding part of the sentence. Some editing needed here, which I would do myself, but wikifascists will

1569:

Hi this might not be appropriate to ask.. but i was just wondering if you guys knew where the weimar republic stamp was (ie the ink rubber stamp, and it was black on white paper. on its own) . I'm sure i have seen it on one of the articles about weimar etc, 2-3 weeks ago. But now i cant find it.

473:

The lead claims that the Weimar Republic ruled Germany 1919-33, but this is rather nonsensical. A country is ruled by one or more of its citizen in the form of dictators, political parties, juntas, etc, but the country doesn't rule itself. Could someone tweak this to make it seem less illogical?

329:

The difference between "totalitarian" and "authoritarian" is that the latter merely demands obedience from its subjects (and to the extent that any state does that, any state is authoritarian). The former however is not content with mere obedience, it wants complete internal assent, in a way, it

2276:

Rjensen is quite right about this. I think this is a case where excessive pedantry is just going to be misleading to the general English-speaking reader. Pointing out that Wilhelm II's title was actually "German Emperor" not "Emperor of Germany" is not going to confuse anybody. Referring to the

2084:

The sentence about the Depression, "It led to the ascent of the nascent Nazi Party in 1933.", bothers me because (1) it sounds so positive—the Nazis didn't "ascend" (admittedly subjective), and (2) it is also untrue in that the Party was not "nascent" in 1933—it was nascent in the early 1920's.

536:

I'm about to make what I think is a pretty minor edit for the introduction, but I wanted to provide an explanation here in case it turns out to be contentious. In the sentence "Despite its political form, the new republic was still officially known as the Deutsches Reich in German, rendered as

309:

Forgive me, it's a while since I have studied German history, but I seem to remember a school of thought (Fisher, Berghan?) which argued that the contradictions and tensions within the Kaiserreich between feudal/militaristic and parliamentary elements made it inherently unstable? The war, this

265:

I wasn't a fan of the part that glosses over the political structure of Germany prior to WWI. I was under the impression that while the ministers in the Kaiser's government were ultimately answerable to the Kaiser, the Bundestag had control of the purse strings. Historically, this arrangement

2223:

in the Weimar Republic article. It says it "is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state", which is not the case, the term describes a period, not a state. By international law, Germany during the Weimar Republic is the same state as it was since 1871 and as it was until 1945.

853:

On 14 June the national ban against the SA was lifted; that against the Red Front remained in place. On 28 June the national government prohibited state governments from imposing their own bans against the Nazi organs. Street battles ensued. On 14 July Papen obtained an Article 48 decree from

820:

5) Hitler was not someone who respected legal proceedure for its own sake. But in the Enabling Act it says that "Laws enacted by the Reich government shall be issued by the Chancellor and announced in the Reich Gazette. They shall take effect on the day following the announcement, unless they

1613:

I don't think it's OK to denote Brüning a "conservative". Brüning was Zentrum, i.e. Christian Democrat. The label "conservative" in the german pre-33 context would apply to DNVP and their ilk, i.e. monarchistic and nationalistic. In contrast to todays CDU, which combines a christian democrat

1598:

While the rise to power of Hitler was a major event in the Weimar Republic's dissolution, there are other topics that should be added to give a full picture of the Weimar Republic such as more information about the "golden era" under Stressman, as well as culture and society during the time.

916:

the Prussian police but indeed the entire governmental apparatus of Prussia. The Court did not accept the Prussian government's argument that the displacement of all Prussian ministers, instead of simply the head of state and the minister of the Interior, was a flagrant abuse of discretion.

900:

the Prussian government's difficultly in responding to the disorder had been largely created by the national government which had legalized the Nazi organization's demonstrations, outlawed the communists demonstrations or counter-demonstrations, and deprived the state government of the legal

1116:

may be further reasons of failure, because these occupations caused a lot of political disorder and problems for the first German republic. Many Germans of that time may have felt humiliated about these occupations and may have given the responsability for this humiliation to the democratic

245:

The Weimar Constitution called the states "Länder", much to the dismay of the states. This is one example of centralizing effects of the Weimar Constituion, which is an often overlooked problem of the new system. However, the various Länder all had names of their own and most of them called

1380:

At this point it seems reasonable to conclude that the entire paragraph was deliberatly slanted to direct the reader away from painful or embarrassing conclusions about the Weimar Republic and "liberal democracy". Still, the paragraph needs to be rewritten to accomadate the truth, not the

1439:

This fact is omitted from the Infobox at the top right, as is the name of at least one other chancellor. Since the fact of Hitler's chancellorship is already asserted in the article, it should not be controversial to add his name after Schleicher's in the Infobox. I'll add Papen's, too.

1852:

Why, in the info summary box on the right-hand side of the page, is the Weimar Repbulic referred to as the German Empire? Although what we would today call Germany was officially called the German Empire between 1918 and 1933, historians nowadays refer to it as the Weimar Republik (or

2088:

Also, although we know that the Depression was a contributor to the Nazi seizure of power, should that be stated in so flatly an "x = y" presentation? Obviously, the disunity of the left and the center parties also contributed to the government's inability to stave off fascism.

2411: 1465:

chancellors of the Weimar Republic, but there's a little problem. Only six names will display. (These are Scheidemann through Cuno, which brings us only as far as August of 1923.) I don't know what the problem in the code is, but if someone knows how to fix it, then please do

537:"German Empire" or the half-translated term "German Reich" in English", I'm removing the words "the half-translated term". First, because the reader can see the words "German Reich" there on the screen, so doesn't need to be told it's half-translated; second because it's 337:

One more thing: the totalitarian nature of a regime does not depend on whether it actually has the means to implement its totalitarian objectives - yes, there were niches under Hitler and also in the Soviet Union but they existed because the regime could not (yet) remove

1557:

Am I the only one who feels that the writing could be tweaked/polished beginning from the section "Franz von Papen calls new elections? I would do it myself, but I came looking because I don't know much about Weimar Germany. Oh, and I'm lazy. 09:52, 8 February 2006

137:

himself, Eisner proclaimed a Bavarian "Free State" after the deposing of the King of Bavaria at the end of World War I and advocated a "Socialist Republic", but the Bavarian "Soviet Republic" was proclaimed after his assassination by Eugen Leviné and others.

283:

The Reichstag (=parliament) had legislative powers and budget power, though that was limited regarding the military budget (and that was the largest part of the budget): the military budget was voted every seven years - the Reichstag was elected every three

279:

In the Kaiserreich, there actually were no ministers as such. There was the Chancellor appointed by the Kaiser. The Chancellor had his sub-secretaries that later developed into something like ministers but these were never politically responsible to

870:

the disturbances in Prussia were ultimately the work of the communists. In this, the SPD dominated government of Prussia had collaborated. As a result, the government had lost its independence and was thus unable to carry out its duties under the

850:

Center gathered about 160. The KPD, who would not join a coalition with either, garnered 57 seats. The SPD-run cabinet resigned but also continued (under the re-defined rules) as a caretaker government until a new prime minister could be chosen.

448:). This article, at the moment, focusses heavilly on the historical aspects of the Weimar Republic, but not so much on the geographical. Information about the states that made up Germany at this period in time would round out the article more. - 214:. I have left the caption alone. "The Länder of the Weimar Republic, with the Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) as the largest". But were the federal parts of the Weimar Republic called Länder in the constitution or some other name? 1504:

no change please. thousands of serious historians worldwide find "Weimar Republic" to be useful and use it in both scholarly and popular work, and in teaching and research. "Central Government of Germany 1919-1945" is not used by anyone.

183:

May I remark that the position of Moresnet(blue white black flag) on the map is all wrong. it's much smaller and more northwarts. It's the most upper part of the properties gained by Belgium. Besides Moresnet ceased to exist after WW1

1460:

Upon opening the edit page I discovered that someone else had already added to the infobox the names of most other chancellors. For some reason, however, markup code was added to prevent their display. So I made changes to account for

2178:

Although the anthem "Song of the Germans" is correct, only the third stanza is used in the audio file, which is incorrect an donly applies to the modern Bundesrepublik Deutschland. The Weimar Republic included all stanzas of the

2523:

Why is there no mention of the sexual degeneracy that took place during this time period? Child prostitution, public sexual acts, etc. ? I can only imagine the reasons as to why, but seems like its an important part of history.

126:, took over the Bavarian government in Munich and declared the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. The communist rebel state was put down one month later when Freikorps units were brought in to fight the leftist rebels." 2743:

Although usage in this article has always been mixed, it seems to me, that by 2006 there was a strong trend towards BE, that has been maintained ever since, with the AE variety never in the clear majority afaict. According to

782:

The constitution was never formally repealed, but the Enabling Act meant that all its other provisions were a dead letter. The Enabling Act itself was breached by Hitler on three occasions in 1934: Article 2 of the act stated

2404: 1247:

In fact the imperial government had been printing money since August 1914 as it could not sell bonds outside Germany to pay for the war. It is true that the Weimar republic printed money, but the problem was 9 years old, not

419:

For this article to reach a rating higher than GA, it needs to be correctly cited. The references at the bottom of the article are not actually cited anywhere within the text. Does anyone have access to these publications? -

2723:

I went through the article history, sampling versions of the article, going back one year, picking versions near mid-month, and examining them. In every case, British usage far outweighed American usage in the past year.

2433:

I don't understand the use of the word "from" in this phrase. I'd understand "or", but am hesitant to correct it because I don't understand the issues. Either way, the current wording is baffling and needs to be clarified.

2378: 2655:

well, for my part I know all of these, the guideline says the article has to be consistent, which is now currently not. I kindly as editors to express opinions, should the article written in American English or British

2272:

Besides the points which Evans raises, "Reich" also has, or used to have, connotations of "realm". It's only comparatively recently that it more commonly came to mean "empire" in a rather more aggressive and perjorative

1075:

I am changing this now, but a quick check proved to me that there have been other instances of vandalism. There are obviously people here that cannot try to see history through as much of an objective lens as possible.

1011:

This is no pov, it is just what happended there. "Futile" and "brave" also describe his actions accurately, because openly resisting Hitler could be very dangerous for later times. This is also not enough for a POV Tag.

2727:

Taking the opposite approach, I went back to the beginning (in 2001!) and found that the article developed slowly, with no particular trend in usage for a few years. By 2006, a pattern had emerged. Looking at revision

787:'Laws enacted by the government of the Reich may deviate from the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat. The rights of the President remain undisturbed.' 840:

Judicial review was possible and expressly contemplated under the Constitution. The most notable case related to Papen's seizure of power in Prussia in the summer of 1932 after Nazi electoral victories (the

896:

if it were to "work with" Papen as he offered, the Prussian government would effectively agree to the claim that the national government had a right to interfere, a claim that the state government strongly

907:

The Court in making its decision ruled that it had jurisdiction to decide the case and that it was not injudiciously making a "political decision" which was committed to other branches of the government.

542:"German Reich" instead of "German Empire" (which is odd since, as noted in an earlier section of this talkpage, the original German "Reich" has connotations that are lost if it's translated as "Empire"). 294:

However, it should be clear that it were these changes and not the revolution that turned Germany into a parliamentary system. Ebert would have preferred a parliamentary monarchy with a different Emperor.

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The SPD brought suit in the Constitutional Court to enjoin Papen's actions, and the SPD prayer for preliminary injunctive relief was denied on 25 July. On 25 October the Court issued its final decision.

1034:"The above shown coat-of-arms was the conclusive version created by Emil Doepler (d. 1922), readopted by the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, an earlier version for Weimar looked like this:" 2277:

Weimar Republic as the German "Reich" is just going to confuse people. I'll leave others to argue about the legal niceties of the paragraph explaining that it was technically still the "Reich".

1315:" consists of three guys. Three persons -out of nowhere- seize the power: legislative and executive. These three guys asssemble a council as they like. Make a republic. Where is the law here?-- 875:

influence of the communists, and thus restoring law and order to Prussia. Thus, the arrogation of power was intended to further, and not to impede, the functioning of the Prussian government.

1740:

To translate 'Reich' as 'Empire' is far too precise: it can indeed mean 'empire', but it also means 'realm', which is, I think, a far more accurate rendition for the Weimar Republic.

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Republic under Robespierre. And certainly various revolutions (or wannabe revolutions) have created an totalitarian environment, but as they were short-lived I won't go into details.

2306:"Weimar Republic" is the standard, non-controversial term used by practically all our RS. It needs no footnote, but the alternative terms are indeed confusing and hard to explain. 1358:

Given the dictatorial features inherent to that "liberal democracy" and the lifespan of the constitution of 1919, it would be much better to replace the flawed sentence with this:

392:"And They Liked Balls" has been shoved at the bottom of the page, I am putting this here so you know its happened once - if this happens again, you may need to lock the article... 1833:

has better access to those documents, like Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. I was not able to get the book in any library near me. Could someone look it up please?

2012:"In the next five years, the central government, assured of the support of the Reichswehr, dealt severely with the occasional outbreaks of violence in Germany's large cities. 2248:

powerful sense, the concept of a German state that would include all German speakers in central Europe--'one People, one Reich, one Leader', as the Nazi slogan was to put it."

257:

NB: The terminus "Freistaat" is an attempt to render into german the latin "res publica". Thus "Freistaat" is to be considered a synonyme to "republic" in the german context.

1990:

The blazon of both coats of arms appears to be the same (as described by the president of the republic), and they were both used; so they can both be seen as "official". --

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he had offered to work together with the Prussian ministers, but this offer was refused, leaving him no choice but to seek the more drastic remedy of the Article 48 decree.

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As an ongoing project, more citations and links might be useful. I intend to continue trying to improve this article, and any suggestions or helpful edits would be great.

1749:

I would suggest not to translate it at all. Whenever it is necessary to use the official name say "Deutsches Reich" (with possibly an explanation), otherwise say Germany.

1387:

Thus, although 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich, the Third Reich was merely a phase of the Weimar Republic.

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predilections and thin skin of leftists and republicans with an ax to grind. For example, we might eliminate the mealy-mouthedness of the last sentence by replacing it:

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On Sunday July 17 the Altona riot left 17 dead. On July 20 the Prussian government was forcibly removed from office and Papen installed himself as Commissar of Prussia.

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If you are worried about confusing the reader with the word "Reich", then surely the appropriate action is to have an explanatory footnote, not dumb-down the article.

1815:. So there is a good reason to use it here. Since the article is called "Weimar Republic" - which seems to be the most popular usage nowadays - I don't see a problem. 1243:"In early the postwar years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more and more banknotes to pay the bills. By 1923," etc. 122:

I just edited out a reference to Kurt Eisner which originally read: "The first challenge to the Weimar Republic came when a group of communists and anarchists,

330:

wants to be loved. You could grumble about politics under the Kaiser and thought this didn't change anything, you were free to do it. You couldn't under Hitler.

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I also doubt that a parlamentarisation would have easily happened. There certainly would have been conflicts about that, the outcome of which we can never know.

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This and other important aspects of Weimar Republic's history and action need to be presented in the article. I shall try to work on this when time permits. --

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to the best of its ability. The Court ruled that Papen failed to demonstrate this and that therefore his argument to entitlement under paragraph 1 must fail.

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No problem. This all came up from a rather lengthy debate a while ago regarding the name, which I hope I managed to settle a while ago when I clarified the

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The ensuing period of liberal democracy continued after Hindenburg assumed dictatorial emergency powers in 1930 and at least until the elections of 1932.

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German Reich which is known as the "Kaiserreich" (up to 1918) and Hitler's Reich (from 1933) - the time in between may not be called "German Reich"!!!

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variety be used throughout the article. Currently, this is not the case as both AE and BE are used, and this must be fixed, to pick one or the other.

1187:, "The last instalment of these reparations has been paid on 3 October 2010." I will change the article to reflect these more accurate statements. 438:

into this article. That particular article is just a list that is only linked to from the member states themselves (probably just via the navbar

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Concept calling the different German Republics after towns (it's relativly often used by German media, don't know if it's used outside Germany)

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To call any German state prior to 1933 totalitarian is just ridiculous. Those who do probably haven't considered what the term actually means.

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But he/she still has a point on the infobox. It makes no sense to have the chancellors end in 1923. Better get rid of the section altogether.

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In Germany the term free state (in German, Freistaat) was part of the full names of most Länder (federal states) during the inter-war period.

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Am I the only one who thinks this page should be renamed to "Weimar Germany?" Vichy France isn't titled "Vichy Regime" or "Vichy State." --

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Nothing about cooperation with Soviet Union, avoiding Versailles military restrictions, waging economical war, lack of minorities treaty...

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Democrats, Centre Party, Left-wing Liberals) became ministers. But this arrangement was short-lived because of the revolution in November.

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to either AE or BE. If there were such a thing as "Weimar English", then that would be the one we would have to use; but there isn't.

1708:"where Germans constituted only part or a minority of local populations despite nationalist outrage at the fragmentation of Germany" 676:

About harassment and discrimination of ethnic minorities like Masurs that happened for example by state officials in education system

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3) I'm assuming no-one was foolhardy enough to bring such a suit against Hitler's third reich, but could it have legally happened?

2018:"The left claimed that the Social Democrats had betrayed the ideals of the revolution, while the army and the government-financed 1704:

where Germans constituted only part or a minority of local populations despite nationalist outrage at the fragmentation of Germany

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bring a constitutional suit, did they just trust that the gov would uphold the constitution? Or was there some other safeguard?

491: 2729: 76: 64: 59: 1811:"Reich" was the contemporaneous name of the German state at the time. See e.g. the cover of the 1919 Weimar Constitution: 1092: 670:

About vast Soviet-German cooperation in political matters, military matters, aimed at third parties that lasted till 1933.

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The Bundesrat (=states' representation) was in the beginning the central body and it was more powerful than the Reichstag.

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I made several edits to the article's lead. I focused on factual accuracy, natural-sounding English, and readability.

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There is no policy-preference in this article which would mandate a particular variety of English, as there are no

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Lander (Articles 17 & 63). This, however, in no way granted the Prussian government the relief that it sought.

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it was absurd to ignore the Nazi role in provoking the civil disturbances and to assign all blame to the communists

90:

all the chancellors of the Weimar Republic. Not Adolf Hitler, when he became chancellor, the third Reich started.

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I see you are not making much progress with that ! Not surprising, because the issues you raised are rubbish.

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has another map with "The Provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia (green) within the German Empire (1871-1918)" Was

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Does anyone out there have the text of the constitution of the Republic? It seems like a relevant issue to me.

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:

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reluctant to undertake a revision of the kind and magnitude that is needed here. Can anyone else help out?

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the way the statement is formulated ("even though . . .") implies a point of view that is unattributed. --

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I disagree: Before the Great Depression starting in 1929 the Nazi party was hardly known by anyone with

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was in office, notwithstanding that it was extremely generous to him in the definition of his power?

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Attempts by Weimar Republic to revise borders in Central Europe by economical and political blackmail

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the Emperor was gone and it was time for a new regime. The new one immediately held free elections.

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BE: 30 – demobilised, symbolised, modelled, pretence, offence, favour, labour (x 5), centre (x 19)

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is our favorite. It's about supporting Knowledge (XXG) guidelines, which on this topic are clear:

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dictionaries say that "the Reich" is a standard term for Nazi period. Evans is very useful here:

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The passage, "1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic", is not new to the article.

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It seems that SPD illegally "founded" the weimar thing. without a popular election or any sort. --

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1) Under the Weimar constitution, was it possible to challenge government actions in the courts,

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About lack of protection for minorities in the state as Germany never signed the minorites treaty

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AE: 10 – marginalizing, organized, criticized, radicalize, authorized, favor (x 2), center (x 3)

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Too much information in article on the rise of Hitler, not enough on ther Weimar Republic itself

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I don't know if this part is vandalism, but in the second paragraph it states: In its 14 years,

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I've never seen these Bonn/Berlin names used in English. Not very often in German, either. -

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has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary.

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on the Gun politics in the U.S. talk page that may be of interest to editors of this page.

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Weimar Republic's destabilisation of European economy by waging economic war against Poland

2588:, see the recent edits, would you please help us out? What is to be done here? Thank you.( 2278: 2224: 2181: 2070: 1995: 1914: 1298: 1165: 1000: 760: 705: 2367:

The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion:

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion:

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linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion

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Nazi Germany there is Greater German Reich/Großdeutsches Reich is the official name.

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I think "from" here means "as it was ": "The official name of the republic remained

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when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an

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a province of Prussia the Weimar Republic or did it have some other designation? --

233: 2627:. Third step is to discuss the issue on the talk page and try to reach consensus. 490:

In light of a near complete lack of inline citations, I am taking this article to

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If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the

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Weimar Republic's attempts to re-arm avoiding limitations of Versailles Treaty.

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committed hundreds of acts of gratuitous violence against striking workers.

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This talk page is too long. Please, condense these topics into an archive.

2405:

Deutschlandlied (1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler).ogg

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Similar to the entry on the German Empire, I propose the incorporation of

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a standard way of describing the process of assuming political control.

890:

there was no collaboration between the communists and the SPD as alleged

2198:

Today part of Belgium and the Netherlands? Sure? Which region exactly?

1433:

Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor on the morning of 30 January 1933..."

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authority to take independent action to outlaw the Nazi demonstrations.

2477:

had never widespread currency and should be removed from the lead. --

1646:

the style of the Coats of Arms of the Weimar Republic were different:

732:, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the 2213:

should it be Weimar Republic or Deutsches Reich or German Empire??

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Since there were no objections, I've gone ahead with the merge. -

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion

1945:

Notice of a discussion on the Gun politics in the U.S. talk page

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United States, on the grounds that they were unconstitutional?

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How things would have unfolded without the war, we cannot tell.

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I have just copied a map onto the article page from the article

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That this article is linked to from the image description page.

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This is incorrect. As is already shown on the pages for the

1927:

I agree, 40 topics is too much. It's a reasonable timespan.

1770:

See official use of "German Reich" in an official document (

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on the image's description page for the use in this article.

2005:

The "Years of Crisis" sections needs dates and more sources

1349:

Second Paragraph: Dictatorial powers of "liberal democracy"

2429:"remained that of the German Reich from the German Empire" 2053:

Last paragraph of Hitler's chancellorship (1933) is a mess

1181:

http://en.wikipedia.org/Agreement_on_German_External_Debts

1200:

http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=189637

2539:

Nothing is stopping you from adding it to this article.

2057:

Does anyone know the history of the last paragraph of

1285:

I'm not sure what you mean by "the weimar thing". The

1104:

Further reasons for the failure of the Weimar Republic

1032:

At the bottom of the infobox, there is a note stating

2009:

I think the "Years of Crisis" sections needs dates.

1813:

http://en.wikipedia.org/File:Weimar_Constitution.jpg

979:

Brave effort? Restrain his wrath? Please more NPOV.

513:

the article. An archive of the review can be found

2708:does not apply here, the default decision-maker is 1175:The current status of reparations is referenced in 792:be taken if the chancellor violated Article 2, and 2762:should be placed near the top of the article (see 1909:Everybody agreed on auto-archive after 60 days? -- 2776:should be added to the Talk page header. Thanks, 1072:, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems... 720:Image copyright problem with Image:Nsdap1932.jpg 2243:The continued use of the term 'German Empire', 2052: 1177:http://en.wikipedia.org/World_War_I_reparations 975:this Hitler could no longer restrain his wrath. 225:" is the term correct for the Weimar Republic? 2410:Participate in the deletion discussion at the 2377:Participate in the deletion discussion at the 2372:Wappen Deutsches Reich (Weimarer Republik).svg 2344:Participate in the deletion discussion at the 763:. For assistance on the image use policy, see 358:Send it to peer review now for more insights. 1570:Would any of u hava clue.? please help thanx 8: 2152:perfectly "legal" dictatorship after 1933. 2125:in the German federal election of 1928 (see 2732:of February 14, 2006, here's what I found: 2028:and why is this event not even mentioned: 1410: 320:You are right about this school of thought. 2615:What is to be done is to immediately stop 2153: 2147:learnings from weimarer verfassung failure 765:Knowledge (XXG):Media copyright questions 728:is used in this article under a claim of 2555:Changes to opening paragraphs; more work 778:This passage (of mine) got me thinking. 376:EDIT: Found it and put it in "see also" 2679:This is not an opinion poll about what 1984:Coat of arms of Germany#Weimar Republic 1642:the site uses the Coats of Arms of the 1185:http://en.wikipedia.org/War_reparations 44:Do not edit the contents of this page. 7: 1117:politicians of the Weimar Republic.- 1973:that republic in the infobox. See 1848:Name in info box on right-hand side 619:Berlin Republic (Reunited Germany) 2127:election results of the Nazi Party 1070:of nothing that is worth recording 24: 2619:. Next step is to read carefully 521:if the article is ever improved. 1980:(and the references given there) 1415:Section 10.5 begins as follows: 1411:"Hitler's chancellorship (1933)" 1313:Council of the People's Deputies 509:The result of the review was to 29: 1588:01:09, 14 September 2006‎ (UTC) 807:2) If so, did it ever happen? 759:This is an automated notice by 666:The article lacks information: 219:Free state (government)#Germany 2673:14:03, 17 September 2020 (UTC) 2641:20:30, 16 September 2020 (UTC) 2598:19:21, 15 September 2020 (UTC) 2059:Hitler's chancellorship (1933) 1669:16:26, 13 November 2009‎ (UTC) 1423:Hitler's chancellorship (1933) 769:07:09, 23 September 2008 (UTC) 699:22:02, 20 September 2008 (UTC) 1: 2811:02:41, 21 December 2020 (UTC) 2766:for placement), and template 2572:14:55, 13 December 2020 (UTC) 2491:That seems like a good edit, 2391:15:39, 13 November 2019 (UTC) 2254:The Coming of the Third Reich 2101:21:34, 29 November 2014 (UTC) 2080:Misleading/incorrect phrasing 1870:13:21, 18 December 2010 (UTC) 1765:00:53, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 1756:23:52, 1 September 2006 (UTC) 1745:22:25, 1 September 2006 (UTC) 1698:18:13, 22 January 2010‎ (UTC) 1632:16:00, 18 January 2008‎ (UTC) 1303:13:29, 27 November 2012 (UTC) 1280:09:34, 27 November 2012 (UTC) 1097:00:15, 22 February 2011 (UTC) 1005:06:44, 2 September 2009 (UTC) 989:21:47, 1 September 2009 (UTC) 821:prescribe a different date". 573:18:13, 15 February 2008 (UTC) 552:13:20, 15 February 2008 (UTC) 526:21:01, 9 September 2007 (UTC) 443:States of the Weimar Republic 347:13:23, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 315:02:50, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 304:00:02, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 253:00:08, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 2358:03:22, 13 January 2019 (UTC) 2208:18:57, 27 January 2016 (UTC) 2139:17:56, 30 January 2015 (UTC) 2117:22:46, 29 January 2015 (UTC) 1963:05:22, 29 January 2014 (UTC) 1604:18:21, 11 August 2007‎ (UTC) 1339:05:34, 1 December 2012 (UTC) 1325:04:51, 1 December 2012 (UTC) 1022:17:30, 10 October 2009 (UTC) 864:Papen's defenses were that: 794:no judicial challenge ensued 734:requirements for such images 714:03:34, 5 February 2012 (UTC) 617:Bonn Republic (West Germany) 609:Weimar-Bonn-Berlin Republics 408:22:39, 31 January 2007 (UTC) 2786:23:54, 5 October 2020 (UTC) 2688:Consistency within articles 2549:18:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) 2534:03:31, 30 August 2020 (UTC) 1937:15:04, 19 August 2013 (UTC) 1919:06:03, 19 August 2013 (UTC) 1904:01:44, 19 August 2013 (UTC) 1644:Federal Republic of Germany 1239:I don't quite agree with - 1110:Occupation of the Rhineland 1059:13:56, 1 October 2010 (UTC) 964:17:44, 28 August 2009 (UTC) 504:19:08, 25 August 2007 (UTC) 481:23:46, 22 August 2007 (UTC) 111:20:32, 13 August 2010 (UTC) 2827: 2714:When an English variety's 2663:Support American English.( 2168:04:06, 25 April 2015 (UTC) 2000:20:49, 25 April 2014 (UTC) 1515:16:08, 18 March 2013 (UTC) 1498:18:30, 13 March 2013 (UTC) 1452:02:40, 13 March 2013 (UTC) 1289:was passed by the elected 1258:08:01, 8 August 2011 (UTC) 1064:purposely injected opinion 930:16:11, 25 March 2009 (UTC) 835:01:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC) 604:19:22, 16 March 2008 (UTC) 453:11:54, 26 April 2007 (UTC) 425:09:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC) 241:11:37, 18 April 2006 (UTC) 221:also use the term Länder," 2511:10:43, 11 June 2020 (UTC) 2487:10:32, 11 June 2020 (UTC) 2450:08:21, 11 June 2020 (UTC) 2316:13:58, 6 April 2018 (UTC) 2302:13:56, 6 April 2018 (UTC) 2287:13:02, 6 April 2018 (UTC) 2268:10:03, 6 April 2018 (UTC) 2251:Richard J. Evans (2005). 2233:09:39, 6 April 2018 (UTC) 2189:04:45, 14 July 2015 (UTC) 2047:13:48, 19 June 2014 (UTC) 1951:Split proposal discussion 1885:10:45, 30 July 2013 (UTC) 1843:09:52, 30 July 2013 (UTC) 1825:09:19, 19 July 2013 (UTC) 1803:21:38, 18 July 2013 (UTC) 1730:18:10, 3 July 2013‎ (UTC) 1609:Brüning a "conservative"? 1406:18:51, 8 March 2013 (UTC) 1228:09:29, 10 July 2011 (UTC) 1170:09:56, 10 July 2011 (UTC) 1152:08:52, 10 July 2011 (UTC) 950:02:47, 29 July 2009 (UTC) 656:15:58, 5 April 2008 (UTC) 383:13:51, 11 July 2006 (UTC) 363:03:20, 21 June 2006 (UTC) 271:06:09, 19 June 2006 (UTC) 200:18:36, 15 June 2009 (UTC) 174:15:02, 16 June 2009 (UTC) 159:15:02, 16 June 2009 (UTC) 2424:18:23, 18 May 2020 (UTC) 2075:16:05, 7 July 2014 (UTC) 1787:21:33, 5 July 2007 (UTC) 1560:unsigned by 64.180.47.30 1291:Weimar National Assembly 884:The SPD countered that: 562:Nazi Germany article. - 131:Bavarian Soviet Republic 2564:Karl Bildungshunger1965 1650:Coat of arms of Germany 1541:19:30, 7 May 2013 (UTC) 1127:15:15, 7 May 2011 (UTC) 463:11:39, 4 May 2007 (UTC) 2801:has been added above. 1114:Occupation of the Ruhr 798: 789: 748:non-free use rationale 532:Edit summary for intro 206:Freistaat (Free State) 2123:less than 3% of votes 1267:How did this happen? 1263:Abdication of Emperor 1235:1923 inflation crisis 785: 780: 436:List of Weimar states 398:comment was added by 326:About "totalitarian": 42:of past discussions. 2699:strong national ties 2475:Deutscher Volksstaat 1978:de:Weimarer Republik 1780:Talk:Deutsches Reich 238:Philip Baird Shearer 18:Talk:Weimar Republic 2757:use British English 2339:Deutschlandlied.ogg 1772:Kellogg-Briand Pact 1638:wrong Coats of Arms 1287:Weimar Constitution 1198:Another reference: 935:November Revolution 726:Image:Nsdap1932.jpg 2681:variety of English 2416:Community Tech bot 2383:Community Tech bot 2350:Community Tech bot 596:Francesca Rheannon 496:Lenin and McCarthy 124:led by Kurt Eisner 2748:, therefore, and 2690:demands that the 2519:Sexual degeneracy 2509: 2448: 2257:. 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