1712:
1731-1802 with high probability, and is thought to be associated with the 1802 eruption since historical reports indicate it was stronger than the 1787-1789 eruption. Shortly before the collapse, a pyroclastic flow was erupted from the volcano, probably as a consequence of the collapse of a lava dome, and formed a deposit on the east flank of
Tutupaca, which reaches thicknesses of 6 metres (20 ft). The previous eruption may have destabilized the volcano and thus triggered the main collapse, which also generated the Paipatja pyroclastic flow. The area was thinly inhabited at the time and thus the impact of the eruption was small.
344:
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1403:
Peruvian volcanos include Sara Sara, Solimana, Coropuna, Andagua volcanic field, Ampato-Sabancaya, Chachani, Ubinas, Ticsani, Yucamane, and Casiri. Major eruptions have occurred at El Misti, 2,000 years ago, and at
Huaynaputina, in 1600." (After the mention of the CVZ, put a note with what's currently in parentheses.) This is enough of a rework that I wanted to check it with you. Also, we list Peruvian volcanoes, but the CVZ includes Chilean volcanoes too, doesn't it? Any reason to include these specifically? Does the list of other volcanoes add to the reader's understanding?
1799:
1731-1802 with high probability, and is thought to be associated with the 1802 eruption. Shortly before the collapse, a pyroclastic flow was erupted from the volcano, probably as a consequence of the collapse of a lava dome, and formed a deposit on the east flank of
Tutupaca, which reaches thicknesses of 6 metres (20 ft). The previous eruption may have destabilized the volcano and thus triggered the main collapse, which also generated the Paipatja pyroclastic flow. The area was thinly inhabited at the time and thus the impact of the eruption was small.
241:
613:
461:
1400:
Volcanic Zone is one of four volcanic belts in the Andes, together with the
Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone.) Aside from Tutupaca, Peru also features the volcanoes Sara Sara, Solimana, Coropuna, Andagua volcanic field, Ampato-Sabancaya, Chachani, El Misti, Ubinas, Huaynaputina, Ticsani, Yucamane and Casiri. Major historical eruptions happened at El Misti 2,000 years ago and at Huaynaputina in 1600.
921:
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1244:? Pauccara and Matsuda say "The Tutupaca volcano consists of an alternating sequence of pumice pyroclastic flows and ash with massive blocks. It is followed by an important sequence of andesitic and trachytic lavas flows, and finally a trachyandesitics debris flow tuff with abundant hornblende crystals containing, biotite, pyroxene and quartz." Do you think the original source would have more details?
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993:: I don't see the connection between the two halves of this sentence. This is the Paipatja pyroclastic flow we're talking about? Was this flow associated with the collapse? I understood the flow to be a pre-existing formation that was overrun by the debris avalanche. If so, the extent of the flow and the extent of the avalanche are unconnected. (After a bit of Googling): it appears an
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1792:
There are reports of eruptions in 1780, 1787, 1802, 1862 and 1902, supported by radiocarbon dates showing there were eruptions during this period. Some authors believed that
Yucamane volcano was a more likely source for these eruptions, but Samaniego showed that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago,
1626:
esults of this calibration procedure show that the five samples are statistically identical at a 95 % confidence level with a pooled mean of 218±14 aBP. The calibrated calendar age for this average 14C age yields two age spans, the most important being 1731–1802 cal AD period (with a relative area of
2106:"Because there may be future eruptions, the Peruvian government plans to monitor the volcano for future activity." - I don't think the first half of the sentence is necessary, since it's implied by the second half. It might be more useful to replace that with some info about potential hazards instead
1038:
I don't know if any source is more reliable than the other for the height, but I suspect that the GVP is relying on older and thus less reliable measurements while
Samaniego 2015 is a more recent one - plus, other sources use the higher estimates. Many mountains in the world do not have definitively
1732:
I changed "radiocarbon dating of eruption productions" to just "radiocarbon dating" since it seems impossible that the actual eruption products could have been dated. I included your note about why the 1802 eruption is thought to be associated with the collapse; I don't know which source that comes
1705:
There are reports of eruptions in 1780, 1787, 1802, 1862 and 1902 which are supported by radiocarbon dating of eruption products. Some authors believed that
Yucamane volcano was a more likely source for these eruptions, but Samaniego argued that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago, implying that
1532:. These moraines are probably formed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which has been broadly dated at 17–25 ka in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes (Smith et al. 2008; Bromley et al. 2009)... This ignimbrite deposit is covered by the LGM moraines, suggesting an age older than 25 ka.
1399:
Off the coast of Peru, the Nazca Plate subducts at 5–6 centimetres per year (2.0–2.4 in/year) beneath the South
America Plate. This subduction process is responsible for the volcanism in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, which includes the volcanoes of Peru's Western Cordillera. (The Central
1251:
You say above that
Samaniego 2015 is only talking about Holocene eruption products, so how about joining these two sentences so it's clear that applies to the second one? I know we said earlier that only eastern Tutupaca is Holocene, but we could remind the reader at this point: "The Holocene-era
1588:
Valderrama does not discuss
Yucamane. Originally it was believed these eruptions occurred at Tutupaca, but the fact that Yucamane is less eroded induced researchers to believe that they actually occurred there. Samaniego demonstrated that Holocene eruptions occurred at Tutupaca and (in a separate
1148:
as "The deposit is mostly confined within glacial valleys and is overlaid by the Paipatja pyroclastic flow which divides the debris into two units. The pyroclastic flow reaches both Laguna Suchez north of the volcano and the Callazas River east of it." This gives it as structure (present tense)
977:
I can see the first source but not the second; it looks as if both these are general statements about the overall volcano, and don't refer specifically to the older complex or newer peaks. Is that correct? If so I think this paragraph should be organized so the reader can see the distinction --
1798:
The sector collapse of eastern Tutupaca was accompanied by an eruption that was among the largest in Peruvian history, reaching a volcanic explosivity index of 3 or 4. Contemporaneous chronicles document ashfall as far as 165 kilometres (103 mi) south in Arica. The collapse has been dated to
1711:
The sector collapse of eastern Tutupaca was accompanied by an eruption that was among the largest in Peruvian history, reaching a volcanic explosivity index of 3 or 4. Contemporaneous chronicles document ashfall as far as 165 kilometres (103 mi) south in Arica. The collapse has been dated to
1402:
I'd like to change this to: "Off the coast of Peru, the Nazca Plate subducts at 5–6 centimetres per year (2.0–2.4 in/year) beneath the South America Plate, causing volcanism in three of the four volcanic belts in the Andes, including the Central Volcanic Zone, where Tutupaca is located. Other
967:
In the paragraph starting "The whole edifice rises", a "western summit" is mentioned; is this in the older complex? We haven't mentioned any east-west details for that complex to this point, so this is confusing if so. Similarly, does "between the two peaks" refer to the newer northerly
2033:
Regarding lead length, I am quite willing to argue that a thematical split is warranted here. The first two paras can be easily merged if needed. As for the first EL, it can go. The others are webpages which are useful extra information but for which I am not 100% sure that they are good
1240:, and I see the source cites it to "De La Cruz, N. & De La Cruz, O.: Memoria explicativa de la revisión geológica del cuadrángulo de Tarata (35-v), informe inédito. Lima. Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico, (2001), 19 p." Would it be worth trying to get hold of this, e.g. via
1849:
The fumaroles sentence can be added to the end of the previous paragraph; I agree one-sentence paragraphs are undesirable, and I was in two minds about keeping it separate. Is there a less definite phrasing we could use for the other point that you think would fit the sources better?
1474:: It seems a little odd to say that the volcano is about 700 ky old, and then say it's "first" activity was over 25,000 years ago. I see Scandiffio et al says "The age of Tutupaca volcano is estimated around 0.7 M.a", but I can't see Samaniego et al.; what does it say exactly?
2103:"but the occurrence of historical eruptions was initially unclear with some eruptions instead attributed to the less eroded Yucamane volcano." - this needs to be reworded; the concept is clear but the text is jumbled. I had to re-read it twice to understand what you meant
935:
1145:
The deposit is mostly confined within glacial valleys and is subdivided into two units which are separated from each other by the Paipatja pyroclastic flow. The Paipatja pyroclastic flow reached both Laguna Suchez north of the volcano and the Callazas River east of
1948:
I copyedited the lead; does that look OK? Can you add any more details from the body? I think this is about ready to nominate. I'd like to read it through one more time, probably tomorrow, to see if I can spot anything else, but it's more or less there.
1872:
I see the issue with fumaroles here. If we write strictly chronologically, fumaroles have to come last, but so we end up with a dangling sentence. I think that a slight break from chronology can be tolerated here. As for the implication, I'd write
2090:
I'd move these two sentences: "Several volcanoes in Peru have been active in recent times, including Tutupaca. Their volcanism is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate." - to the beginning of the lead's third
1493:: this is inconsistent, isn't it? 1950 - 218 = 1732. If "present" means "date of the paper" I would make it either "152 ± 14 years before present" with the link to BP, or "1798 ± 14 years", to avoid tying the estimate to the date of the paper.
1287:
Based on 30 whole-rock major and trace element analyses, the Holocene eruptive products of Tutupaca volcano are classified as high-K calc-alkaline dacites (Fig.9). All samples from the Eastern Tutupaca domes display a very restricted dacitic
1248:
The volcanic rocks erupted during the Holocene define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite. Dacites from eastern Tutupaca contain amphibole, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and
2151:"Based on the history of Tutupaca an eruption scenario can be envisaged where renewed activity causes another collapse of the volcano" - "an eruption scenario can be envisaged" seems a bit wordy, "a future eruption" works just fine
997:
says the sequence was a pyroclastic flow named Suri Phuju, then the debris avalanche, then the Paipatja pyroclastic flow, which overlays the debris. If that's correct I don't think we should be saying that the flow divides the
2154:"In this case, about 8,000 – 10,000 people as well as neighbouring geothermal power and mining infrastructure would be endangered" - kind of odd to use "endangered" this way; I'd just say "at risk" or "in danger" after would be
1563:
Well, yes, it does have more information, but it's mentioned in the prior section and I think it would be a natural flow. Personally I don't like short subsections; they break up flow, although sometimes they're necessary.
1486:
I'm also curious to know how the radiocarbon dating is used; eruption products are surely always geologically old carbon, so I would have thought the dating would have been done on charcoal fragments found in the eruption
1252:
eruption products of eastern Tutupaca define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite, and its dacites contain amphibole, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and sphene."
1764:
eruption, which is not correct. Sourcing the "now believed to be at Tutupaca" is dicey, I'd probably use the GVP citation, the impression I have is that this is the now accepted consensus not just Samaniego's opinion.
2271:
1290:
and so on with the exxact minerals later. I am not sure if there is any significance to the fact that Samaniego 2015 differentiates here between "Holocene eruptive products of Tutupaca volcano" and "Eastern Tutupaca
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1004:: we say "like other avalanches from volcanoes", but then apparently the ridges have also been observed in other collapse deposits. Are these hummock-like hills the more usual form for a long debris avalanche?
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1999:
I think we can cut the first external link since it's already linked as a source. It looks like the others are not; is there any information in any of them that could be used to expand the article at all?
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1143:
I think part of the problem is that the information is distributed across two sections. I can see why; you can't really leave it out of either morphology or eruptive history. How about rephrasing
1636:
article. I think this should be clearer to the reader, though; "BP" without "cal" means uncalibrated, but perhaps a note attached to the range explaining that this is uncalibrated, with a link?
964:
I think readers unfamiliar with the usage are likely to stumble over "edifice", as I did when I started reading these articles. Do we have a glossary of geological terms that we could link to?
971:
It looks like "western Tutupaca" is the western one of the two northerly peaks, and "eastern Tutupaca" is the other; I'm going to establish that in the article, so correct me if that's not so.
2112:"these heights are from a 2015 source." - I don't think this should be included in the text itself. A footnote would be better. Also, make sure that the sources occur in order, so it's not
1472:
Tutupaca is about 700,000 years old. The older complex was active at first with lava flows and then with a major explosive eruption, all of which took place over 25,000 years before present.
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2094:"generating a large debris avalanche with a volume probably over 0.6–0.8 cubic kilometres (0.14–0.19 cu mi)," - I think "more than" is better than "over" nearly always, but especially here
1530:
Samaniego does not say anything about when Tutupaca started being active, they infer from glaciation leftovers that it was over 25,000 years ago which can mean anything. The exact text is
991:
The total surface area covered by the collapse is about 12–13 kilometres (7.5–8.1 mi), the pyroclastic flow reached both Lake Suches north of the volcano and the Callazas River east of it
961:
Why do we have two different heights for the western summit of the two northerly peaks? We state one as if it's definitive, but then cite another source; is that source just as reliable?
2109:"an older complex that is highly eroded, and two northerly peaks which are more recent" - "formed more recently" sounds better and is more clear, assuming that's what you intended to say
1629:. This is just odd. BTW, the reason why the collapse is linked to the 1802 eruption is because historical reports indicate that the 1802 eruption was stronger than the 1787-1789 one.
1536:
I think that given Scandiffio's statement of age is unqualified, we can cut the "over 25,000 years" comment as adding nothing -- the context for Samaniego's sentence is the moraines.
1134:
Stratigraphic relations imply that this pyroclastic flow pre-dates the main collapse, but radiocarbon dating does not have a sufficient resolution to separate the two events in time.
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2296:
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1483:: Do Samaniego and Valderrama directly contradict each other re whether these are Tutupaca or Yucamane eruptions? If not I think we can combine these sentences and shorten things.
733:
2160:"In 2017, Tutupaca was identified as one of the volcanoes to be monitored by the future Peruvian Southern Volcano Observatory." - Another few sentences on this would be useful!
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71:
2142:"but Samaniego 2015 showed that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago" - Samaniego 2015 should be expanded to "a team of researchers led by ... Samaniego" showed in 2015 that
1425:
I was thinking that adding a list of Chilean volcanoes was slightly offtopic. The list of Peruvian volcanoes was mostly for context reasons. That rewrite seems fine for me.
1124:
Oh, that caused some confusion for me as well. There was apparently one pyroclastic flow (the one discussed in the previous article version) which was erupted at some point
1178:"Overlaid" implies that it lies above the entire unit, I think, "interlaid" is apparently an actual word so that may be better. But yes, you are right about the structure.
984:: should this be "debris avalanche deposit"? Perhaps this is implied in geology, but for the general reader it's as well to avoid misinterpretations caused by ignorance.
2326:
2136:"others control the positions of geothermal features." - how do they "control" them? clarify if the source allows you to, otherwise I think control is an odd verb to use
748:
2291:
2006:. Personally I think it's a bit silly to define lead lengths in terms of paragraphs rather than words, but since that's the current guideline we should stick with it.
2127:"they can produce large avalanches of debris and are major dangers from volcanoes" - Not sure what the last part of the sentence adds to "large avalanches of debris"
1627:
85 %). We emphasise that the two historic eruptions (1787–89 and 1802 AD) reported by Zamácola y Jaúregui (1804) and Valdivia (1847) fall at the end of this period.
2133:"Peruvian volcanoes with major historical eruptions include El Misti, 2,000 years ago and Huaynaputina, in 1600." - grammatically this sentence needs to be tweaked
1831:
That seems fine if we are OK with the dangling sentence about fumaroles and with the "implication" that the eruptions took place at Tutupaca rather than Yucamane.
975:
The occurrence of trachyandesite and trachyte has also been described. The volcanic rocks erupted during the Holocene define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite.
1879:(2015) showed that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago, and the other eruptions, in particular those of 1787-1789 and 1802, most likely occurred at Tutupaca.
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1899:
OK, I think we have an agreed version. Can you make the change? I'm likely to make a mistake with the citations as I don't know them as well as you do.
1083:
Samaniego 2015 only discusses the Holocene eruption products; I am fairly certain the older ones are also calc-alkaline but that'd be original research.
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2139:"supported by radiocarbon dates showing there were eruptions during this period" - radiocarbon dates? This seems like the wrong noun... maybe dating?
1881:
with "and the other eruptions, in particular those of 1787-1789 and 1802, most likely occurred at Tutupaca." sourced to the GVP article on Tutupaca.
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I was thinking that the 1802 eruption had enough information to merit its own header, while the preceding text was a general listing of eruptions.
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1140:
the collapse. I had some difficulty at finding the correct flow for this sentence; I've rewritten it but I am not sure if it's much better now.
1477:
I think the "1802? eruption" heading should go; the 1802 eruption is mentioned in the prior paragraph and it would be natural to combine them.
2331:
2311:
1706:
the reported eruptions most likely occurred at Tutupaca. The 1787-1789 and 1802 reports are now regarded as definitely eruptions of Tutupaca.
1074:
Yeah, that is technical speak that I only use because the other two words are "volcano" and "mountain". I've replaced it here with "volcano".
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I think so -- since it's a red link there's no easy way for a non-Spanish speaker to tell what is being referred to. I've made the change.
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1021:
2157:"but the volcano was not monitored itself since it is not active" - maybe better as "but they did not monitor the volcano itself since..."
1769:, that is logical inference but Samaniego 2015 does not explicitly give this thought process. Other than these points I like the rewrite.
2222:
The convert thing can be fixed by adding |adj=on. As for the Samniego 2015 thing, that's fine. Otherwise, I think this is ready for FAC.
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and is thought to be associated with the 1802 eruption since historical reports indicate it was stronger than the 1787-1789 eruption.
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There are reports of eruptions in 1780, 1787, 1802, 1862 and 1902 which are supported by radiocarbon dating of eruption products.
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2087:"It is part of the Peruvian segment of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of several volcanic belts in the Andes." - I'd link Andes
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1322:
Notes b and c are repeated in the text; I think you can cut the notes -- the information reads OK in the body of the article.
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1593:) that Yucamane last erupted about 3,000 years ago, and thus inferred that the historical eruptions occurred on Tutupaca.
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1351:
Removed note b; as for note c which is now b I was thinking that integrating that text into the article breaks the flow.
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template. The Samaniego 2015 thing is dicey since the source does not explicitly state which role each team member had.
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2145:"implying that the reported eruptions, the 1802 and 1787 most likely occurred at Tutupaca." - "the 1802 and 1787"?
1793:
implying that the reported eruptions, in particular those of 1787-1789 and 1802, most likely occurred at Tutupaca.
957:
I've done a bit of copyediting, but need to understand things a bit better to be sure I don't screw anything up.
2115:"which is the origin of a 6–8 kilometres (3.7–5.0 mi) long" - think this should be "kilometre", not "kilometres"
645:
178:
31:
2118:"The deposit is mostly confined within glacial valleys" - I think "confined" could be replaced by another verb
1701:
Given the conversation above, here's a possible rewrite for the 1802 section and the paragraph just above it.
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2015:
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one unit featuring 100–200 metres (330–660 ft) long hummock-like hills like other avalanches from volcanoes
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2124:"The ridges range from only a few meters to over 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) in height," - more than, not over
1875:
Some authors believed that Yucamane volcano was a more likely source for these eruptions, but Samaniego
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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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1596:
Samaniego's argument that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago might be worth mentioning in the text.
2097:"The volcano became active of the volcano" - not sure what was intended here, but this can't be right
1149:
rather than events (past tense); the events narrative can be saved for the eruptive history section.
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262:. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit the article attached to this page (see
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2100:"with activity continuing into the Holocene," - I wouldn't repeat "activity" so close to "Active"
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The west-east summits are mentioned one paragraph farther up; they are the two northern summits.
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The would say something like "The uncalibrated radiocarbon age of the samples is 218±14 years
1050:
I reworked it to make it more apparent to the reader that this is a comparison of two sources.
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resource. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit this article, or visit the
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consists of two ranges, with an 85% probability that the date lies between 1731 and 1802."
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I'd remove the overcapitalization for the external link and for CIENCIA & DESARROLLO.
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2130:"including the Central Volcanic Zone, where Tutupaca is located." - no comma after CVZ
1632:
Ah, the range is uncalibrated. I should have spotted that, since I wrote most of our
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860:, an attempt at creating a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easy-to-use
1756:
The source for "collapse probably occurred in 1802" is Samaniego 2015, p.13. To me
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Yes, hummocks are typical features of debris avalanche deposits. See for example
926:
The following references may be useful when improving this article in the future:
2194:. I've enacted most of these suggestions; the "kilometres" thing is done by the
2148:" as far as 165 kilometres (103 mi) south in Arica. " - should be "to the south"
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2121:" 100–200 metres (330–660 ft) long hummock-like hills" - same note as two above
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1080:
Correct; the older complex farther south has little topographical preminence.
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sounds like we are saying that radiocarbon dating supports the existence of
1130:
Shortly before the collapse, a pyroclastic flow was erupted from the volcano
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2010:
Other than that I think this is ready to go once you hear from Ceranthor.
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Aside, seems like this needs a bit more work than what I was expecting.
1481:
their occurrence is supported by radiocarbon dating of eruption products
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and not in the Cordillera Volcanica. Would it be better to use "lake"?
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for comments as well since they have written volcanology FAs before.
1238:
The occurrence of trachyandesite and trachyte has also been described
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You have both "Laguna Suches" and "Lake Suches"; we should pick one.
494:-related subjects on Knowledge (XXG). Please participate by editing
154:
Did you know ... that the youngest volcanic debris avalanche in the
1788:
Here's another draft that tries to take those points into account:
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1680:
I agree with the proposed changes. I'll write a note on Yucamane.
982:
the origin of a 6–8 kilometres (3.7–5.0 mi) long avalanche deposit
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Sorry for my delay, real life's been a bitch lately!
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OK by me. I cut the EL, so I'd say fire when ready.
1972:
Seems good to me. I've added some details; I did ask
2002:
The lead should be no more than two paragraphs, per
371:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
1527:Thanks for the further commentary. In order again:
1136:) and then another pyroclastic flow - Paipatja -
1804:Today fumaroles occur on the summit of Tutupaca.
1717:Today fumaroles occur on the summit of Tutupaca.
1282:Posted a request, it might have some more specs.
1491:218 ± 14 years before present, probably in 1802
1008:Pausing there for now to review these points.
978:from the general to the specific, if possible.
488:. This project provides a central approach to
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857:WikiProject Geology
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101:May 29, 2018
56:please do so
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1288:composition
1086:Changed it.
854:is part of
496:the article
477:Peru portal
377:volcanology
2251:Categories
2091:paragraph.
1443:OK, done.
1279:In order:
631:Db-copyvio
616:Check for
604:articles (
601:prioritise
272:discussion
143:column on
47:identified
2192:Ceranthor
1974:Ceranthor
749:Translate
626:, tag as
394:Volcanoes
373:volcanoes
329:Volcanoes
277:Mountains
216:Mountains
133:Main Page
2066:contribs
2020:contribs
1959:contribs
1921:Got it.
1909:contribs
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1591:Yucamane
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764:Work on
619:copyvios
187:FA-class
161:Tutupaka
113:Promoted
38:Tutupaca
2199:convert
2070:library
2036:sources
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1383:library
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1291:domes".
1270:library
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1163:library
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898:on the
871:Geology
862:geology
815:Geology
571:history
544:on the
421:on the
304:on the
135:in the
91:Process
1877:et al.
1138:during
1126:before
998:units.
968:peaks?
936:Google
782:Wikify
729:Review
654:Expand
646:Create
595:Assess
383:, and
193:scale.
94:Result
2227:ceran
2172:ceran
1242:WP:RX
581:purge
576:watch
156:Andes
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1043:and
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766:Lima
598:and
566:edit
517:Peru
506:and
504:good
491:Peru
446:Peru
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