362:
240:. This is the slope at which a pile of granular material becomes mechanically unstable. However, careful examination of scree slopes shows that only those that are either rapidly accumulating new material, or are experiencing rapid removal of material from their bases, are close to the angle of repose. Most scree slopes are less steep, and they often show a concave shape, so that the foot of the slope is less steep than the top of the slope.
31:
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627:, or the ability of a material to reflect incoming radiation energy, is also an important quality to consider. Generally, the debris will have a lower albedo than the glacier ice it covers, and will thus reflect less incoming solar radiation. Instead, the debris will absorb radiation energy and transfer it through the cover layer to the debris-ice interface.
483:, is derived from the melting waters of a glacier and is hidden under a thick layer of scree. Debris cover on a glacier affects the energy balance and, therefore, the melting process. Whether the glacier ice begins melting more rapidly or more slowly is determined by the thickness of the layer of scree on its surface.
397:
The efficiency of freeze-thaw processes in scree production is a subject of ongoing debate. Many researchers believe that ice formation in large open fracture systems cannot generate high enough pressures to force the fracturing apart of parent rocks, and instead suggest that the water and ice simply
630:
If the ice is covered by a relatively thin layer of debris (less than around 2 centimeters thick), the albedo effect is most important. As scree accumulates atop the glacier, the ice's albedo will begin to decrease. Instead, the glacier ice will absorb incoming solar radiation and transfer it to the
662:
sheets of sediment, screes experience cold air seepage from the bottom of the slope where sediment is thinnest. This freezing circulating air maintains internal scree temperatures 6.8-9.0 °C colder than external scree temperatures. These <0 °C thermal anomalies occur up to 1000m below
634:
However, once the debris cover reaches 2 or more centimeters in thickness, the albedo effect begins to dissipate. Instead, the debris blanket will act to insulate the glacier, preventing incoming radiation from penetrating the scree and reaching the ice surface. In addition to rocky debris, thick
409:
Eventually, a rock slope may be completely covered by its own scree, so that production of new material ceases. The slope is then said to be "mantled" with debris. However, since these deposits are still unconsolidated, there is still a possibility of the deposit slopes themselves failing. If the
389:
to flow through the rock. If the temperature drops below the freezing point of the fluid contained within the rock, during particularly cold evenings, for example, this water can freeze. Since water expands by 9% when it freezes, it can generate large forces that either create new cracks or wedge
785:
Scree running is the activity of running down a scree slope; which can be very quick, as the scree moves with the runner. Some scree slopes are no longer possible to run, because the stones have been moved towards the bottom.
448:
that exist in the host rock. As the lichen grows, the hyphae expand and force the fractures to widen. This increases the potential of fragmentation, possibly leading to rockfalls. During the growth of the lichen
559:
459:
of the entire lichen body due to microclimatic changes in moisture content can alternately cause thermal contraction and expansion, which also stresses the host rock. Lichen also produce a number of
361:
394:
scree production is thought to be most common during the spring and fall, when the daily temperatures fluctuate around the freezing point of water, and snow melt produces ample free water.
180:
is applied both to an unstable steep mountain slope composed of rock fragments and other debris, and to the mixture of rock fragments and debris itself. It is loosely synonymous with
1077:
ValachoviÄŤ, Milan; Dierssen, Klaus; Dimopoulos, Panayotis; HadaÄŤ, Emil; Loidi, Javier; Mucina, Ladislav; Rossi, Graziano; Tendero, Francisco Valle; Tomaselli, Marcello (June 1997).
293:
material. Within the scree slope itself, however, there is generally good sorting of sediment by size: larger particles accumulate more rapidly at the bottom of the slope.
430:
Biotic processes often intersect with both physical and chemical weathering regimes, as the organisms that interact with rocks can mechanically or chemically alter them.
286:
There are five main stages of scree slope evolution: (1) accumulation, (2) consolidation, (3) weathering, (4) encroaching vegetation, and finally, (5) slope degradation.
744:
in 2012, reporting that: "This microhabitat, as well as interstitial spaces between scree blocks elsewhere on this slope, supports an important assemblage of boreal and
616:, will not efficiently transfer energy through to the glacier, meaning the amount of heat energy reaching the ice surface is substantially lessened. This can act to
1294:
Brody, A. G.; Pluhar, C. J.; Stock, G. M.; Greenwood, W. J. (1 May 2015). "Near-Surface
Geophysical Imaging of a Talus Deposit in Yosemite Valley, California".
670:, which forms under conditions <0 °C, probably exists at the bottom of some scree slopes despite mean annual air temperatures of 6.8–7.5 °C.
2093:
486:
The amount of energy reaching the surface of the ice below the debris can be estimated via the one-dimensional, homogeneous material assumption of
463:
as metabolic byproducts. These often react with the host rock, dissolving minerals, and breaking down the substrate into unconsolidated sediments.
2025:
655:
has a few large hollows. Due to cold air seepage and air circulation, the bottom of scree slopes have a thermal regime similar to ice caves.
133:
125:
regions, scree slopes and talus deposits are typically adjacent to hills and river valleys. These steep slopes usually originate from late-
390:
blocks into an unstable position. Special boundary conditions (rapid freezing and water confinement) may be required for this to happen.
436:
frequently grow on the surface of, or within, rocks. Particularly during the initial colonization process, the lichen often inserts its
1980:
1931:
1720:
1204:
864:
196:
is used more narrowly for material that accumulates at the base of a cliff or other rocky slope from which it has obviously eroded.
325:(see below), but also on the thermal and topographic stresses governing the parent rock material. Example process domains include:
759:
that are disjunct from their normal ranges far to the north. This freezing scree slope represents a classic example of a palaeo
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upper surface of the ice. Then, the glacier ice begins to absorb the energy and uses it in the process of melting.
1131:
731:
2129:
2124:
1926:. Ehlers, JĂĽrgen, 1948-, Gibbard, Philip L. (Philip Leonard), 1949- (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2004.
821:
1594:
1030:
Růžička, Vlastimil; Zacharda, Miloslav; Němcová, Lenka; Šmilauer, Petr; Nekola, Jeffrey C. (September 2012).
410:
talus deposit pile shifts and the particles exceed the angle of repose, the scree itself may slide and fail.
1136:
369:
Scree formation is commonly attributed to the formation of ice within mountain rock slopes. The presence of
301:
material fills in gaps between debris. The speed of consolidation depends on the composition of the slope;
683:
453:, small fragments of the host rock can be incorporated into the biological structure and weaken the rock.
69:. Talus deposits typically have a concave upwards form, where the maximum inclination corresponds to the
318:
294:
141:
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1617:
1582:
1473:
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569:
161:
1608:
Murton, JB; Peterson, R; Ozouf, J-C (2006). "Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions".
777:, supports distinctly different distributions of plant and animal species than northern latitudes.
679:
471:
Scree often collects at the base of glaciers, concealing them from their environment. For example,
317:
forces between the coarse and fine components, degrading the slope. The predominant processes that
1321:
Statham, I. (July 1973). "Scree Slope
Development under Conditions of Surface Particle Movement".
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859:. Turner, A. Keith, 1941-, Schuster, Robert L. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1996.
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1795:"Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges"
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is sometimes used more broadly for any sheet of loose rock fragments mantling a slope, while
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1895:
1845:
1806:
1760:
1677:
1625:
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1573:
Walder, J; Hallet, B (1985). "A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing".
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that support taiga plants and animals that could not otherwise survive regional conditions.
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may also contribute to the chemical degradation of rocks and produce more loose sediments.
370:
237:
70:
2068:
2047:
365:
Scree in the lower part of the Mai Valley on the
Aurouze mountain (Hautes-Alpes, France).
1756:
1741:"Field Experiments to Determine the Effect of a Debris Layer on Ablation of Glacier Ice"
1621:
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798:- similar to talus and scree slopes, formed by frost weather instead of mass wastings
774:
399:
378:
233:
is sometimes used to distinguish the landform from the material of which it is made.
1972:
Plant community history : long-term changes in plant distribution and diversity
1645:
1063:
1032:"Periglacial microclimate in low-altitude scree slopes supports relict biodiversity"
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that significantly contributes to protection and maintenance of regional landscape
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snow cover can form an insulating blanket between the cold winter atmosphere and
275:
The formation of scree and talus deposits is the result of physical and chemical
132:
processes. Notable scree sites in
Eastern North America include the Ice Caves at
1307:
476:
382:
290:
126:
2006:"2 Late-Glacial and Holocene history of the Western Carpathian calcareous fens"
2005:
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829: – Deterioration of rocks and minerals through exposure to the elements
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outpace the supply of sediment, plants may take root. Plant roots diminish
17:
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264:
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184:, material that accumulates at the base of a projecting mass of rock, or
145:
62:
1169:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
217:, usually at the base of gentle slopes or hillsides. However, the terms
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areas, may play an important role in cliff degradation in cold places.
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1884:"Thermal regime of three low elevation scree slopes in central Europe"
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1515:
Whalley, WB (1984). "Rockfalls". In
Brunsden, D.; Prior, DB (eds.).
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1261:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 176.
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Vlastimil RĹŻĹľiÄŤka, analyzing 66 scree slopes, published a paper in
1882:
Zacharda, Miloslav; Gude, Martin; RĹŻĹľiÄŤka, Vlastimil (July 2007).
1666:"Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms"
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29:
1079:"The vegetation on screes—A synopsis of higher syntaxa in Europe"
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or other steep rocky mass that has accumulated through periodic
658:
Because subsurface ice is separated from the surface by thin,
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flow out of the fractures as pressure builds. Many argue that
1352:
Statham, Ian (January 1976). "A scree slope rockfall model".
65:. Landforms associated with these materials are often called
2004:
Hájková, Petra; Horsák, Michal; Hájek, Michal (2012-01-01),
1380:"Talus Caves - Caves and Karst (U.S. National Park Service)"
586:
is the temperature at the lower surface of the debris, and
205:. Colluvium is rock fragments or soil that is deposited by
1257:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
1595:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<336:ATMOTF>2.0.CO;2
554:{\displaystyle Q=-k\left({\frac {T_{s}-T_{i}}{d}}\right)}
199:
Scree is formed by rockfall, which distinguishes it from
612:
Debris with a low thermal conductivity value, or a high
243:
Scree with large, boulder-sized rock fragments may form
811:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
639:
spaces in screes. As a result, soil, bedrock, and also
377:, and other heterogeneities in the rock wall can allow
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sites with mean annual air temperatures of 0 °C.
247:, or human-sized passages formed in-between boulders.
579:
is the ambient temperature above the debris surface,
498:
81:
is somewhat relaxed, and it often overlaps with both
1519:. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 217–256.
1323:
Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers
1199:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
982:"Spiders (Araneae) of stony debris in North Bohemia"
849:
847:
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A scree has many small interstitial voids, while an
289:
Scree slopes form as a result of accumulated loose,
77:
particle size. The exact definition of scree in the
1923:
Quaternary glaciations : extent and chronology
1530:Hallet, B (2006). "Why do freezing rocks break?".
1124:
643:voids in screes do not freeze at high elevations.
553:
236:Scree slopes are often assumed to be close to the
980:RĹŻĹľiÄŤka, Vlastimil; Hajer, JaromĂr (1996-12-01).
305:components will bind debris together faster than
114:is a French word meaning a slope or embankment.
856:Landslides : investigation and mitigation
723:maintained by circulating freezing air create
1664:Jie, Chen; Blume, Hans-Peter (October 2002).
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8:
1407:"Surface Stone Movement and Scree Formation"
1236:(2d ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 66.
818: – Movement of rock or soil down slopes
321:a rock slope depend largely on the regional
1460:Gerber, E.; Scheidegger, A. E. (May 1974).
682:, a narrow ice-free corridor formed in the
1975:(1st ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.
1296:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience
1197:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
229:tend to be used interchangeably. The term
1764:
997:
535:
522:
515:
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188:, a landform composed of talus. The term
1405:Kirkby, M. J.; Statham, Ian (May 1975).
1165:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "scree".
697:plants and animals still live in modern
1281:
1219:
843:
467:Interactions with surrounding landscape
1947:
1575:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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590:is the thickness of the debris layer.
27:Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
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620:the glacier from incoming radiation.
283:transporting the material downslope.
7:
1888:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
1711:Benn, D. I.; Evans, D. J. A (2010).
1145:participating institution membership
1083:Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica
1025:
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1021:
1019:
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402:, like that known to act in soil in
134:White Rocks National Recreation Area
2012:, KNNV Publishing, pp. 13–20,
732:Czech Republic Academy of Sciences
144:. Screes are most abundant in the
25:
1462:"On the dynamics of scree slopes"
1195:Allaby, Michael (2013). "scree".
1850:10.1097/00007611-199006000-00037
1739:Nakawo, M.; Young, G.J. (1981).
1670:Journal of Geographical Sciences
140:in eastern West Virginia in the
1832:Wheeler, Ralph A. (June 1990).
1793:östrem, Gunnar (January 1959).
1713:Glaciers and Glaciation, 2nd ed
1811:10.1080/20014422.1959.11907953
1232:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
809: – Type of rock formation
693:species to the terrain. These
259:Talus cones on north shore of
1:
414:Chemical weathering processes
357:Physical weathering processes
2053:Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2010:Calcareous Mires of Slovakia
1048:10.1080/00222933.2012.707248
986:Arachnologische Mitteilungen
168:, and Northern Europe.
2067:Short, David (2012-02-01).
1308:10.2113/gseegeosci.21.2.111
1259:Origin of sedimentary rocks
1234:Principles of geomorphology
936:Online Etymology Dictionary
909:Online Etymology Dictionary
708:, as well as high-altitude
426:Biotic weathering processes
279:acting on a rock face, and
57:fragments at the base of a
2146:
1766:10.3189/172756481794352432
1036:Journal of Natural History
741:Journal of Natural History
53:is a collection of broken
2018:10.1163/9789004277960_003
1715:. London: Hodder-Arnold.
1132:Oxford English Dictionary
1838:Southern Medical Journal
822:Stratified slope deposit
572:of the debris material,
136:in southern Vermont and
2069:"Scree running madness"
1630:10.1126/science.1132127
1544:10.1126/science.1135200
1386:. National Park Service
1354:Earth Surface Processes
1137:Oxford University Press
34:Talus at the bottom of
1969:Tallis, J. H. (1991).
1954:: CS1 maint: others (
1834:"Spiders Are Spiders…"
1411:The Journal of Geology
1366:10.1002/esp.3290010106
961:bab.la language portal
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734:research team led by
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160:, Orocantabrian, and
142:Appalachian Mountains
33:
1745:Annals of Glaciology
1042:(35–36): 2145–2157.
570:thermal conductivity
496:
351:Topographic stresses
162:Carpathian Mountains
1799:Geografiska Annaler
1757:1981AnGla...2...85N
1622:2006Sci...314.1127M
1616:(5802): 1127–1129.
1587:1985GSAB...96..336W
1538:(5802): 1092–1093.
1478:1974RMFMR...6...25G
1423:1975JG.....83..349K
1167:Glossary of geology
1135:(Online ed.).
680:last glacial period
614:thermal resistivity
335:Chemical weathering
330:Physical weathering
1682:10.1007/BF02844595
1486:10.1007/BF01238051
1095:10.1007/BF02803739
999:10.5431/aramit1202
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457:Freeze-thaw action
418:Phenomena such as
367:
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79:primary literature
48:
2092:Nettleton, John.
2027:978-90-04-27796-0
1517:Slope Instability
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929:Harper, Douglas.
902:Harper, Douglas.
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281:erosive processes
166:Iberian peninsula
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110:, while the term
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1431:10.1086/628097
1417:(3): 349–362.
1397:
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1284:, "colluvium".
1274:
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1242:
1224:
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603:Lech dl Dragon
597:Scree-covered
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473:Lech dl Dragon
468:
465:
427:
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387:surface runoff
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
337:
332:
291:coarse-grained
252:
249:
215:downhill creep
173:
170:
67:talus deposits
36:Mount Yamnuska
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24:
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2128:
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2019:
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2000:
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1992:
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1982:0-412-30320-5
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1962:
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1951:
1943:
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1935:
1933:0-08-047407-1
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866:0-309-06208-X
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814:
808:
807:Lava stringer
805:
803:
800:
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794:
793:
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787:
781:Scree running
780:
778:
776:
775:West Virginia
772:
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762:
758:
754:
753:pteridophytes
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747:
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726:
725:microhabitats
722:
721:microclimates
717:
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704:
700:
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669:
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647:Microclimates
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499:
491:
489:
488:Fourier's Law
484:
482:
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474:
466:
464:
462:
461:organic acids
458:
454:
452:
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423:
421:
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411:
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400:frost heaving
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388:
384:
380:
379:precipitation
376:
372:
363:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
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327:
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309:ones. Should
308:
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266:
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248:
246:
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239:
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232:
231:talus deposit
228:
224:
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187:
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171:
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2072:
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1469:
1465:
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1374:
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1357:
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1277:
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1220:Jackson 1997
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771:Ice Mountain
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765:biodiversity
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684:Scandinavian
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674:Biodiversity
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641:subterranean
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242:
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189:
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138:Ice Mountain
116:
111:
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73:of the mean
66:
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1384:www.nps.gov
678:During the
477:Sella group
444:or mineral
440:into small
392:Freeze-thaw
383:groundwater
295:Cementation
245:talus caves
186:talus slope
172:Description
130:periglacial
127:Pleistocene
18:Talus slope
2119:Categories
2105:2020-12-21
2078:2020-12-21
2073:Wilderness
2033:2020-12-17
1844:(6): 723.
1268:0136427103
1243:0471861979
1222:, "talus".
1176:0922152349
1147:required.)
966:2011-12-10
942:2008-12-01
915:2006-04-20
839:References
833:Scree plot
827:Weathering
796:Blockfield
757:arthropods
749:bryophytes
710:coniferous
668:permafrost
404:permafrost
311:weathering
297:occurs as
277:weathering
213:, or slow
1950:cite book
1942:318641379
1908:129472548
1858:0038-4348
1819:2001-4422
1775:0260-3055
1751:: 85–91.
1698:128666735
1690:1009-637X
1560:140686582
1502:129262031
1494:0035-7448
1447:129310011
1439:0022-1376
1103:0015-5551
1056:0022-2933
1008:1018-4171
992:: 46–56.
883:cite book
802:Fellfield
703:subarctic
687:ice sheet
660:permeable
637:subnivean
529:−
506:−
481:Dolomites
475:, in the
442:fractures
420:acid rain
375:fractures
342:processes
251:Formation
227:colluvium
211:sheetwash
202:colluvium
176:The term
123:subarctic
104:landslide
102:term for
100:Old Norse
94:The term
88:colluvium
1991:23255468
1646:37639112
1638:17110573
1552:17110559
1064:86730753
875:33102185
790:See also
761:refugium
653:ice cave
618:insulate
315:cohesive
265:Svalbard
207:rainwash
158:Apennine
154:Variscan
146:Pyrenees
63:rockfall
1866:2356505
1753:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1610:Science
1583:Bibcode
1532:Science
1474:Bibcode
1419:Bibcode
1390:16 July
1126:"scree"
957:"Talus"
931:"talus"
904:"scree"
666:Patchy
599:glacier
568:is the
479:of the
451:thallus
323:climate
319:degrade
261:Isfjord
148:,
40:Alberta
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1940:
1930:
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755:, and
746:arctic
719:Scree
706:tundra
699:alpine
695:boreal
625:albedo
564:where
438:hyphae
434:Lichen
385:, and
371:joints
340:Biotic
303:clayey
269:Norway
119:arctic
108:skriĂ°a
75:debris
44:Canada
1904:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1642:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1443:S2CID
1335:JSTOR
1141:
1107:S2CID
1060:S2CID
714:mires
691:taiga
607:Italy
307:sandy
223:talus
219:scree
194:talus
190:scree
182:talus
178:scree
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1956:link
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1771:ISSN
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871:OCLC
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701:and
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150:Alps
121:and
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