2649:
45:
33:
1515:
4362:
195:
226:
1193:
676:
1508:
4374:
1699:
617:
2718:
in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the second century BCE and the second century CE, some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil letters, which suggest that Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast
2861:
Thapar mentions the existence of a common language of the
Dravidian group: "Ashoka in his inscription refers to the peoples of South India as the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras - the crucible of the culture of Tamilakam - called thus from the predominant language of the Dravidian group at
2663:
Although the area covered by the term "Tamilakam" was divided among multiple kingdoms, its occurrence in the ancient literature implies that the region's inhabitants shared a cultural or ethnic identity, or at least regarded themselves as distinct from their neighbours. The ancient Tamil
2283:
While these ancient texts do not clearly define the eastern and western boundaries of the
Tamilakam, scholars assume that these boundaries were the seas, which may explain their omission from the ancient definition. The ancient Tamilakam thus included the present-day
2057:
2880:
An archaeological team led by K.Indrapala of the
University of Jaffna excavated a megalithic burial complex at Anaikoddai in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. In one of the burials, a metal seal was found assigned by the excavators to c. the 3rd century
2664:
inscriptions, ranging from 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE, are also considered as linguistic evidence for distinguishing
Tamilakam from the rest of South India. The ancient non-Tamil inscriptions, such as those of the northern kings
2173:
includes a place named "Damirica" (or "Damirice") and because this sounds like "Tamil," some modern scholars have equated it with
Limyrike, considering both to be synonyms of "Tamilakam". However, the "Damirice" mentioned in the
2047:
2406:. Alongside these three, there were two more political regions of Athiyaman Nadu (Sathyaputha) and Thamirabharani Nadu (Then Paandi) which were later on absorbed into Chera and Pandya Nadu by 3rd century BCE.
2719:
of Sri Lanka by the late classical period. Around 237 BCE, "two adventurers from southern India" took control of the
Anuradhapura kingdom. In 145 BCE Elara, a Chola general or prince known as
2672:, also allude to the distinct identity of the region. For example, Ashoka's inscriptions refer to the independent states lying beyond the southern boundary of his kingdom, and Kharavdela's
2113:
2344:
The Chola dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century BCE) until the 13th century in central Tamil Nadu. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the
4409:
3814:
2263:
The Tamil region extends from the hills of Vishnu in the north to the oceans at the cape in the south. In this region of cool waters were the four great cities of:
3404:
Ancient India: Collected Essays on the
Literary and Political History of Southern India, By Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services 1911, p.121.
1972:
1932:
1424:
124:
was the natural language and permeated the culture of all its inhabitants. The ancient Tamil country was divided into kingdoms. The best known among them were the
3163:
2062:
1439:
1267:
2106:
1846:
1894:
1729:
1419:
1414:
3623:
3212:
The Ventar - Velir - Vellalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history
2735:, started a war against him, defeated him, and took over the throne. Tamil Kings have been dated in Sri Lanka to at least the 3rd century BCE.
2360:. The Chera dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century) until the 12th century over an area corresponding to modern-day western
1793:
167:
During the
Prehistorical, Classical, Middle and Early Modern ages, the entire region of Tamilakam mostly remained unconquered by the Northern
2194:
The term "Tamilakam" appears to be the most ancient term used for designating the Tamil territory. The earliest sources to mention it include
4241:
4168:
4147:
3922:
3778:
3731:
3608:
3589:
3233:
3108:
3049:
3022:
2099:
1262:
2690:
During the protohistoric period (1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India, and shared the same megalithic burials,
2341:). The earliest datable references to the Tamil kingdoms are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE during the time of the Maurya Empire.
2806:
274:
3749:
2227:("the territory ... of refined Tamil"). However, this preface, which is of uncertain date, is definitely a later addition to the original
1952:
2348:. The Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of South India until the late 17th century. The heartland of the Pandyas was the fertile valley of the
4204:
Singh, Upinder (2009). "A History of
Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century". Pearson Education India.
4064:
3395:
The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics, By John Holt, Duke
University Press, 13 April 2011 see (Tamil Nadus in Rajarata p.85.)
2007:
1468:
1157:
3197:
4424:
1257:
284:
4404:
4262:
4053:
3894:
3874:
3365:
Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, K.V. Raman Abhinav Publications, 1 June 2003, p.17
2916:
2817:
2744:
2289:
1746:
528:
401:
289:
2828:
2795:
2750:
2042:
2022:
2012:
1277:
1247:
645:
279:
252:
3421:... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 AD, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as
3547:
Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)
1598:
2503:
are also mentioned in Tamil literature which were not part of Tamilakam, but the countries traded with them in ancient times.
4034:
2151:
1174:
870:
4419:
3305:
History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, Asian Educational Services 1929, p.151
1884:
1803:
4352:
4272:
Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008). "From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History". BRILL.
2550:
1927:
1434:
712:
603:
99:
4399:
2833:
2695:
2648:
2635:
1722:
1618:
1429:
1409:
1404:
1212:
296:
2691:
1675:
1485:
570:
3815:"Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India"
3535:
Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery
2447:
2075:
2027:
1982:
1967:
880:
688:
441:
4414:
2906:
1684:
1272:
1099:
875:
691:
446:
262:
4084:
Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). "Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka". University of Hawaii Press.
4024:
2978:
2775:
2673:
1889:
1821:
1783:
1461:
1150:
899:
2467:
2146:, the term seems to be the most ancient term used to designate Tamil territory in the Indian subcontinent.
3556:
Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -
3251:
The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-Religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India
2202:
1977:
1904:
1831:
1773:
1715:
1679:
1622:
1287:
1217:
842:
832:
803:
707:
588:
543:
533:
306:
3374:
A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98
4329:
4303:
4277:
4209:
4183:
4115:
4089:
3993:
3967:
3937:
3433:
2838:
2310:
2037:
1947:
1899:
1874:
1626:
1582:
1533:
1297:
1282:
1183:
1114:
813:
808:
593:
548:
436:
242:
4065:"Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)"
144:, Tamil culture began to spread outside Tamilakam. Ancient Tamil settlements were also established in
3628:
2375:) were minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamiḻakam in the early historic period of
2169:
2052:
2000:
837:
638:
480:
247:
199:
2422:
2235:
preface, "the virtuous land in which Tamil is spoken as the mother tongue lies between the northern
3745:
2982:
2515:
2316:
2276:
1957:
1922:
1841:
1670:
1646:
1375:
1360:
1292:
1252:
1028:
865:
748:
504:
361:
87:
4394:
4298:
Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). "The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India". Leiden: Brill.
4252:
3844:
3692:
1962:
1942:
1574:
1566:
1538:
1454:
1227:
1143:
1104:
743:
496:
366:
341:
168:
2427:
3960:"Untouchability: a historical study upto 1500 A.D. : with special reference to Tamil Nadu"
3759:
2472:
2432:
32:
4258:
4237:
4231:
4164:
4143:
4049:
4030:
3918:
3890:
3870:
3229:
3171:
3104:
3045:
3018:
3012:
2912:
2843:
2720:
2685:
2032:
1864:
1754:
1590:
1570:
1493:
1355:
1119:
1109:
978:
847:
666:
598:
500:
468:
452:
406:
149:
4137:
4076:
3988:
Holt, John (2011). "The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics". Duke University Press.
3912:
3383:
Census of India, 1961: India, India. Office of the Registrar General Manager of Publications.
3098:
3886:
Tamil studies: essays on the history of the Tamil people, language, religion, and literature
3834:
3826:
3204:
2732:
2707:
2519:
2087:
1937:
1798:
1642:
1630:
1606:
1602:
1330:
1034:
763:
753:
456:
416:
411:
336:
194:
157:
44:
3932:
Deegalle, Mahinda (2006). "Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka". Routledge.
3497:
3226:
The Harappan civilization and its writing. A model for the decipherment of the Indus Script
1514:
4342:
4316:
4290:
4222:
4196:
4128:
4102:
4006:
3980:
3950:
3446:
2698:. This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the
2442:
2326:
2321:
From around 600 BCE to 300 CE, Tamiḻakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties: the
1614:
1610:
1594:
1094:
788:
773:
768:
758:
738:
631:
488:
476:
472:
464:
356:
137:
133:
3131:
2972:
2410:
which was under Chola Nadu, later emerged as independent Pallava Nadu by 6th century CE.
2356:, a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in later times moved to
919:
2569:
2482:
2407:
2248:
2236:
2215:
2143:
2139:
2127:
1879:
1826:
1370:
1365:
1340:
1335:
993:
783:
778:
555:
484:
460:
429:
376:
351:
331:
209:
116:
107:
66:
4324:
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). "Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature". BRILL.
3498:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne"
1207:
4388:
4366:
3848:
2715:
2579:
2575:
2395:
2330:
2322:
2164:
2135:
2082:
1638:
1634:
1550:
1542:
1380:
1350:
1240:
1075:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1008:
998:
983:
798:
793:
733:
728:
492:
371:
324:
257:
176:
172:
141:
129:
125:
49:
37:
3624:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way:Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne"
924:
4378:
3856:
2724:
2711:
2349:
1869:
1703:
1655:
1345:
1307:
1302:
1124:
1070:
1065:
1040:
988:
621:
565:
512:
508:
381:
346:
311:
4361:
225:
4158:
3959:
3884:
3860:
3415:
3350:
3146:
3081:
3039:
3014:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
3125:
2968:
2759:
2630:
2625:
2452:
2403:
2376:
2240:
2017:
1650:
1554:
1222:
1018:
948:
538:
103:
1192:
3866:
3557:
2728:
2657:
2590:
2555:
2437:
2399:
2361:
2338:
2196:
1987:
1586:
1558:
1385:
959:
560:
91:
3175:
3164:"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study"
3754:
2669:
2565:
2487:
2462:
2457:
2293:
2179:
1788:
1507:
954:
145:
121:
111:
4046:
Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood
675:
3830:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2614:
2608:
2585:
2525:
2160:
1836:
1562:
1003:
929:
914:
904:
153:
17:
4016:
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1969, XIII:54
2288:. However, it excluded the present-day Tamil-inhabited territory in the
182:
In contemporary India, Tamil politicians and orators often use the name
3839:
3693:"The Five Kings - Mahasiva, Suratissa, Elara, Asela, Sena, and Guttika"
2786:
have coexisted in Tamil country since at least the second century BCE.
2703:
2595:
2560:
2357:
2268:
2264:
2205:
2156:
909:
161:
4110:
Rajayyan, K. (2005). "Tamil Nadu, a real history". Ratna Publications.
2652:
A major part of ancient Tamilakam lies in the modern Indian states of
2665:
2653:
2603:
2477:
2413:
Tamilakam was also divided into 13 socio-geographical regions called
2365:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2285:
2272:
2183:
1768:
1312:
1045:
1023:
1013:
394:
235:
217:
95:
83:
3279:
K. Lakshminarasimhan; Muthuswamy Hariharan; Sharada Gopalam (1991).
2710:, dated to the 3rd century BCE, contains a bilingual inscription in
4139:
Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970
4178:
Reddy, L.R. (2003). "Sri Lanka: Past and Present". APH Publishing.
3355:. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 1 January 2001.
2699:
2647:
2620:
2544:
2536:
2509:
1578:
301:
3862:
Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History
3663:
Bopearachchi, O. "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu", pp. 546–549
3198:"Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script"
3100:
The World of the Tamil Merchant: Pioneers of International Trade
2779:
3654:
Mahadevan, I. "Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka", pp. 152–154
3520:
Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka
3038:
Peter Schalk; A. Veluppillai; Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi (2002).
120:
referred to these territories as a single cultural area, where
2676:
refers to the destruction of a "confederacy of Tamil powers".
3914:
Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India
3391:
3389:
2417:
or "country", each of which had their own dialect of Tamil.
4014:
Indrapala, K. (1969). "Early Tamil settlements in Ceylon".
2126:"Tamiḻakam" is a portmanteau of a word and suffix from the
2908:
History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D.
27:
Geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people
3567:
3565:
3266:
Ancient Tamil country: its social and economic structure
3041:
Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam
2994:
2992:
2394:
There were three important political regions which were
82:) was the geographical region inhabited by the ancient
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
4350:
3750:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil"
3352:
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
2387:
Tamiḻakam was divided into political regions called
2333:. There were also a few independent chieftains, the
48:
Tamilakam comprised that part of India south of the
3418:. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
77:
3416:"The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer"
3281:Madhura kala: silver jubilee commemoration volume
3017:. Princeton University Press. pp. 213–214.
86:people, covering the southernmost region of the
3958:Hanumanthan, Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan (1979).
2261:
2138:. It can be roughly translated as the "home of
4048:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 172.
3513:
3511:
2223:("the beautiful world Tamil is spoken") and
2107:
1723:
1462:
1151:
639:
8:
3791:
3730:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2007 (
3607:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2007 (
3293:
3203:. Chennai, India. p. 16. Archived from
2943:
3777:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAiyangar2019 (
3588:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva2005 (
3558:http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078
3075:
3073:
2905:Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1 January 1929).
2391:or "Great country" ("nadu" means country).
3162:Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019).
2694:, iron technology, farming techniques and
2352:. They initially ruled their country from
2114:
2100:
1741:
1730:
1716:
1480:
1469:
1455:
1169:
1158:
1144:
657:
646:
632:
204:
4410:1st-millennium BC establishments in India
3911:Aiyaṅgār, Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi (1994).
3838:
3725:
3602:
3571:
2900:
2898:
2896:
4254:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
3772:
3713:
3583:
3086:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 3.
3083:Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective
3064:
2998:
193:
43:
31:
4357:
3883:Aiyangar, Muttusvami Srinivasa (1986).
3484:
3472:
3460:
2892:
2854:
2178:actually refers to an area between the
1753:
1492:
1181:
665:
216:
4338:
4327:
4312:
4301:
4286:
4275:
4218:
4207:
4192:
4181:
4124:
4113:
4098:
4087:
4002:
3991:
3976:
3965:
3946:
3935:
3622:Subramanian, T. S. (27 January 2006).
3442:
3431:
3044:. Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 56.
2931:
2167:of south-western India. The Roman map
4026:The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
3679:
2955:
7:
3228:. Oxford & IBH. pp. 52–53.
2807:Agriculture in ancient Tamil country
2259:) defines the Tamilakam as follows:
4160:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
4069:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
3224:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992) .
3151:. University of Madras. p. 40.
4257:. University of California Press.
4236:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
4142:. University of California Press.
3253:. Gregorian&Biblical BookShop.
25:
2818:Industry in ancient Tamil country
2745:Religion in ancient Tamil country
529:Religion in ancient Tamil country
4372:
4360:
3518:Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1984).
3283:. CBH Publications. p. 141.
3130:. Annamalai University. p.
2829:Sources of ancient Tamil history
2796:Economy of ancient Tamil country
2751:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam
2727:and ruled for forty-four years.
1697:
1513:
1506:
1191:
674:
615:
253:Sources of ancient Tamil history
224:
3695:. mahavamsa.org. 8 October 2011
3533:Karunaratne, Priyantha (2010).
3249:Ponnumuthan, Sylvister (1996).
2871:See, for example, Kanakasabhai.
2159:'s writings, mention the term "
114:. Traditional accounts and the
4029:. Asian Educational Services.
3917:. Asian Educational Services.
3889:. Asian Educational Services.
2152:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1135:Portal:Dravidian civilizations
871:History of Dravidian languages
186:to refer to Tamil Nadu alone.
1:
4063:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2002).
3196:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009).
3103:. Penguin Books. p. 27.
2714:. Excavations in the area of
2638:(Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
2271:which was famous; tumultuous
2253:
160:), prior to the migration of
52:
3425:or land of the naked people.
3414:Government of India (1908).
2911:Asian Educational Services.
2702:, prior to the migration of
713:Ancient history of Sri Lanka
604:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
171:dynasties, ranging from the
90:. Tamilakam covered today's
4136:Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1997).
4044:Krishnan, Shankara (1999).
3097:Kanakalatha Mukund (2015).
2834:Chronology of Tamil history
2213:) of the more ancient text
2209:2.5. The Specific Preface (
2163:" which corresponds to the
1213:Chronology of Tamil history
297:Chronology of Tamil history
78:
4441:
4233:The Early History of India
4230:Smith, Vincent A. (1999).
4157:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007).
2815:
2804:
2793:
2748:
2742:
2683:
2680:Interaction with Sri Lanka
2314:
2308:
1895:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
571:Christianity in Tamil Nadu
4425:Historical Indian regions
3264:S. Soundararajan (1991).
2495:Nations outside Tamilakam
2279:with the roaring waters .
2076:History of Eastern Tamils
1983:Burning of Jaffna library
1794:Tissamaharama inscription
1579:Venad - Kingdom of Quilon
881:Elamo-Dravidian languages
689:Indus Valley Civilisation
442:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
70:
4405:Ancient Indian geography
4023:Kanakasabhai, V (1904).
3145:K. P. K. Pillay (1963).
3124:P. C. Alexander (1949).
2723:took over the throne at
1100:Tulu Nadu state movement
876:Proto-Dravidian language
692:Keezhadi excavation site
447:Malaysian Tamil diaspora
263:Keezhadi excavation site
4251:Thapar, Romila (2004).
3813:Abraham, Shinu (2003).
2979:Oxford University Press
2776:Dravidian folk religion
2674:Hathigumpha inscription
1890:American Ceylon Mission
1567:Confluence of religions
1095:Kannada language rights
900:Dravidian folk religion
198:Part of Tamilakam from
4337:Cite journal requires
4311:Cite journal requires
4285:Cite journal requires
4217:Cite journal requires
4191:Cite journal requires
4123:Cite journal requires
4097:Cite journal requires
4001:Cite journal requires
3975:Cite journal requires
3945:Cite journal requires
3441:Cite journal requires
3268:. Navrang. p. 30.
3148:South India and Ceylon
3011:Lionel Casson (2012).
2660:
2506:Tamil speaking lands:
2281:
2221:tamil-kuru nal-lulakam
1978:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1905:Donoughmore Commission
1774:Ancient clans of Lanka
1218:List of Tamil monarchs
843:Dravidian architecture
833:Dravidian civilization
708:History of South India
589:Politics of Tamil Nadu
544:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
534:Religion in Tamil Nadu
202:
106:and southern parts of
59:
41:
3831:10.1353/asi.2003.0031
3080:Shu Hikosaka (1989).
2839:History of Tamil Nadu
2651:
2468:Aruva Vadathalai Nadu
2315:Further information:
2311:History of Tamil Nadu
2257: 2nd century CE
2038:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
1900:Jaffna Youth Congress
1875:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
1656:Unification of Kerala
1627:Battle of Tirurangadi
1184:History of Tamil Nadu
1115:Dravidian nationalism
594:Dravidian nationalism
549:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
437:Indian Tamil diaspora
243:History of Tamil Nadu
197:
47:
35:
4420:Regions of Karnataka
3962:. Koodal Publishers.
3746:Mahadevan, Iravatham
2974:India's Ancient Past
2383:Nations of Tamilakam
2176:Tabula Peutingeriana
2170:Tabula Peutingeriana
1599:Minor principalities
838:South Indian culture
505:Tamil New Zealanders
481:Tamil South Africans
248:History of Sri Lanka
200:Tabula Peutingeriana
4163:. Scarecrow Press.
4075:(1). Archived from
3475:, pp. 211–212.
2696:megalithic graffiti
2541:Chavaka Nadu (Java)
2317:Three Crowned Kings
2231:. According to the
2219:mentions the terms
1923:Soulbury Commission
1847:Portuguese conquest
1647:Communism in Kerala
1361:Vijayanagara Empire
1253:Three Crowned Kings
866:Dravidian languages
721:Dravidian dynasties
669:culture and history
661:Part of a series on
88:Indian subcontinent
4400:Ancient Tamil Nadu
3819:Asian Perspectives
3504:. 26 January 2006.
3127:Buddhism in Kerala
2661:
2522:(Jaffna Peninsula)
2225:centamil ... nilam
1885:Colebrooke-Cameron
1615:Rise of Travancore
1534:Megalithic culture
1405:Ancient Tamil Nadu
1386:Thondaiman Kingdom
1268:Naming conventions
1105:Telugu Desam Party
203:
60:
42:
4243:978-81-7156-618-1
4170:978-0-8108-5379-9
4149:978-0-520-20805-6
3924:978-81-206-0966-2
3792:John E. Cort 1998
3294:Kanakasabhai 1904
3235:978-81-204-0491-5
3110:978-81-8475-612-8
3051:978-91-554-5357-2
3024:978-1-4008-4320-6
2944:Kanakasabhai 1904
2862:the time, Tamil".
2844:History of Kerala
2686:Sri Lankan Tamils
2644:Geocultural unity
2267:with its towers;
2239:and the southern
2124:
2123:
2033:Thimpu principles
1917:Post independence
1865:Portuguese Ceylon
1755:Sri Lankan Tamils
1740:
1739:
1619:Mysorean invasion
1607:Portuguese period
1571:Mamankam festival
1539:Maritime contacts
1494:History of Kerala
1479:
1478:
1356:Madurai Sultanate
1228:Maritime contacts
1168:
1167:
1120:Dravidian parties
1110:Tamil nationalism
979:Dravidian peoples
848:Dravidian studies
656:
655:
599:Tamil Nationalism
501:Tamil Seychellois
469:Tamil Indonesians
453:Tamil Australians
407:Sri Lankan Tamils
150:Sri Lankan Tamils
76:
36:Tamilakam in the
16:(Redirected from
4432:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4247:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4179:
4174:
4153:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4079:on 23 July 2007.
4059:
4040:
4019:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3954:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3879:
3852:
3842:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3758:. Archived from
3748:(24 June 2010).
3742:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3502:Frontline (2006)
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3210:on 7 June 2011.
3209:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2708:Annaicoddai seal
2258:
2255:
2142:". According to
2116:
2109:
2102:
2088:Sri Lanka portal
1938:Sinhala Only Act
1799:Pancha Ishwarams
1742:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1704:India portal
1702:
1701:
1700:
1643:Battle of Quilon
1631:Malabar District
1603:Age of Discovery
1517:
1510:
1481:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1376:Kalahasti Nayaks
1325:Medieval history
1195:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1146:
678:
658:
648:
641:
634:
622:Tamil portal
620:
619:
618:
497:Tamil Pakistanis
489:Tamil Mauritians
417:Singapore Tamils
412:Malaysian Tamils
228:
205:
81:
75:romanized:
74:
72:
57:
54:
21:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4415:Regions of Asia
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4336:
4326:
4323:
4310:
4300:
4297:
4284:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4250:
4244:
4229:
4216:
4206:
4203:
4190:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4135:
4122:
4112:
4109:
4096:
4086:
4083:
4062:
4056:
4043:
4037:
4022:
4013:
4000:
3990:
3987:
3974:
3964:
3957:
3944:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3882:
3877:
3855:
3812:
3808:
3806:Printed sources
3803:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:on 1 July 2010.
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3440:
3430:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2688:
2682:
2646:
2641:
2497:
2492:
2385:
2327:Pandyan dynasty
2319:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2256:
2211:cirappuppayiram
2192:
2120:
2068:
2067:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1968:Standardization
1918:
1910:
1909:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1764:
1736:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:Arakkal kingdom
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1475:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1331:Kalabhra Empire
1326:
1318:
1317:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1203:
1164:
1130:
1129:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1080:
973:
965:
964:
944:
936:
935:
934:
894:
886:
885:
861:
853:
852:
828:
820:
819:
818:
717:
703:
695:
694:
686:
652:
616:
614:
609:
608:
584:
576:
575:
524:
516:
515:
477:Tamil Americans
473:Tamil Canadians
451:
432:
422:
421:
397:
387:
386:
327:
317:
316:
238:
192:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4369:
4348:
4347:
4339:|journal=
4321:
4313:|journal=
4295:
4287:|journal=
4269:
4263:
4248:
4242:
4227:
4219:|journal=
4201:
4193:|journal=
4175:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4133:
4125:|journal=
4107:
4099:|journal=
4081:
4060:
4054:
4041:
4035:
4020:
4011:
4003:|journal=
3985:
3977:|journal=
3955:
3947:|journal=
3929:
3923:
3908:
3895:
3880:
3875:
3859:, ed. (1998),
3853:
3825:(2): 207–223.
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3794:, p. 187.
3784:
3765:
3737:
3728:, p. 324.
3726:Indrapala 2007
3718:
3706:
3684:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3614:
3603:Indrapala 2007
3595:
3586:, p. 129.
3576:
3572:Mahadevan 2002
3561:
3549:
3540:
3525:
3507:
3489:
3487:, p. 212.
3477:
3465:
3463:, p. 211.
3453:
3443:|journal=
3406:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3307:
3298:
3286:
3271:
3256:
3241:
3234:
3216:
3188:
3154:
3137:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3069:
3057:
3050:
3030:
3023:
3003:
2988:
2960:
2958:, p. 384.
2948:
2936:
2934:, p. 229.
2924:
2917:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2864:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:Main article:
2813:
2810:
2805:Main article:
2802:
2799:
2794:Main article:
2791:
2788:
2743:Main article:
2740:
2737:
2706:speakers. The
2681:
2678:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:Palantivu Nadu
2612:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2570:Kannada people
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2528:(Vanni region)
2523:
2520:Yazh Kuthanadu
2513:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Thenpandi Nadu
2419:
2384:
2381:
2309:Main article:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2249:Silappadikaram
2191:
2188:
2144:Kamil Zvelebil
2128:Tamil language
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:British Ceylon
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Aryacakravarti
1829:
1827:Jaffna kingdom
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1690:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1623:British Period
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Tanjore Nayaks
1368:
1366:Madurai Nayaks
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:Pandyan Empire
1338:
1336:Pallava Empire
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
957:
952:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
811:
806:
804:Aryacakravarti
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
724:
723:
716:
715:
710:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
671:
670:
663:
662:
654:
653:
651:
650:
643:
636:
628:
625:
624:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Tamil Buddhism
553:
552:
551:
546:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
485:Myanmar Tamils
465:Tamil Italians
461:British Tamils
450:
449:
444:
439:
433:
430:Tamil diaspora
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
352:Numeral system
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
307:Tamil Kingdoms
304:
299:
294:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
267:
266:
265:
255:
250:
245:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:
220:
214:
213:
191:
188:
108:Andhra Pradesh
56: 250 BCE
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4437:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
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4413:
4411:
4408:
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4380:
4370:
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4358:
4354:
4344:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4279:
4270:
4266:
4264:9780520242258
4260:
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4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4228:
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4211:
4202:
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4185:
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4151:
4145:
4141:
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4134:
4130:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4055:0-8166-3330-4
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
3995:
3986:
3982:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3898:
3896:9788120600294
3892:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:0-7914-3785-X
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3775:, p. 16.
3774:
3773:Aiyangar 2019
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3716:, p. 30.
3715:
3714:Deegalle 2006
3710:
3707:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3682:, p. 45.
3681:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3605:, p. 91.
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3584:de Silva 2005
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:Zvelebil 1992
3061:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3004:
3001:, p. xi.
3000:
2999:Zvelebil 1992
2995:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2946:, p. 10.
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2918:9788120601451
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2858:
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2822:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2716:Tissamaharama
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Marattha Nadu
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:Kampocha Nadu
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:Telugu people
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Singhala Nadu
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
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2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
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2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2371:The Vealirs (
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Chera dynasty
2328:
2324:
2323:Chola dynasty
2318:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:Patiṟṟuppattu
2199:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:Malabar Coast
2162:
2158:
2155:, as well as
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Tamils portal
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
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1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
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1672:
1664:
1663:
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1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:South Malabar
1636:
1635:North Malabar
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:Sangam period
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
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1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:Ancient sites
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Gingee Nayaks
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Chera Kingdom
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Early Pandyas
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
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1284:
1281:
1279:
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1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
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1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:Sangam period
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
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1209:
1206:
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1126:
1123:
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1118:
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1111:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Cholanaikkans
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Brahui people
982:
980:
977:
976:
969:
968:
961:
958:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
940:
939:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
857:
856:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
824:
823:
815:
814:Eastern Ganga
812:
810:
809:Western Ganga
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
693:
690:
682:
681:
677:
673:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
629:
627:
626:
623:
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Tamil Germans
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:French Tamils
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Indian Tamils
400:
399:
396:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
326:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:Sangam period
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
196:
189:
187:
185:
180:
178:
177:Mughal Empire
174:
173:Maurya Empire
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:Sangam period
140:. During the
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
68:
64:
51:
50:Maurya Empire
46:
39:
38:Sangam Period
34:
30:
19:
4330:cite journal
4304:cite journal
4278:cite journal
4253:
4232:
4210:cite journal
4184:cite journal
4159:
4138:
4116:cite journal
4090:cite journal
4077:the original
4072:
4068:
4045:
4025:
4015:
3994:cite journal
3968:cite journal
3938:cite journal
3913:
3900:. Retrieved
3885:
3861:
3857:John E. Cort
3822:
3818:
3787:
3768:
3760:the original
3753:
3740:
3721:
3709:
3699:23 September
3697:. Retrieved
3687:
3659:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3633:
3627:
3617:
3598:
3579:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3519:
3501:
3492:
3485:Abraham 2003
3480:
3473:Abraham 2003
3468:
3461:Abraham 2003
3456:
3434:cite journal
3429:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3400:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3351:
3301:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3205:the original
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3167:
3157:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3119:
3099:
3092:
3082:
3067:, p. x.
3060:
3040:
3033:
3013:
3006:
2973:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2907:
2876:
2867:
2857:
2754:
2725:Anuradhapura
2712:Tamil-Brahmi
2689:
2662:
2604:Konkana Nadu
2596:Magadha Nadu
2576:Telunka Nadu
2566:Kannada Nadu
2551:Kalinga Nadu
2531:
2500:
2498:
2414:
2412:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2370:
2350:Vaigai River
2343:
2320:
2300:Subdivisions
2282:
2262:
2247:
2245:
2237:Venkata hill
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2175:
2168:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2125:
1973:Colonisation
1933:Colonisation
1870:Dutch Ceylon
1804:Early Jaffna
1778:
1680:Architecture
1674:
1667:Other topics
1611:Dutch period
1546:
1537:
1430:Inscriptions
1410:Architecture
1346:Chola Empire
1308:Early Cholas
1303:Early Cheras
1263:Legal system
1182:
1125:Dravida Nadu
989:Gondi people
720:
566:Tamil Muslim
513:Dutch Tamils
509:Swiss Tamils
367:Architecture
312:Tamilization
269:
183:
181:
166:
115:
62:
61:
29:
3840:10125/17189
2969:R.S. Sharma
2932:Thapar 2004
2801:Agriculture
2760:Vaishnavism
2631:Vatuka Nadu
2621:Kupaka Nadu
2600:Kucala Nadu
2561:Vadugu Nadu
2545:Kadara Nadu
2499:Some other
2478:Erumai Nadu
2408:Tondai Nadu
2404:Pandya Nadu
2377:South India
2233:Tolkāppiyam
2229:Tolkāppiyam
2216:Tolkāppiyam
2200:168.18 and
2018:Tamil Eelam
1928:Nationalism
1816:Middle Ages
1763:Ancient era
1651:Lakshadweep
1587:Kolattunadu
1563:Ezhil Malai
1555:Spice trade
1223:Wootz steel
949:South India
749:Rashtrakuta
539:Tamil Hindu
275:Agriculture
117:Tolkāppiyam
104:Lakshadweep
4389:Categories
4036:8120601505
3867:SUNY Press
3680:Reddy 2003
3423:Nakkavaram
3181:29 October
2981:. p.
2956:Singh 2009
2888:References
2749:See also:
2729:Dutugamunu
2684:See also:
2658:Tamil Nadu
2636:Tinmaitivu
2617:(Maldives)
2611:(Cambodia)
2591:Vanka Nadu
2586:Kolla Nadu
2537:Vengi Nadu
2526:Vanni Nadu
2483:Malai Nadu
2453:Aruva Nadu
2443:Puzhi Nadu
2438:Punal Nadu
2428:Panri Nadu
2400:Chola Nadu
2396:Chera Nadu
2362:Tamil Nadu
2339:Satyaputra
2290:North-East
2197:Purananuru
2048:War crimes
1988:Black July
1583:Valluvanad
1398:Categories
1273:Government
1035:Giraavarus
994:Kannadigas
960:South Asia
744:Satavahana
561:Tamil Jain
342:Philosophy
337:Literature
169:Indo-Aryan
164:speakers.
152:) and the
100:Puducherry
92:Tamil Nadu
4395:Tamilakam
3849:153420843
3755:The Hindu
3629:Frontline
3176:0971-751X
3168:The Hindu
2784:Buddhists
2733:Sinhalese
2670:Kharavela
2578:(Land of
2568:(Land of
2516:Naga Nadu
2510:Eela Nadu
2488:Tulu Nadu
2473:Sida Nadu
2463:Kuttanadu
2458:Kakkanadu
2433:Kuda Nadu
2294:Sri Lanka
2180:Himalayas
2130:, namely
2053:IDP camps
2013:Militancy
2001:Civil war
1963:1974 pact
1958:1964 pact
1953:1957 Pact
1948:1954 pact
1822:Chola Era
1789:Nainativu
1779:Tamilakam
1671:Geography
1547:Tamilakam
1425:Monuments
1420:Economies
1258:Education
1208:Tamiḻakam
1037:(Extinct)
1031:(Extinct)
1004:Malayalis
955:Sri Lanka
951:(Dravida)
667:Dravidian
285:Education
270:Tamilakam
190:Etymology
184:Tamilakam
158:Giravarus
146:Sri Lanka
112:Karnataka
79:Tamiḻakam
63:Tamilakam
18:Tamiḻakam
3902:24 April
2971:(2005).
2823:See also
2812:Industry
2772:Shaivism
2768:Shaktism
2764:Kaumaram
2756:Hinduism
2739:Religion
2389:Perunadu
2329:and the
2305:Kingdoms
2182:and the
2161:Limyrike
2058:UN Panel
2028:Diaspora
1859:Colonial
1837:Vannimai
1747:a series
1745:Part of
1486:a series
1484:Part of
1288:Religion
1175:a series
1173:Part of
1089:Politics
930:Charvaka
915:Buddhism
905:Hinduism
893:Religion
860:Language
764:Kakatiya
754:Chalukya
583:Politics
523:Religion
377:Calendar
357:Medicine
332:Language
290:Industry
210:a series
208:Part of
154:Maldives
138:Pallavas
134:Pandyans
4353:Portals
3801:Sources
2790:Economy
2721:Ellāḷaṉ
2704:Prakrit
2692:pottery
2547:(Kedah)
2532:Other:
2512:(Eelam)
2358:Madurai
2269:Uraiyur
2265:Madurai
2206:Patikam
2157:Ptolemy
2008:Origins
1842:Vanniar
1676:Economy
1575:Calicut
1415:Culture
1283:Society
1278:Economy
1248:Sources
1076:Koragas
1071:Soligas
1061:Paniyas
1056:Kurukhs
1051:Kodavas
1019:Tuluvas
1009:Telugus
999:Kodavas
943:Regions
925:Ājīvika
920:Śramaṇa
910:Jainism
827:Culture
789:Aravidu
774:Sangama
769:Hoysala
759:Pallava
739:Pandyan
702:History
372:Cuisine
325:Culture
280:Economy
236:History
175:to the
162:Prakrit
71:தமிழகம்
4367:Tamils
4261:
4240:
4167:
4146:
4052:
4033:
3921:
3893:
3873:
3847:
3640:9 July
3232:
3174:
3107:
3048:
3021:
2915:
2666:Ashoka
2654:Kerala
2448:Venadu
2366:Kerala
2354:Korkai
2346:Kaveri
2335:Velirs
2325:, the
2286:Kerala
2275:; and
2273:Kanchi
2241:Kumari
2190:Extent
2184:Ganges
1769:Ravana
1591:Cochin
1551:Cheras
1488:on the
1313:Velirs
1046:Khonds
1024:Irulas
1014:Tamils
972:People
784:Tuluva
779:Saluva
685:Origin
395:People
382:Cinema
347:Script
218:Tamils
130:Cholas
126:Cheras
96:Kerala
4379:India
3845:S2CID
3208:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
2850:Notes
2780:Jains
2700:Velir
2501:Nadus
2373:Vēḷir
2277:Puhar
2140:Tamil
2134:and -
2132:Tamiḻ
1943:Riots
1784:Nakar
1685:Forts
1435:Forts
1293:Music
1066:Malar
1029:Nagas
799:Reddy
794:Nayak
734:Chera
729:Chola
362:Music
302:Eelam
122:Tamil
84:Tamil
67:Tamil
4343:help
4317:help
4291:help
4259:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4223:help
4197:help
4165:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4129:help
4103:help
4050:ISBN
4031:ISBN
4007:help
3981:help
3951:help
3919:ISBN
3904:2012
3891:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3779:help
3732:help
3701:2014
3642:2008
3609:help
3590:help
3447:help
3230:ISBN
3183:2019
3172:ISSN
3105:ISBN
3046:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2881:BCE.
2782:and
2774:,),
2731:, a
2668:and
2656:and
2415:Nadu
2402:and
2364:and
2246:The
2149:The
2136:akam
2063:LLRC
2043:ISGA
2023:LTTE
1530:Main
1202:Main
136:and
110:and
3835:hdl
3827:doi
3636:(1)
2983:206
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2292:of
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