Tamil literature - Knowledge (XXG)

308: 2820: 3310:) was started in Madurai with simultaneous editions in Madras, Salem and Tiruchirappalli. It was founded by S.P. Adithanar, a lawyer trained in Britain. He modeled Thanthi on the style of an English tabloid- The Daily Mirror. He aimed to bring out a newspaper that ordinary people would read, and which would encourage a reading habit even among the newly literate. In the past, the daily newspaper which was printed in Madras reached the southern Tamil region after at least one day. Thanthi used the public bus system to distribute the paper throughout the south Tamil region and capitalized on the hunger for war news that arose after Singapore fell to the Japanese. Due to financial constraints, its Salem and Tiruchirappalli editions had to be closed down for a while. Thanthi emphasized local news, especially crime and the courts. It used photographs extensively and brought banner headlines to Tamil journalism. It could fit one story on an entire broadsheet page, mainly filled with large easy-to-read headlines. One of its biggest scoops was the murder of the editor of a scandalous film magazine by two actors. Thanthi covered the trial in Madras in detail, and its reporters phoned the daily account to the printing centre in Madurai. Thanthi was the first Tamil paper to understand the people’s fascination with crime and film stars. The paper was popular and it was said that Tamils learned to read in order to read the newspaper. 1441:'s conquests had no impact on the Tamil land and the people were able to indulge in literary pursuits. The poets had a much more casual relationship with their rulers than can be imagined in later times. They could chide them when they are perceived to wander from the straight and narrow. The greatness of the Sangam age poetry may be ascribed not so much to its antiquity, but due to the fact that their ancestors were indulging in literary pursuits and logical classification of the habitats and society in a systematic manner with little to draw from precedents domestically or elsewhere. The fact that these classifications were documented at a very early date in the grammatical treatise 3721:

faultless learning – Vēdās, பூவனும் – you are Brahman who appeared on a flower, நாற்றமும்நீ – you are creation created by Brahman, வலன் உயர் எழிலியும் – clouds that rise up with strength, மாக விசும்பும் – wide sky, நிலனும்– land, நீடிய இமயமும்– and the tall Himalayas, நீ– you, அதனால் – so, இன்னோர் அனையை– like so and so, இனையையால்– like somebody, என– thus, அன்னோர் – those, யாம் இவண் காணாமையின் – I have not seen here, பொன் அணி நேமி – wheels decorated with gold, வலம் கொண்டு ஏந்திய – lifting on your right side or lifting with strength, மன்னுயிர் முதல்வனை – you are supreme to all the living beings on the Earth.

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Bharati joined it in 1904. The next year, when Lala Lajpat Rai was arrested and agitation followed in the Punjab, Subramania Aiyer's attitude to the British changed and he became a trenchant political critic of the Raj. His whole political mantra can be summed up in these words: `Peaceful but tireless and unceasing effort.' Let us sweat ourselves into Swaraj, he would seem to say." Swadesamitran is credited for coining new Tamil words to deal with science, politics and administration. It had the most comprehensive budget of news among all the regional language papers of that time.

1229: 3263:, who was conducting a Tamil news-cum-views weekly 'Tamil Nadu' started a daily with the same name. Its forceful and colloquial style gained it a wide readership but after the paper failed to take sides with the 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement, the Congress Party decided to bring out a new Tamil daily – India, edited by renowned poet Subramania Bharati. India showed great promise but could not establish itself financially, and folded up soon after Bharati was exiled to Pondicherry. All these papers were published from Madras. 129: 307: 1248: 347: 3299:

Vikatan, Motor Vikatan and other special interest magazines. R. Krishnamurthy serialised his short stories and novels in Ananda Vikatan and eventually started his own weekly Kalki. The name Kalki denotes the impending tenth Avatar of Lord Vishnu in the Hindu religion, who it is said, will bring to an end the Kali Yuga and reinstate Dharma or righteousness among the worldly beings. He used the name because he wanted to bring about liberation of India.

2831: 2344: 3287:) started the Tamil daily Dinamani with T.S. Chockalingam as editor. It was priced at 6 pies, contained bright features and was fearlessly critical. It was highly successful and its circulation eclipsed the total circulation of all other Tamil dailies. Soon 'India' was incorporated into Dinamani. Dinamani made a studied and conscious effort to make the contents of a newspaper intelligible even to the newly literate. In 1935, 3238:

number and those with a knowledge of Indian languages make the vast majority. He felt that unless the people were told about the objectives of British rule and its merits and defects in the Indian languages, their political knowledge would never develop. When Subramania Aiyer quit The Hindu 1898, he made the Swadesamitran his full-time business. In 1899, the first Tamil daily. It was to enjoy this status for 17 years.

4853: 191: 4943: 77: 36: 5415: 1483:) topics to enable the poetic minds to discuss any topic under the sun, from grammar to love, within the framework of well prescribed, socially accepted conventions. Subjective topics refer to the personal or human aspect of emotions that cannot be verbalized adequately or explained fully. It can only be experienced by the individuals and includes love and 597:, the multifaceted Indian Nationalist poet and author, and was quickly followed up by many who began to utilize the power of literature in influencing the masses. With growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. Modern Tamil literary criticism also evolved. The popularity of 2819: 3059:'s detective hero Shankarlal carried readers to a variety of foreign locales, while using a pure Tamil with very few Hindi or English loan words. These writers are often extremely prolific, with hundreds or even thousands of short novels to their credit, and one or more short novel published in a monthly periodical. 3241:

Subramania Aiyer's "pugnacious style, never qualifying words to soften the sharp tenor of a sentence," his use of words "dipped in a paste of extra pungent green chillies," made the Swadesamitran sought by Tamils wherever they lived in the world. And the daily became even more popular when Subramania

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in 19th-century rural Tamil Nadu, capturing their customs and habits, beliefs and rituals. Although it was primarily a powerful narration of the common man's life in a realistic style spiced with natural humour, Rajam Iyer's novel has a spiritual and philosophical undertone. Madhaviah tells the story

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Sangam literature comprises some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals with love, traditions, war, governance, trade and bereavement. Unfortunately much of the Tamil literature belonging to the Sangam period has been lost. The literature currently available from this period is perhaps just

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The first regular newspaper in Tamil was Swadesamitran in 1882, started by G.Subramaniya Iyer, editor and sponsor of The Hindu and founding member of the Indian National Congress. He created a whole new Tamil political vocabulary. He was conscious that those with a knowledge of English are fewer in

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The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work. Rajavritti Bodhini and Dina Varthamani in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem Desabhimini in

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is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki, his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. Kamban imports into his narration the colour and landscape of his own time. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poet

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Dina Thanthi became one of the largest Tamil language dailies by circulation within a few years; it has been a leading Tamil daily since the 1960s. It has today 14 editions. It is the highest circulated Tamil daily in Bangalore and Pondicherry. It issues a book called 10th, +2 Vina Vidai Book, on

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Many magazines began in Tamil Nadu during the 1920s and '30s. The humour magazine Ananda Vikatan started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists. It is still running successfully after 80 years and the Vikatan group today also publishes Chutti Vikatan, Junior

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authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others. His works revolve around the lives of underclass people like rickshaw-pullers, prostitutes and rag-pickers.

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and Buddhist influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th century. There was a widespread Hindu revival

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has enriched the high traditions of literary traditions of Tamil language and contributed towards the shaping of Indian literature. His literature presents a deep and sensitive understanding of complex human nature and is an authentic and vivid index of Indian reality. One famous novel of his is

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when the entire south India was under a single administration. The period between the 11th and the 13th centuries, during which the Chola power was at its peak, there were relatively few foreign incursions and the life for the Tamil people was one of peace and prosperity. It also provided the

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During the 18th and the 19th century Tamil Nadu witnessed some of the most profound changes in the political scene. The traditional Tamil ruling clans were superseded by European colonists and their sympathisers. The Tamil society underwent a deep cultural shock with the imposition of western

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Paripāṭal Poem 1 Line 50 to 56 ஐந்தலை உயிரிய அணங்குடை அருந்திறல் மைந்துடை ஒருவனும்– you are the one with five heads who causes great fear and is one of great ability and strength – Sivan, மடங்கலும்நீ – one where all lives end, நலம் முழுது அளைஇய – with all benefits, புகர்அறு காட்சிப் புலமும்–

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and specialist portals catering to political and social issues. Tamil literature is even available in the form of e-books. Tamil literature boasts a rich tradition of novel writing, with many talented authors contributing to the literary landscape. Here are ten prominent Tamil novel writers:

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giving the inflection and syntax of words and sentences but also includes classification of habitats, animals, plants and human beings. The discussion on human emotions and interactions is particularly significant. Tolkappiyam is divided into three chapters:

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includes a collection of literary works that have come from a tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from

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is still considered one of the best available. Other famous annotators such as Perasiriyar and Naccinarikiniyar wrote commentaries on the various work of Sangam literature. The first Tamil dictionary was attempted by Mandalapurusha who compiled the lexicon

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cultural influences. The Hindu religious establishments attempted to stem the tide of change and to safeguard the Tamil cultural values. Notable among these were the Saiva monasteries at Tiruvavaduthurai, Dharmapuram, Thiruppananthal and Kundrakudi.

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opportunity for the people to interact with cultures beyond their own, as the Cholas ruled over most of the South India, Sri Lanka and traded with the kingdoms in southeast Asia. The Cholas built numerous temples, mainly for their favourite god

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A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. The modern Tamil literary movement started with

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a fraction of the wealth of material produced during this golden age of Tamil civilization. The available literature from this period has been broadly divided in antiquity into three categories based roughly on chronology. These are: the

3249:, another Tamil daily began with T.V. Kalyansundara Menon as editor. He was succeeded by V.V.S. Iyer, a colleague of the Savarkar brothers. These two editors were scholars with a natural, highly readable but polished style of writing. 3314:

every Wednesday during the second part of the year. The model question papers of all the subjects of Standard 10 and 12 are provided with answers along with the question papers of board exams that are conducted previous year.

2903:(Lit.:new poetry) broke the rules and gave poets the freedom to express themselves. He also wrote Tamil prose in the form of commentaries, editorials, short stories and novels. Some of these were published in the Tamil daily 2893:. His works are stimulating in their progressive themes like freedom and feminism. Bharathy introduced a new poetic style into the somewhat rigid style of Tamil poetry writing, which had followed the rules set down in the 1738:, dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE, glorified Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent", as "the favoured god of the Tamils". There are no mentions of 529:, dated before 300 BCE, contain anthologies of various poets dealing with many aspects of life, including love, war, social values and religion. This was followed by the early epics and moral literature, authored by 2711:

or narrative epics. A number of these were written on the various deities of the temples in Tamil Nadu and are known as Sthala Puranas, based on legend and folklore. One of the most important of the epics was the

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Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), and Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300

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Recognizing that human activities cannot take place in vacuum and are constantly influenced by environmental factors, human experiences, in general, and subjective topics in particular, are assigned to

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is one of recent Tamil novelists who has entered the hearts of many Tamil readers, and her story covers family subject, romance, reality, with some humor added for the readers to enjoy their leisure.

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was established in 1981 to highlight and cater to the ethnic Tamil Muslim community's issues. Another remarkable work was done in Tamil novel field by Mu.Varatharasanar. . And last but not least

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Though sales of Tamil pulp fiction have declined since the hey-day of the mid-1990s, and many writers have turned to the more lucrative television serial market, there remains a thriving scene.

1519:(wasteland). The images associated with these landscapes – birds, beasts, flowers, gods, music, people, weather, seasons – were used to subtly convey a mood, associated with an aspect of life. 2959:

in 1879. This was a romance with an assortment of fables, folk tales and even Greek and Roman stories, written with the entertainment of the reader as the principal motive. It was followed by

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7. **C. Rajagopalachari (1878–1972):** A multifaceted personality, Rajagopalachari, also known as Rajaji, was a statesman, politician, and writer. His novel "Chandralekha" gained popularity.

5386: 2851:(1815–1876) was a Tamil scholar who taught Tamil at one of these monasteries. He wrote more than eighty books consisting of over 200,000 poems. He is more famous however for encouraging 2576:. Jayamkondar was a poet-laureate in the Chola court and his work is a fine example of the balance between fact and fiction the poets had to tread. Ottakuttan, a close contemporary of 3002:

There are other less appreciated works involving those translated from other languages, which are often unrecognized by Tamil pundits. The works include "Urumaatram" (translation of

3134:. It became the first Tamil daily in 1889. This was the start of many journals to follow and many novelists began to serialise their stories in these journal. The humour magazine 3439: 3114:

The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work.

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and eventually conquered the entire south India. The Vijayanagar kings appointed regional governors to rule various territories of their kingdom and Tamil Nadu was ruled by the

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10. **R. Chudamani (1941–):** Known for her novels exploring the lives of women in rural Tamil Nadu, Chudamani has made a significant impact on contemporary Tamil literature.

4871: 3373:(1908–1994):** Another author who wrote in Malayalam but had a significant impact on Tamil literature, Basheer's works often explored social issues and human relationships. 3252:

The freedom movement and the advent of Gandhi also impacted Tamil journalism. Navasakthi, a Tamil periodical edited by Tamil scholar and freedom fighter V. Kalyanasundaram.

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refers to the people and their behavior. The grammar helps to convey the literary message on human behavior and conduct, and uniquely merges the language with its people.

3366:(1906–2001):** Though born in Madras (now Chennai), R. K. Narayan wrote in English. His works, such as "Malgudi Days," have left an indelible mark on Indian literature. 3531:

The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as

2195:(One Thousand Elephants) tells of her dream wedding to Vishnu and is sung even today at Tamil Vaishnava weddings. Nammalvar, who lived in the 9th century, wrote 1002: 3352:(1934–2015):** A prolific writer and Sahitya Akademi Award winner, Jayakanthan explored various themes in his novels, including social and existential issues. 2871:

temple. This work is a revolutionary social commentary considering the period in which it was written, although Gopalakrishna Bharati expanded on the story in

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on the life of Nandanar who having been born in a sociologically lower caste, faces and overcomes the social obstacles in achieving his dream of visiting the

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The period from 1300 CE to 1650 was a period of constant change in the political situation of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil country was invaded by the armies of the

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were written for slightly older children. All the four works are didactic in character. They explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane life.

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was begun, but it was more of a views-paper than a newspaper. The Non-Brahman Movement also gave an impetus to Tamil journalism. Newspapers like the

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writers. Its emergence was perhaps facilitated by the growing population of Tamils with a western education and exposure to popular English fiction.

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9. **Sivasankari (1942–):** With a focus on women's issues, Sivasankari has authored numerous novels like "Paalangal" and "Piriyatha Varam Vendum."

2979: 2754: 2518: 1288: 1240: 3359:(1922–1988):** Famous for historical novels like "Chitralekha" and "Vengayin Maindhan," Akilan made significant contributions to Tamil literature. 5401: 3988: 3218:

the unique Tamil novelist, short story writer and a social activist is famous for his works like 'Chithirapavai' 'Vengayinmaindan' 'Pavaivilaku'.

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saw rapid growth. These authors, perhaps reflecting the austere nature of their faiths, created works mainly on morality and ethics. A number of

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wrote a number of very popular historical romance novels set in medieval India or on medieval trade routes with Malaysia, Indonesia and Europe.

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The novel as a genre of literature arrived in Tamil in the third quarter of the 19th century, more than a century after it became popular with

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was written by Sattanar who was a contemporary of Ilango Adigal. Manimekalai contains a long exposition of fallacies of logic. Kongu Velir, a

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who lived in the 6th century CE was the earliest of these Nayanmars. The celebrated Saiva hymnists Sundaramoorthy, Thirugnana Sambanthar and

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has enjoyed wide popularity in Tamil Nadu since the 1930s. Popular authors in the years before independence included Kurumbur Kuppusami and

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in a more realistic way with a searching criticism of the upper caste society, particularly the sexual exploitation of girls by older men.

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or the "dark one", as the supreme deity who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the Plains and mountains of

1028: 4426: 3174:(1906–1948) was a great writer of short stories and provided the inspiration for a number of authors who followed him. The 'new poetry or 2797:. The 17th century also saw for the first time literary works by Christian authors. Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi (1680–1746), better known as 949: 150: 3345:(1937–):** Known for his realistic portrayal of social issues, Ramakrishnan has penned impactful novels such as "Oru Manithanin Kathai." 5438: 3859: 3029: 91: 87: 5378: 4035: 3968: 3914: 3895: 2099:

The fall of the Kalabhras around 500 CE saw a reaction from the thus far suppressed Hindus. The Kalabhras were replaced by the

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divided into chapters of ten distichs each: the first thirty-eight on ethics, the next seventy on polity and the remainder on love.

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sang 4,169 verses. Together these form the first six books of the Saiva canon, collected by Nambi Andar Nambi in the 10th century.

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which deals with moral instructions. A considerable par to the religious and philosophical literature of the age took the form of

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which later engulfed the entire Indian subcontinent. During the medieval era some of the grandest of Tamil literary classics like

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contributed nearly 650 hymns to the Vaishnava canon. Andal symbolised purity and love for the God and wrote her hymns addressing

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and Buddhist poets contributed to the creation of these didactic works as well as grammar and lexicography. The collection the

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Religion in the Sangam age was an important reason for the increase in Tamil literature. Ancient Tamils primarily followed the

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began Vimochanam, a Tamil journal devoted to propagating prohibition at the Gandhi Ashram in Tiruchengode in Salem district.

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as grammar books are usually written after the existence of literature over long periods. Tamil tradition holds the earliest

227: 212: 4819: 2644:. This period saw a large output of philosophical works, commentaries, epics and devotional poems. A number of monasteries ( 985: 906: 549:

authors and poets lasting up to the 5th century CE. From the 6th to 12th century CE, the Tamil devotional poems written by

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kingdom. This overstretched the Delhi Sultanate to such an extent it collapsed soon after which triggered the rise of the

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who lived in the 8th century CE was a more prolific writer and his works constitute about a third of the Diyaprabhandam.

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These writers have played a crucial role in shaping Tamil literature through their diverse themes and narrative styles.

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8. **Pudhumaipithan (1906–1948):** An influential short story writer, Pudhumaipithan also made notable contributions to

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are not definitely known. Ilango Adigal, who is credited with this work was reputed to be the brother of the Sangam age

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consisting of over 600 verses is noted for its passionate devotion. These Saivite Hymns collectively called Thirumurai.

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they encouraged the growth of Tamil literature as we find no slowing down in the literary output during this period.

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king Senguttuvan. However we have no information of such a brother in the numerous poems sung on the Chera king. The

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is one of the outstanding works of general literature of this period. The authorship and exact date of the classic

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was written by Kacchiappa Sivachariyar who lived in the 15th century. This work was based broadly on the Sanskrit

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sects were beginning to be systematically collected and categorised. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of

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The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan

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by Meykandar. At the end of the 14th century Svarupananda Desikar wrote two anthologies on the philosophy of

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is unique in its vivid portrayal of the ancient Tamil land. This is unknown in other works of this period.

5102: 5077: 4525: 4330: 4086: 3860:"The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Tamil bloggers' 'unconference' to take place on Sunday" 3701: 3284: 2856: 2549:

attempts to find synthesis between Sanskrit and Tamil grammar. Other grammatical works of this period are

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Nayanmars were also producing devotional hymns and their songs were collected later into Periya Puranam .

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were producing devotional hymns and their songs were collected later into the Four Thousand Sacred Hymns (

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was considered ageless (the god who stays forever) and was regarded as the supreme god of Tamils, whereas

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empires. The later medieval period saw many assorted minor literary works and also contributions by a few

450: 425: 420: 4584: 4579: 1138: 923: 5368: 5258: 5223: 5188: 5112: 5032: 4556: 4263: 4225: 4012: 3260: 2703:, in the early 17th century wrote a number of works on the Saiva philosophy. Notable among these is the 2530: 2161: 1984: 1247: 1073: 1041: 794: 525:, closely following the social, economical, political and cultural trends of various periods. The early 522: 440: 385: 375: 370: 55: 1097: 1085: 2778:, who lived in the early 18th century, is famous for a number of short poems of philosophical nature. 5328: 5318: 5278: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5072: 4926: 4378: 4273: 3813: 3413: 3160: 2215:

is respected at par with Vedas by Sri Vaishnavites in sanctity and holiness and hence referred to as

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by Thiruvalluvar. The book is a comprehensive manual of ethics, polity and love, containing 1,330

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wrote Tiruttondartokai which gives the list of sixty-two Nayanmars. This was later elaborated by

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Modern romance novels are represented by the current bestselling author in the Tamil language,

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style of poetry was used for the first time for the verses in this book. The five Tamil epics

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too have made significant contributions to social reforms. The pioneering fortnightly journal

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in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals. In 1882, G. Subramaniya Iyer started the newspaper

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The first Tamil periodical was published by the Christian Religious Tract Society in 1831 –

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pioneered by Bharathi in his prose-poetry was further developed by the literary periodicals

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as the supreme god of Tamils. He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of

1532: 1492: 1219: 1021: 744: 3863: 1114: 5155: 4808: 4731: 4672: 4373: 4289: 4090: 3434: 3407: 3396: 3195: 3166: 3093: 2696: 2674: 2653: 2605: 2208: 2139: 1607: 1380: 804: 779: 724: 714: 686: 628: 566: 346: 918: 3787: 3755: 2830: 2687:. Around 1360 verses of unique lilt and set to unique metres these poems are on the god 2659:

There was a large output of works of philosophical and religious in nature, such as the

2103:

in the south and by the Pallavas in the north. Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the

1468:). While the first two chapters of Tolkappiyam help codify the language, the last part, 1425:. This was the period when the Tamil country was ruled by the three 'crowned kings' the 5313: 5293: 5238: 5218: 5122: 5047: 4715: 4530: 4482: 4136: 3688:

Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).

3207: 3171: 3140:

started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists.

3136: 2992: 2988: 2923: 2860: 2859:

lived during the early 19th century. He wrote numerous poems and lyrics set to tune in

2798: 2758: 2678: 2633: 2617: 2495: 2429: 2325:

and a Buddhist author respectively. These works have been lost and only a few poems of

2271: 2255: 1964: 1906: 1743: 1730: 1643: 1631: 1616: 1593: 1422: 1236: 871: 653: 574: 570: 515: 405: 316: 2454:

are even now generally read and taught in schools in Tamil Nadu. Her two other works,

2120:

provided a great stimulus to the growth of popular devotional literature . Vaishnava

5432: 5027: 4741: 4705: 4682: 4477: 4401: 4305: 4240: 4235: 4190: 4180: 3884: 3363: 3044: 2914: 2905: 2873: 2839: 2786: 2734: 2700: 2641: 2585: 2577: 2434: 2395: 2347: 2280: 2251: 2053: 1701: 1567: 1426: 1395: 1390: 1251: 1232: 1215: 1207: 1016: 2199:. It comprises 1,101 stanzas and is held in great esteem for its elucidation of the 538: 5419: 5022: 4902: 4677: 4657: 4497: 4245: 4195: 4185: 4165: 4160: 4155: 3342: 3303: 3191: 2983:. Since the 1990s the post-modernist writers emerged as a major figures, including 2895: 2782: 2775: 2713: 2683: 2652:. Although the kings and the governors of the Vijayanagar empire spoke Kannada and 2135: 1418: 1388:

Tamil legends hold that these were composed in three successive poetic assemblies (

1293: 1211: 598: 586: 495: 395: 4046: 2238:(also known as Appar) were of this period. Of Appar's verses 3066 have survived. 1414:

scholarship places the poems between the 3rd century BCE and the 2nd century CE.

4431: 4406: 4230: 3349: 3280: 3086: 3003: 2973: 2868: 2762: 2691:. Madai Tiruvengadunathar, an official in the court of the Madurai Nayak, wrote 2513: 2507: 2501: 2351: 2317: 2311: 2293: 2259: 2153: 1948: 1774: 1585: 1457: 1443: 1411: 1169: 554: 530: 190: 17: 4095: 3036:). Writers like Amarantha, Latha Ramakrishnan are responsible for these works. 5145: 5097: 5042: 4862: 4662: 4416: 3614: 3509: 3266:

In 1933, the first Tamil tabloid – the 8 page Jayabharati began at a price of

3079: 3056: 2929: 2766: 2534: 2480: 2470: 2322: 2302: 2258:, who lived around the 8th century CE was a minister in the Pandya court. His 2200: 2180: 2157: 2104: 2064: 2024: 2011: 1980: 1972: 1956: 1770: 1697: 1553: 1543: 1527: 1521: 1373: 1366: 1280: 1255: 942: 911: 499: 355: 331: 4051:. A History of Indian Literature. Vol. X. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1684:

describe the glory of Perumal in the most poetic of terms. Many poems of the

1624:

first when he made reference to deities in the different land divisions. The

1447:, demonstrates the organized manner in which the Tamil language has evolved. 4942: 4920: 4757: 4515: 4472: 4421: 4150: 3187: 2984: 2913:. Inspired by Bharathi, many poets resorted to poetry as a means of reform. 2629: 2408: 2378: 2239: 2204: 2143: 2109: 2094: 2047: 1968: 1675: 1601: 1558:

utilised in these poems. This is the first instance of a work set to music.

1537: 1461: 1302: 1181: 1150: 866: 558: 511: 335: 4520: 3665:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

601:

has also interacted with Tamil literature in some mutually enriching ways.

3458:

A Select Bibliography of Books and Articles on Tamil Literature in English

5160: 4589: 3533: 3323: 3276:

anna. It closed in 1940 as the price could not sustain even its postage.

3234:

1878 and Coimbatore Kalanidhi in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals.

2968: 2790: 2625: 2485: 2466: 2416: 2412: 2247: 2243: 1976: 1960: 1920: 1604:

was considered to be young and was regarded as a personal god of Tamils.

1589: 1475:

The literature was classified into the broad categories of 'subjective' (

1306: 1145: 562: 546: 534: 3886:

The poems of ancient Tamil: their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts

5150: 5140: 4876: 4492: 4078: 3457: 3199: 2999:, who mixes classical Tamil inflections with experimental sound poets. 2996: 2729: 2665: 2613: 2390: 2385:, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called 2321:

are the names of two other narrative poems of this period written by a

2165: 2100: 2078: 2029: 1871: 1778: 1721: 1452: 1430: 1310: 1298: 1176: 633: 542: 327: 323: 312: 5062: 4487: 3696: 3694: 3356: 3215: 2739: 2688: 2609: 2359: 2188: 2121: 2117: 1952: 1951:

age. The invaders replaced number of words and concepts relating to

1929: 1785: 1766: 1755: 1751: 1716: 1689: 1671: 1621: 1597: 1535:. Such treatments are found to be much refined in the later works of 1434: 582: 550: 503: 3122:

in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem

2446:

who found great happiness in writing for young children. Her works,

4467: 2717: 2564:

There were biographical and political works such as Jayamkondar's

2374: 2364: 2227: 2207:, around 950 CE and formed the classical and vernacular basis for 2184: 2148: 2113: 1925: 1915: 1747: 1739: 1438: 1399: 1227: 578: 306: 4105: 4687: 4310: 3327: 2855:

to go search for Tamil books that have been lost for centuries.

1666:) and does not fall under the general classification of verses. 4823: 4109: 4083: 3706:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131. 3380: 1790: 1315: 184: 122: 70: 29: 2805:

was the first to list the Tamil words in alphabetical order.

2781:

The 17th-century altruist Syed Khader, known colloquially as

2765:. Then came the famous Parimelalagar whose commentary on the 1588:

tradition (which considered Vishnu as the supreme deity) and

577:

were authored and many poets were patronized by the imperial

3537:. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., History of South India, p. 106 2373:

became the dominant form of poetry. The religious canons of

1704:. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in 2885:

is considered to be a work of great beauty and simplicity.

3754:. Rev. G.U. Pope (translation). IIT Madras. Archived from 2077:

each consist of four hundred poems, each of which cites a

2785:, was a great patron of all Tamil poets. He commissioned 2746:. He also translated into Tamil the erotic book known as 2521:. There were a number of books written on Tamil grammar. 1592:(who worshiped Murugan as the supreme god). According to 1402:. A significant amount of literature could have preceded 4084:

Tamil Literature Collection – தமிழ் மொழி ஆர்வலர்களுக்காக

4073: 4028:

The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India

2742:

king of the period was a littérateur of merit and wrote

1437:. The land was at peace with no major external threats. 3326:

has triggered a dramatic growth in the number of Tamil

3144:(1899–1954) serialised his short stories and novels in 2967:

by A. Madhaviah in 1898. These two portray the life of

2826:(1882–1921) Tamil writer, poet, Indian freedom fighter. 1566:

were the other popular meters used by poets during the

1191: 99: 4100: 3752:

IITM Software and Multilingual Application Development

2557:

by Neminatha, and the annotations on the puram theme,

2541:, another work on Tamil grammar, during the reign of 2483:

ascetic Thirutakkadevar composed in the 10th century.

847: 3440:

List of countries where Tamil is an official language

1495:. Accordingly, land was classified into five genres ( 3999:(17). Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 3978:

Nilakanta Sastri, K. A.; Srinivasachari, G. (2000).

2568:, a semi-historical account on the two invasions of 2367:, and these were celebrated in numerous hymns. The 1394:) that were held in ancient times on a now vanished 498:

from south India, including the land now comprising

5377: 5174: 5131: 5013: 4950: 4884: 4771: 4750: 4724: 4696: 4645: 4602: 4565: 4549: 4506: 4455: 4392: 4351: 4344: 4323: 4298: 4282: 4254: 4213: 4206: 4143: 3075:was notable for his historical and social fiction. 2437:who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III. 2358:The medieval period was the period of the Imperial 1947:The three centuries after the Sangam age marks the 215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4074:தமிழ் இலக்கியம் – A repository of Tamil Literature 3883: 3838:. Chennai, India: Blaft Publications. p. 46. 3592:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 34. 3562:Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion 4535: 3801:– via UCLA Center for India and South Asia. 3152:for which he wrote the enduringly popular novels 2881:(Vallalar) (1823–1874) wrote the devotional poem 1610:is indicated to be the deity associated with the 1531:anthology demonstrates an early treatment of the 4079:Largest Collections of Tamil Literature Articles 2191:as a lover. The hymn of Andal which starts with 1708:and considered as the most mentioned god in the 1410:poetry to be over twelve millennia old. Modern 2415:during this period. The great Vaishnava leader 2022:The best known of these works on ethics is the 1876: 1646:poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the 3932:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2003 2801:, compiled the first dictionary in Tamil. His 1999:எப்பொருள் யார்யார்வாய்க் கேட்பினும் அப்பொருள் 1851:and you are the substance and meaning of all. 4835: 4121: 3989:"Portrait of a novelist as a social reformer" 3494: 3492: 3383:, exploring social and psychological themes. 2403:) by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of 824: 471: 8: 4045:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1974). Jan Gonda (ed.). 3890:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3651:. 24 July 2014 – via www.thehindu.com. 3426:, digitalization of ancient Tamil literature 2933:, etc. He published over 90 books and wrote 521:The history of Tamil literature follows the 3909:. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 3186:(edited by Si Su Chellappa). Poets such as 2004:"The mark of wisdom is to discern the truth 1796: 1765:There are two poems depicted as example of 1758:and considers Vishnu as the supreme god in 1662:is a kind of verse dealing only with love ( 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4842: 4828: 4820: 4348: 4210: 4128: 4114: 4106: 1190: 831: 817: 603: 478: 464: 341: 3836:The Blaft Anthology of Tamil Pulp Fiction 3812:Kala Krishnan Ramesh (20 December 2008). 3410:: open access Tamil literature repository 3295:were strong supporters of this movement. 2761:. Senavaraiyar wrote a commentary on the 1883:But for your grace, for love, for virtue, 1525:, a collection of poems belonging to the 293:Learn how and when to remove this message 275:Learn how and when to remove this message 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 4384:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition 3733: 3631: 3546: 2829: 2818: 2757:. Adiyarkunallar wrote an annotation on 2519:The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature 2342: 2116:literature was created . Many Vaishnava 1246: 136:This article includes a list of general 102:by adding descriptive text and removing 3786:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (10 August 2002). 3729: 3727: 3478: 2624:rose from the ashes of the kingdoms of 2537:ascetic Amirtasagara. Buddamitra wrote 2407:(1133–1150 CE). Religious books on the 1904:The other gods also referred to in the 1258:(c. 300s BCE), taught in schools today. 699: 661: 613: 606: 353: 4010: 3963:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 3943: 3710:from the original on 13 November 2017. 3148:and eventually started his own weekly 3085:From the 1950s, spanning six decades, 2842:, freedom fighter, Tamil writer, poet. 2226:Along with the Vaishnava Alvars, Many 2081:and then illustrates it with a story. 2039:Other famous works of this period are 1833:among the stones, you are the diamond; 1720:"the red one", who is identified with 1348:What kin is my father to yours anyway? 4336:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 3987:Viswanathan, S. (13–26 August 2005). 2793:. The collection of poems was called 1327:எந்தையும் நுந்தையும் எம்முறைக் கேளிர் 7: 3668:. Abhinav Publications. p. 27. 3565:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 156. 1029:Tamil history from Sangam literature 213:adding citations to reliable sources 3982:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Ltd. 3926:"The beginning of Tamil journalism" 3559:Hardy, Friedhelm (1 January 2015). 2755:commentaries of ancient Tamil works 2473:faiths, the most noteworthy is the 1354:But in love our hearts have mingled 27:South-Indian Literature by language 5392:Cities in Tamil Nadu by population 3748:"Text of Tirukkural: Adhikaram 43" 3703:Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1 3190:contributed to these periodicals. 3030:The House of the Sleeping Beauties 2146:. Each of these wrote one hundred 2006:From whatever source it is heard." 1924:"the victorious" (identified with 1451:is not merely a textbook on Tamil 142:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 5397:Towns in Tamil Nadu by population 4897:Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower 4799:Ancient manuscript digitalisation 3862:. 19 October 2007. Archived from 1914:"the sovereign" (identified with 1356:like red earth and pouring rain. 1346:What could my mother be to yours? 45:This article has multiple issues. 5413: 4941: 4851: 3959:Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (2000). 3586:Clothey, Fred W. (20 May 2019). 3445:§ Dalit literature in Tamil 2980:Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal 2963:by B. R. Rajam Iyer in 1893 and 2753:This period also an age of many 2720:'s epic into Tamil and named it 2716:by Villiputturar. He translated 1841:in the Veda, you are the secret; 1551:takes its name from the musical 1417:Sangam age is considered by the 1224:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam 345: 189: 127: 75: 34: 5402:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu 4779:Standardisation of Tamil script 4096:Tamil Language & Literature 3788:"The Diversity in Indian Islam" 2203:. This corpus was collected by 1887:O god with the rich garland of 1881:not for gold, not for pleasure; 1843:among elements, the primordial; 200:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 5387:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI 3834:Chakravarthy, Pritham (2008). 3513:for a commentary on this poem. 2863:. His most famous work is the 2789:to pen the first biography of 2164:who was a contemporary of the 1845:in the burning sun, the light; 1333:அன்புடை நெஞ்சம் தாங்கலந் தனவே. 1: 5449:Indian literature by language 2411:sect were mostly composed in 2350:(c.1100 CE) wrote the Tamil ' 2108:during which a huge body of 1670:(200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions 1640:the paripadal-metre anthology 1580:Religion in ancient Tamilakam 3924:Muthiah, S. (23 July 2003). 2956:Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram 2953:wrote the first Tamil novel 2951:Mayavaram Vedanayagam Pillai 2600:Vijayanagar and Nayak period 2127:Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham 1847:in moonshine, its sweetness; 1837:among virtues, you are love; 1658:. According to Tolkāppiyam, 1614:(pastoral landscape) in the 1329:யானும் நீயும் எவ்வழி யறிதும் 1265:Eighteen Greater Text Series 4653:Megalithic graffiti symbols 4412:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam 4026:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1973). 3419:Sri Lankan Tamil Literature 2738:. Varatungarama Pandya, a 2419:lived during the reigns of 2213:Naalayira Divya Prabhandham 1985:Eighteen Lesser Text series 1879:We pray you not for wealth, 1831:in blossoms, the fragrance; 1313:is dated from this period. 5465: 5118:Kaveri River water dispute 4794:Printing in Tamil language 4101:KALANJIYAM - Tamil Journal 3055:. In the 1950s and 1960s, 3026:Thoongum azhagigalin Illam 3014:Siluvayil Thongum Saathaan 2812: 2681:in the 14th century wrote 2517:are collectively known as 2336: 2091:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2088: 1829:In fire, you are the heat; 1724:, whose name is literally 1577: 1574:Religion in the Sangam age 1343:Red earth and pouring rain 1205: 1199: 1165:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 565:) and, heralded the great 5439:Tamil-language literature 5410: 4939: 4869: 4017:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3980:Advanced History of India 3950:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3424:Tamil Heritage Foundation 3318:Tamil Novels Writers Name 3053:Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar 2849:Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai 2183:and his adopted daughter 2001:மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு. 1820:அனைத்தின் உட்பொருளும் நீ; 1797: 1635: 1189: 1156: 1039: 1008: 941: 886: 877: 858: 850: 4541:Tamil Lexicon dictionary 4221:Bangalore Tamil dialects 3961:A History of South India 3905:Majumdar, R. C. (1987). 3882:Hart, George L. (1975). 2909:and in his Tamil weekly 2671:Sivaprakasapperundirattu 2329:have been found so far. 2297:are Jain in philosophy. 1754:are said to be forms of 1696:(achieving oneness with 1678:.The earliest verses of 1352:Did you and I meet ever? 1325:யாயும் ஞாயும் யாரா கியரோ 1322:குறிஞ்சி – தலைவன் கூற்று 1319: 701:Medieval to early Modern 315:, Chairman of the first 4789:Simplified Tamil script 4437:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 4089:22 October 2016 at the 3522:See Zvelebil, pp. 45–47 3468:(3/4), pp. 107–112 3430:Tamil historical novels 3371:Vaikom Muhammad Basheer 3071:In the 1940s and 1950s 2291:and its companion epic 2173:Naanmugantiruvadiandadi 1893:with rolling clusters! 1814:வெஞ் சுடர் ஒளியும் நீ; 1773:, one in the praise of 1620:. Tolkappiyar mentions 1507:(mountainous regions), 157:more precise citations. 104:less pertinent examples 5444:Literature by language 4970:Deputy chief ministers 4526:Purapporul Venbamaalai 4331:World Tamil Conference 3615:"2. The Sangam Period" 3285:The Free Press Journal 3078:In the 1950s and 60s, 2857:Gopalakrishna Bharathi 2843: 2827: 2355: 1991:) was of this period. 1902: 1827: 1816:திங்களுள் அளியும் நீ; 1808:மறத்தினுள் மைந்து நீ; 1804:சொல்லினுள் வாய்மை நீ; 1802:கல்லினுள் மணியும் நீ; 1794: 1511:(agricultural lands), 1340: 1335:-செம்புலப் பெயனீரார். 1259: 1244: 1103:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu 880:Eighteen Greater Texts 589:and European authors. 339: 4557:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai 4226:Central Tamil dialect 4176:Proto-South Dravidian 3645:"In praise of Vishnu" 3613:Dr.C.R.Krishnamurti. 3261:P. Varadarajulu Naidu 2836:Thani Tamil Iyakkam's 2833: 2822: 2744:Paditrruppattanthathi 2559:Purapporul Venpamalai 2346: 1860:Paripadal, iii: 63-68 1806:அறத்தினுள் அன்பு நீ; 1800:பூவினுள் நாற்றம் நீ; 1728:("the youth") in the 1421:as the golden era of 1331:செம்புலப் பெயனீர் போல 1250: 1231: 1042:Eighteen Lesser Texts 523:history of Tamil Nadu 310: 4975:Legislative Assembly 4622:Indo-Aryan languages 4447:Tamil Ganaptya texts 4379:List of Sangam poets 4324:Global organizations 3814:"Style as Substance" 3662:Padmaja, T. (2002). 3196:Kavikko Abdul Rahman 3161:Sivagamiyin Sabadham 3128:Coimbatore Kalanidhi 2965:Padmavathi Charitram 2961:Kamalambal Charitram 2937:, an autobiography. 2527:Yapperungalakkarigai 2465:Of the books on the 2393:was standardised in 2171:wrote such works as 1864:—F Gros, K Zvelebil 1812:பூதத்து முதலும் நீ; 1464:and subject matter ( 1398:far to the south of 209:improve this article 4627:Dravidian languages 4427:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 3866:on 19 October 2007. 3776:See Majumdar, p 194 3758:on 30 December 2007 3634:, pp. 123–124. 3498:See Majumdar, p 193 3414:List of Tamil poets 3397:Tamil Novel Writers 3336:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3279:In September 1934, 3142:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3073:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3067:Tamil Novel Writers 3061:Indra Soundar Rajan 2919:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 2917:was one such poet. 2891:Subramanya Bharathi 2853:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 2824:Subramanya Bharathi 2590:Kulothunga Chola II 2405:Kulothunga Chola II 2401:Tiruttondar Puranam 2389:. The hagiology of 2333:Medieval literature 1839:in valour—strength; 1798:தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ; 1485:sexual relationship 1479:) and 'objective' ( 1269:Pathinenmaelkanakku 1034:Ancient Tamil music 950:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 595:Subramania Bharathi 330:Kingdom. Statue in 100:improve the article 4784:Tanittamil Iyakkam 4737:Tamil onomatopoeia 4364:Tamil books of Law 3792:The Times of India 3456:Neild, S. (1968). 3228:The Tamil Magazine 3116:Rajavritti Bodhini 3018:Devil on the Cross 2844: 2828: 2622:Vijayanagar empire 2574:Kulothunga Chola I 2561:by Aiyanaridanar. 2543:Virarajendra Chola 2529:were two works on 2491:Seevaka-chintamani 2425:Kulothunga Chola I 2421:Athirajendra Chola 2356: 1989:Pathinenkilkanakku 1938:Post-Sangam period 1734:; extant works of 1371:, a poem from the 1297:, a commentary on 1260: 1245: 1235:(c. 100 CE) wrote 991:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai 340: 224:"Tamil literature" 5426: 5425: 5108:Sexual minorities 5093:Radio on Internet 4980:Political parties 4817: 4816: 4804:Formation of CICT 4598: 4597: 4575:Asthana Kolahalam 4359:Sangam literature 4319: 4318: 4030:. Leiden: Brill. 3845:978-81-906056-0-1 3675:978-81-7017-398-4 3599:978-3-11-080410-2 3572:978-81-208-3816-1 3549:, pp. 48–49. 3283:(who was running 3254:C.Rajagopalachari 3049:detective fiction 3034:Yasunari Kawabata 3028:(translation of " 3022:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 3016:(translation of " 3009:The Metamorphosis 2887:Maraimalai Adigal 2815:Tamil Renaissance 2594:Rajaraja Chola II 2476:Jivaka-chintamani 2254:(4,272 verses) . 2236:Thirunavukkarasar 2232:Karaikal Ammaiyar 2162:Tirumalisai Alwar 2085:Devotional period 2074:Pazhamozhi Nanuru 2060:Iniyavai Narpathu 2020: 2019: 2002: 1868: 1867: 1835:in speech, truth; 1736:Sangam literature 1710:Sangam literature 1706:Sangam literature 1668:Sangam literature 1656:Sangam literature 1648:Eight Anthologies 1642:) is a classical 1493:specific habitats 1386: 1385: 1374:Eight Anthologies 1273:Eight Anthologies 1271:) comprising the 1202:Sangam literature 1198: 1197: 1194: 1158:Bhakti Literature 1091:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu 1003:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai 998:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai 888:Eight Anthologies 860:Sangam literature 853:Sangam literature 841: 840: 608:Indian literature 527:Sangam literature 514:, as well as the 488: 487: 303: 302: 295: 285: 284: 277: 259: 183: 182: 175: 121: 120: 68: 16:(Redirected from 5456: 5420:India portal 5418: 5417: 5416: 4945: 4933:Cirrochroa Thais 4856: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4821: 4711:Tamil honorifics 4442:Vinayagar Agaval 4407:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam 4369:Five Great Epics 4349: 4211: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4107: 4062: 4048:Tamil Literature 4041: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3983: 3974: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3901: 3889: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3698: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3322:The rise of the 3275: 3274: 3270: 3222:Tamil journalism 3204:Manushyaputhiran 3155:Parthiban Kanavu 2879:Ramalinga Adigal 2772:Nigandu Cudamani 2638:Thanjavur Nayaks 2566:Kalingattuparani 2555:Vaccanandi Malai 2383:Rajaraja Chola I 2339:Chola literature 2193:Vaaranam Aayiram 2177:Tirumangai Alvar 2169:Mahendravarman I 2152:on the glory of 2042:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu 1998: 1994: 1993: 1822: 1821: 1810:வேதத்து மறை நீ; 1791: 1637: 1533:Sangam landscape 1316: 1289:Five Great Epics 1241:Five great epics 1237:Silappathikaaram 1220:Sangam landscape 1098:Aintinai Eḻupatu 1086:Aintiṇai Aimpatu 1079:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu 1067:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu 1022:Sangam landscape 848: 833: 826: 819: 604: 491:Tamil literature 480: 473: 466: 349: 342: 298: 291: 280: 273: 269: 266: 260: 258: 217: 193: 185: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 153:this article by 144:inline citations 131: 130: 123: 116: 113: 107: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Tamil Literature 5464: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5373: 5324:Tiruchirappalli 5170: 5156:Tiruchirappalli 5127: 5088:Protected areas 5009: 4965:Chief ministers 4946: 4937: 4887: 4880: 4865: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4818: 4813: 4809:Project Madurai 4767: 4751:Transliteration 4746: 4732:Tamil phonology 4720: 4698: 4692: 4673:Pallava grantha 4641: 4605:other languages 4604: 4594: 4568:natural science 4567: 4566:Mathematics and 4561: 4545: 4508: 4502: 4451: 4394: 4388: 4374:Ponniyin Selvan 4340: 4315: 4294: 4290:Malaysian Tamil 4283:Southeast Asian 4278: 4250: 4202: 4171:Proto-Dravidian 4139: 4134: 4091:Wayback Machine 4070: 4065: 4059: 4044: 4038: 4025: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3923: 3917: 3904: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3746:Thiruvalluvar. 3745: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3453: 3451:Further reading 3435:Tamil mythology 3408:Project Madurai 3404: 3320: 3308:Daily Telegraph 3272: 3268: 3267: 3224: 3200:Pavalar Inqulab 3167:Ponniyin Selvan 3120:Dina Varthamani 3112: 3094:Arunaa Nandhini 3069: 3042: 3040:Popular fiction 2943: 2865:Nandan Charitam 2817: 2811: 2803:Chathurakarathi 2750:from Sanskrit. 2697:Advaita Vedanta 2693:Meynanavilakkam 2675:Arunagirinathar 2616:Sultans in the 2608:and raided the 2606:Delhi Sultanate 2602: 2399:(also known as 2341: 2335: 2268: 2266:Narrative epics 2209:Sri Vaishnavism 2140:Bhoothath Alvar 2097: 2087: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1945: 1940: 1934:"the sea god". 1899:Pari. v.: 78–81 1895: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1582: 1576: 1381:A. K. Ramanujan 1379:—Translated by 1358: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1226: 1204: 1127:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu 1055:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai 846: 837: 676:Extinct Kannada 567:Bhakti movement 484: 455: 299: 288: 287: 286: 281: 270: 264: 261: 218: 216: 206: 194: 179: 168: 162: 159: 149:Please help to 148: 132: 128: 117: 111: 108: 97: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5349:Tiruvannamalai 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Ramanathapuram 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5254:Mayiladuthurai 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4716:Tamil numerals 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4585:Kaṇita Tīpikai 4582: 4580:Kaṇakkatikāram 4577: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4137:Tamil language 4135: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4068:External links 4066: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4023: 3984: 3975: 3969: 3956: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3844: 3826: 3804: 3778: 3769: 3738: 3723: 3713: 3690: 3681: 3674: 3654: 3636: 3624: 3605: 3598: 3578: 3571: 3551: 3539: 3524: 3515: 3500: 3488: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3403: 3400: 3319: 3316: 3223: 3220: 3172:Pudhumaipithan 3146:Ananda Vikatan 3137:Ananda Vikatan 3111: 3108: 3101:Ramanichandran 3068: 3065: 3041: 3038: 2993:Charu Nivedita 2989:S.Ramakrishnan 2974:D. Jayakanthan 2942: 2939: 2924:Cilappatikaram 2901:puthukkavithai 2861:Carnatic music 2810: 2807: 2799:Veeramamunivar 2759:Cilappatikaram 2679:Tiruvannamalai 2634:Madurai Nayaks 2601: 2598: 2580:, wrote three 2553:by Pavanandi, 2496:Silappatikaram 2334: 2331: 2289:Cilappatikaram 2285:Cilappatikaram 2277:Cilappatikaram 2272:Cilappatikaram 2267: 2264: 2256:Manikkavasagar 2211:. These Hymns 2086: 2083: 2018: 2017: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1877: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1825: 1818:அனைத்தும் நீ; 1594:Kamil Zvelebil 1578:Main article: 1575: 1572: 1423:Tamil language 1384: 1383: 1377: 1360: 1359: 1338: 1200:Main article: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1139:Mutumoḻikkānci 1136: 1134:Ciṟupañcamūlam 1130: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1010:Related topics 1006: 1005: 1000: 994: 993: 988: 982: 981: 976: 970: 969: 964: 962:Malaipaṭukaṭām 958: 957: 952: 946: 945: 939: 938: 933: 927: 926: 921: 915: 914: 909: 903: 902: 897: 891: 890: 884: 883: 875: 874: 869: 863: 862: 856: 855: 845: 842: 839: 838: 836: 835: 828: 821: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 704: 703: 697: 696: 695: 694: 689: 684: 679: 666: 665: 663:Early Medieval 659: 658: 657: 656: 654:Vedic Sanskrit 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 624:Ancient Meitei 618: 617: 611: 610: 575:Periya Puranam 571:Kambaramayanam 516:Tamil diaspora 486: 485: 483: 482: 475: 468: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 351: 350: 338:, Tamil Nadu. 301: 300: 283: 282: 197: 195: 188: 181: 180: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5461: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5421: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 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4329: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Brahmin Tamil 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4241:Madurai Tamil 4239: 4237: 4236:Madras Bashai 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Second Sangam 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4181:Tamil Sangams 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4037:90-04-03591-5 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3970:0-19-560686-8 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3916:81-208-0436-8 3912: 3908: 3907:Ancient India 3903: 3899: 3897:0-520-02672-1 3893: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734:Zvelebil 1974 3730: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3632:Zvelebil 1973 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547:Zvelebil 1974 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3364:R. K. Narayan 3360: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208:Rajathi Salma 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176:pudukkavithai 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3132:Swadesamitran 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2915:Bharathidasan 2912: 2908: 2907: 2906:Swadesamitran 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2874:Periyapuranam 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2840:Bharathidasan 2838: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2816: 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2308: 2305:author wrote 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Periyapuranam 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217:Dravida Vedam 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2054:Inna Narpathu 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2015: 2013: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1826: 1823: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1777:and other of 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700:) during the 1699: 1695: 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Sadanand 3247:Desabhaktan 3194:poets like 3124:Desabhimini 3110:Periodicals 3087:Jayakanthan 3004:Franz Kafka 2941:Tamil novel 2935:En caritham 2883:Tiruvarutpa 2869:Chidambaram 2763:Tolkappiyam 2728:on the god 2547:Virasoliyam 2539:Virasoliyam 2514:Valayapathi 2508:Kundalakesi 2502:Manimekalai 2352:Raamaayanam 2327:Valayapathi 2318:Kundalakesi 2312:Valayapathi 2307:Perunkathai 2299:Manimekalai 2294:Manimekalai 2260:Tiruvasakam 2221:Tamil Vedam 2197:Tiruvaimoli 2154:Maha Vishnu 1907:Tolkappiyam 1870:To Seyyon ( 1786:Maha Vishnu 1775:Maha Vishnu 1769:in ancient 1756:Maha Vishnu 1744:Tolkappiyam 1731:Tolkāppiyam 1617:Tolkāppiyam 1586:Vaishnavism 1503:(forests), 1458:orthography 1449:Tolkappiyam 1444:Tolkappiyam 1404:Tolkappiyam 1256:Thirukkural 1170:Ramavataram 1122:Ācārakkōvai 1115:Tirikaṭukam 1074:Kār Nāṟpatu 895:Aiṅkurunūṟu 872:Tolkāppiyam 555:Vaishnavism 531:Vaishnavite 155:introducing 5433:Categories 5364:Viluppuram 5344:Tiruvallur 5334:Tirupathur 5274:Perambalur 5209:Dharmapuri 5199:Coimbatore 5146:Coimbatore 5053:Literature 5038:Government 5000:High Court 4952:Governance 4863:Tamil Nadu 4668:Vatteluttu 4395:literature 4393:Devotional 4345:Literature 4299:Sociolects 4269:Batticaloa 4256:Sri Lankan 4058:3447015829 3875:References 3619:tripod.com 3510:Kuruntokai 3289:Viduthalai 3080:Chandilyan 3057:Tamilvanan 2930:Kuruntokai 2813:See also: 2809:Modern era 2767:Tirukkural 2684:Tiruppugal 2448:Athichoodi 2387:Tirumurais 2337:See also: 2201:Upanishads 2181:Periyalvar 2158:Tirukoilur 2089:See also: 2025:Tirukkural 2012:Tirukkural 1957:philosophy 1771:Tamil Nadu 1702:Sangam age 1694:Paramporul 1652:Ettuthokai 1638:, meaning 1554:Paripaatal 1549:Paripaatal 1544:Paripaatal 1528:Ettuthokai 1522:Kuruntokai 1412:linguistic 1367:Kuruntokai 1287:) and the 1285:Pattupattu 1281:Ten Idylls 1279:) and the 1277:Ettuthokai 1206:See also: 1110:Tirukkuṟaḷ 943:Ten Idylls 919:Kuṟuntokai 912:Kalittokai 907:Puṟanāṉūṟu 851:Topics in 844:Sangam age 795:Rajasthani 561:(sages of 553:(sages of 500:Tamil Nadu 411:Literature 356:Tamil Nadu 332:Tamil Thai 235:newspapers 138:references 92:irrelevant 50:improve it 5354:Tiruvarur 5309:Thanjavur 5299:Sivaganga 5204:Cuddalore 5176:Districts 5123:State Day 5068:Education 4960:Governors 4927:Palm tree 4921:Jackfruit 4725:Phonology 4697:Lexis and 4663:Koleḻuttu 4603:Tamil and 4516:Agattiyam 4473:Iraichchi 4422:Tirumurai 4417:Tēmpāvaṉi 4151:Old Tamil 3993:Frontline 3930:The Hindu 3797:21 August 3649:The Hindu 3302:In 1942, 3259:In 1926, 3245:In 1917, 3212:Samarasam 3188:Mu. 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