Tamil literature - Knowledge (XXG)

297: 2809: 3299:) was started in Madurai with simultaneous editions in Madras, Salem and Tiruchirappalli. It was founded by S.P. Adithanar, a lawyer trained in Britain. He modeled Thanthi on the style of an English tabloid- The Daily Mirror. He aimed to bring out a newspaper that ordinary people would read, and which would encourage a reading habit even among the newly literate. In the past, the daily newspaper which was printed in Madras reached the southern Tamil region after at least one day. Thanthi used the public bus system to distribute the paper throughout the south Tamil region and capitalized on the hunger for war news that arose after Singapore fell to the Japanese. Due to financial constraints, its Salem and Tiruchirappalli editions had to be closed down for a while. Thanthi emphasized local news, especially crime and the courts. It used photographs extensively and brought banner headlines to Tamil journalism. It could fit one story on an entire broadsheet page, mainly filled with large easy-to-read headlines. One of its biggest scoops was the murder of the editor of a scandalous film magazine by two actors. Thanthi covered the trial in Madras in detail, and its reporters phoned the daily account to the printing centre in Madurai. Thanthi was the first Tamil paper to understand the people’s fascination with crime and film stars. The paper was popular and it was said that Tamils learned to read in order to read the newspaper. 1430:'s conquests had no impact on the Tamil land and the people were able to indulge in literary pursuits. The poets had a much more casual relationship with their rulers than can be imagined in later times. They could chide them when they are perceived to wander from the straight and narrow. The greatness of the Sangam age poetry may be ascribed not so much to its antiquity, but due to the fact that their ancestors were indulging in literary pursuits and logical classification of the habitats and society in a systematic manner with little to draw from precedents domestically or elsewhere. The fact that these classifications were documented at a very early date in the grammatical treatise 3710:

faultless learning – Vēdās, பூவனும் – you are Brahman who appeared on a flower, நாற்றமும்நீ – you are creation created by Brahman, வலன் உயர் எழிலியும் – clouds that rise up with strength, மாக விசும்பும் – wide sky, நிலனும்– land, நீடிய இமயமும்– and the tall Himalayas, நீ– you, அதனால் – so, இன்னோர் அனையை– like so and so, இனையையால்– like somebody, என– thus, அன்னோர் – those, யாம் இவண் காணாமையின் – I have not seen here, பொன் அணி நேமி – wheels decorated with gold, வலம் கொண்டு ஏந்திய – lifting on your right side or lifting with strength, மன்னுயிர் முதல்வனை – you are supreme to all the living beings on the Earth.

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Bharati joined it in 1904. The next year, when Lala Lajpat Rai was arrested and agitation followed in the Punjab, Subramania Aiyer's attitude to the British changed and he became a trenchant political critic of the Raj. His whole political mantra can be summed up in these words: `Peaceful but tireless and unceasing effort.' Let us sweat ourselves into Swaraj, he would seem to say." Swadesamitran is credited for coining new Tamil words to deal with science, politics and administration. It had the most comprehensive budget of news among all the regional language papers of that time.

1218: 3252:, who was conducting a Tamil news-cum-views weekly 'Tamil Nadu' started a daily with the same name. Its forceful and colloquial style gained it a wide readership but after the paper failed to take sides with the 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement, the Congress Party decided to bring out a new Tamil daily – India, edited by renowned poet Subramania Bharati. India showed great promise but could not establish itself financially, and folded up soon after Bharati was exiled to Pondicherry. All these papers were published from Madras. 118: 296: 1237: 336: 3288:

Vikatan, Motor Vikatan and other special interest magazines. R. Krishnamurthy serialised his short stories and novels in Ananda Vikatan and eventually started his own weekly Kalki. The name Kalki denotes the impending tenth Avatar of Lord Vishnu in the Hindu religion, who it is said, will bring to an end the Kali Yuga and reinstate Dharma or righteousness among the worldly beings. He used the name because he wanted to bring about liberation of India.

2820: 2333: 3276:) started the Tamil daily Dinamani with T.S. Chockalingam as editor. It was priced at 6 pies, contained bright features and was fearlessly critical. It was highly successful and its circulation eclipsed the total circulation of all other Tamil dailies. Soon 'India' was incorporated into Dinamani. Dinamani made a studied and conscious effort to make the contents of a newspaper intelligible even to the newly literate. In 1935, 3227:

number and those with a knowledge of Indian languages make the vast majority. He felt that unless the people were told about the objectives of British rule and its merits and defects in the Indian languages, their political knowledge would never develop. When Subramania Aiyer quit The Hindu 1898, he made the Swadesamitran his full-time business. In 1899, the first Tamil daily. It was to enjoy this status for 17 years.

4842: 180: 4932: 66: 25: 5404: 1472:) topics to enable the poetic minds to discuss any topic under the sun, from grammar to love, within the framework of well prescribed, socially accepted conventions. Subjective topics refer to the personal or human aspect of emotions that cannot be verbalized adequately or explained fully. It can only be experienced by the individuals and includes love and 586:, the multifaceted Indian Nationalist poet and author, and was quickly followed up by many who began to utilize the power of literature in influencing the masses. With growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. Modern Tamil literary criticism also evolved. The popularity of 2808: 3048:'s detective hero Shankarlal carried readers to a variety of foreign locales, while using a pure Tamil with very few Hindi or English loan words. These writers are often extremely prolific, with hundreds or even thousands of short novels to their credit, and one or more short novel published in a monthly periodical. 3230:

Subramania Aiyer's "pugnacious style, never qualifying words to soften the sharp tenor of a sentence," his use of words "dipped in a paste of extra pungent green chillies," made the Swadesamitran sought by Tamils wherever they lived in the world. And the daily became even more popular when Subramania

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in 19th-century rural Tamil Nadu, capturing their customs and habits, beliefs and rituals. Although it was primarily a powerful narration of the common man's life in a realistic style spiced with natural humour, Rajam Iyer's novel has a spiritual and philosophical undertone. Madhaviah tells the story

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Sangam literature comprises some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals with love, traditions, war, governance, trade and bereavement. Unfortunately much of the Tamil literature belonging to the Sangam period has been lost. The literature currently available from this period is perhaps just

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The first regular newspaper in Tamil was Swadesamitran in 1882, started by G.Subramaniya Iyer, editor and sponsor of The Hindu and founding member of the Indian National Congress. He created a whole new Tamil political vocabulary. He was conscious that those with a knowledge of English are fewer in

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The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work. Rajavritti Bodhini and Dina Varthamani in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem Desabhimini in

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is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki, his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. Kamban imports into his narration the colour and landscape of his own time. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poet

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Dina Thanthi became one of the largest Tamil language dailies by circulation within a few years; it has been a leading Tamil daily since the 1960s. It has today 14 editions. It is the highest circulated Tamil daily in Bangalore and Pondicherry. It issues a book called 10th, +2 Vina Vidai Book, on

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Many magazines began in Tamil Nadu during the 1920s and '30s. The humour magazine Ananda Vikatan started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists. It is still running successfully after 80 years and the Vikatan group today also publishes Chutti Vikatan, Junior

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authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others. His works revolve around the lives of underclass people like rickshaw-pullers, prostitutes and rag-pickers.

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and Buddhist influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th century. There was a widespread Hindu revival

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has enriched the high traditions of literary traditions of Tamil language and contributed towards the shaping of Indian literature. His literature presents a deep and sensitive understanding of complex human nature and is an authentic and vivid index of Indian reality. One famous novel of his is

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when the entire south India was under a single administration. The period between the 11th and the 13th centuries, during which the Chola power was at its peak, there were relatively few foreign incursions and the life for the Tamil people was one of peace and prosperity. It also provided the

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During the 18th and the 19th century Tamil Nadu witnessed some of the most profound changes in the political scene. The traditional Tamil ruling clans were superseded by European colonists and their sympathisers. The Tamil society underwent a deep cultural shock with the imposition of western

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Paripāṭal Poem 1 Line 50 to 56 ஐந்தலை உயிரிய அணங்குடை அருந்திறல் மைந்துடை ஒருவனும்– you are the one with five heads who causes great fear and is one of great ability and strength – Sivan, மடங்கலும்நீ – one where all lives end, நலம் முழுது அளைஇய – with all benefits, புகர்அறு காட்சிப் புலமும்–

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and specialist portals catering to political and social issues. Tamil literature is even available in the form of e-books. Tamil literature boasts a rich tradition of novel writing, with many talented authors contributing to the literary landscape. Here are ten prominent Tamil novel writers:

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giving the inflection and syntax of words and sentences but also includes classification of habitats, animals, plants and human beings. The discussion on human emotions and interactions is particularly significant. Tolkappiyam is divided into three chapters:

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includes a collection of literary works that have come from a tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from

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is still considered one of the best available. Other famous annotators such as Perasiriyar and Naccinarikiniyar wrote commentaries on the various work of Sangam literature. The first Tamil dictionary was attempted by Mandalapurusha who compiled the lexicon

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cultural influences. The Hindu religious establishments attempted to stem the tide of change and to safeguard the Tamil cultural values. Notable among these were the Saiva monasteries at Tiruvavaduthurai, Dharmapuram, Thiruppananthal and Kundrakudi.

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opportunity for the people to interact with cultures beyond their own, as the Cholas ruled over most of the South India, Sri Lanka and traded with the kingdoms in southeast Asia. The Cholas built numerous temples, mainly for their favourite god

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A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. The modern Tamil literary movement started with

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a fraction of the wealth of material produced during this golden age of Tamil civilization. The available literature from this period has been broadly divided in antiquity into three categories based roughly on chronology. These are: the

3238:, another Tamil daily began with T.V. Kalyansundara Menon as editor. He was succeeded by V.V.S. Iyer, a colleague of the Savarkar brothers. These two editors were scholars with a natural, highly readable but polished style of writing. 3303:

every Wednesday during the second part of the year. The model question papers of all the subjects of Standard 10 and 12 are provided with answers along with the question papers of board exams that are conducted previous year.

2892:(Lit.:new poetry) broke the rules and gave poets the freedom to express themselves. He also wrote Tamil prose in the form of commentaries, editorials, short stories and novels. Some of these were published in the Tamil daily 2882:. His works are stimulating in their progressive themes like freedom and feminism. Bharathy introduced a new poetic style into the somewhat rigid style of Tamil poetry writing, which had followed the rules set down in the 1727:, dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE, glorified Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent", as "the favoured god of the Tamils". There are no mentions of 518:, dated before 300 BCE, contain anthologies of various poets dealing with many aspects of life, including love, war, social values and religion. This was followed by the early epics and moral literature, authored by 2700:

or narrative epics. A number of these were written on the various deities of the temples in Tamil Nadu and are known as Sthala Puranas, based on legend and folklore. One of the most important of the epics was the

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Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), and Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300

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Recognizing that human activities cannot take place in vacuum and are constantly influenced by environmental factors, human experiences, in general, and subjective topics in particular, are assigned to

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is one of recent Tamil novelists who has entered the hearts of many Tamil readers, and her story covers family subject, romance, reality, with some humor added for the readers to enjoy their leisure.

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was established in 1981 to highlight and cater to the ethnic Tamil Muslim community's issues. Another remarkable work was done in Tamil novel field by Mu.Varatharasanar. . And last but not least

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Though sales of Tamil pulp fiction have declined since the hey-day of the mid-1990s, and many writers have turned to the more lucrative television serial market, there remains a thriving scene.

1508:(wasteland). The images associated with these landscapes – birds, beasts, flowers, gods, music, people, weather, seasons – were used to subtly convey a mood, associated with an aspect of life. 2948:

in 1879. This was a romance with an assortment of fables, folk tales and even Greek and Roman stories, written with the entertainment of the reader as the principal motive. It was followed by

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7. **C. Rajagopalachari (1878–1972):** A multifaceted personality, Rajagopalachari, also known as Rajaji, was a statesman, politician, and writer. His novel "Chandralekha" gained popularity.

5375: 2840:(1815–1876) was a Tamil scholar who taught Tamil at one of these monasteries. He wrote more than eighty books consisting of over 200,000 poems. He is more famous however for encouraging 2565:. Jayamkondar was a poet-laureate in the Chola court and his work is a fine example of the balance between fact and fiction the poets had to tread. Ottakuttan, a close contemporary of 2991:

There are other less appreciated works involving those translated from other languages, which are often unrecognized by Tamil pundits. The works include "Urumaatram" (translation of

3123:. It became the first Tamil daily in 1889. This was the start of many journals to follow and many novelists began to serialise their stories in these journal. The humour magazine 3428: 3103:

The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work.

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and eventually conquered the entire south India. The Vijayanagar kings appointed regional governors to rule various territories of their kingdom and Tamil Nadu was ruled by the

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10. **R. Chudamani (1941–):** Known for her novels exploring the lives of women in rural Tamil Nadu, Chudamani has made a significant impact on contemporary Tamil literature.

4860: 3362:(1908–1994):** Another author who wrote in Malayalam but had a significant impact on Tamil literature, Basheer's works often explored social issues and human relationships. 3241:

The freedom movement and the advent of Gandhi also impacted Tamil journalism. Navasakthi, a Tamil periodical edited by Tamil scholar and freedom fighter V. Kalyanasundaram.

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refers to the people and their behavior. The grammar helps to convey the literary message on human behavior and conduct, and uniquely merges the language with its people.

3355:(1906–2001):** Though born in Madras (now Chennai), R. K. Narayan wrote in English. His works, such as "Malgudi Days," have left an indelible mark on Indian literature. 3520:

The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as

2184:(One Thousand Elephants) tells of her dream wedding to Vishnu and is sung even today at Tamil Vaishnava weddings. Nammalvar, who lived in the 9th century, wrote 991: 3341:(1934–2015):** A prolific writer and Sahitya Akademi Award winner, Jayakanthan explored various themes in his novels, including social and existential issues. 2860:

temple. This work is a revolutionary social commentary considering the period in which it was written, although Gopalakrishna Bharati expanded on the story in

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on the life of Nandanar who having been born in a sociologically lower caste, faces and overcomes the social obstacles in achieving his dream of visiting the

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The period from 1300 CE to 1650 was a period of constant change in the political situation of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil country was invaded by the armies of the

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were written for slightly older children. All the four works are didactic in character. They explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane life.

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was begun, but it was more of a views-paper than a newspaper. The Non-Brahman Movement also gave an impetus to Tamil journalism. Newspapers like the

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writers. Its emergence was perhaps facilitated by the growing population of Tamils with a western education and exposure to popular English fiction.

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9. **Sivasankari (1942–):** With a focus on women's issues, Sivasankari has authored numerous novels like "Paalangal" and "Piriyatha Varam Vendum."

2968: 2743: 2507: 1277: 1229: 3348:(1922–1988):** Famous for historical novels like "Chitralekha" and "Vengayin Maindhan," Akilan made significant contributions to Tamil literature. 5390: 3977: 3207:

the unique Tamil novelist, short story writer and a social activist is famous for his works like 'Chithirapavai' 'Vengayinmaindan' 'Pavaivilaku'.

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saw rapid growth. These authors, perhaps reflecting the austere nature of their faiths, created works mainly on morality and ethics. A number of

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wrote a number of very popular historical romance novels set in medieval India or on medieval trade routes with Malaysia, Indonesia and Europe.

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The novel as a genre of literature arrived in Tamil in the third quarter of the 19th century, more than a century after it became popular with

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was written by Sattanar who was a contemporary of Ilango Adigal. Manimekalai contains a long exposition of fallacies of logic. Kongu Velir, a

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who lived in the 6th century CE was the earliest of these Nayanmars. The celebrated Saiva hymnists Sundaramoorthy, Thirugnana Sambanthar and

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has enjoyed wide popularity in Tamil Nadu since the 1930s. Popular authors in the years before independence included Kurumbur Kuppusami and

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in a more realistic way with a searching criticism of the upper caste society, particularly the sexual exploitation of girls by older men.

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or the "dark one", as the supreme deity who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the Plains and mountains of

1017: 4415: 3163:(1906–1948) was a great writer of short stories and provided the inspiration for a number of authors who followed him. The 'new poetry or 2786:. The 17th century also saw for the first time literary works by Christian authors. Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi (1680–1746), better known as 938: 139: 3334:(1937–):** Known for his realistic portrayal of social issues, Ramakrishnan has penned impactful novels such as "Oru Manithanin Kathai." 5427: 3848: 3018: 80: 76: 5367: 4024: 3957: 3903: 3884: 2088:

The fall of the Kalabhras around 500 CE saw a reaction from the thus far suppressed Hindus. The Kalabhras were replaced by the

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divided into chapters of ten distichs each: the first thirty-eight on ethics, the next seventy on polity and the remainder on love.

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sang 4,169 verses. Together these form the first six books of the Saiva canon, collected by Nambi Andar Nambi in the 10th century.

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which deals with moral instructions. A considerable par to the religious and philosophical literature of the age took the form of

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which later engulfed the entire Indian subcontinent. During the medieval era some of the grandest of Tamil literary classics like

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contributed nearly 650 hymns to the Vaishnava canon. Andal symbolised purity and love for the God and wrote her hymns addressing

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and Buddhist poets contributed to the creation of these didactic works as well as grammar and lexicography. The collection the

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Religion in the Sangam age was an important reason for the increase in Tamil literature. Ancient Tamils primarily followed the

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began Vimochanam, a Tamil journal devoted to propagating prohibition at the Gandhi Ashram in Tiruchengode in Salem district.

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as grammar books are usually written after the existence of literature over long periods. Tamil tradition holds the earliest

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authors and poets lasting up to the 5th century CE. From the 6th to 12th century CE, the Tamil devotional poems written by

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kingdom. This overstretched the Delhi Sultanate to such an extent it collapsed soon after which triggered the rise of the

1568: 424: 389: 3327:(1899–1954):** Renowned for historical novels like "Ponniyin Selvan," Kalki is considered a pioneer in Tamil literature. 2168:

who lived in the 8th century CE was a more prolific writer and his works constitute about a third of the Diyaprabhandam.

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These writers have played a crucial role in shaping Tamil literature through their diverse themes and narrative styles.

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8. **Pudhumaipithan (1906–1948):** An influential short story writer, Pudhumaipithan also made notable contributions to

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are not definitely known. Ilango Adigal, who is credited with this work was reputed to be the brother of the Sangam age

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consisting of over 600 verses is noted for its passionate devotion. These Saivite Hymns collectively called Thirumurai.

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they encouraged the growth of Tamil literature as we find no slowing down in the literary output during this period.

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king Senguttuvan. However we have no information of such a brother in the numerous poems sung on the Chera king. The

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is one of the outstanding works of general literature of this period. The authorship and exact date of the classic

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was written by Kacchiappa Sivachariyar who lived in the 15th century. This work was based broadly on the Sanskrit

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sects were beginning to be systematically collected and categorised. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of

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The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan

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by Meykandar. At the end of the 14th century Svarupananda Desikar wrote two anthologies on the philosophy of

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is unique in its vivid portrayal of the ancient Tamil land. This is unknown in other works of this period.

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attempts to find synthesis between Sanskrit and Tamil grammar. Other grammatical works of this period are

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Nayanmars were also producing devotional hymns and their songs were collected later into Periya Puranam .

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were producing devotional hymns and their songs were collected later into the Four Thousand Sacred Hymns (

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was considered ageless (the god who stays forever) and was regarded as the supreme god of Tamils, whereas

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empires. The later medieval period saw many assorted minor literary works and also contributions by a few

439: 414: 409: 4573: 4568: 1127: 912: 5357: 5247: 5212: 5177: 5101: 5021: 4545: 4252: 4214: 4001: 3249: 2692:, in the early 17th century wrote a number of works on the Saiva philosophy. Notable among these is the 2519: 2150: 1973: 1236: 1062: 1030: 783: 514:, closely following the social, economical, political and cultural trends of various periods. The early 511: 429: 374: 364: 359: 44: 1086: 1074: 2767:, who lived in the early 18th century, is famous for a number of short poems of philosophical nature. 5317: 5307: 5267: 5232: 5222: 5217: 5061: 4915: 4367: 4262: 3802: 3402: 3149: 2204:

is respected at par with Vedas by Sri Vaishnavites in sanctity and holiness and hence referred to as

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by Thiruvalluvar. The book is a comprehensive manual of ethics, polity and love, containing 1,330

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wrote Tiruttondartokai which gives the list of sixty-two Nayanmars. This was later elaborated by

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Modern romance novels are represented by the current bestselling author in the Tamil language,

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style of poetry was used for the first time for the verses in this book. The five Tamil epics

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too have made significant contributions to social reforms. The pioneering fortnightly journal

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in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals. In 1882, G. Subramaniya Iyer started the newspaper

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The first Tamil periodical was published by the Christian Religious Tract Society in 1831 –

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pioneered by Bharathi in his prose-poetry was further developed by the literary periodicals

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as the supreme god of Tamils. He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of

1521: 1481: 1208: 1010: 733: 3852: 1103: 5144: 4797: 4720: 4661: 4362: 4278: 4079: 3423: 3396: 3385: 3184: 3155: 3082: 2685: 2663: 2642: 2594: 2197: 2128: 1596: 1369: 793: 768: 713: 703: 675: 617: 555: 335: 907: 3776: 3744: 2819: 2676:. Around 1360 verses of unique lilt and set to unique metres these poems are on the god 2648:

There was a large output of works of philosophical and religious in nature, such as the

2092:

in the south and by the Pallavas in the north. Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the

1457:). While the first two chapters of Tolkappiyam help codify the language, the last part, 1414:. This was the period when the Tamil country was ruled by the three 'crowned kings' the 5302: 5282: 5227: 5207: 5111: 5036: 4704: 4519: 4471: 4125: 3677:

Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).

3196: 3160: 3129:

started by S.S. Vasan in 1929 was to help create some of the greatest Tamil novelists.

3125: 2981: 2977: 2912: 2849: 2848:

lived during the early 19th century. He wrote numerous poems and lyrics set to tune in

2787: 2747: 2667: 2622: 2606: 2484: 2418: 2314:

and a Buddhist author respectively. These works have been lost and only a few poems of

2260: 2244: 1953: 1895: 1732: 1719: 1632: 1620: 1605: 1582: 1411: 1225: 860: 642: 563: 559: 504: 394: 305: 2443:

are even now generally read and taught in schools in Tamil Nadu. Her two other works,

2109:

provided a great stimulus to the growth of popular devotional literature . Vaishnava

5421: 5016: 4730: 4694: 4671: 4466: 4390: 4294: 4229: 4224: 4179: 4169: 3873: 3352: 3033: 2903: 2894: 2862: 2828: 2775: 2723: 2689: 2630: 2574: 2566: 2423: 2384: 2336: 2269: 2240: 2042: 1690: 1556: 1415: 1384: 1379: 1240: 1221: 1204: 1196: 1005: 2188:. It comprises 1,101 stanzas and is held in great esteem for its elucidation of the 527: 5408: 5011: 4891: 4666: 4646: 4486: 4234: 4184: 4174: 4154: 4149: 4144: 3331: 3292: 3180: 2972:. Since the 1990s the post-modernist writers emerged as a major figures, including 2884: 2771: 2764: 2702: 2672: 2641:. Although the kings and the governors of the Vijayanagar empire spoke Kannada and 2124: 1407: 1377:

Tamil legends hold that these were composed in three successive poetic assemblies (

1282: 1200: 587: 575: 484: 384: 4035: 2227:(also known as Appar) were of this period. Of Appar's verses 3066 have survived. 1403:

scholarship places the poems between the 3rd century BCE and the 2nd century CE.

4420: 4395: 4219: 3338: 3269: 3075: 2992: 2962: 2857: 2751: 2680:. Madai Tiruvengadunathar, an official in the court of the Madurai Nayak, wrote 2502: 2496: 2490: 2340: 2306: 2300: 2282: 2248: 2142: 1937: 1763: 1574: 1446: 1432: 1400: 1158: 543: 519: 179: 4084: 3025:). Writers like Amarantha, Latha Ramakrishnan are responsible for these works. 5134: 5086: 5031: 4851: 4651: 4405: 3603: 3498: 3255:

In 1933, the first Tamil tabloid – the 8 page Jayabharati began at a price of

3068: 3045: 2918: 2755: 2523: 2469: 2459: 2311: 2291: 2247:, who lived around the 8th century CE was a minister in the Pandya court. His 2189: 2169: 2146: 2093: 2053: 2013: 2000: 1969: 1961: 1945: 1759: 1686: 1542: 1532: 1516: 1510: 1362: 1355: 1269: 1244: 931: 900: 488: 344: 320: 4040:. A History of Indian Literature. Vol. X. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1673:

describe the glory of Perumal in the most poetic of terms. Many poems of the

1613:

first when he made reference to deities in the different land divisions. The

1436:, demonstrates the organized manner in which the Tamil language has evolved. 4931: 4909: 4746: 4504: 4461: 4410: 4139: 3176: 2973: 2902:. Inspired by Bharathi, many poets resorted to poetry as a means of reform. 2618: 2397: 2367: 2228: 2193: 2132: 2098: 2083: 2036: 1957: 1664: 1590: 1547:

utilised in these poems. This is the first instance of a work set to music.

1526: 1450: 1291: 1170: 1139: 855: 547: 500: 324: 4509: 3654:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

590:

has also interacted with Tamil literature in some mutually enriching ways.

3447:

A Select Bibliography of Books and Articles on Tamil Literature in English

5149: 4578: 3522: 3312: 3265:

anna. It closed in 1940 as the price could not sustain even its postage.

3223:

1878 and Coimbatore Kalanidhi in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals.

2957: 2779: 2614: 2474: 2455: 2405: 2401: 2236: 2232: 1965: 1949: 1909: 1593:

was considered to be young and was regarded as a personal god of Tamils.

1578: 1464:

The literature was classified into the broad categories of 'subjective' (

1295: 1134: 551: 535: 523: 3875:

The poems of ancient Tamil: their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts

5139: 5129: 4865: 4481: 4067: 3446: 3188: 2988:, who mixes classical Tamil inflections with experimental sound poets. 2985: 2718: 2654: 2602: 2379: 2374:, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called 2310:

are the names of two other narrative poems of this period written by a

2154: 2089: 2067: 2018: 1860: 1767: 1710: 1441: 1419: 1299: 1287: 1165: 622: 531: 316: 312: 301: 5051: 4476: 3685: 3683: 3345: 3204: 2728: 2677: 2598: 2348: 2177: 2110: 2106: 1941: 1940:

age. The invaders replaced number of words and concepts relating to

1918: 1774: 1755: 1744: 1740: 1705: 1678: 1660: 1610: 1586: 1524:. Such treatments are found to be much refined in the later works of 1423: 571: 539: 492: 3111:

in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem

2435:

who found great happiness in writing for young children. Her works,

4456: 2706: 2553:

There were biographical and political works such as Jayamkondar's

2363: 2353: 2216: 2196:, around 950 CE and formed the classical and vernacular basis for 2173: 2137: 2102: 1914: 1904: 1736: 1728: 1427: 1388: 1216: 567: 295: 4094: 4676: 4299: 3316: 2844:

to go search for Tamil books that have been lost for centuries.

1655:) and does not fall under the general classification of verses. 4812: 4098: 4072: 3695:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131. 3369: 1779: 1304: 173: 111: 59: 18: 2794:

was the first to list the Tamil words in alphabetical order.

2770:

The 17th-century altruist Syed Khader, known colloquially as

2754:. Then came the famous Parimelalagar whose commentary on the 1577:

tradition (which considered Vishnu as the supreme deity) and

566:

were authored and many poets were patronized by the imperial

3526:. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., History of South India, p. 106 2362:

became the dominant form of poetry. The religious canons of

1693:. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in 2874:

is considered to be a work of great beauty and simplicity.

3743:. Rev. G.U. Pope (translation). IIT Madras. Archived from 2066:

each consist of four hundred poems, each of which cites a

2774:, was a great patron of all Tamil poets. He commissioned 2735:. He also translated into Tamil the erotic book known as 2510:. There were a number of books written on Tamil grammar. 1581:(who worshiped Murugan as the supreme god). According to 1391:. A significant amount of literature could have preceded 4073:

Tamil Literature Collection – தமிழ் மொழி ஆர்வலர்களுக்காக

4062: 4017:

The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India

2731:

king of the period was a littérateur of merit and wrote

1426:. The land was at peace with no major external threats. 3315:

has triggered a dramatic growth in the number of Tamil

3133:(1899–1954) serialised his short stories and novels in 2956:

by A. Madhaviah in 1898. These two portray the life of

2815:(1882–1921) Tamil writer, poet, Indian freedom fighter. 1555:

were the other popular meters used by poets during the

1180: 88: 4089: 3741:

IITM Software and Multilingual Application Development

2546:

by Neminatha, and the annotations on the puram theme,

2530:, another work on Tamil grammar, during the reign of 2472:

ascetic Thirutakkadevar composed in the 10th century.

836: 3429:

List of countries where Tamil is an official language

1484:. Accordingly, land was classified into five genres ( 3988:(17). Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 3967:

Nilakanta Sastri, K. A.; Srinivasachari, G. (2000).

2557:, a semi-historical account on the two invasions of 2356:, and these were celebrated in numerous hymns. The 1383:) that were held in ancient times on a now vanished 487:

from south India, including the land now comprising

5366: 5163: 5120: 5002: 4939: 4873: 4760: 4739: 4713: 4685: 4634: 4591: 4554: 4538: 4495: 4444: 4381: 4340: 4333: 4312: 4287: 4271: 4243: 4202: 4195: 4132: 3064:was notable for his historical and social fiction. 2426:who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III. 2347:The medieval period was the period of the Imperial 1936:The three centuries after the Sangam age marks the 204:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4063:தமிழ் இலக்கியம் – A repository of Tamil Literature 3872: 3827:. Chennai, India: Blaft Publications. p. 46. 3581:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 34. 3551:Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion 4524: 3790:– via UCLA Center for India and South Asia. 3141:for which he wrote the enduringly popular novels 2870:(Vallalar) (1823–1874) wrote the devotional poem 1599:is indicated to be the deity associated with the 1520:anthology demonstrates an early treatment of the 4068:Largest Collections of Tamil Literature Articles 2180:as a lover. The hymn of Andal which starts with 1697:and considered as the most mentioned god in the 1399:poetry to be over twelve millennia old. Modern 2404:during this period. The great Vaishnava leader 2011:The best known of these works on ethics is the 1865: 1635:poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the 3921:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2003 2790:, compiled the first dictionary in Tamil. His 1988:எப்பொருள் யார்யார்வாய்க் கேட்பினும் அப்பொருள் 1840:and you are the substance and meaning of all. 4824: 4110: 3978:"Portrait of a novelist as a social reformer" 3483: 3481: 3372:, exploring social and psychological themes. 2392:) by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of 813: 460: 8: 4034:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1974). Jan Gonda (ed.). 3879:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3640:. 24 July 2014 – via www.thehindu.com. 3415:, digitalization of ancient Tamil literature 2922:, etc. He published over 90 books and wrote 510:The history of Tamil literature follows the 3898:. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 3175:(edited by Si Su Chellappa). Poets such as 1993:"The mark of wisdom is to discern the truth 1785: 1754:There are two poems depicted as example of 1747:and considers Vishnu as the supreme god in 1651:is a kind of verse dealing only with love ( 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4831: 4817: 4809: 4337: 4199: 4117: 4103: 4095: 1179: 820: 806: 592: 467: 453: 330: 3825:The Blaft Anthology of Tamil Pulp Fiction 3801:Kala Krishnan Ramesh (20 December 2008). 3399:: open access Tamil literature repository 3284:were strong supporters of this movement. 2750:. Senavaraiyar wrote a commentary on the 1872:But for your grace, for love, for virtue, 1514:, a collection of poems belonging to the 282:Learn how and when to remove this message 264:Learn how and when to remove this message 162:Learn how and when to remove this message 4373:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition 3722: 3620: 3535: 2818: 2807: 2746:. Adiyarkunallar wrote an annotation on 2508:The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature 2331: 2105:literature was created . Many Vaishnava 1235: 125:This article includes a list of general 91:by adding descriptive text and removing 3775:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (10 August 2002). 3718: 3716: 3467: 2613:rose from the ashes of the kingdoms of 2526:ascetic Amirtasagara. Buddamitra wrote 2396:(1133–1150 CE). Religious books on the 1893:The other gods also referred to in the 1247:(c. 300s BCE), taught in schools today. 688: 650: 602: 595: 342: 3999: 3952:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 3932: 3699:from the original on 13 November 2017. 3137:and eventually started his own weekly 3074:From the 1950s, spanning six decades, 2831:, freedom fighter, Tamil writer, poet. 2215:Along with the Vaishnava Alvars, Many 2070:and then illustrates it with a story. 2028:Other famous works of this period are 1822:among the stones, you are the diamond; 1709:"the red one", who is identified with 1337:What kin is my father to yours anyway? 4325:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 3976:Viswanathan, S. (13–26 August 2005). 2782:. The collection of poems was called 1316:எந்தையும் நுந்தையும் எம்முறைக் கேளிர் 7: 3657:. Abhinav Publications. p. 27. 3554:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 156. 1018:Tamil history from Sangam literature 202:adding citations to reliable sources 3971:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Ltd. 3915:"The beginning of Tamil journalism" 3548:Hardy, Friedhelm (1 January 2015). 2744:commentaries of ancient Tamil works 2462:faiths, the most noteworthy is the 1343:But in love our hearts have mingled 16:South-Indian Literature by language 5381:Cities in Tamil Nadu by population 3737:"Text of Tirukkural: Adhikaram 43" 3692:Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1 3179:contributed to these periodicals. 3019:The House of the Sleeping Beauties 2135:. Each of these wrote one hundred 1995:From whatever source it is heard." 1913:"the victorious" (identified with 1440:is not merely a textbook on Tamil 131:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 5386:Towns in Tamil Nadu by population 4886:Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower 4788:Ancient manuscript digitalisation 3851:. 19 October 2007. Archived from 1903:"the sovereign" (identified with 1345:like red earth and pouring rain. 1335:What could my mother be to yours? 34:This article has multiple issues. 5402: 4930: 4840: 3948:Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (2000). 3575:Clothey, Fred W. (20 May 2019). 3434:§ Dalit literature in Tamil 2969:Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal 2952:by B. R. Rajam Iyer in 1893 and 2742:This period also an age of many 2709:'s epic into Tamil and named it 2705:by Villiputturar. He translated 1830:in the Veda, you are the secret; 1540:takes its name from the musical 1406:Sangam age is considered by the 1213:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam 334: 178: 116: 64: 23: 5391:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu 4768:Standardisation of Tamil script 4085:Tamil Language & Literature 3777:"The Diversity in Indian Islam" 2192:. This corpus was collected by 1876:O god with the rich garland of 1870:not for gold, not for pleasure; 1832:among elements, the primordial; 189:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5376:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI 3823:Chakravarthy, Pritham (2008). 3502:for a commentary on this poem. 2852:. His most famous work is the 2778:to pen the first biography of 2153:who was a contemporary of the 1834:in the burning sun, the light; 1322:அன்புடை நெஞ்சம் தாங்கலந் தனவே. 1: 5438:Indian literature by language 2400:sect were mostly composed in 2339:(c.1100 CE) wrote the Tamil ' 2097:during which a huge body of 1659:(200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions 1629:the paripadal-metre anthology 1569:Religion in ancient Tamilakam 3913:Muthiah, S. (23 July 2003). 2945:Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram 2942:wrote the first Tamil novel 2940:Mayavaram Vedanayagam Pillai 2589:Vijayanagar and Nayak period 2116:Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham 1836:in moonshine, its sweetness; 1826:among virtues, you are love; 1647:. According to Tolkāppiyam, 1603:(pastoral landscape) in the 1318:யானும் நீயும் எவ்வழி யறிதும் 1254:Eighteen Greater Text Series 4642:Megalithic graffiti symbols 4401:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam 4015:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1973). 3408:Sri Lankan Tamil Literature 2727:. Varatungarama Pandya, a 2408:lived during the reigns of 2202:Naalayira Divya Prabhandham 1974:Eighteen Lesser Text series 1868:We pray you not for wealth, 1820:in blossoms, the fragrance; 1302:is dated from this period. 5454: 5107:Kaveri River water dispute 4783:Printing in Tamil language 4090:KALANJIYAM - Tamil Journal 3044:. In the 1950s and 1960s, 3015:Thoongum azhagigalin Illam 3003:Siluvayil Thongum Saathaan 2801: 2670:in the 14th century wrote 2506:are collectively known as 2325: 2080:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2077: 1818:In fire, you are the heat; 1713:, whose name is literally 1566: 1563:Religion in the Sangam age 1332:Red earth and pouring rain 1194: 1188: 1154:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 554:) and, heralded the great 5428:Tamil-language literature 5399: 4928: 4858: 4006:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3969:Advanced History of India 3939:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3413:Tamil Heritage Foundation 3307:Tamil Novels Writers Name 3042:Vaduvur Duraisami Iyengar 2838:Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai 2172:and his adopted daughter 1990:மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு. 1809:அனைத்தின் உட்பொருளும் நீ; 1786: 1624: 1178: 1145: 1028: 997: 930: 875: 866: 847: 839: 4530:Tamil Lexicon dictionary 4210:Bangalore Tamil dialects 3950:A History of South India 3894:Majumdar, R. C. (1987). 3871:Hart, George L. (1975). 2898:and in his Tamil weekly 2660:Sivaprakasapperundirattu 2318:have been found so far. 2286:are Jain in philosophy. 1743:are said to be forms of 1685:(achieving oneness with 1667:.The earliest verses of 1341:Did you and I meet ever? 1314:யாயும் ஞாயும் யாரா கியரோ 1311:குறிஞ்சி – தலைவன் கூற்று 1308: 690:Medieval to early Modern 304:, Chairman of the first 4778:Simplified Tamil script 4426:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 4078:22 October 2016 at the 3511:See Zvelebil, pp. 45–47 3457:(3/4), pp. 107–112 3419:Tamil historical novels 3360:Vaikom Muhammad Basheer 3060:In the 1940s and 1950s 2280:and its companion epic 2162:Naanmugantiruvadiandadi 1882:with rolling clusters! 1803:வெஞ் சுடர் ஒளியும் நீ; 1762:, one in the praise of 1609:. Tolkappiyar mentions 1496:(mountainous regions), 146:more precise citations. 93:less pertinent examples 5433:Literature by language 4959:Deputy chief ministers 4515:Purapporul Venbamaalai 4320:World Tamil Conference 3604:"2. The Sangam Period" 3274:The Free Press Journal 3067:In the 1950s and 60s, 2846:Gopalakrishna Bharathi 2832: 2816: 2344: 1980:) was of this period. 1891: 1816: 1805:திங்களுள் அளியும் நீ; 1797:மறத்தினுள் மைந்து நீ; 1793:சொல்லினுள் வாய்மை நீ; 1791:கல்லினுள் மணியும் நீ; 1783: 1500:(agricultural lands), 1329: 1324:-செம்புலப் பெயனீரார். 1248: 1233: 1092:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu 869:Eighteen Greater Texts 578:and European authors. 328: 4546:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai 4215:Central Tamil dialect 4165:Proto-South Dravidian 3634:"In praise of Vishnu" 3602:Dr.C.R.Krishnamurti. 3250:P. Varadarajulu Naidu 2825:Thani Tamil Iyakkam's 2822: 2811: 2733:Paditrruppattanthathi 2548:Purapporul Venpamalai 2335: 1849:Paripadal, iii: 63-68 1795:அறத்தினுள் அன்பு நீ; 1789:பூவினுள் நாற்றம் நீ; 1717:("the youth") in the 1410:as the golden era of 1320:செம்புலப் பெயனீர் போல 1239: 1220: 1031:Eighteen Lesser Texts 512:history of Tamil Nadu 299: 4964:Legislative Assembly 4611:Indo-Aryan languages 4436:Tamil Ganaptya texts 4368:List of Sangam poets 4313:Global organizations 3803:"Style as Substance" 3651:Padmaja, T. (2002). 3185:Kavikko Abdul Rahman 3150:Sivagamiyin Sabadham 3117:Coimbatore Kalanidhi 2954:Padmavathi Charitram 2950:Kamalambal Charitram 2926:, an autobiography. 2516:Yapperungalakkarigai 2454:Of the books on the 2382:was standardised in 2160:wrote such works as 1853:—F Gros, K Zvelebil 1801:பூதத்து முதலும் நீ; 1453:and subject matter ( 1387:far to the south of 198:improve this article 4616:Dravidian languages 4416:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 3855:on 19 October 2007. 3765:See Majumdar, p 194 3747:on 30 December 2007 3623:, pp. 123–124. 3487:See Majumdar, p 193 3403:List of Tamil poets 3386:Tamil Novel Writers 3325:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3268:In September 1934, 3131:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3062:Kalki Krishnamurthy 3056:Tamil Novel Writers 3050:Indra Soundar Rajan 2908:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 2906:was one such poet. 2880:Subramanya Bharathi 2842:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 2813:Subramanya Bharathi 2579:Kulothunga Chola II 2394:Kulothunga Chola II 2390:Tiruttondar Puranam 2378:. The hagiology of 2322:Medieval literature 1828:in valour—strength; 1787:தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ; 1474:sexual relationship 1468:) and 'objective' ( 1258:Pathinenmaelkanakku 1023:Ancient Tamil music 939:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 584:Subramania Bharathi 319:Kingdom. Statue in 89:improve the article 4773:Tanittamil Iyakkam 4726:Tamil onomatopoeia 4353:Tamil books of Law 3781:The Times of India 3445:Neild, S. (1968). 3217:The Tamil Magazine 3105:Rajavritti Bodhini 3007:Devil on the Cross 2833: 2817: 2611:Vijayanagar empire 2563:Kulothunga Chola I 2550:by Aiyanaridanar. 2532:Virarajendra Chola 2518:were two works on 2480:Seevaka-chintamani 2414:Kulothunga Chola I 2410:Athirajendra Chola 2345: 1978:Pathinenkilkanakku 1927:Post-Sangam period 1723:; extant works of 1360:, a poem from the 1286:, a commentary on 1249: 1234: 1224:(c. 100 CE) wrote 980:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai 329: 213:"Tamil literature" 5415: 5414: 5097:Sexual minorities 5082:Radio on Internet 4969:Political parties 4806: 4805: 4793:Formation of CICT 4587: 4586: 4564:Asthana Kolahalam 4348:Sangam literature 4308: 4307: 4019:. Leiden: Brill. 3834:978-81-906056-0-1 3664:978-81-7017-398-4 3588:978-3-11-080410-2 3561:978-81-208-3816-1 3538:, pp. 48–49. 3272:(who was running 3243:C.Rajagopalachari 3038:detective fiction 3023:Yasunari Kawabata 3017:(translation of " 3011:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 3005:(translation of " 2998:The Metamorphosis 2876:Maraimalai Adigal 2804:Tamil Renaissance 2583:Rajaraja Chola II 2465:Jivaka-chintamani 2243:(4,272 verses) . 2225:Thirunavukkarasar 2221:Karaikal Ammaiyar 2151:Tirumalisai Alwar 2074:Devotional period 2063:Pazhamozhi Nanuru 2049:Iniyavai Narpathu 2009: 2008: 1991: 1857: 1856: 1824:in speech, truth; 1725:Sangam literature 1699:Sangam literature 1695:Sangam literature 1657:Sangam literature 1645:Sangam literature 1637:Eight Anthologies 1631:) is a classical 1482:specific habitats 1375: 1374: 1363:Eight Anthologies 1262:Eight Anthologies 1260:) comprising the 1191:Sangam literature 1187: 1186: 1183: 1147:Bhakti Literature 1080:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu 992:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai 987:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai 877:Eight Anthologies 849:Sangam literature 842:Sangam literature 830: 829: 597:Indian literature 516:Sangam literature 503:, as well as the 477: 476: 292: 291: 284: 274: 273: 266: 248: 172: 171: 164: 110: 109: 57: 5445: 5409:India portal 5407: 5406: 5405: 4934: 4922:Cirrochroa Thais 4845: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4700:Tamil honorifics 4431:Vinayagar Agaval 4396:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam 4358:Five Great Epics 4338: 4200: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4096: 4051: 4037:Tamil Literature 4030: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3972: 3963: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3909: 3890: 3878: 3857: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3687: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3311:The rise of the 3264: 3263: 3259: 3211:Tamil journalism 3193:Manushyaputhiran 3144:Parthiban Kanavu 2868:Ramalinga Adigal 2761:Nigandu Cudamani 2627:Thanjavur Nayaks 2555:Kalingattuparani 2544:Vaccanandi Malai 2372:Rajaraja Chola I 2328:Chola literature 2182:Vaaranam Aayiram 2166:Tirumangai Alvar 2158:Mahendravarman I 2141:on the glory of 2031:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu 1987: 1983: 1982: 1811: 1810: 1799:வேதத்து மறை நீ; 1780: 1626: 1522:Sangam landscape 1305: 1278:Five Great Epics 1230:Five great epics 1226:Silappathikaaram 1209:Sangam landscape 1087:Aintinai Eḻupatu 1075:Aintiṇai Aimpatu 1068:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu 1056:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu 1011:Sangam landscape 837: 822: 815: 808: 593: 480:Tamil literature 469: 462: 455: 338: 331: 287: 280: 269: 262: 258: 255: 249: 247: 206: 182: 174: 167: 160: 156: 153: 147: 142:this article by 133:inline citations 120: 119: 112: 105: 102: 96: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5362: 5313:Tiruchirappalli 5159: 5145:Tiruchirappalli 5116: 5077:Protected areas 4998: 4954:Chief ministers 4935: 4926: 4876: 4869: 4854: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4807: 4802: 4798:Project Madurai 4756: 4740:Transliteration 4735: 4721:Tamil phonology 4709: 4687: 4681: 4662:Pallava grantha 4630: 4594:other languages 4593: 4583: 4557:natural science 4556: 4555:Mathematics and 4550: 4534: 4497: 4491: 4440: 4383: 4377: 4363:Ponniyin Selvan 4329: 4304: 4283: 4279:Malaysian Tamil 4272:Southeast Asian 4267: 4239: 4191: 4160:Proto-Dravidian 4128: 4123: 4080:Wayback Machine 4059: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4014: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3906: 3893: 3887: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3735:Thiruvalluvar. 3734: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3442: 3440:Further reading 3424:Tamil mythology 3397:Project Madurai 3393: 3309: 3297:Daily Telegraph 3261: 3257: 3256: 3213: 3189:Pavalar Inqulab 3156:Ponniyin Selvan 3109:Dina Varthamani 3101: 3083:Arunaa Nandhini 3058: 3031: 3029:Popular fiction 2932: 2854:Nandan Charitam 2806: 2800: 2792:Chathurakarathi 2739:from Sanskrit. 2686:Advaita Vedanta 2682:Meynanavilakkam 2664:Arunagirinathar 2605:Sultans in the 2597:and raided the 2595:Delhi Sultanate 2591: 2388:(also known as 2330: 2324: 2257: 2255:Narrative epics 2198:Sri Vaishnavism 2129:Bhoothath Alvar 2086: 2076: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1934: 1929: 1923:"the sea god". 1888:Pari. v.: 78–81 1884: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1571: 1565: 1370:A. 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Ramanujan 1368:—Translated by 1347: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1215: 1193: 1116:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu 1044:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai 835: 826: 665:Extinct Kannada 556:Bhakti movement 473: 444: 288: 277: 276: 275: 270: 259: 253: 250: 207: 205: 195: 183: 168: 157: 151: 148: 138:Please help to 137: 121: 117: 106: 100: 97: 86: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5338:Tiruvannamalai 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Ramanathapuram 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Mayiladuthurai 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4705:Tamil numerals 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4574:Kaṇita Tīpikai 4571: 4569:Kaṇakkatikāram 4566: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4126:Tamil language 4124: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4057:External links 4055: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4012: 3973: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3910: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3840: 3833: 3815: 3793: 3767: 3758: 3727: 3712: 3702: 3679: 3670: 3663: 3643: 3625: 3613: 3594: 3587: 3567: 3560: 3540: 3528: 3513: 3504: 3489: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3389: 3308: 3305: 3212: 3209: 3161:Pudhumaipithan 3135:Ananda Vikatan 3126:Ananda Vikatan 3100: 3097: 3090:Ramanichandran 3057: 3054: 3030: 3027: 2982:Charu Nivedita 2978:S.Ramakrishnan 2963:D. Jayakanthan 2931: 2928: 2913:Cilappatikaram 2890:puthukkavithai 2850:Carnatic music 2799: 2796: 2788:Veeramamunivar 2748:Cilappatikaram 2668:Tiruvannamalai 2623:Madurai Nayaks 2590: 2587: 2569:, wrote three 2542:by Pavanandi, 2485:Silappatikaram 2323: 2320: 2278:Cilappatikaram 2274:Cilappatikaram 2266:Cilappatikaram 2261:Cilappatikaram 2256: 2253: 2245:Manikkavasagar 2200:. These Hymns 2075: 2072: 2007: 2006: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1866: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1844: 1843: 1814: 1807:அனைத்தும் நீ; 1583:Kamil Zvelebil 1567:Main article: 1564: 1561: 1412:Tamil language 1373: 1372: 1366: 1349: 1348: 1327: 1189:Main article: 1185: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1128:Mutumoḻikkānci 1125: 1123:Ciṟupañcamūlam 1119: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1002: 1001: 999:Related topics 995: 994: 989: 983: 982: 977: 971: 970: 965: 959: 958: 953: 951:Malaipaṭukaṭām 947: 946: 941: 935: 934: 928: 927: 922: 916: 915: 910: 904: 903: 898: 892: 891: 886: 880: 879: 873: 872: 864: 863: 858: 852: 851: 845: 844: 834: 831: 828: 827: 825: 824: 817: 810: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 693: 692: 686: 685: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 655: 654: 652:Early Medieval 648: 647: 646: 645: 643:Vedic Sanskrit 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 613:Ancient Meitei 607: 606: 600: 599: 564:Periya Puranam 560:Kambaramayanam 505:Tamil diaspora 475: 474: 472: 471: 464: 457: 449: 446: 445: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 351: 348: 347: 340: 339: 327:, Tamil Nadu. 290: 289: 272: 271: 186: 184: 177: 170: 169: 124: 122: 115: 108: 107: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5450: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5410: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 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4315: 4311: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:Brahmin Tamil 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:Madurai Tamil 4228: 4226: 4225:Madras Bashai 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4180:Second Sangam 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170:Tamil Sangams 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4026:90-04-03591-5 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3959:0-19-560686-8 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3905:81-208-0436-8 3901: 3897: 3896:Ancient India 3892: 3888: 3886:0-520-02672-1 3882: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723:Zvelebil 1974 3719: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3621:Zvelebil 1973 3617: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3536:Zvelebil 1974 3532: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3353:R. K. Narayan 3349: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:Rajathi Salma 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:pudukkavithai 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121:Swadesamitran 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904:Bharathidasan 2901: 2897: 2896: 2895:Swadesamitran 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2863:Periyapuranam 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2829:Bharathidasan 2827: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2805: 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Sadanand 3236:Desabhaktan 3183:poets like 3113:Desabhimini 3099:Periodicals 3076:Jayakanthan 2993:Franz Kafka 2930:Tamil novel 2924:En caritham 2872:Tiruvarutpa 2858:Chidambaram 2752:Tolkappiyam 2717:on the god 2536:Virasoliyam 2528:Virasoliyam 2503:Valayapathi 2497:Kundalakesi 2491:Manimekalai 2341:Raamaayanam 2316:Valayapathi 2307:Kundalakesi 2301:Valayapathi 2296:Perunkathai 2288:Manimekalai 2283:Manimekalai 2249:Tiruvasakam 2210:Tamil Vedam 2186:Tiruvaimoli 2143:Maha Vishnu 1896:Tolkappiyam 1859:To Seyyon ( 1775:Maha Vishnu 1764:Maha Vishnu 1758:in ancient 1745:Maha Vishnu 1733:Tolkappiyam 1720:Tolkāppiyam 1606:Tolkāppiyam 1575:Vaishnavism 1492:(forests), 1447:orthography 1438:Tolkappiyam 1433:Tolkappiyam 1393:Tolkappiyam 1245:Thirukkural 1159:Ramavataram 1111:Ācārakkōvai 1104:Tirikaṭukam 1063:Kār Nāṟpatu 884:Aiṅkurunūṟu 861:Tolkāppiyam 544:Vaishnavism 520:Vaishnavite 144:introducing 5422:Categories 5353:Viluppuram 5333:Tiruvallur 5323:Tirupathur 5263:Perambalur 5198:Dharmapuri 5188:Coimbatore 5135:Coimbatore 5042:Literature 5027:Government 4989:High Court 4941:Governance 4852:Tamil Nadu 4657:Vatteluttu 4384:literature 4382:Devotional 4334:Literature 4288:Sociolects 4258:Batticaloa 4245:Sri Lankan 4047:3447015829 3864:References 3608:tripod.com 3499:Kuruntokai 3278:Viduthalai 3069:Chandilyan 3046:Tamilvanan 2919:Kuruntokai 2802:See also: 2798:Modern era 2756:Tirukkural 2673:Tiruppugal 2437:Athichoodi 2376:Tirumurais 2326:See also: 2190:Upanishads 2170:Periyalvar 2147:Tirukoilur 2078:See also: 2014:Tirukkural 2001:Tirukkural 1946:philosophy 1760:Tamil Nadu 1691:Sangam age 1683:Paramporul 1641:Ettuthokai 1627:, meaning 1543:Paripaatal 1538:Paripaatal 1533:Paripaatal 1517:Ettuthokai 1511:Kuruntokai 1401:linguistic 1356:Kuruntokai 1276:) and the 1274:Pattupattu 1270:Ten Idylls 1268:) and the 1266:Ettuthokai 1195:See also: 1099:Tirukkuṟaḷ 932:Ten Idylls 908:Kuṟuntokai 901:Kalittokai 896:Puṟanāṉūṟu 840:Topics in 833:Sangam age 784:Rajasthani 550:(sages of 542:(sages of 489:Tamil Nadu 400:Literature 345:Tamil Nadu 321:Tamil Thai 224:newspapers 127:references 81:irrelevant 39:improve it 5343:Tiruvarur 5298:Thanjavur 5288:Sivaganga 5193:Cuddalore 5165:Districts 5112:State Day 5057:Education 4949:Governors 4916:Palm tree 4910:Jackfruit 4714:Phonology 4686:Lexis and 4652:Koleḻuttu 4592:Tamil and 4505:Agattiyam 4462:Iraichchi 4411:Tirumurai 4406:Tēmpāvaṉi 4140:Old Tamil 3982:Frontline 3919:The Hindu 3786:21 August 3638:The Hindu 3291:In 1942, 3248:In 1926, 3234:In 1917, 3201:Samarasam 3177:Mu. 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