Tampon - Knowledge (XXG)

41: 897:, a known carcinogen, in tampons. Dioxin is one of the toxic chemicals produced when wood pulp is bleached with chlorine. Congressional hearings were held and tampon manufacturers assured Congress that the trace levels of dioxin in tampons was well below EPA level. The EPA has stated there is no acceptable level of dioxin. Following this, major commercial tampon brands began switching from dioxin-producing chlorine gas bleaching methods to either elemental "chlorine-free" or "totally chlorine free" bleaching processes. 161: 874:, with the tube-within-a-tube applicator. Gertrude Schulte Tenderich (née Voss) bought the patent rights to her company trademark Tampax and started as a seller, manufacturer, and spokesperson in 1933. Tenderich hired women to manufacture the item and then hired two sales associates to market the product to drugstores in Colorado and Wyoming, and nurses to give public lectures on the benefits of the creation, and was also instrumental in inducing newspapers to run advertisements. 594:

including conventional cotton/rayon tampons and 100% organic cotton tampons. In a series of studies conducted after this initial claim, it was shown that all tampons (regardless of composition) are similar in their effect on TSS and that tampons made with rayon do not have an increased incidence of TSS. Instead, tampons should be selected based on minimum absorbency rating necessary to absorb flow corresponding to the individual.

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as an attempt to help consumers choose the right product and avoid complications of TSS. In addition, The following statement of association between tampons and TSS is required by the FDA to be on the package label as part of the labeling requirements: "Attention: Tampons are associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but serious disease that may cause death. Read and save the enclosed information."

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folk art movement and cottage industry, promote awareness of these throwaway objects washed up on beaches worldwide from faulty sewage systems, create the world's largest collection of discarded plastic tampon applicators, and ban their manufacture and sale through legislative action. The project and artwork was carried out during numerous site-specific performances and installations.

169: 198: 206: 848:, refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by Egyptian women in the fifteenth century B.C. Roman women used wool tampons. Women in ancient Japan fashioned tampons out of paper, held them in place with a bandage, and changed them 10 to 12 times a day. Traditional Hawaiian women used the furry part of a native fern called 900:

In the United States, the Tampon Safety and Research Act was introduced to Congress in 1997 in an attempt to create transparency between tampon manufacturers and consumers. The bill would mandate the conduct or support of research on the extent to which additives in feminine hygiene products pose any

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or waste processing. The average use of tampons in menstruation may add up to approximately 11,400 tampons in someone's lifetime (if they use only tampons rather than other products). Tampons are made of cotton, rayon, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, and fiber finishes. Aside from the cotton,

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requires the manufacturer to perform absorbency testing to determine the absorbency rating using the Syngyna method or other methods that are approved by the FDA. The manufacturer is also required to include on the package label the absorbency rating and a comparison to other absorbency ratings

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In 1985, Tampon Applicator Creative Klubs International (TACKI) was established to develop creative uses for discarded, non-biodegradable, plastic feminine hygiene products, commonly referred to as "beach whistles". TACKI President Jay Critchley launched his corporation in order to develop a global

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The basic ingredient for menstrual pads is wood pulp, which begins life as a brown coloured product. Various 'purification' processes can be used to bleach it white. Measurable levels of dioxin have been found near paper pulping mills, where chlorine has been used to bleach the wood pulp. Dioxin is

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Differences exist in the way tampons expand when in use: applicator tampons generally expand axially (increase in length), while digital tampons will expand radially (increase in diameter). Most tampons have a cord or string for removal. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of

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Tampon design varies between companies and across product lines in order to offer a variety of applicators, materials and absorbencies. There are two main categories of tampons based on the way of insertion – digital tampons inserted by finger, and applicator tampons. Tampon applicators may be made

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The issue that underlies the governance or implementation of menstrual waste management is how country categorizes menstrual waste. This waste could be considered as a common household waste, hazardous household waste (which will required to be segregated from routine household waste), biomedical

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Appropriate disposal of used tampons is still lacking in many countries. Because the lack of menstrual management practices in some countries, many sanitary pads or other menstrual products will be disposed into domestic solid wastes or garbage bins that eventually becomes part of a solid wastes.

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The menstrual material was disposed according to the type of product, and even based on cultural beliefs. This was done regardless of giving any importance to the location and proper techniques of disposal. In some areas of the world, menstrual waste is disposed into pit latrines, as burning and

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Cases of tampon-connected TSS are very rare in the United Kingdom and United States. A controversial study by Tierno found that all-cotton tampons were less likely than rayon tampons to produce the conditions in which TSS can grow. This was done using a direct comparison of 20 brands of tampons,

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The average woman may use approximately 11,400 tampons in her lifetime (if using only tampons). Generally, a box of tampons costs can range from $ 6 to $ 10 USD and has 12 to 40 tampons per box. Thus, women could use around 9 boxes a year, leading to a total cost between US$ 54 and $ 90 per year

940:(VAT), as opposed to the standard rate of 20% applied to the vast majority of products sold in the country. The UK was previously bound by the EU VAT directive, which required a minimum of 5% VAT on sanitary products. Since 1 January 2021, VAT applied to menstrual sanitary products has been 0%. 747:

methods if an individual is not showing symptoms. Tampons not only absorb menstrual blood, but also vaginal fluids. The vaginal fluids absorbed in the tampons would also contain the cancerous DNA, and possibly contain precancerous material, allowing for earlier detection of endometrial cancer.

515:(TSS) cases in the early 1980s. Tierno blames the introduction of higher-absorbency tampons made with rayon in 1978, as well as the relatively recent decision by manufacturers to recommend that tampons can be worn overnight, for the surge in cases of TSS. However, a later 707:

According to the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (ASBMT), tampons may be responsible for an increased risk of infection due to the erosions it causes in the tissue of the cervix and vagina, leaving the skin prone to infections. Thus, ASBMT advises

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Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings, which are consistent across manufacturers in the U.S. These differ in the amount of cotton in each product and are measured based on the amount of fluid they are able to absorb. The absorbency rates required by the

905:. Data would also be required from manufacturers regarding the presence of dioxins, synthetic fibers, chlorine, and other components (including contaminants and substances used as fragrances, colorants, dyes, and preservatives) in their feminine hygiene products. 177:

of plastic or cardboard, and are similar in design to a syringe. The applicator consists of two tubes, an "outer", or barrel, and "inner", or plunger. The outer tube has a smooth surface to aid insertion and sometimes comes with a rounded end that is petaled.

928:(GST) was introduced in Australia. While lubricant, condoms, incontinence pads and numerous medical items were regarded as essential and exempt from the tax, tampons continue to be charged GST. Prior to the introduction of GST, several states also applied a 542:. The case was the first successful case to sue the company. Procter & Gamble paid $ 300,000 in compensatory damages to the Kehm family. This case can be attributed to the increase in regulations and safety protocol testing for current FDA requirements. 954:

In the US, access to menstrual products such as pads and tampons and taxes added on these products, have also been controversial topics especially when it comes to people with low income. Laws for exempting such taxes differ vastly from state to state. The

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Such guidelines for package labeling are more lenient when it comes to tampons bought from vending machines. For example, tampons sold in vending machines are not required by the FDA to include labeling such as absorbency ratings or information about TSS.

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In the UK, the Absorbent Hygiene Product Manufacturers Association (AHPMA) has written a Tampon Code of Practice which companies can follow on a volunteer basis. According to this code, UK manufacturers should follow the (European) EDANA code (see above).

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advise against using tampons while being treated with any of several medications taken by the vaginal route such as vaginal suppositories and creams, as tampons may decrease the absorbance of these drugs by the body. Example of these medications include

72:. Once inserted correctly, a tampon is held in place by the vagina and expands as it soaks up menstrual blood. However, in addition to menstrual blood, the tampon also absorbs the vagina's natural lubrication and bacteria, which can change the normal 901:

risks to the health of women or to the children of women who use those products during or before the pregnancies involved. Although yet to be passed, the bill has been continually reintroduced, most recently in 2019 as the

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Ecological impact varies according to disposal method (whether a tampon is flushed down the toilet or placed in a garbage bin – the latter is the recommended option). Factors such as tampon composition will likewise impact

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Fiegl, Heidi; Gattringer, Conny; Widschwendter, Andreas; Schneitter, Alois; Ramoni, Angela; Sarlay, Daniela; Gaugg, Inge; Goebel, Georg; Müller, Hannes M.; Mueller-Holzner, Elisabeth; Marth, Christian (2004-05-01).

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one of the most persistent and toxic chemicals, and can cause reproductive disorders, damage to the immune system and cancer (26). There are no safe levels and it builds up in our fat tissue and in our environment.

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In 1945, Tampax presented a number of studies to prove the safety of tampons. A 1965 study by the Rock Reproductive Clinic stated that the use of tampons "has no physiological or clinical undesired side effects".

812:(LCA) comparison of the environmental impact of tampons and sanitary pads. They found that the main environmental impact of the products was in fact caused by the processing of raw materials, particularly 2983: 885:

developed a digital-style tampon, which was made to be inserted without an applicator. In the late 1940s, Carl Hahn and Heinz Mittag worked on the mass production of this tampon. Hahn sold his company to

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Berger, Selina; Kunerl, Anika; Wasmuth, Stefan; Tierno, Philip; Wagner, Karoline; Brügger, Jan (September 2019). "Menstrual toxic shock syndrome: case report and systematic review of the literature".

924:"Tampon tax" refers to tampons' lack of tax exempt status that is often in place for other basic need products. Several political statements have been made in regards to tampon use. In 2000, a 10% 623:

Studies have shown non-significantly higher mean levels of mercury in tampon users compared to non tampon users. No evidence showed an association between tampon use and inflammation biomarkers.

3314: 476:-1. Incidence ranges from 0.03 to 0.50 cases per 100,000 people, with an overall mortality around 8%. mTSS signs and symptoms include fever (greater than or equal to 38.9 °C), rash, 970:(TSS) due to using handmade tampons from toilet paper in prison. Her testimony supported a Maryland bill that is intended to increase access of menstrual products for imprisoned women. 959:(ACLU) has published a report discussing these laws and listing the different guidelines followed by institutions such as schools, shelters, and prisons when providing menstrual goods. 1692: 786:. Organic cotton tampons are biodegradable, but must be composted to ensure they break down in a reasonable amount of time. Rayon was found to be more biodegradable than cotton. 902: 1371: 3339: 1950: 101:, along with synthetic fibers. Some tampons are made out of organic cotton. Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings. Brands include (but are not limited to) 2280:

Singh, Jessica; Mumford, Sunni L.; Pollack, Anna Z.; Schisterman, Enrique F.; Weisskopf, Marc G.; Navas-Acien, Ana; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna (11 February 2019).

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to tampons at a higher rate than GST. Specific petitions such as "Axe the Tampon Tax" have been created to oppose this tax, and the tax was removed in 2019. In the

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Increase awareness of the warning signs of Toxic Shock Syndrome and other tampon-associated health risks (and remove the tampon as soon as a risk factor is noticed)

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Goodyear-Smith, F. A.; Laidlaw, T. M. (1998-06-08). "Can tampon use cause hymen changes in girls who have not had sexual intercourse? A review of the literature".

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Zespoł Ekspertów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego (2012). "Statement of the Polish Gynecological Society Expert Group on the use of ellen probiotic tampon".

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Elledge, Myles F.; Muralidharan, Arundati; Parker, Alison; Ravndal, Kristin T.; Siddiqui, Mariam; Toolaram, Anju P.; Woodward, Katherine P. (November 2018).

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The elements of a tampon with applicator. Left: the bigger tube ("penetrator"). Center: cotton tampon with attached string. Right: the narrower tube.

820:. As production of these plastics requires a lot of energy and creates long-lasting waste, the main impact from the life cycle of these products is 294:

Absorbency ratings outside the US may be different. The majority of non-US manufacturers use absorbency rating and Code of Practice recommended by

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Clinical trials are currently being conducted to evaluate the use of tampons as a screening method for early detection of endometrial cancer.

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less than 90 mmHg), and multi-system organ involvement with at least three systems, such as gastrointestinal complications (vomiting),

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Agencies NA of CW. International Water Industry Position Statement on non-flushable and flushable labelledproducts. 2016; Available from:

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There are multiple cases in which the use of tampons may need medical advice from a healthcare professional. For example, as part of the

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Several countries regulate tampons as medical devices. In the United States, they are considered to be a Class II medical device by the

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A piece of test equipment referred to as a Syngyna (short for synthetic vagina) is usually used to test absorbency. The machine uses a

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Bobel, Chris (2006-11-02). ""Our Revolution Has Style": Contemporary Menstrual Product Activists "Doing Feminism" in the Third Wave".

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Disposal of tampons, especially flushing (which manufacturers warn against) may lead to clogged drains and waste management problems.

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Lanes, Stephan F.; Rothman, Kenneth J. (1990). "Tampon absorbency, composition and oxygen content and risk of toxic shock syndrome".

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In the UK, the Marine Conservation Society has researched the prevalence and problem of plastic tampon applicators found on beaches.

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An Expository Lexicon of the Terms, Ancient and Modern, in Medical and General Science including a Complete Medico-Legal Vocabulary

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of individuals that have never been sexually active. Some cultures regard preservation of the hymen as a supposed evidence of

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found that the material composition of tampons is not directly correlated to the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, whereas

3549: 2771:"Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries" 2254: 2162:

Tierno, Philip M.; Hanna, Bruce A. (1985-02-01). "Amplification of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 by Intravaginal Devices".

2012: 667: 4020: 3869: 3820: 3522: 1976: 418: 125: 3035: 2380:

http://www.nacwa.org/docs/default-source/resources---public/2016-11-29wipesposition3dd68e567b5865518798ff0000de1666.pdf

2357: 1994: 1725: 435:(around $ 0.20–$ 0.40 per tampon). Activists call the problem some women have when not being able to afford products " 2998: 1242: 1425: 725:

Tampons are currently being used and tested to restore and/or maintain the normal microbiota of the vagina to treat

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here is evidence of tampon use throughout history in a multitude of cultures. The oldest printed medical document,

798: 508: 473: 189:. Organic cotton tampons are made from only 100% cotton. Tampons may also come in scented or unscented varieties. 4005: 3764: 3674: 1346: 4015: 3979: 3959: 3921: 3542: 2830:"Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle Income Countries—A Review of the Literature" 2062: 1294: 1193: 1065: 813: 2038: 1814:"Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus Requires Both Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide" 773:

given the plastic content in many commercial disposal pads (some only the outer case of the tampon or pads).

3106: 2691: 485: 3273:"Text - H.R.3865 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Robin Danielson Feminine Hygiene Product Safety Act of 2019" 636:

According to the Women's Environmental Network research briefing on menstrual products made from wood pulp:

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The FDA suggests the following guidelines for decreasing the risk of contracting TSS when using tampons:

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Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a life-threatening disease most commonly caused by infection of

3949: 3934: 3911: 3843: 3693: 2512:"Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients" 809: 464: 82: 1218: 1168: 1032:, the title character is bullied for menstruating and is bombarded with tampons and pads by her peers. 3157: 3340:"Federal government taking the tax off tampons and other feminine hygiene products, effective July 1" 3052: 967: 948: 887: 816:(low density polyethylene) – or the plastics used in the backing of pads and tampon applicators, and 512: 453: 406: 201:

The main elements of a tampon depicted, labeling the tampon, plunger, barrel, finger grip, and string

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Toxic shock syndrome was named by James K. Todd in 1978. Philip M. Tierno Jr., Director of Clinical

3884: 3853: 3815: 3664: 3296: 1045: 882: 794: 726: 535: 409:(TSS) crisis, and used blood – rather than the industry standard blue saline – as a test material. 2137: 1219:"If You've Been Wearing The Same Tampon Brand Since You Were 13, It Might Be Time To Switch It Up" 962:

The report by ACLU also discusses the case of Kimberly Haven who was a former prisoner that had a

3716: 3228: 3185: 3158:"Environmental issues of pulp bleaching and prospects of peracetic acid pulp bleaching: A review" 2727: 2672: 1674: 740: 605: 118: 563:

Follow package directions and guidelines for insertion and tampon usage (located on box's label)

3528: 3247: 2692:"Opportunities for Early Detection of Endometrial Cancer in Women With Postmenopausal Bleeding" 2112: 1591:"A Question for Women's Health: Chemicals in Feminine Hygiene Products and Personal Lubricants" 402:

into which the tampon is inserted, and synthetic menstrual fluid is fed into the test chamber.

90:(TSS). TSS is a rare but life-threatening infection that requires immediate medical attention. 3466: 3458: 3220: 3177: 3136: 3082: 2936: 2869: 2851: 2810: 2792: 2719: 2711: 2664: 2656: 2614: 2596: 2544: 2321: 2303: 2236: 2228: 2187: 2179: 1970: 1908: 1890: 1851: 1833: 1794: 1786: 1731: 1666: 1658: 1620: 1568: 1550: 1326: 1320: 1150: 1132: 582:

The FDA also advises those with a history of TSS not to use tampons and instead turn to other

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Tampons have also been used in cases of tooth extraction to reduce post-extraction bleeding.

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products to control menstrual flow. Other menstrual hygiene products available include pads,

3964: 3944: 3904: 3874: 3810: 3754: 3584: 3450: 3212: 3169: 2926: 2859: 2841: 2800: 2782: 2703: 2646: 2604: 2311: 2293: 2218: 2171: 1898: 1882: 1841: 1825: 1778: 1650: 1610: 1602: 1558: 1542: 1140: 778: 744: 583: 53: 3066: 852:; and grasses, mosses and other plants are still used by women in parts of Asia and Africa. 143:

A tampon (magenta) inserted into the vagina (blue) to collect blood from the uterus (green)

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Kalantar Motamedi, M H; Navi, F; Shams Koushki, E; Rouhipour, R; Jafari, S M (June 2012).

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Choose the lowest absorbency needed for one's flow (test of absorbency is approved by FDA)

65: 2511: 1957:. Section 801.430: User labeling for menstrual tampons: U.S. Food and Drug Administration 860:, whether made up of portions of rag, sponge, or a silk handkerchief, where plugging the 1395: 3974: 3784: 3779: 2864: 2829: 2805: 2770: 2609: 2584: 2316: 2281: 1903: 1870: 1615: 1590: 1563: 1530: 1145: 1120: 1027: 802: 783: 756: 524: 436: 152: 3454: 3398: 1846: 1813: 1654: 3999: 3899: 3894: 3879: 3794: 3744: 3648: 3189: 2487: 2463: 2439: 2415: 2391: 2175: 1782: 1678: 1050: 845: 790: 770: 587: 516: 69: 3373: 3232: 2731: 2707: 1829: 3769: 3739: 3594: 3579: 2676: 1023: 963: 696: 692: 539: 500: 477: 459: 114: 61: 3173: 2975:"Period nappies: The only new sanitary product in 45 years. Seriously - Telegraph" 1926: 1470: 1092: 2634: 1505: 3759: 3729: 3517: 2416:"Terconazole Vaginal Cream, Vaginal Suppositories: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 2282:"Tampon use, environmental chemicals and oxidative stress in the BioCycle study" 836:

Women have used tampons during menstruation for thousands of years. In her book

821: 684: 680: 675: 481: 3248:"H.R.2900 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): Tampon Safety and Research Act of 1997" 2651: 2258: 16:

Menstrual hygiene product to absorb menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina

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product designed to absorb blood and vaginal secretions by insertion into the

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Sharma, Nirmal; Bhardwaj, Nishi K.; Singh, Ram Bhushan Prashad (2020-05-20).

2940: 2855: 2796: 2715: 2660: 2635:"Methylated DNA Collected by Tampons—A New Tool to Detect Endometrial Cancer" 2600: 2307: 2232: 2183: 1894: 1837: 1790: 1662: 1554: 1136: 3929: 3615: 3589: 3018:"Disposable tampons aren't sustainable, but do women want to talk about it?" 2365: 1060: 1011: 730: 601: 197: 168: 77: 20: 2999:"Could 'period-proof pants' spell the end for tampons and sanitary towels?" 2873: 2846: 2814: 2787: 2723: 2668: 2618: 2548: 2325: 1912: 1855: 1670: 1624: 1572: 1154: 951:(HST) from tampons and other menstrual hygiene products as of 1 July 2015. 849: 405:

A novel way of testing was developed by feminist medical experts after the

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Matteson, Kristen A.; Robison, Katina; Jacoby, Vanessa L. (2018-09-01).

2562: 1693:"Toxic Shock Syndrome (Other Than Streptococcal) | 2011 Case Definition" 1606: 1546: 856:

R. G. Mayne defined a tampon in 1860 as: "a less inelegant term for the

620:. Hence, sea sponges could also potentially cause toxic shock syndrome. 209:

Two water drop marks mean that the absorbency is between 6 and 9 g.

205: 983: 550: 493: 133: 106: 3135:(1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. pp. 18–21. 2931: 2914: 3969: 3643: 871: 739:

Tampons are currently being investigated as a possible use to detect

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Change the tampon at least every 6 to 8 hours or more often if needed

520: 399: 186: 110: 98: 57: 34: 2223: 2206: 1372:"Tampons for menstrual hygiene: Modern products with ancient roots" 893:

In 1992, Congress found an internal FDA memo about the presence of

3534: 1450:"Edana Code of Practice for tampons placed on the European market" 1007: 755: 695:, when used as a vaginal cream or vaginal suppository, as well as 204: 196: 182: 159: 151: 102: 94: 2834:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2585:"Hemostatic Tampon to Reduce Bleeding following Tooth Extraction" 2039:"I nearly died from toxic shock syndrome and never used a tampon" 2089:"Recognising the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome saved my life" 824:

use, though the waste produced is significant in its own right.

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Park, Chung Hee; Kang, Yun Kyung; Im, Seung Soon (2004-09-15).

1531:"Toxic shock syndrome, tampons and laboratory standard–setting" 789:

Environmentally friendly alternatives to using tampons are the

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Some risk factors identified for developing TSS include recent

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content of menstrual fluid uptake is associated more strongly.

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Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018-02-20).

1121:"Rely and Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Technological Health Crisis" 3423: 978:

Historically, the word "tampon" originated from the medieval

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The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm carried out a

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What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition

1396:"Tampon Absorbency Ratings - Which Tampon is Right for You" 933: 712:

recipients against using tampons while undergoing therapy.

73: 2488:"Butoconazole Vaginal Cream: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 1869:

Schlievert, Patrick M.; Davis, Catherine C. (2020-05-27).

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for her death on September 6, 1982, from TSS, while using

3485:"TACKI - Tampon Application Creative Klubs International" 3399:"No tampons in prison? #MeToo helps shine light on issue" 295: 1927:"Toxic shock syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 1724:

Delaney, Janice; Lupton, Mary Jane; Toth, Emily (1988).

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During her study of female anatomy, German gynecologist

1014:, which may discourage some people from using tampons. 743:. Endometrial cancer does not currently have effective 2746:"Women's Wellness: Tampon test for endometrial cancer" 549:, tampon use, recent staphylococcus infection, recent 2464:"Clotrimazole Vaginal: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 2286:

Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source

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burial were difficult due to limited private space.

3920: 3862: 3834: 3803: 3715: 3692: 3657: 3631: 3624: 3603: 3572: 3424:"Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data" 2392:"Clindamycin Vaginal: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 903:

Robin Danielson Feminine Hygiene Product Safety Act

608:found that commercially sold sea sponges contained 534:took place, where the family of Patricia Kehm sued 2973: 2440:"Miconazole Vaginal: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 2138:"What You Need To Know About Toxic Shock Syndrome" 1871:"Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome" 1093:"Period Products: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" 943:In Canada, the federal government has removed the 782:rayon and fiber finishes, these materials are not 590:, menstrual discs, and reusable period underwear. 298:(European Disposables and Nonwovens Association). 223:(FDA) for manufacturer labeling are listed below: 2205:Tierno, Philip M.; Hanna, Bruce A. (1998-03-01). 1995:"The Facts on Tampons—and How to Use Them Safely" 1114: 1112: 2639:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2340:"Seeing Red: Menstruation & The Environment" 1951:"e-CFR: Title 21: Food and Drugs Administration" 121:, Seventh Generation, Solimo, and Rael Tampons. 2889:"What's the environmental impact of my period?" 2563:"Markets absorbed by probiotic Swedish tampons" 2117:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) 3702:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive 2345:(Report). Women's Environmental Network. 2018. 986:", meaning a piece of cloth to stop a hole, a 3550: 3036:"The Environmental Impact of Everyday Things" 1881:(3): e00032–19, /cmr/33/3/CMR.00032–19.atom. 1752:"A new generation faces toxic shock syndrome" 1727:The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation 575:Avoid tampon usage overnight or when sleeping 8: 1426:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21" 864:is had recourse to in cases of hemorrhage." 769:waste given amount of blood it contains, or 511:, helped determine that tampons were behind 3628: 3557: 3543: 3535: 2775:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2063:"TSS: Continuing Professional Development" 1993:Commissioner, Office of the (2019-02-09). 1535:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 26:For tampons for urinary incontinence, see 2930: 2863: 2845: 2804: 2786: 2650: 2608: 2315: 2297: 2222: 1902: 1845: 1614: 1562: 1144: 93:The majority of tampons sold are made of 68:, it is placed internally, inside of the 2067:Toxic Shock Syndrome Information Service 1125:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 936:, tampons are subject to a zero rate of 300: 225: 167: 138: 39: 3071:. London: John Churchill. p. 1249. 2915:"Biodegradability of cellulose fabrics" 2764: 2762: 1719: 1717: 1077: 710:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 553:, and foreign objects inside the body. 2358:"Campaigning for plastic-free periods" 1968: 1812:Ross, R. A.; Onderdonk, A. B. (2000). 838:Everything You Must Know About Tampons 604:hygiene products. A 1980 study by the 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3126: 3124: 2207:"Viscose Rayon versus Cotton Tampons" 1988: 1986: 1636: 1634: 1584: 1582: 1420: 1418: 1416: 760:Unused (left) and used (right) tampon 468:. The superantigen toxin secreted in 7: 2589:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 1289: 1287: 1119:Vostral, Sharra L. (December 2011). 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1006:Tampon use may stretch or break the 569:Alternate usage between tampons and 492:(CNS) effects (disorientation), and 3297:"The tampon tax is gone: what now?" 128:(FDA). They are sometimes used for 3271:Maloney, Carolyn B. (2019-07-22). 3246:Maloney, Carolyn B. (1997-11-14). 2919:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2211:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1192:Nadia Kounang (13 November 2015). 870:patented the first modern tampon, 733:tampons has not been established. 14: 3315:"Tampon Tax Abolished From Today" 2972:Sanghani, Radhika (3 June 2015). 1595:Environmental Health Perspectives 672:U.S. National Library of Medicine 530:In 1982, a liability case called 235:Corresponding term of absorbency 221:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 44:A tampon in its dry, unused state 2986:from the original on 2022-01-12. 2356:O'Neill, Erin (28 August 2019). 1771:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1730:. University of Illinois Press. 1325:. Newmarket Press. p. 180. 1295:"Using Tampons: Facts And Myths" 19:For the commune of Réunion, see 3849:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 3107:"Johnson & Johnson History" 2708:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2819 1830:10.1128/IAI.68.9.5205-5209.2000 1643:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 1347:"Pain While Inserting A Tampon" 1194:"What's in your pad or tampon?" 3531:by TamponsAndMenstrualCups.com 3443:Forensic Science International 3378:American Civil Liberties Union 3374:"The Unequal Price of Periods" 3055:6 June 2006, The Straight Dope 2997:Kirstie McCrum (4 June 2015). 2257:. 10 July 2018. Archived from 1529:Vostral, Sharra (2017-05-23). 957:American Civil Liberties Union 840:(1981), Nancy Friedman writes, 472:infections is TSS Toxin-1, or 232:Ranges of absorbency in grams 1: 3518:Original patent by Earle Haas 3455:10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00053-x 3174:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120338 3162:Journal of Cleaner Production 1875:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1655:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30041-6 1589:Nicole, Wendee (March 2014). 1319:Lynda Madaras (8 June 2007). 1217:Amanda Woerner (2019-09-17). 703:Increased risk for infections 668:National Institutes of Health 315:Alternative size description 3870:Menstrual hygiene management 3821:Premenstrual water retention 3795:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 3760:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 3016:Spinks, Rosie (2015-04-27). 2887:Rastogi, Nina (2010-03-16). 2176:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90033-2 2087:Mosanya, Lola (2017-02-14). 2013:"Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)" 1783:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90105-X 1271:Palo Alto Medical Foundation 1169:"Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)" 803:reusable absorbent underwear 532:Kehm v. Proctor & Gamble 126:Food and Drug Administration 2955:"How Reusable Tampons Work" 2362:Marine Conservation Society 1955:Code of Federal Regulations 303:European absorbency ratings 4042: 2652:10.1158/1055-9965.882.13.5 2037:Kent, Ellie (2019-02-07). 1173:Saint Luke's Health System 966:after she had experienced 917: 509:NYU Langone Medical Center 451: 97:, or a blend of rayon and 32: 25: 18: 4011:Personal hygiene products 3765:Metropathia haemorrhagica 3675:Billings Ovulation Method 3217:10.1007/s11199-006-9001-7 2299:10.1186/s12940-019-0452-z 2142:University of Utah Health 1471:"Tampon Code of Practice" 76:, increasing the risk of 3980:Sustainable menstruation 3960:Menstruation celebration 3131:Houppert, Karen (1999). 1975:: CS1 maint: location ( 1243:"Product Classification" 1066:Menstruation and culture 801:, reusable tampons, and 662:Tampon-drug interactions 156:A tampon with applicator 33:Not to be confused with 3922:In culture and religion 3529:Can Tampons Cause a UTI 3083:"The History of Tampax" 2565:. The Local. 2009-12-03 2017:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 779:sewage treatment plants 486:systolic blood pressure 227:FDA Absorbency Ratings 117:, Cora, Lola, Sustain, 3750:Irregular menstruation 3707:Lactational amenorrhea 3670:Calendar-based methods 3639:Basal body temperature 3523:Tampon Related Patents 2847:10.3390/ijerph15112562 2696:JAMA Internal Medicine 2113:"Toxic Shock Syndrome" 1818:Infection and Immunity 1430:www.accessdata.fda.gov 1247:www.accessdata.fda.gov 945:goods and services tax 926:goods and services tax 854: 795:reusable sanitary pads 761: 643: 490:central nervous system 267:Super plus absorbency 210: 202: 173: 165: 157: 144: 45: 3950:Menstrual suppression 3912:Menstrual Hygiene Day 3844:Premenstrual syndrome 3065:Mayne, R. G. (1860). 3053:Who invented tampons? 888:Johnson & Johnson 842: 810:life-cycle assessment 759: 752:Environment and waste 654:Disposal and flushing 638: 600:are also marketed as 465:Staphylococcus aureus 208: 200: 171: 163: 155: 142: 83:Staphylococcus aureus 43: 2788:10.1155/2018/1730964 1887:10.1128/CMR.00032-19 968:toxic shock syndrome 949:harmonized sales tax 818:cellulose production 627:Other considerations 536:Procter & Gamble 513:toxic shock syndrome 454:Toxic shock syndrome 448:Toxic shock syndrome 407:toxic shock syndrome 148:Design and packaging 88:toxic shock syndrome 86:, which can lead to 28:Urinary incontinence 4021:Disposable products 3885:Cloth menstrual pad 3854:Menstrual psychosis 3816:Menstrual synchrony 3665:Fertility awareness 3512:Myths About Tampons 2368:on 20 October 2020. 1758:. January 26, 2005. 1607:10.1289/ehp.122-A70 1547:10.1503/cmaj.161479 1046:Cloth menstrual pad 909:Society and culture 883:Judith Esser-Mittag 727:bacterial vaginosis 305: 251:Regular absorbency 228: 80:from the bacterium 3109:. Funding Universe 3040:The Chic Ecologist 2748:. 14 December 2016 2019:. 19 November 2019 1018:In popular culture 762: 741:endometrial cancer 606:University of Iowa 547:labor and delivery 540:Rely brand tampons 301: 226: 211: 203: 193:Absorbency ratings 174: 166: 158: 145: 46: 3993: 3992: 3688: 3687: 3573:Events and phases 3428:languages.oup.com 2932:10.1002/app.20879 2261:on 25 August 2010 1777:(12): 1379–1385. 1756:The Seattle Times 1541:(20): E726–E728. 1459:. September 2020. 1332:978-1-55704-768-7 799:menstrual sponges 632:Bleached products 382: 381: 287: 286: 275:Ultra absorbency 259:Super absorbency 243:Light absorbency 172:Applicator tampon 4033: 4006:Feminine hygiene 3965:Menstruation hut 3945:Menstrual stigma 3905:Period underwear 3875:Feminine hygiene 3811:Folliculogenesis 3755:Menometrorrhagia 3629: 3585:Follicular phase 3559: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3449:(1–2): 147–153. 3438: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3370: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3277:www.congress.gov 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3252:www.congress.gov 3243: 3237: 3236: 3211:(5–6): 331–345. 3200: 3194: 3193: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2867: 2849: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2790: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2702:(9): 1222–1223. 2687: 2681: 2680: 2654: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2364:. Archived from 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2301: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2226: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1906: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1849: 1824:(9): 5205–5209. 1809: 1803: 1802: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1699:. Archived from 1689: 1683: 1682: 1649:(9): e313–e321. 1638: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1504:. Archived from 1499: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1422: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1351:Steadyhealth.com 1343: 1337: 1336: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1148: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1097:UT Health Austin 1089: 745:cancer screening 646:Marine pollution 584:feminine hygiene 306: 229: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4016:Menstrual cycle 3996: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3955:Menstrual taboo 3940:Menstrual leave 3916: 3858: 3830: 3826:Sexual activity 3799: 3790:Polymenorrhagia 3775:Oligoamenorrhea 3735:Cryptomenorrhea 3711: 3684: 3680:Creighton Model 3653: 3620: 3599: 3568: 3566:Menstrual cycle 3563: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3380:. November 2019 3372: 3371: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2980:Telegraph.co.uk 2971: 2970: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2492:medlineplus.gov 2486: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2468:medlineplus.gov 2462: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2444:medlineplus.gov 2438: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2420:medlineplus.gov 2414: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2396:medlineplus.gov 2390: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1931:medlineplus.gov 1925: 1924: 1920: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1703:on 13 July 2020 1691: 1690: 1686: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1502:www.ahpma.co.uk 1497: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1079: 1074: 1056:Sanitary napkin 1042: 1020: 1004: 976: 938:value added tax 922: 916: 911: 834: 754: 723: 718: 705: 699:vaginal cream. 674:and its branch 664: 656: 648: 634: 629: 456: 450: 445: 432: 415: 396: 387: 292: 216: 195: 150: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3975:Period poverty 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3804:Related events 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3785:Oligoovulation 3782: 3780:Oligomenorrhea 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3644:Cervical mucus 3641: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3515: 3507: 3506:External links 3504: 3501: 3500: 3476: 3433: 3415: 3390: 3356: 3331: 3306: 3288: 3263: 3238: 3195: 3148: 3141: 3120: 3098: 3074: 3057: 3045: 3027: 3008: 2989: 2964: 2946: 2925:(1): 248–253. 2905: 2879: 2820: 2758: 2737: 2682: 2645:(5): 882–888. 2624: 2595:(6): 386–388. 2575: 2554: 2527: 2503: 2479: 2455: 2431: 2407: 2383: 2371: 2348: 2331: 2272: 2246: 2224:10.1086/517804 2217:(3): 824–825. 2197: 2170:(2): 185–194. 2154: 2129: 2104: 2079: 2054: 2029: 2004: 1982: 1942: 1918: 1861: 1804: 1761: 1743: 1736: 1713: 1684: 1630: 1578: 1521: 1486: 1462: 1441: 1412: 1387: 1363: 1338: 1331: 1311: 1283: 1258: 1234: 1223:Women's Health 1209: 1184: 1160: 1131:(4): 447–459. 1108: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1024:Stephen King's 1019: 1016: 1003: 1000: 975: 972: 918:Main article: 915: 912: 910: 907: 833: 830: 753: 750: 722: 719: 717: 714: 704: 701: 663: 660: 655: 652: 647: 644: 633: 630: 628: 625: 588:menstrual cups 580: 579: 576: 573: 567: 564: 561: 525:carbon dioxide 470:S. aureus 452:Main article: 449: 446: 444: 443:Health aspects 441: 437:period poverty 431: 428: 414: 411: 395: 392: 386: 383: 380: 379: 377: 374: 370: 369: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356: 353: 349: 348: 345: 342: 338: 337: 334: 331: 327: 326: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 310: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 215: 212: 194: 191: 149: 146: 119:Honest Company 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4038: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900:Menstrual pad 3898: 3896: 3895:Menstrual cup 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880:Menstrual pad 3878: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3836:Mental health 3833: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3745:Hypomenorrhea 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3649:Mittelschmerz 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514:(web article) 3513: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3490: 3489:Jay Critchley 3486: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 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