1375:"chows", or fails to reach shore and sinks into the water. Swoop ponds are not deep enough to drown in under ordinary circumstances, their main danger being from the concussive force of an incorrectly executed maneuver. In order to gain distance, swoopers increase their speed by executing a "hook turn", wherein both speed and difficulty increase with the angle of the turn. Hook turns are most commonly measured in increments of 90 degrees. As the angle of the turn increases, both horizontal and vertical speed are increased, such that a misjudgement of altitude or imprecise manipulation of the canopy's control structures (front risers, rear risers, and toggles) can lead to a high-speed impact with the pond or Earth. Prevention of injury is the main reason why a pond is used for swooping rather than a grass landing area.
929:" (which separates the parachute lines into four main groups fed through grommets in the four respective corners of the slider) slows the opening of the parachute and works its way down until the canopy is fully open and the slider is just above the head of the skydiver. The slider slows and controls the deployment of the parachute. Without a slider, the parachute would inflate fast, potentially damaging the parachute fabric and/or suspension lines, as well as causing discomfort, injury or even death of the jumper. During a normal deployment, a skydiver will generally experience a few seconds of intense deceleration, in the realm of 3 to 4 g, while the parachute slows the descent from 190 km/h (120 mph) to approximately 28 km/h (17 mph).
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of the low angle of reflection. The lower they get, the darker the ground looks. At about 100 feet and below it may seem that they are landing in a black hole. Suddenly it becomes very dark, and the jumper hits the ground soon after. This ground rush should be explained to, and anticipated by, the first-time night jumper. Recommendations should be made to the jumper to utilize a canopy that is larger than they typically use on a day jump and to attempt to schedule their first night jump as close to a full moon as possible to make it easier to see the ground.
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packed and deployed differently; they are also designed more conservatively and built and tested to more exacting standards so they are more reliable than main parachutes, but the real safety advantage comes from the probability of an unlikely main malfunction multiplied by the even less likely probability of a reserve malfunction. This yields an even smaller probability of a double malfunction although the possibility of a main malfunction that cannot be cut away causing a reserve malfunction is a very real risk.
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421:. Said system is usually operated by the pilot, aircrew member, or passenger by engaging an activation device manually. In most designs, this will lead to the seat being propelled out of and away from the aircraft, carrying the occupant with it, by means of either an explosive charge or a rocket propulsion system. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat will deploy a parachute, although some older models entrusted this step to manual activation by the seat's occupant.
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parachutes. When this occurs, the jumpers often must quickly perform emergency procedures (if there is sufficient altitude to do so) to "cut-away" (jettison) from their main canopies and deploy their reserve canopies. Canopy collisions are particularly dangerous when occurring at altitudes too low to allow the jumpers adequate time to safely jettison their main parachutes and fully deploy their reserve parachutes.
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913:, catching air and pulling out the main parachute or the main canopy. There are two principal systems in use: the "throw-out", where the skydiver pulls a toggle attached to the top of the pilot-chute stowed in a small pocket outside the main container: and the "pull-out", where the skydiver pulls a small pad attached to the pilot-chute which is stowed inside the container.
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single outstretched limb, such as a hand or foot, is extended separately from the rest of the body, causing it to sustain forces disproportional to the support structures within. This tendency is displayed in the accompanying chart, which shows the significantly higher proportion of wrist and ankle injuries among the 186 injured in a 110,000 parachute jump study.
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511:(AAD) that opens the reserve parachute at a predetermined altitude if it detects that the skydiver is still in free fall. Depending on the country, AADs are often mandatory for new jumpers, and/or required for all jumpers regardless of their experience level. Some skydivers wear a visual altimeter, and some use audible altimeters fitted to their helmets.
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feet above ground level (AGL), allowing one to reach a higher terminal velocity than normal. In AFF, one (or sometimes two) instructor(s) are dedicated to just one student, causing this method of training to be more expensive than static line progression, where one instructor can dispatch multiple students per load, initially from a lower altitude.
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holds the deployment bag is a closing loop which, during packing, is fed through the grommets of the four flaps that are used to close the container. At that point, a curved pin that is attached to the bridle is inserted through the closing loop. The next step involves folding the pilot-chute and placing it in a pouch (e.g., B.O.C pouch).
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devised to let people of varying skill levels compete for fun. "Hit and rock" is originally from POPS (Parachutists Over Phorty
Society). The object is to land as close as possible to the chair, remove the parachute harness, sprint to the chair, sit fully in the chair and rock back and forth at least
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This is when skydivers have a ball that weighs 455–590 grams and release it in free fall. The ball maintains the same fall rate as the skydivers. The skydivers can pass the ball around to each other whilst in free fall. At a predetermined altitude, the "ball master" will catch the ball and hold on to
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Activation begins when the pilot-chute is thrown out. It inflates and creates drag, pulling the pin out of the closing loop and allowing the pilot-chute to pull the deployment bag from the container. The parachute lines are pulled loose from the rubber bands and extend as the canopy starts to open. A
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Accelerated freefall (AFF) (known in Canada as progressive freefall, and in
Finland as Nova (NOpeutettu VApaapudotus, a literal translation) is a method of training for skydiving, called accelerated because the progression is the fastest way to experience solo freefall, normally from 10,000 to 15,000
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In the U.S. during the 1970s, the sport averaged 42.5 fatalities annually. In the 1980s, the average dropped to 34.1, and in the 1990s, the average decreased to 32.3 deaths per year. Between 2000 and 2009, the average dropped to 25.8 and over the eight years after 2009, the annual average declined to
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United States
Parachute Association (USPA), July 2021. Quote: "On May 1, Don Kellner, D-572 and the Guinness World Record Holder for Most Lifetime Skydives, made eight skydives at Above the Poconos Skydivers in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, the drop zone he owned with his wife, Darlene. They were the last
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In order to justify the presence of "suspicious" content inside the parachute (explosive, vacuum, metal pieces, cables), travelers are encouraged to announce that they are traveling with a parachute when they buy their airplane ticket, and to produce the following documents when asked by the airport
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National parachuting associations exist in many countries, many affiliated with the FAI, to promote their sport. In most cases, national representative bodies, as well as local drop zone operators, require that participants carry certification attesting to their training their level of experience in
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Tracking is where skydivers take a body position to achieve a high forward speed, allowing them to cover a great distance over the ground. Tracking is also used at the end of group jumps to achieve separation from other jumpers before parachute deployment. The tracking position involves sweeping the
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Night jumpers should be made aware of the dark zone, when landing at night. Above 30 meters (98 feet) jumpers flying their canopy have a good view of the landing zone normally because of reflected ambient light/moon light. Once they get close to the ground, this ambient light source is lost, because
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Visibility to other skydivers and other aircraft is also a consideration; FAA regulations require skydivers jumping at night to be wearing a light visible for three miles (4.8 km) in every direction, and to turn it on once they are under canopy. A chem-light(glowstick) is a good idea on a night
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Previously called Canopy
Relative Work, or CREW for short, is a skydive where the participants open their parachutes very quickly after leaving the aircraft with the intention of flying in close proximity to each other. The goal is to create various formations by "docking" with other parachutists on
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USPA member drop zones in the US and Canada are required to have an experienced jumper act as a "safety officer" (in Canada DSO – Drop Zone Safety
Officer; in the U.S. S&TA – Safety and Training Advisor) who is responsible for dealing with jumpers who violate rules, regulations, or otherwise act
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Costs in the sport are not trivial. The market is not large enough to permit the steady lowering of prices that is seen with some other equipment like computers. A new container/harness system can cost between US$ 1,500 and US$ 3,500, main canopies for the experienced parachutist can cost between $
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The first part of any competition takes place over 8 rounds. Then in the individual competition, after these 8 selective rounds, the top 25% jump a semi-final round. After the semi-final round, the top 50% are selected for the final round. The competitor with the lowest cumulative score is declared
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In a typical civilian sport parachute system, the pilot-chute is connected to a line known as the "bridle", which in turn is attached to a small deployment bag that contains the folded parachute and the canopy suspension lines, which are stowed with rubber bands. At the bottom of the container that
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Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD) is a parachute deployment program most adequately similar to static line. The main difference is that instead of being deployed by a static line, the student's jumpmaster (who is in the plane with them) deploys the student's parachute by throwing the pilot chute
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Parachutists, especially those flying smaller sport canopies, often land with dangerous amounts of kinetic energy, and for this reason, improper landings are the cause of more than 30% of all skydiving-related injuries and deaths. Often, injuries sustained during parachute landing are caused when a
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Equipment failure may contribute to fatalities and injuries. Approximately one in 750 deployments of a main parachute result in a malfunction. Ram-air parachutes typically spin uncontrollably when malfunctioning, and must be jettisoned before deploying the reserve parachute. Reserve parachutes are
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Another risk factor is that of "canopy collisions", or collisions between two or more skydivers under fully inflated parachutes. Canopy collisions can cause the jumpers' inflated parachutes to entangle with each other, often resulting in a sudden collapse (deflation) of one or more of the involved
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On 16 August 1960 he made the final jump from the
Excelsior III at 102,800 feet (31,300 m). Towing a small drogue chute for stabilization, he fell for 4 minutes and 36 seconds reaching a maximum speed of 614 mph (988 km/h) before opening his parachute at 14,000 feet (4,300 m).
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A tradition at many drop zones is the swoop and chug. As parachutists land from the last load of the day, other skydivers often hand the landing skydivers a beer that is customarily chugged in the landing area. This is sometimes timed as a friendly competition but is usually an informal, untimed,
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Parachuting is not always restricted to daytime hours; experienced skydivers sometimes perform night jumps. For safety reasons, this requires more equipment than a usual daytime jump and in most jurisdictions, it requires both an advanced skydiving license (at least a B-License in the U.S.) and a
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The more popular one is to plan the exit point upwind of the drop zone. A map and information about the wind direction and velocity at different altitudes are used to determine the exit point. This is usually set at a distance from where all the participants should be able to fly back to the drop
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The technique consists of flying diagonally with a determinate relation between angle and trajectory speed of the body, to obtain an air stream that allows for control of flight. The aim is to fly in formation at the same level and angle, and to be able to perform different aerial games, such as
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Performance is timed (from the start of the manoeuvre until its completion) and then judged in public at the end of the jump. Competition includes 4 qualifying rounds and a final for the top 8. Competitors jump from a height of 2200 m to 2500 m. They rush into an acceleration stage for 15 to 20
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Formation
Skydiving (FS) was born in California, USA during the 1960s. The first documented skydiving formation occurred over Arvin, California in March 1964 when Mitch Poteet, Don Henderson, Andy Keech and Lou Paproski successfully formed a 4-man star formation, photographed by Bob Buquor. This
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Often called "Classic accuracy", this is an individual or team contest performed under an open parachute. The aim is to touch down on a target whose center is 2 cm in diameter. The target can be a deep foam mattress or an air-filled landing pad. An electronic recording pad of 32 cm in
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and the ankle mortise), it is recommended that parachutists wear supportive footwear. Supportive footwear prevents inward and outward ankle rolling, allowing the PLF to safely transfer impact energy through the true ankle joint, and dissipate it via the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
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Due to the hazardous nature of skydiving, precautions are taken to avoid parachuting injuries and death. For first-time solo-parachutists, this includes anywhere from 4 to 8 hours of ground instruction. Since the majority of parachute injuries occur upon landing (approximately 85%), the greatest
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Most parachuting equipment is ruggedly designed and is enjoyed by several owners before being retired. A rigger is trained to spot signs of damage or misuse. Riggers also keep track of industry product and safety bulletins, and can, therefore, determine if a piece of equipment is up-to-date and
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Thanks to large unpopulated areas to jump over, 'stuff' jumps become possible. These jumps consist of skydivers leaving the aircraft with some object. Rubber raft jumps are popular; where the jumpers sit in a rubber raft. Cars, bicycles, motorcycles, vacuum cleaners, water tanks, and inflatable
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Pond swooping is a form of competitive parachuting wherein canopy pilots attempt to touch down and glide across a small body of water, and onto the shore. Events provide lighthearted competition, rating accuracy, speed, distance and style. Points and peer approval are reduced when a participant
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If a skydiver experiences a malfunction of their main parachute which they cannot correct, they pull a "cut-away" handle on the front right-hand side of their harness (on the chest) which will release the main canopy from the harness/container. Once free from the malfunctioning main canopy, the
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Parachuting in poor weather, especially with thunderstorms, high winds, and dust devils can be a more dangerous activity. Reputable drop zones will suspend normal operations during inclement weather. In the United States, the USPA's Basic Safety
Requirements prohibit solo student skydivers from
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Injuries and fatalities occurring under a fully functional parachute usually happen because the skydiver performed unsafe maneuvers or made an error in judgement while flying their canopy, typically resulting in a high-speed impact with the ground or other hazards on the ground. One of the most
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The jumps were made in a "rocking-chair" position, descending on his back, rather than the usual arch familiar to skydivers, because he was wearing a 60-pound (27 kg) "kit" on his behind and his pressure suit naturally formed that shape when inflated, a shape appropriate for sitting in an
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In parachuting, a drop zone or DZ is most technically the area above and around a location where a parachutist freefalls and expects to land. In common use, it often refers to the totality of a skydiving operation (a business). And the area wherein parachutists land will be referred to as the
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meeting with the local safety official covering who will be doing what on the load. A lit altimeter (preferably accompanied with an audible altimeter) is a must. Skydivers performing night jumps often take flashlights up with them so that they can check their canopies have properly deployed.
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Style can be considered as the sprint of parachuting. This individual discipline is played in free fall. The idea is to take maximum speed and complete a pre-designated series of maneuvers as fast and cleanly as possible (speed can exceed 400 km/h/250 mph). Jumps are filmed using a
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It is also the most interesting discipline for spectators due to the closeness of action (a few meters) and the possibility to be practiced everywhere (sport ground, stadium, urban place...). Today, classic accuracy is the most practiced (in competition) discipline of skydiving in the world.
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The majority of jumpers tend to be non-competitive, enjoying the opportunity to skydive with their friends on weekends and holidays. The atmosphere of their gatherings is relaxed, sociable and welcoming to newcomers. Skydiving events, called "boogies", are arranged at local, national and
1479:(FAI), Parachuting Commission (IPC) conducts FAI's parachuting activities, in particular World Records and International Competitions. It sets globally recognised parachuting proficiency levels, international records requirements, international judging competencies and competition rules.
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When traveling by plane, parachutes' owners may not want to put their parachute in the baggage hold in order to avoid possible deterioration due to possible incorrect handling by airport operators. In such case, a resulting malfunction in a future use of the parachute could be dramatic.
715:, and may be avoided by observing simple principles, including knowing upper wind speeds, the number of party members and exit groups, and having sufficient exit separation between jumpers. In 2013, 17% of all skydiving fatalities in the United States resulted from mid-air collisions.
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seconds and then run their series of manoeuvres benefiting to the maximum of the stored speed. Those series consist of Turns and Back-Loops to achieve in a pre-designated order. The incorrect performance of the manoeuvres gives rise to penalties that are added at run time.
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On 14 October 2012, after seven years of planning, Felix
Baumgartner (Austria) achieved the highest jump altitude, the highest freefall and the highest speed in freefall. He also became the first skydiver to break the sound barrier. He started from Roswell, New Mexico,
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Pressurization for his right glove malfunctioned during the ascent, and his right hand swelled to twice its normal size. He set records for highest balloon ascent, highest parachute jump, longest drogue-fall (4 min), and fastest speed by a human through the atmosphere.
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Within the sport, associations promote safety, technical advances, training and certification, competition and other interests of their members. Outside their respective communities, they promote their sport to the public and often intercede with government regulators.
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arms out to the side of the body and straightening the legs with the toes pointed. Arms can be positioned further back to drop altitude faster. This is how a skydiver adjusts his or her elevation to match other jumpers in the formation in order to "dock" smoothly.
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Throw-out pilot-chute pouches are usually positioned at the bottom of the container – the B.O.C. deployment system – but older harnesses often have leg-mounted pouches. The latter are safe for flat-flying, but often unsuitable for freestyle or head-down flying.
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at a rotational velocity of 120 rpm; the g-force at his extremities was calculated to be over 22 times that of gravity, setting another record). Three weeks later he jumped again from 74,700 feet (22,800 m). For that return jump
Kittinger was awarded the
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In July 2017, 102-year-old Kenneth Meyer (born 5 February 1915) became the oldest person to skydive. As of December 2018, his achievement is under review by Guinness World Records and Hayes continues to hold the Guinness record for the oldest male tandem
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The other variation is to jump out directly above the drop zone and fly downwind as far as possible. This increases the risks of the jump substantially, as the participants must be able to find a suitable landing area before they run out of altitude.
1827:, is Bryson William Verdun Hayes (born 6 April 1916), who achieved the feat on 14 May 2017 at the age of 101 years 38 days. Bryson Hayes had earlier become the oldest ever UK sky diver, achieving the feat on 11 April 2016 when he was 100 years old.
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22.4 fatalities (roughly 7.5 fatalities per one million jumps). In 2017, members of one organization, the United States Parachute Association (USPA) reported 2,585 skydiving injuries sufficiently severe to require resort to a medical care facility.
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The oldest female tandem skydiver is Irene O'Shea. She made a tandem parachute jump on 9 December 2018 from an altitude of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) over Adelaide, Australia, at the age of 102 years. Her jump raised money and awareness for the
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jumps he was to make before his death from cancer on July 22 at age 85. In recognition of those final jumps—which put his total number of skydives at 46,355—USPA posthumously awarded him the U.S. Record for Most Lifetime Skydives on July 28."
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is a skydive where the participants open their parachutes immediately after jumping, with the intention of covering as much ground under canopy as possible. The usual distance from jump run to the drop zone can be as much as several miles.
1490:(USPA), which issues licenses and ratings, governs skydiving, publishes Parachutist Magazine, and represents skydiving to government agencies. USPA publishes the Skydivers Information Manual (SIM) and many other resources. In Canada, the
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Due to the close proximity of the canopies, care has to be taken by all participants to ensure the safety of the jump. It is common for a CREW jumper to carry a hook knife to use in case they become entangled in another jumper's lines.
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Whitting, John W., Julie R. Steele, Mark A. Jaffrey, and Bridget J. Munro. "Parachute Landing Fall Characteristics at Three Realistic Vertical Descent Velocities." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 78.12 (2007): 1135–142.
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emphasis within ground training is usually on the proper parachute landing fall (PLF), which seeks to orient the body so as to evenly disperse the impact through flexion of several large, insulating muscles (such as the medial
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Australian stunt parachutist, Captain Vincent Taylor, received the unofficial record for a lowest-level jump in 1929 when he jumped off a bridge over the San Francisco Bay whose center section had been raised to 135 feet (41
1506:. In Brazil, the Centro Nacional de Paraquedismo (CNP) sets in Boituva, where many records have been broken and where it is known for being the second-largest center in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere.
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This form of skydiving involves the skydivers flying in a head to Earth position. Generally, the object is to fly together with other skydivers and perform maneuvers during the free fall, for the sheer enjoyment of it all.
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2,000 and US$ 3,600, reserve canopies cost between US$ 1,500 and US$ 2,500 and AADs US$ 1,000 cost. Higher performance and tandem parachutes cost significantly more, whilst large docile student parachutes often cost less.
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it to ensure it does not impact the ground. Space balls are prohibited at many drop zones, due to risk to persons and property on the ground in the event that the ball is not caught or dropped during/after deployment
703:) in Denmark. Jumpers and pilots of the dropping aircraft similarly bear responsibility of following the other VFR elements, in particular ensuring that the air traffic at the moment of jump does not create a hazard.
1796:(U.S.) holds the record for the most parachute descents by a woman, with a total of 20,000 in August 2014, as well as the most parachute jumps made in a 24-hour period by a woman—352 jumps from 8–9 November 1995.
1590:. AADs can contain either void or pyrotechnic load, and the rest of the parachute also consists of several very uncommon metallic parts and cables, all of which could trigger scanners of the security screening.
937:(RSL) – which pulls open the reserve container faster than a manual release could. Whichever method is used, a spring-loaded pilot-chute then extracts the reserve parachute from the upper half of the container.
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Two-way radios and cell-phones are often used to make sure everyone has landed safely, and, in case of a landing off the drop zone, to find out where the parachutist is so that ground crew can pick them up.
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Changing wind conditions are another risk factor. In conditions of strong winds and turbulence during hot days, the parachutist can be caught in downdrafts close to the ground. Shifting winds can cause a
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The first, from 76,400 feet (23,300 m) in November 1959 was a near tragedy when an equipment malfunction caused him to lose consciousness, but the automatic parachute saved him (he went into a
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For human skydiving, it may involve a phase of more or less free-falling (the skydiving segment) which is a period when the parachute has not yet been deployed and the body gradually accelerates to
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broke the records previously set by Kittinger for the highest free fall, the highest manned helium balloon flight, and the fastest free fall; he jumped from 128,100 feet (39,000 m), reaching
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The record was previously held by Armand Gendreau (born 24 June 1913) who made a tandem parachute jump above Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, Québec, Canada, on 27 June 2014 at the age of 101 years 3 days
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reserve canopy can be activated manually by pulling a second handle on the front left harness. Some containers are fitted with a connecting line from the main to reserve parachutes – known as a
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In the US and in most of the western world, skydivers are required to wear two parachutes. The reserve parachute must be periodically inspected and repacked (whether used or not) by a certified
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companions have also been thrown out the back of an aircraft. At a certain altitude, the jumpers break off from the object and deploy their parachutes, leaving it to smash into the ground at
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common sources of injury is a low turn under a high-performance canopy and while swooping. Swooping is the advanced discipline of gliding at high-speed parallel to the ground during landing.
1652:) holds the official FAI record for the longest free-fall parachute jump after falling for 24,500 metres (80,400 ft) from an altitude of 25,458 metres (83,524 ft) near the city of
1899:, Poland. Polish skydivers broke a record when 102 people created a formation in the air during the Big Way Camp Euro 2010. The skydive was their fifteenth attempt at breaking the record.
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have a higher risk factor due to the lower mobility of the jumper and the greater risk of entanglement. For this reason, these disciplines are generally practised by experienced jumpers.
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A parachutist's equipment consists of at least three, usually four components, a container/harness system, a main canopy, a reserve canopy and frequently an automatic activation device (
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Competitors jump in teams of 5 maximum, exiting the aircraft at 1,000 or 1,200 meters and opening their parachutes sequentially to allow each competitor a clear approach to the target.
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In 1929, U.S. Army Sergeant R. W. Bottriell held the world's record for the most parachute jumps with 500. At that number, Bottriell stopped parachuting and became a ground instructor.
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This form of skydiving involves the skydivers flying in a feet-to-Earth position. With less surface area being presented to the wind these skydivers can generate more free-fall speed.
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There are now two competitive Artistic Events, Freestyle and Freefly. Freestyle teams consist of a performer and a videographer, Freefly teams have two performers and a videographer.
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In addition, in order to mitigate problems seeing the target, people on the ground often park their cars with their headlights on around the target circle facing toward the center.
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The parachute's constructor book detailing the anatomy of the whole bag. Similarly to the AAD's card, it can help showing the purpose of all what could raise awareness of the staff
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In September 1980, the world record night dive was performed at Perris, California, USA, as the last night world record before it was eliminated as a separate category by the
1566:) as well. Other items may include a helmet, goggles, jumpsuit, altimeter, and gloves. An increasing number of skydivers wear cameras, like GoPros, to record their skydives.
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This sport is unpredictable because weather conditions play a very important part. So classic accuracy requires high adaptability to aerology and excellent steering control.
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activities. Drop zone staff may include the DZO (drop zone operator or owner), manifest, pilots, instructors, coaches, cameramen, packers, riggers and other general staff.
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the jump. The dock is often accomplished by placing one's feet into the lines of another person's parachute. Formations require at least 2 people, but can have many more.
1198:'Wingsuit flying' or 'wingsuiting' is the sport of flying through the air using a wingsuit, which adds surface area to the human body to enable a significant increase in
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international scale each year, which attracting both young jumpers and their elders – Parachutists Over Phorty (POPs), Skydivers Over Sixty (SOS) and even older groups.
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1687:), as part of research into high altitude bailout, he made a series of three parachute jumps wearing a pressurized suit, from a helium balloon with an open gondola.
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While more dangerous than regular skydiving and more difficult to schedule, two night jumps are required by the USPA for a jumper to obtain their D (expert) license.
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The oldest solo United States skydiver is Milburn Hart from Seattle, Washington. He was 96 years old when achieved this feat by making a solo jump in February 2005.
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However, almost all parachutes contain an automatic activation device (AAD), thus bringing a parachute to the plane's cabin might cause issues when going through
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World Championships are held every two years both Indoor and Outdoor in the competition disciplines Artistic Events (Freestyle and Freefly, indoor and outdoor),
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1746:, faster than the speed of sound. Kittinger was a member of the mission control and helped design the capsule and suit that Baumgartner ascended and jumped in.
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broke the record previously set by Baumgartner for the highest fall. He jumped from a height of 135,908 feet (41,425 m) and fell with a drogue chute for
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In many countries, either the local regulations or the liability-conscious prudence of the drop zone owners require that parachutists must have attained the
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Ellitsgaard, N. "Parachuting Injuries: A Study of 110,000 Sports Jumps." British Journal of Sports Medicine 21.1 (1987): 13–17. NCBI. Web. 30 November 2014.
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The performance of the athlete is defined in seconds and hundredths of a second. The competitor with the lowest cumulative time is declared the winner.
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World's record for the most tandem parachute jumps in a 24-hour period is 403. This record was set at Skydive Hibaldstow on 10 July 2015, in memory of
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Don Kellner holds the record for the most parachute jumps up to 2021, with a total of 46,355 jumps. He made his last eight skydives on May 1, 2021, in
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Angle flying was presented for the first time in 2000 at the World Freestyle Competitions, the European Espace Boogie, and the Eloy Freefly Festival.
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is no longer a competitive event after insufficient competitors entered in two successive World Championships. The history of these events is on this
1812:. On 13 April 2013 she carried out the oldest solo parachute jump by a woman from Langar Airfield, Nottingham, UK when she was 80 years and 315 days.
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one time. The contestant is timed from the moment that feet touch the ground until that first rock is completed. This event is considered a race.
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where a student skydiver is connected to an instructor via a harness. The instructor guides the student through the whole jump from exit through
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Lightning Bolts Army Parachute Display Team lands. The red smoke that gives the parachutists the wind direction during the jump is still running.
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Documents from a country, airplane company, or airport officials themselves, that denote the exclusion of such devices from the forbidden items
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Competitions are organized at regional, national and international levels in most of these disciplines. Some of them offer amateur competition.
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to simulate free fall has become a discipline of its own and is not only used for training but has its own competitions, teams, and figures.
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The oldest civilian parachute club in the USA is The Peninsula Skydivers Skydiving Club, founded in 1962 by Hugh Bacon Bergeron, located in
1817:
2029:
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jumping in winds exceeding 14 mph while using ram-air equipment. However, maximum ground winds are unlimited for licensed skydivers.
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the sport, and their proven competence. Anyone who cannot produce such bona-fides is treated as a student, requiring close supervision.
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due to the risks involved. In 2018, there were 3.3 million jumps in the US. Modern militaries utilize parachuting for the deployment of
152:
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2044:
1864:
World's largest formation in free-fall at night: 1 November 2017 at Skydive Arizona in Eloy, Arizona (64 linked persons in freefall).
390:, use parachuting as a means of rapidly inserting themselves near forest fires in especially remote or otherwise inaccessible areas.
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diameter is set in the middle. It measures score in 1 cm increments up to 16 cm and displays result just after landing.
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that could not otherwise land safely. While this method of escape is relatively rare in modern times, it was occasionally used in
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The oldest civilian parachute club in the world is The Irish Parachute Club, founded in 1956 by Freddie Bond and located in
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Erin Hogan became the world's youngest sky diver as of 2002, when she tandem jumped at age 5. (Beaten in 2003 by age 4 Kiwi)
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discipline was formerly referred to in the skydiving community as Relative Work, often abbreviated to RW, Relly or Rel.
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870:
692:
691:, it is generally illegal to jump in or through clouds, according to the relevant rules governing the airspace, such as
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Notice the complete sequence is performed by leading international experts in just over 6 seconds, penalties included.
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1955:
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1984:
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A static line is a fixed cord attached to a large, stable object. It is used to open parachutes automatically for
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to the ground or ocean surface with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent using a
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1550:"landing area". The drop zone is usually situated beside a small airport, often sharing the facility with other
650:, and semitendinosus), as opposed to individual bones, tendons, and ligaments which break and tear more easily.
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or downwind landing which have a higher potential for injury due to the wind speed adding to the landing speed.
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Many of the more photogenic/videogenic variants also enjoy sponsored events with prize money for the winners.
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forces commonly employ parachuting, especially free-fall parachuting, as a method of insertion. Occasionally,
1202:. The common type of wingsuit creates an extra surface area with fabric between the legs and under the arms.
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799:, and landing. The student needs only minimal instruction before making a tandem jump with the instructor.
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1999:
1824:
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2348:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, §105.17 Flight visibility and clearance from cloud requirements"
1608:
National skydiving associations usually list on their websites a piece of advice concerning this matter.
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172:
81:
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Bill Dause holds the record for the most accumulated freefall time with over 420 hours (30,000+ jumps).
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1962:. The song has been adapted with various versions of the lyrics, one of which uses as its first line "
342:, Paris. He used a silk parachute to descend approximately 3,000 feet (910 m) from a hot air balloon.
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Largest all-blind skydiving formation: 2, with Dan Rossi and John "BJ" Fleming on 13 September 2003.
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1878:, 181 women from 26 countries who jumped from nine planes at 17,000 feet (5,200 meters), in 2009.
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379:
375:
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Largest female head down formation (vertical formation): 30 November 2013 at Skydive Arizona in
1023:
Flying (outdoor only). Continental Championships and World Cups can be held in alternate years.
2425:
4417:
4165:
3991:
3354:
2713:"New Custom and Stock Skydiving Parachute Canopies from ChutingStar Skydiving Gear SuperStore"
2712:
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Mele, Federica; Mandarelli, Gabriele; Bottari, Giampiero; Solarino, Biagio (1 November 2021).
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World's largest head down formation (vertical formation): 31 July 2015 at Skydive Chicago in
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2215:"Become a Skydiver." USPA. United States Parachute Association, n.d. Web. 30 November 2014.
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2738:"Custom and Stock Skydiving Rigs, Parachutes and AADs at ChutingStar Skydiving Gear Store"
2019:
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1020:
1008:
796:
769:
643:
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417:. In modern times, the most common means of escape from an aircraft in distress is via an
371:
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2585:"New Custom and Stock Skydiving Containers from ChutingStar Skydiving Gear SuperStore"
1139:
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of the United States was assigned to the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories at
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2014:
1920:
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1657:
1598:
The AAD's explanation card that shows and describes what is seen on X-ray monitors
1356:
1277:
freestyle, three-dimensional flight formation with grip, or acrobatic free-flying.
905:
At a sport skydiver's deployment altitude, the individual manually deploys a small
814:
618:
592:
383:
339:
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1623:
starting his record-breaking skydive in 1960. His record was broken only in 2012.
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17:
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1805:
Jay Stokes holds the record for most parachute descents in a single day at 640.
1635:
deployed her chute manually, thus becoming the first person to jump free-fall.
768:
are used to practise for free fall ("indoor skydiving" or "bodyflight"), while
393:
Manually exiting an aircraft and parachuting to safety has been widely used by
4566:
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Free fall accidents, mathematics of free fall - detailed research on the topic
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1868:
1684:
1384:
1306:
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359:
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263:
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The first parachute jump in history was made on 22 October 1797 by Frenchman
4677:
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4265:
4215:
4026:
4021:
3971:
3816:
3754:
3614:- a slightly tongue-in-cheek look at surviving free-fall without a parachute
2881:
1628:
1616:
1544:
773:
542:
321:
267:
27:
Action sport of exiting an aircraft and returning to Earth using a parachute
3058:
1707:
airplane cockpit. For the series of jumps, Kittinger was decorated with an
2764:"Travel nightmares: What to do if an airline damages your checked luggage"
1156:
ground-based camera (with an exceptional lens to record the performance).
350:
4763:
4669:
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4275:
4058:
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3764:
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Data of the stratospheric balloon launched on 8/16/1960 For EXCELSIOR III
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is the lead organization. In South Africa, the sport is managed by the
1240: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
877: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
459: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
402:
285:
1411:
4713:
3847:
3806:
3605:
3498:
2451:"United States Parachute Association > Find > FAQs > Safety"
2092:"United States Parachute Association > Find > FAQs > Safety"
1087:
Two parachutists perform a dock on a Canopy Relative Work (CReW) jump
910:
712:
507:
certificated parachute rigger every 180 days). Many skydivers use an
2450:
2091:
2064:
3297:"102-year-old woman skydives to raise awareness for the disease..."
1902:
World's largest canopy formation: 100, set on 21 November 2007 in
1785:, before his death from cancer on the following July 22, aged 85.
1615:
1527:
1410:
1397:
1350:
1292:
1146:
1138:
1118:
1082:
1052:
751:
743:
732:
724:
666:
574:
527:
490:
363:
349:
325:
3633:
Detailed account of origins and development of EXCELSIOR project.
779:
Beginning skydivers seeking training have the following options:
413:
by German military aviators, and utilized extensively throughout
4687:
3821:
3521:
3098:
3045:
USPA Posthumously Awards Don Kellner His Final Most-Jumps Record
2401:"Flight-1 :: Safety Code – How to Avoid a Canopy Collision"
1649:
1415:
A skydiver sits in a rubber raft steadied by three other jumpers
1123:
617:
The first skydive performed without a parachute was by stuntman
533:
162:
4107:
3640:
1683:(meaning "ever upward", a name given to the project by Colonel
665:
Due to the possibility of fractures (commonly occurring on the
4561:
3193:"101-Year-Old D-Day Veteran Claims Record For Oldest Skydiver"
1209:
944:
846:
657:
The percent of injuries caused by an improper landing position
428:
158:
42:
3536:"Skydive @ IPC | Experience the Adrenaline of Skydiving"
1968:
They scraped him off the tarmac like a lump of strawberry jam
2870:
French document excluding AADs from forbidden items in cabin
32:"Skydiver" and "Skydive" redirect here. For other uses, see
1867:
World's largest formation in free-fall: 8 February 2006 in
787:
Tandem skydiving or tandem parachuting refers to a type of
3608:- from the history of the sport through to modern advances
1660:
during the jump and therefore remains the longest genuine
1015:(indoor and outdoor), Paraski (outdoor only), Style &
296:
where an object is descending "under parachute" following
3270:"NJ man skydives at 102, becomes world's oldest skydiver"
3535:
3021:"Parachutist's Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes"
1885:, U.S. (164 linked skydivers in head to Earth attitude):
1436:
Another example of this is "hit and rock", a variant of
607:
in a fashion deemed unsafe by the appointed individual.
308:
entry phase and initial deceleration that occurs due to
3629:"Joseph W. Kittinger and the Highest Step in the World"
1964:
He jumped without a parachute from twenty thousand feet
1892:, U.S. (63 linked skydivers in head to Earth attitude).
3321:"Ellensburg Daily Record – Google News Archive Search"
1818:
Motor Neuron Disease Association of Southern Australia
2985:
Joseph W. Kittinger – USAF Museum Gathering of Eagles
2882:"USPA's FAQ : Traveling with Parachutes section"
2426:"Identifying the Dangers – The 2013 Fatality Summary"
2225:
2223:
2221:
830:
downward and clear of the door as the student exits.
3244:"British WWII veteran, 101, breaks skydiving record"
2251:"Parachuting fatality: A case report video-recorded"
4701:
4668:
4632:
4594:
4554:
4496:
4443:
4369:
4294:
4251:
4141:
4041:
3964:
3882:
3861:
3830:
3794:
3732:
3674:
237:
227:
219:
214:
206:
196:
188:
183:
170:
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3346:
2374:(in Danish). Dansk Faldskærmsunion. Archived from
1486:The sole organization in the United States is the
1313:There are two variations of a cross-country jump:
262:is a method of transiting from a high point in an
711:A collision with another canopy is a statistical
687:As parachuting is an aviation activity under the
1970:", where it has been used as a campfire song by
2859:TSA's special instructions regarding parachutes
2835:"TSA comment on checked bags and carry-on bags"
1909:Largest wingsuit formation: 22 September 2012,
3374:"Parachute Jumper Leaps 135 Feet from Bridge."
2933:. Stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved on 31 July 2016.
1823:The oldest male tandem skydiver, according to
4119:
3652:
2987:. Web.archive.org. Retrieved on 31 July 2016.
8:
2559:"Teem – Inspired Accuracy: Swoop & Chug"
2321:
2319:
1871:, Thailand (400 linked persons in freefall).
1627:In 1914, while doing demonstrations for the
764:Skydiving can be practised without jumping.
292:, or be significantly delayed, such as in a
145:
2164:"The Safest Year—The 2009 Fatality Summary"
567:failures pose risks of towed paratroopers.
284:may begin immediately, such as a parachute-
157:Four skydivers with deployed parachutes in
4126:
4112:
4104:
3659:
3645:
3637:
2998:"Official: Skydiver Breaks Speed of Sound"
772:parachute simulators are used to practise
151:
144:
3390:"Most tandem parachute jumps in 24 hours"
3084:, November 1929, p. 65, mid page article.
2944:"Speed of a Skydiver (Terminal Velocity)"
2789:"Vigil » Airport Security Documents"
2266:
2117:"Countries with AAD rules (forum thread)"
1256:Learn how and when to remove this message
991:Learn how and when to remove this message
893:Learn how and when to remove this message
475:Learn how and when to remove this message
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
1730:mission took place. On 14 October 2012,
1305:lifts skydivers to the jump altitude at
925:rectangular piece of fabric called the "
652:
595:or those that involve equipment such as
3218:"Man, 100, marks birthday with skydive"
3146:"Oldest tandem parachute jump (female)"
2255:Forensic Science International: Reports
2056:
1937:. It has since been reinstated in 2017.
1874:World's largest female-only formation:
1011:(outdoor only), Dynamic (indoor only),
2697:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2690:
2651:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2644:
1935:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
1492:Canadian Sport Parachuting Association
1477:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
1433:kick-off for the night's festivities.
178:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4093:International World Games Association
3295:Post, Washington (12 December 2018).
3167:"Oldest tandem parachute jump (male)"
3121:"Oldest solo parachute jump (female)"
2369:"Faldskærmsbestemmelser, §5.c Ansvar"
1496:Parachute Association of South Africa
1016:
7:
3419:"181 women break skydiving record".
3095:"Skydiving Ultra-Marathon Challenge"
2959:"20-Year Journey for 15-Minute Fall"
2299:"USPA Skydiver's Information Manual"
2030:The First School of Modern SkyFlying
1808:The oldest female solo skydiver was
1238:adding citations to reliable sources
973:adding citations to reliable sources
875:adding citations to reliable sources
825:Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD)
457:adding citations to reliable sources
71:adding citations to reliable sources
3097:. Mostjumps2006.com. Archived from
2070:United States Parachute Association
1502:, and in the United Kingdom by the
1488:United States Parachute Association
2045:High-altitude military parachuting
25:
3668:Sports of the World Games program
3497:. CF World Record. Archived from
3191:Domonoske, Camila (16 May 2017).
3019:Markoff, John (24 October 2014).
2488:from the original on 6 April 2003
1895:European record: 13 August 2010,
1126:loading; plus 'dirt diving'; 1977
4083:
4082:
1612:Record free fall parachute jumps
1355:A UK parachuting aircraft – the
1214:
949:
851:
591:Parachuting disciplines such as
495:Reserve parachute (right) in use
433:
312:with the thin upper atmosphere.
47:
3520:Adam Rushforth (30 June 2011).
2142:"Skydiving Fatalities Database"
1667:During the late 1950s, Captain
1225:needs additional citations for
1032:
960:needs additional citations for
862:needs additional citations for
444:needs additional citations for
330:Garnerin by Edward Hawke Locker
304:, and may begin only after the
58:needs additional citations for
3631:. Greg Kennedy. 17 March 2010.
3566:. 4 March 2006. Archived from
2907:"Sauter Ă l'Ă©tranger (French)"
2534:"The History of Atmonauti Fly"
2476:"How to prevent hard openings"
2327:"FAA Safety Library Resources"
2188:Guinness World Book or Records
1913:, U.S. (100 wingsuit jumpers).
1825:Guinness Book of World Records
1697:A. Leo Stevens parachute medal
614:before engaging in the sport.
405:) and passengers to escape an
366:, and is widely considered an
358:Parachuting is performed as a
1:
3606:An in-depth look at skydiving
2957:Higgins, Matt (24 May 2008).
2810:"CYPRES AAD Travel Documents"
2609:PD Price List – Main Canopies
1504:British Parachute Association
1500:French Parachuting Federation
1151:Style – Thomas Jeannerot 2013
748:A parachutist above Venezuela
579:Parachutists jumping from an
4135:Extreme and adventure sports
2481:. Performance Designs, Inc.
1631:, a parachute pioneer named
415:the air wars of World War II
3349:Guinness World records 2014
3079:"Made 500 Parachute Jumps."
1956:Battle Hymn of the Republic
1952:parachuting in the military
1206:Other skydiving disciplines
509:automatic activation device
362:activity and a competitive
280:For cargo parachuting, the
4816:
3550:"NameBright - Coming Soon"
3353:. The Jim Pattison group.
2268:10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100220
1985:List of paratrooper forces
1966:", and includes the line "
1713:Distinguished Flying Cross
1578:Traveling with a parachute
1542:
1382:
1367:
1191:
1173:
1108:
1046:
806:
756:Parachuting simulator on "
319:
31:
4612:Aggressive inline skating
4088:Sports at the World Games
4078:
3675:Artistic and dance sports
1911:Perris Valley, California
621:on 23 May 2012 at 732 m.
290:lower atmosphere of Earth
150:
34:Skydiver (disambiguation)
3623:Chuteless jump survivors
3522:"Blind Skydiving Record"
3300:www.brainerddispatch.com
1641:Guinness Book of Records
1594:security's staff :
1143:Style – Thomas Jeannerot
322:Parachute § History
38:Skydive (disambiguation)
3682:Artistic roller skating
3469:"Day in Photos Gallery"
3379:, September 1929, P. 59
3377:Popular Science Monthly
3345:Glenday, Craig (2013).
3082:Popular Science Monthly
2185:Glenday, Craig (2013).
3394:Guinness World Records
3171:Guinness World Records
3125:Guinness World Records
2000:Parachute landing fall
1954:, is sung to the tune
1923:, Co. Offaly, Ireland.
1783:Hazleton, Pennsylvania
1624:
1540:
1416:
1403:
1360:
1310:
1299:Technoavia SM92 Finist
1152:
1144:
1127:
1088:
1062:
761:
749:
741:
730:
701:Parachuting Ordinances
697:Faldskærmsbestemmelser
658:
588:
537:
496:
355:
336:André-Jacques Garnerin
331:
220:Country or region
4488:Parachuting/Skydiving
3564:"Blood on the Risers"
2430:parachutistonline.com
1619:
1538:
1414:
1401:
1354:
1296:
1150:
1142:
1122:
1086:
1056:
807:Further information:
766:Vertical wind tunnels
755:
747:
736:
728:
656:
578:
532:A parachutist of the
531:
494:
353:
329:
320:Further information:
4602:Freestyle scootering
4428:Traditional climbing
3965:Past official sports
3944:Competition climbing
3927:Speed roller skating
3697:Acrobatic gymnastics
3590:"Scouting Resources"
3501:on 30 September 2007
3449:on 10 September 2015
3427:. 30 September 2009.
3425:The Arizona Republic
3400:on 24 September 2015
2679:on 20 September 2015
2166:. Parachutist Online
1749:On 24 October 2014,
1673:Wright-Patterson AFB
1234:improve this article
1182:vertical wind tunnel
1176:Vertical wind tunnel
969:improve this article
871:improve this article
843:Parachute deployment
834:Accelerated freefall
625:Most common injuries
453:improve this article
294:planetary atmosphere
67:improve this article
4529:Powered paragliding
4356:Whitewater kayaking
4351:Whitewater canoeing
4042:Invitational sports
3712:Rhythmic gymnastics
3612:Unplanned Freefall?
2742:www.chutingstar.com
2717:www.chutingstar.com
2589:www.chutingstar.com
2513:starcrestawards.com
2381:on 4 September 2014
2005:Parachuting animals
1948:Blood on the Risers
1539:A parachute landing
1498:, in France by the
1111:Formation skydiving
1105:Formation skydiving
1057:Accuracy Landing –
1019:(outdoor only) and
1013:Formation Skydiving
935:reserve static line
797:piloting the canopy
689:visual flight rules
380:forest firefighters
246: –
173:governing body
147:
4660:Ski mountaineering
4423:Free solo climbing
4361:Whitewater rafting
3702:Aerobic gymnastics
3421:Valley & State
3025:The New York Times
2964:The New York Times
2946:. Hyper Text Book.
2762:Gilbertson, Dawn.
2565:. 4 September 2012
2563:iloveskydiving.org
2509:"First RW Records"
2065:"Skydiving Safety"
1942:In popular culture
1876:Jump for the Cause
1625:
1541:
1417:
1404:
1361:
1311:
1287:cross-country jump
1153:
1145:
1128:
1089:
1063:
762:
750:
742:
731:
659:
589:
538:
497:
376:Special operations
356:
354:Tandem in freefall
332:
4772:
4771:
4418:Big wall climbing
4166:Kite landboarding
4101:
4100:
3495:"CF World Record"
3360:978-1-908843-15-9
2633:on 3 October 2018
1960:John Brown's Body
1732:Felix Baumgartner
1721:Dwight Eisenhower
1681:Project Excelsior
1638:According to the
1536:
1422:terminal velocity
1266:
1265:
1258:
1001:
1000:
993:
903:
902:
895:
707:Canopy collisions
695:105 in the US or
636:tibialis anterior
585:Ukraine Air Force
558:Equipment failure
549:Canopy collisions
485:
484:
477:
399:military aviators
298:atmospheric entry
282:parachute descent
275:terminal velocity
253:
252:
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
4807:
4709:Adventure racing
4683:Extreme sledding
4650:Freestyle skiing
4461:Ski-BASE jumping
4334:Technical diving
4181:Mountainboarding
4128:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4086:
4085:
4065:Wheelchair rugby
3982:Beach volleyball
3843:Billiards sports
3831:Precision sports
3661:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:. 13 August 2010
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3445:. Archived from
3435:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:. Archived from
3386:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3274:WPIX 11 New York
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2672:. Archived from
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2626:. Archived from
2625:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
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2461:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2061:
1990:Banzai skydiving
1958:, also known as
1883:Ottawa, Illinois
1776:Individual jumps
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1728:Red Bull Stratos
1715:and awarded the
1709:oak leaf cluster
1669:Joseph Kittinger
1621:Joseph Kittinger
1588:airport security
1552:general aviation
1537:
1462:Head down flying
1438:accuracy landing
1303:Target Skysports
1261:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1218:
1210:
1092:Canopy formation
1059:Thomas Jeannerot
1049:Accuracy landing
1043:Accuracy landing
1017:Accuracy Landing
1007:(outdoor only),
1005:Canopy Formation
996:
989:
985:
982:
976:
953:
945:
909:which acts as a
898:
891:
887:
884:
878:
855:
847:
729:Static line jump
515:Unsafe maneuvers
501:parachute rigger
480:
473:
469:
466:
460:
437:
429:
155:
148:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
18:Tandem skydiving
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4790:Military sports
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4739:Obstacle racing
4724:Extreme ironing
4697:
4664:
4628:
4590:
4579:Mountain biking
4550:
4546:Wingsuit flying
4492:
4439:
4406:Alpine climbing
4365:
4290:
4247:
4137:
4132:
4102:
4097:
4074:
4037:
3960:
3878:
3862:Strength sports
3857:
3826:
3790:
3728:
3670:
3665:
3627:
3602:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3570:on 4 March 2006
3562:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3325:news.google.com
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3101:on 14 July 2011
3093:
3092:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2911:www.ffp.asso.fr
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:"Archived copy"
2665:
2664:
2660:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:"Archived copy"
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2020:Speed skydiving
1980:
1944:
1906:, Florida, U.S.
1854:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1654:Saratov, Russia
1614:
1580:
1560:
1547:
1528:
1526:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1430:
1409:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1370:Canopy piloting
1366:
1331:
1283:
1271:
1262:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1231:
1219:
1208:
1196:
1194:Wingsuit flying
1190:
1188:Wingsuit flying
1178:
1172:
1137:
1117:
1109:Main articles:
1107:
1094:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1027:Artistic events
1009:Canopy Piloting
997:
986:
980:
977:
966:
954:
943:
899:
888:
882:
879:
868:
856:
845:
836:
827:
811:
805:
785:
770:virtual reality
723:
709:
685:
676:
644:vastus medialis
627:
612:age of majority
597:wingsuit flying
573:
560:
551:
526:
517:
503:(in the US, an
481:
470:
464:
461:
450:
438:
427:
372:airborne forces
348:
324:
318:
270:or parachutes.
184:Characteristics
166:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4813:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Cheese rolling
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:Extreme skiing
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4624:Roller skating
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4607:Inline skating
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Bungee jumping
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4401:Mountaineering
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:Mixed climbing
4386:
4384:Crane climbing
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Indoor cycling
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Canoe marathon
3899:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3740:Beach handball
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3601:
3600:External links
3598:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3555:
3541:
3527:
3512:
3486:
3460:
3430:
3411:
3381:
3366:
3359:
3337:
3312:
3287:
3276:. 28 July 2017
3261:
3235:
3224:. 9 April 2016
3209:
3183:
3158:
3137:
3112:
3086:
3071:
3059:"43,000 Jumps"
3050:
3037:
3011:
2989:
2977:
2949:
2935:
2923:
2898:
2873:
2862:
2851:
2826:
2801:
2780:
2754:
2729:
2704:
2658:
2612:
2601:
2576:
2550:
2525:
2499:
2467:
2442:
2417:
2392:
2360:
2339:
2315:
2290:
2241:
2231:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2177:
2154:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Dolly Shepherd
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1928:West Point, VA
1924:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1859:Stephen Sutton
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:Cheryl Stearns
1791:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1646:Eugene Andreev
1633:Tiny Broadwick
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1579:
1576:
1559:
1556:
1543:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1429:
1428:Swoop and chug
1426:
1408:
1405:
1402:Spaceball Jump
1391:
1388:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1368:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1330:
1327:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1136:
1133:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1025:
999:
998:
957:
955:
948:
942:
939:
901:
900:
859:
857:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
804:
801:
784:
781:
722:
719:
708:
705:
684:
681:
675:
672:
648:biceps femoris
640:rectus femoris
626:
623:
581:Ilyushin Il-76
572:
569:
559:
556:
550:
547:
525:
522:
516:
513:
483:
482:
441:
439:
432:
426:
423:
374:and supplies.
347:
344:
317:
314:
251:
250:
241:
235:
234:
231:
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123:September 2009
55:
53:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4791:
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4762:
4760:
4759:Ultramarathon
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4745:
4742:
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4737:
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4603:
4600:
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4597:
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4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4572:Freestyle BMX
4570:
4568:
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4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
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4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Cliff jumping
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:Rock climbing
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
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4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4231:River surfing
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Street luging
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Skateboarding
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Riverboarding
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Bellyboarding
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Flag football
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4032:Weightlifting
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Roller hockey
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
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3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Boules sports
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Inline hockey
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
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3746:
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3741:
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3735:
3731:
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3603:
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3542:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3474:
3473:New York Post
3470:
3464:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:"User Log In"
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
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3265:
3262:
3250:. 15 May 2017
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2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2202:9781908843159
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2165:
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2155:
2143:
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2134:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:Eloy, Arizona
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
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1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1771:Other records
1770:
1768:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1739:(1342 km/h) -
1733:
1729:
1726:In 2012, the
1724:
1722:
1719:by President
1718:
1717:Harmon Trophy
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1574:serviceable.
1571:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1471:Organizations
1470:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1364:Pond swooping
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1281:Cross-country
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1223:This section
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1170:Tunnel flying
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
995:
992:
984:
974:
970:
964:
963:
958:This section
956:
952:
947:
946:
940:
938:
936:
930:
928:
922:
918:
914:
912:
908:
897:
894:
886:
876:
872:
866:
865:
860:This section
858:
854:
849:
848:
842:
840:
833:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
782:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
759:
754:
746:
740:
735:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
680:
673:
671:
668:
663:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:gastrocnemius
624:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
586:
582:
577:
570:
568:
566:
557:
555:
548:
546:
544:
535:
530:
523:
521:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
493:
489:
479:
476:
468:
458:
454:
448:
447:
442:This section
440:
436:
431:
430:
424:
422:
420:
419:ejection seat
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:United States
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:extreme sport
365:
361:
352:
345:
343:
341:
337:
328:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
176:
174:
169:
165:, Switzerland
164:
160:
154:
149:
137:
134:
126:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84: –
83:
82:"Parachuting"
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4749:Powerbocking
4744:Orienteering
4734:Fell running
4729:Extreme Pogo
4655:Speed skiing
4617:Vert skating
4541:Speed flying
4519:Hang gliding
4487:
4473:Cliff-diving
4451:BASE jumping
4389:Ice climbing
4346:Water skiing
4324:Scuba diving
4296:Water sports
4238:Wakeboarding
4211:Snowboarding
4201:Skimboarding
4191:Sandboarding
4176:Longboarding
4171:Kiteboarding
4156:Bodyboarding
4012:Rugby sevens
3987:Bodybuilding
3954:Wakeboarding
3949:Water skiing
3922:Orienteering
3894:
3883:Trend sports
3869:Powerlifting
3795:Martial arts
3717:Trampolining
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:the original
3558:
3544:
3530:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:the original
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3472:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3442:
3433:
3420:
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3393:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3348:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3273:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3247:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3221:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3089:
3081:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3053:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2992:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2938:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2865:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2681:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2661:
2635:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2615:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2538:dropzone.com
2537:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2405:flight-1.com
2404:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2211:
2187:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2136:
2126:15 September
2124:. Retrieved
2121:Dropzone.com
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2035:Skydiver day
2015:Space diving
1967:
1963:
1946:The cadence
1945:
1921:Clonbullogue
1751:Alan Eustace
1748:
1725:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1677:Dayton, Ohio
1666:
1661:
1658:drogue chute
1639:
1637:
1626:
1607:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1548:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1393:
1373:
1357:Short Skyvan
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1269:Angle flying
1252:
1243:
1232:Please help
1227:verification
1224:
1197:
1179:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1129:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:the winner.
1068:
1064:
1030:
1002:
987:
978:
967:Please help
962:verification
959:
941:Competitions
931:
923:
919:
915:
904:
889:
880:
869:Please help
864:verification
861:
837:
828:
819:parachutists
818:
815:paratroopers
812:
788:
786:
778:
763:
760:" exhibition
737:Exit from a
717:
710:
700:
696:
686:
677:
664:
660:
628:
619:Gary Connery
616:
609:
605:
593:BASE jumping
590:
571:Base jumping
561:
552:
539:
518:
498:
486:
471:
462:
451:Please help
446:verification
443:
397:(especially
392:
384:smokejumpers
382:, known as "
360:recreational
357:
340:Parc Monceau
333:
281:
279:
272:
259:
255:
254:
129:
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
29:
4785:Parachuting
4754:Slacklining
4536:Parasailing
4524:Paragliding
4483:Tombstoning
4329:Cave diving
4314:High diving
4304:Coasteering
4253:Motorsports
4243:Windsurfing
4216:Snowskating
4161:Dirtsurfing
4143:Boardsports
3912:Flying disc
3907:Finswimming
3895:Parachuting
3776:Racquetball
3733:Ball sports
3305:31 December
3280:31 December
3254:31 December
3228:31 December
3202:31 December
3176:31 December
2916:19 December
2891:19 December
2844:19 December
2839:www.tsa.gov
2819:19 December
2794:19 December
2773:19 December
2492:4 September
2385:4 September
2353:4 September
2332:4 September
2191:. pp.
2162:Webmaster.
2025:Space Games
2010:Paratrooper
1852:Group jumps
1810:Dilys Price
1407:Stuff jumps
1329:Night jumps
1246:August 2021
981:August 2021
907:pilot-chute
883:August 2021
817:and novice
809:Static line
803:Static line
601:sky surfing
565:Static line
465:August 2016
411:World War I
346:Common uses
256:Parachuting
239:World Games
146:Parachuting
4795:Air sports
4779:Categories
4764:Zip-lining
4645:Freeriding
4567:BMX racing
4509:Air racing
4504:Aerobatics
4435:Skyrunning
4341:Snorkeling
4319:Jet Skiing
4309:Freediving
4281:Rally raid
4271:Rallycross
4206:Skysurfing
3917:Lifesaving
3890:Air sports
3874:Tug of war
3812:Kickboxing
3745:Canoe polo
3692:Gymnastics
3687:Dancesport
3453:21 October
3130:12 October
3030:25 October
3004:14 October
3000:. ABC News
2747:23 January
2722:23 January
2594:23 January
2569:21 October
2543:21 October
2518:21 October
2435:21 October
2410:21 October
2308:21 October
2261:: 100220.
2052:References
1904:Lake Wales
1869:Udon Thani
1685:John Stapp
1524:Drop zones
1454:Sit flying
1390:Space ball
1385:Skysurfing
1379:Skysurfing
1307:Hibaldstow
1037:Freeflying
1033:Skysurfing
739:Cessna 208
683:Visibility
306:hypersonic
264:atmosphere
210:Air sports
93:newspapers
4678:Bobsleigh
4456:Free BASE
4379:Canyoning
4266:Motocross
4027:Triathlon
4022:Taekwondo
3972:Badminton
3755:Floorball
3404:12 August
3330:25 August
3151:25 August
3064:27 August
2768:USA TODAY
2285:237663362
2277:2665-9107
2101:21 August
1897:Włocławek
1834:skydiver.
1767:minutes.
1743:Mach 1.24
1736:833.9 mph
1692:flat spin
1662:free fall
1629:U.S. Army
1558:Equipment
1545:Drop zone
1309:, England
789:skydiving
776:control.
774:parachute
758:Army-2022
670:muscles.
543:crosswind
386:" in the
268:parachute
260:skydiving
223:Worldwide
198:Mixed-sex
4693:Skeleton
4670:Sledding
4584:Downhill
4371:Climbing
4286:Snocross
4276:Rallying
4261:Drifting
4059:Lacrosse
4049:Duathlon
3977:Baseball
3817:Muaythai
3802:Ju-jitsu
3781:Softball
3770:Lacrosse
3765:Korfball
3750:Fistball
3722:Tumbling
3443:uspa.org
3248:WREG.com
3222:BBC News
2886:uspa.org
2693:cite web
2647:cite web
2483:Archived
2455:uspa.org
2303:uspa.org
2096:uspa.org
2040:Wingsuit
1978:See also
1950:, about
1847:meters).
1664:record.
1445:Tracking
1180:Using a
1115:Big-ways
1021:Wingsuit
793:freefall
721:Training
407:aircraft
395:aviators
310:friction
215:Presence
171:Highest
4800:Falling
4595:Rolling
4555:Cycling
4514:Gliding
4444:Falling
4226:Surfing
4034:(women)
4002:Netball
3992:Casting
3853:Bowling
3838:Archery
3772:(women)
3707:Parkour
3574:23 June
3479:10 July
2683:27 July
2637:27 July
2507:BBMSC.
2460:14 July
2170:3 March
2147:17 July
2076:1 March
1762:⁄
1711:to his
674:Weather
583:of the
403:aircrew
316:History
288:in the
286:airdrop
229:Olympic
189:Contact
107:scholar
4714:Caving
4702:Others
4633:Skiing
4497:Flying
3807:Karate
3786:Squash
3505:24 May
3357:
3105:24 May
2814:CYPRES
2283:
2275:
2199:
1972:Scouts
1679:. For
1338:jump.
1317:zone.
1039:page.
927:slider
911:drogue
783:Tandem
713:hazard
587:(2014)
425:Safety
338:above
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
4070:Wushu
4061:(men)
4017:Sambo
3937:Track
2970:2 May
2677:(PDF)
2670:(PDF)
2631:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
2372:(PDF)
2281:S2CID
1135:Style
667:tibia
524:Winds
364:sport
302:space
300:from
114:JSTOR
100:books
4688:Luge
3932:Road
3822:Sumo
3576:2023
3507:2012
3481:2011
3455:2015
3406:2017
3355:ISBN
3332:2016
3307:2018
3282:2018
3256:2018
3230:2018
3204:2018
3178:2018
3153:2016
3132:2020
3107:2012
3066:2017
3032:2014
3006:2012
2972:2010
2918:2021
2893:2021
2846:2021
2821:2021
2796:2021
2775:2021
2749:2019
2724:2019
2699:link
2685:2015
2653:link
2639:2015
2596:2019
2571:2015
2545:2015
2520:2015
2494:2014
2462:2020
2437:2015
2412:2015
2387:2014
2355:2014
2334:2014
2310:2015
2273:ISSN
2239:Web.
2197:ISBN
2172:2012
2149:2023
2128:2014
2103:2018
2078:2019
1843:USA.
1650:USSR
1475:The
1359:SC.7
1200:lift
1124:DC-3
1113:and
1061:2013
599:and
534:REME
401:and
258:and
248:2017
244:1997
207:Type
163:Vaud
86:news
36:and
4562:BMX
3197:NPR
2263:doi
1974:.
1675:in
1564:AAD
1301:of
1236:by
971:by
873:by
693:FAR
505:FAA
455:by
202:Yes
159:Bex
69:by
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