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19,100 Arabs), 3,114 Somalis, and 3,782 "coloured" and "other" individuals. The white population, which included the
Europeans (British, Italians, Greeks, and Germans) and white South Africans, totalled 20,598 individuals. Tanganyika's ethnic and economic make-up posed problems for the British. Their policy was geared to ensuring the continuance of the European presence as necessary to support the country's economy. But the British also had to remain responsive to the political demands of the Africans.
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European battlefields and elsewhere. But in July, 1915, the last German troops in S.W. Africa capitulated ... and the nucleus of the requisite force ... became available." British forces from the northeast and southwest and
Belgian forces from the northwest steadily attacked and defeated German forces beginning in January 1916. In October 1916, General Smuts wrote, "With the exception of the
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poor." The Asians and Arabs were the middle class and tended to be wholesale and retail traders. The white population were missionaries, professional and government servants, and owners and managers of farms, plantations, mines, and other businesses. "White farms were of primary importance as producers of exportable agricultural crops."
418:, to Belgium's advantage. At the table in Berlin, contrary to widespread perception, Africa was not partitioned; rather, rules were established among the colonial powers and prospective colonial powers as how to proceed in the establishment of colonies and protectorates. While the Belgian interest soon concentrated on the
741:, encouraged the development of farming co-operatives to help convert subsistence farmers to cash husbandry. The subsistence farmers sold their produce to Indian traders at poor prices. By the early 1950s, there were over 400 co-operatives nationally. Co-operatives formed "unions" for their areas and developed
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having the nation's highest population of 128,742. Tanganyika was a multi-racial territory, which made it unique in the trusteeship world. Its total non-African population in 1957 was 123,310 divided as follows: 95,636 Asians and Arabs (subdivided as 65,461 Indians, 6,299 Pakistanis, 4,776 Goans, and
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In 1926, the
Legislative Council was established with seven unofficial (including two Indians) and thirteen official members, whose function was to advise and consent to ordinances issued by the governor. In 1945, the first Africans were appointed to the council. The council was reconstituted in 1948
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Many
Africans were government servants, business employees, labourers, and producers of important cash crops during this period. But the vast majority were subsistence farmers who produced barely enough to survive. The standards of housing, clothing, and other social conditions were "equally quite
367:, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper, greeted him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" In 1877, the first of a series of Belgian expeditions arrived on Zanzibar. In the course of these expeditions, in 1879 a station was founded in
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became the governor of
Tanganyika in 1925. "His work ... was of great significance in the development of colonial administrative policy, being associated especially with the vigorous attempt to establish a system of 'Indirect Rule' through the traditional indigenous authorities." He was a major
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in
January 1915. However, the "attack on Tanga and the numerous smaller engagements that followed the strength ... of and made it evident that a powerful force must be organized before the conquest of could be ... undertaken. Such an enterprise had ... to await more favourable conditions on
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in
January 1920. In September 1920 by the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, the initial boundaries of the territory, the Executive Council, and the offices of governor and commander-in-chief were established. The governor legislated by proclamation or ordinance until 1926.
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Cut-off from
Germany, General Von Lettow by necessity conducted a guerilla campaign throughout 1917, living off the land and dispersing over a wide area. In December, the remaining German forces evacuated the colony by crossing the Ruvuma River into
514:, Germany relinquished all her overseas possessions, including German East Africa. Britain lost 3,443 men in battle plus 6,558 men to disease. The equivalent numbers for Belgium were 683 and 1,300. Germany lost 734 Europeans and 1,798 Africans.
1037:"Protocol respecting the Boundary between Tanganyika Territory and the Belgian Mandated Territory of Ruanda–Urundi, Kigoma, 5 August 1924, "Burundi-Tanzania Border", International Boundary Study, United States Department of State, 16 May 1966"
552:
Governor Byatt took measures to revive
African institutions by encouraging limited local rule. He authorized the formation in 1922 of political clubs such as the Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service Association, which in 1929 became the
503:. Those forces were estimated at 320 German troops and 2,500 Askaris. 1,618 Germans and 5,482 Askaris were killed or captured during the last six months of 1917. In November 1918, his remaining force surrendered near present-day
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and later constituted the core of the nationalist movement. Under the Native
Authority Ordinances of 1923, limited powers were granted to certain recognized chiefs who could also exercise powers granted by local customary law.
687:
On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The name Tanzania is a blend of
585:
Governor Cameron in 1929 enacted the Native Courts Ordinance No. 5, which removed those courts from the jurisdiction of the colonial courts and provided for a system of appeals with final resort to the governor himself.
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became one of the unofficial members in 1954. The council was again reconstituted in 1955 with 44 unofficial members (10 Europeans, 10 Africans, 10 Indians, and 14 government representatives) and 17 official members.
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and in 1886 partitioned continental East Africa between themselves; the Sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent, for the moment. The
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on the opposite western bank. Both stations were founded in the name of the Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, a predecessor organization of the
359:, who crusaded against the slave trade, went to Zanzibar, from where he sought the source of the Nile, and established his last mission at
197:. The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the
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on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. After having lost contact with the outside world for years, he was "found" there on 10 November 1871.
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680:, and Nyerere became Prime Minister, under a new constitution. On 9 December 1962, a republican constitution was implemented with
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and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy.
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664:, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated to university level, organized a political party—the
177:–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the
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in 1920. What is referred to here, therefore, is the history of the region that was to become Tanzania. A part of the
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945:"Samler Brown , A and Gordon Brown, G (Editors): South and East African Year Book and Guide for 1920, 26th issue"
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Voices from Tanganyika: Great Britain, The United Nations and the Decolonization of a Trust Territory, 1946-1961
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mountain ranges. Kilimanjaro attracts thousands of tourists each year. West of those mountains is the
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European exploration of the interior began in the mid-19th century. In 1848 the German missionary
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Native Administration Memorandum No. 1, Principles of Native Administration and their Application
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1111:, authored by Ullrich Lohrmann, published by Lit Verlag, Berlin, 2007, accessed 30 October 2014
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Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, June 2013, page 9
577:, with 15 unofficial members (7 Europeans, 4 Africans, and 4 Indians) and 14 official members.
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consisting of 155 Europeans, 1,165 Askaris, 2,294 African porters etc., and 819 African women.
387:, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs ceded territory to the society. Prince
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with an elevation of 3,188 m (10,459 ft), the world's only active volcano to produce
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970:"Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 118-158, German Rights and Interests Outside Germany"
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coffee auctions that attracted international buyers after the annual Nairobi auctions.
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THE HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF TANZANIA (From Colonialism to Political independence)
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474:. The British then attacked the town in November 1914 but were thwarted by General
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Germany commenced hostilities in 1914 by unsuccessfully attacking from the town of
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Chaga Childhood: A Description of Indigenous Education in an East African Tribe
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as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of
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on the eastern bank of Lake Tanganyika, soon to be followed by the station of
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243:. Further north the plateau is arable land and includes the national capital,
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critic of Governor Byatt's policies about indirect rule, as evidenced by his
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swamps that are an important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water.
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533:, appointed by Royal Commission on 31 January 1919. The colony was renamed
434:(its oldest station in Central Africa) and on any territory to the east of
189:. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after
162:, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found.
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at 5,022,640 natives, in addition to 32,398 Asians and 8,228 Europeans.
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are in the southwestern part of the country, around the northern end of
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The eastern coast contains Tanzania's largest city and former capital,
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98:. On the floor of the rift are a number of large salt lakes, including
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of 1885, the fact that Kigoma had been established and supplied from
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In 1957, only 15 towns had over 5,000 inhabitants, with the capital
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in June 1857. In January 1866, the Scottish explorer and missionary
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signed an agreement regarding the border between Tanganyika and
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Northeast Tanzania exhibits a mountainous terrain and includes
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235:. The southern half of this plateau is grassland within the
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have lost every healthy or valuable part of their Colony".
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Julius Kambarage Nyerere as Tanganyika's first president.
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The first British civilian administrator after the end of
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Government Publications Relating to Tanganyika, 1919-1961
391:'s government in 1885 granted imperial protection to the
379:. German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884.
320:, which were dominated by their more powerful neighbours
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ecoregion, the majority of which is covered by the huge
49:. It corresponds with the area of the former country of
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plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded
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on the continent of Africa; excluding the islands of
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In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000.
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established by Peters with Bismark's encouragement.
828:. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. xvi.
181:. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the
822:Raum, Otto Friedrich; Moore, Sally Falk (1996).
463:, fought between the British and Germans during
110:in the southwest. The rift also encompasses the
82:, Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the
713:In 1931 a census established the population of
312:consisted of many small kingdoms, most notably
224:is the largest city in the Southern Highlands.
130:lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies
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1075:(Thesis). University of Campinas. p. 9.
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27:Overview of the mainland region of Tanzania
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855:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 116–122.
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749:. A major success for Tanzania was the
430:was eventually to give up its claim on
158:. Just to the southeast of the park is
737:Britain, through its colonial officer
122:. Just to the south of Lake Natron is
422:, the British and Germans focused on
7:
626:adding citations to reliable sources
308:region, namely the western shore of
292:; its name only came into use after
34:Topographic map of mainland Tanzania
452:East African campaign (World War I)
254:. Just north of this city lies the
227:The centre of Tanzania is a large
203:Central Zambezian miombo woodlands
94:, which is the eastern arm of the
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666:Tanganyika African National Union
339:became the first European to see
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183:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1069:Mashaka, Riziki (August 2018).
416:Conventional Basin of the Congo
385:Society for German Colonization
895:. Cambridge University Press.
892:A Modern History of Tanganyika
852:The Life of Sir Richard Burton
555:Tanganyika African Association
1:
60:are located on the mainland.
889:Iliffe, John (10 May 1979).
668:(TANU). On 9 December 1961,
116:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
793:, last updated 25 July 2012
758:Tanganyika groundnut scheme
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1122:Lonely Planet: East Africa
809:November 26, 2013, at the
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414:into the territory of the
393:German East Africa Company
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134:, which is famous for its
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912:– via Google Books.
208:. Just upstream from the
745:, coffee factories, and
706:Demographics of Tanzania
410:led to the inclusion of
351:crossed the interior to
237:Eastern miombo woodlands
849:Wright, Thomas (2008).
789:"Regions of Tanzania",
528:Sir Horace Archer Byatt
476:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
296:was transferred to the
231:, which is part of the
132:Serengeti National Park
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260:East African mangroves
41:refers to the part of
35:
1148:Geography of Tanzania
501:Portuguese Mozambique
459:
165:Further northwest is
114:, which includes the
70:Geography of Tanzania
33:
770:Zanzibar Archipelago
622:improve this section
535:Tanganyika Territory
512:Treaty of Versailles
365:Henry Morton Stanley
343:. British explorers
300:as a mandate by the
256:Zanzibar Archipelago
241:Selous National Park
233:East African Plateau
56:26 of Tanzania's 31
678:Queen of Tanganyika
276:History of Tanzania
199:World Wildlife Fund
739:David Gordon Hines
562:Sir Donald Cameron
468:
412:German East Africa
294:German East Africa
214:Southern Highlands
106:in the south, and
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1120:3rd edition 1994
862:978-0-554-22005-5
835:978-3-89473-874-7
658:
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478:'s forces at the
400:Berlin Conference
389:Otto von Bismarck
383:, who formed the
357:David Livingstone
341:Mount Kilimanjaro
302:League of Nations
120:Ngorongoro Crater
96:Great Rift Valley
39:Mainland Tanzania
18:Tanzania Mainland
16:(Redirected from
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337:Johannes Rebmann
290:High Imperialism
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112:Crater Highlands
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518:British rule
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488:Mafia Island
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148:rhinoceroses
92:Gregory Rift
78:, an active
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733:Agriculture
524:World War I
465:World War I
446:World War I
420:Congo River
381:Karl Peters
306:Great Lakes
218:Lake Malawi
191:Lake Baikal
776:References
715:Tanganyika
700:Population
690:Tanganyika
670:Tanganyika
638:March 2021
510:Under the
484:Royal Navy
349:John Speke
286:Tanganyika
281:Tanganyika
179:Nile River
156:wildebeest
76:Mount Meru
51:Tanganyika
660:In 1954,
609:does not
549:in 1924.
486:occupied
206:ecoregion
144:elephants
64:Geography
1142:Category
1131:page 497
807:Archived
791:Statoids
764:See also
694:Zanzibar
408:Bagamoyo
404:Zanzibar
264:mangrove
140:leopards
118:and the
84:Usambara
47:Zanzibar
43:Tanzania
1054:5 April
1044:fsu.edu
979:5 April
954:5 April
908:5 April
682:Mwalimu
630:removed
615:sources
543:Belgium
440:Germany
398:At the
326:Burundi
322:Buganda
318:Karagwe
314:Buzinza
270:History
229:plateau
195:Siberia
173:–
169:on the
152:buffalo
104:Manyara
80:volcano
58:regions
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832:
432:Kigoma
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