262:
permanent and ephemeral rivers that drain the surrounding catchment. The lake's depth and the area it covers fluctuates significantly. At its maximum, during the wet season, the lake is 40 km wide by 15 km with a maximum depth of 3.7 m. In 2010, a bathymetry survey showed the lake to have an average depth 0.81 m, and a maximum depth of about 1.18 m. In extreme dry periods the surface area of the lake shrinks as the waters evaporate and at times the lake has dried up completely. Lake
Manyara is a soda or alkaline lake with a pH near 9.5, and it is also high in dissolved salts. The water becomes increasingly brackish in the dry season as water evaporates and salts accumulate. During dry spells, large areas of mud flats become exposed along the shore. These alkaline flats sprout into grasslands, attracting grazing animals, including large herds of buffalo, wildebeest and zebra. The Western side of the lake is flanked by a steep rift escarpment, to the North are the Ngorongoro highlands, while in the East and Southeast an undulating plain with isolated volcanic mountains gives way to a peneplain. Several springs, streams, wetlands and smaller lakes, both perennial and seasonal, drain into the lake. The shores of the saline lake host at its Northern tip the town of Mto wa Mbu with its irrigation agriculture. On its Western side there is a groundwater forest extending between the lake shore and the rift escarpment and covered mostly by the National Park until the Marang' forest. In the rift valley South of the lake vast river floodplains are used for irrigation agriculture. The wetter and more productive uplands all over the catchment are mostly used for rain-fed agriculture by various ethnicities depending on historical migration and resettlement patterns. The drier and more unpredictable savannas are used for livestock grazing by pastoralists (mainly Maasai). Southeast of LM another large and famous national park (Tarangire) is located. Furthermore, all over the catchment there are numerous game reserves, conservation areas, forest reserves, wildlife management areas and numerous villages and touristic infrastructures (roads, lodges and tented camps).
29:
45:
207:
52:
294:, a species of in the cichlid family, endemic to Tanzania, found in Lake Manyara and a number of other saline lakes with closed basins. Exploitation is prohibited in the parts of Lake Manyara within the National Park and the protected park areas provide important seed stock for the replenishment of fished populations.
271:
experienced an overall upward trajectory in sedimentation rates over the last 120 years with distinct peaks in the 1960s and in 2010. The increased sedimentation rates are largely a result of a complex interaction between increased upstream soil erosion following land cover changes and natural rainfall fluctuations.
302:
Lake
Manyara National Park is known for flocks of thousands flamingos that feed along the edge of the lake in the wet season. At times, there have been over an estimated 2 million individuals of various species of water birds. The following table summarizes the most numerous species, according to the
679:
Lake
Manyara can be accessed through Lake Manyara National Park. With an entrance gate that doubles as an exit, the trail into the park is effectively a loop that can be traversed by jeep within a few hours. The trails goes through forests shrublands and marsh, before reaching the shore of the lake.
261:
Lake
Manyara has a catchment area of about 18,372 km with elevations between 938 m and 3633 m above sea level. The lake is in a closed basin with no outflow, wherein water is only lost by evaporation. It is fed by underground springs, but the vast majority of the inflow comes from rainwater fed
252:
word "emanyara", which is the spiky, protective enclosure around a family homestead (boma). Possibly the 600 m high rift escarpment hems in the lake, like the enclosure around a Maasai boma. Another theory is that the Mbugwe tribe, who live in the Lake
Manyara area, may have given the lake its name
270:
Lake
Manyara is partly protected within the Lake Manyara National Park and is one of the seven Tanzanian, UNESCO Man and Biosphere reserves. The wider Lake Manyara basin social-ecological system suffers from multiple environmental problems due to unsustainable land and water use. Lake Manyara has
683:
From the nearby town of Mto wa Mbu, through the
Cultural Tourism Programme, it is possible to organize a canoe trip on the lake, or a fishing trip to learn traditional fishing methods. Bicycle trips to the east shore of the lake can also be arranged.
287:
The main fish species inhabiting the lake are catfish and tilapia. There is a small fishery, but fish only tend to be found near the inflow areas, where salt concentrations are lower. Lake
Manyara is the type locality for the endangered fish
275:
233:
and is the seventh-largest lake of
Tanzania by surface area, at 470-square-kilometre (180 sq mi). It is a shallow, alkaline lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the
1155:
1283:
1182:
722:
Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). "Tectonic development of the northern
Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System".
1000:
Wynants, Maarten (2018-09-01). "Pinpointing areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania".
1308:
1303:
760:
831:"Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania"
1293:
1288:
95:
44:
1175:
1130:
242:
949:
Wynants, Maarten (2020-05-15). "Determining tributary sources of increased sedimentation in East-African Rift Lakes".
1278:
1168:
238:
1191:
1298:
1103:
Bayona, J.D.R. 2006. Oreochromis amphimelas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T60629A12388607.
28:
794:
900:
635:
472:
290:
764:
1273:
449:
426:
357:
179:
248:
There are differing explanations for how Lake Manyara got its name. The name Manyara may come from the
1009:
958:
842:
518:
304:
495:
380:
1035:
982:
931:
739:
589:
147:
1104:
1086:
974:
923:
808:
234:
1116:
BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Manyara. Downloaded from
1076:
1066:
1025:
1017:
966:
915:
850:
731:
334:
278:
Map of the Manyara hydrological basin (solid black line) (adapted from Bachofer et al. 2014)
222:
73:
1247:
612:
565:
541:
249:
1013:
962:
846:
901:"Social-ecological assessment of Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania: A mixed method approach"
253:
based on the Mbugwe word manyero, meaning a trough or place where animals drink water.
1267:
1252:
1202:
1055:"The Delineation of Paleo-Shorelines in the Lake Manyara Basin Using TerraSAR-X Data"
986:
935:
743:
403:
226:
77:
1039:
970:
708:
872:
Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A directory of African wetlands. UNEP. p. 255.
218:
1138:
919:
885:
1237:
1212:
1207:
245:, established in 1981 by UNESCO as part of its Man and the Biosphere Programme.
1242:
1222:
1217:
1021:
1090:
735:
237:. The northwest quadrant of the lake (about 200 sq, km.) is included within
110:
97:
1227:
140:
136:
978:
927:
274:
206:
230:
132:
81:
1081:
148:
1071:
1054:
1030:
855:
830:
1002:
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
1160:
1156:
Lake Manyara at Tanzania Tourist Board (a government tourism agency)
205:
1053:
Bachofer, Felix; Quénéhervé, Geraldine; Märker, Michael (2014).
127:
1164:
886:"Lake Manyara, Manyara, Tanzania Vacation Info - LakeLubbers"
1105:
https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60629A12388607.en
680:
The Rift Valley escarpment provides a spectacular backdrop.
154:
Simba River (from the north), Makayuni River (from the east)
1117:
829:
Deus, Dorothea; Richard Gloaguen and Peter Krause (2013).
709:"Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1"
196:
188:
178:
170:
162:
158:
146:
126:
87:
69:
21:
761:"Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism"
88:
784:"Lake Manyara". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
1176:
8:
868:
866:
703:
701:
699:
697:
1183:
1169:
1161:
824:
822:
820:
818:
18:
1080:
1070:
1029:
899:Janssens de Bisthoven, Luc (2020-08-01).
854:
210:Lake Manyara, the cliff after the sunset.
880:
878:
309:
273:
16:Alkaline lake in Arusha Region, Tanzania
693:
33:Overlook of Lake Manyara National Park.
795:"Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park"
755:
753:
1284:Saline lakes of the Great Rift Valley
7:
51:
908:Journal of Environmental Management
184:181.5 sq mi (470 km)
217:also known as Lake Moya among the
14:
724:Journal of the Geological Society
1309:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
951:Science of the Total Environment
668:1,000,000-2,499,999 individuals
50:
43:
27:
1135:mtoculturalprogramme.tripod.com
971:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137266
195:
187:
177:
169:
161:
1304:Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
1107:. Downloaded on 24 April 2019.
316:Current IUCN Red List Category
243:Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve
1:
920:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110594
68:
200:1,045 m (3,428 ft)
174:15 km (9.3 mi) max
1294:Geography of Manyara Region
166:40 km (25 mi) max
1325:
656:Species group - waterbirds
239:Lake Manyara National Park
1289:Endorheic lakes of Africa
1198:
1022:10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008
610:Common Gull-billed Tern (
307:factsheet: Lake Manyara.
38:
26:
736:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689
493:Chestnut-banded Plover (
1118:http://www.birdlife.org
192:3.7 m (12 ft)
636:Chlidonias leucopterus
473:Recurvirostra avosetta
396:1,900,000 individuals
291:Oreochromis amphimelas
279:
266:Threats and protection
241:and it is part of the
211:
675:Visiting Lake Manyara
450:Himantopus himantopus
427:Pelecanus onocrotalus
424:Great White Pelican (
401:Yellow-billed Stork (
358:Phoenicopterus roseus
277:
221:is a lake located in
209:
519:Charadrius asiaticus
447:Black-winged stilt (
442:200,000 individuals
305:Important Bird Areas
1014:2018IJAEO..71....1W
963:2020ScTEn.717m7266W
847:2013RemS....5.1651D
633:White-winged Tern (
581:78,675 individuals
557:45,486 individuals
496:Charadrius pallidus
381:Phoeniconaias minor
373:40,000 individuals
332:Northern Shoveler (
325:Population estimate
322:Year(s) of estimate
257:Hydrology and basin
107: /
809:"Maana ya Manyara"
651:3,283 individuals
628:1,566 individuals
605:2,441 individuals
590:Tringa stagnatilis
534:3,302 individuals
488:4,940 individuals
465:8,367 individuals
419:1,020 individuals
355:Greater Flamingo (
350:4,650 individuals
280:
212:
1279:Lakes of Tanzania
1261:
1260:
1192:Lakes of Tanzania
1072:10.3390/rs6032195
856:10.3390/rs5041651
672:
671:
378:Lesser Flamingo (
235:East African Rift
204:
203:
197:Surface elevation
1316:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1143:
1142:
1137:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1065:(3): 2195–2212.
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
997:
991:
990:
946:
940:
939:
905:
896:
890:
889:
882:
873:
870:
861:
860:
858:
841:(4): 1651–1680.
826:
813:
812:
805:
799:
798:
791:
785:
782:
776:
775:
773:
772:
763:. Archived from
757:
748:
747:
719:
713:
712:
705:
586:Marsh Sandpiper
516:Caspian Plover (
511:619 individuals
335:Spatula clypeata
310:
223:Monduli District
150:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
111:3.583°S 35.833°E
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
90:
74:Monduli District
54:
53:
47:
31:
19:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1299:Babati District
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1194:
1189:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1052:
1051:
1047:
999:
998:
994:
948:
947:
943:
903:
898:
897:
893:
884:
883:
876:
871:
864:
828:
827:
816:
807:
806:
802:
793:
792:
788:
783:
779:
770:
768:
759:
758:
751:
721:
720:
716:
707:
706:
695:
690:
677:
613:Sterna nilotica
566:Calidris minuta
542:Calidris pugnax
300:
285:
268:
259:
149:Primary inflows
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:External links
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:on 2018-01-31.
1122:
1109:
1096:
1059:Remote Sensing
1045:
992:
941:
891:
874:
862:
835:Remote Sensing
814:
800:
786:
777:
749:
730:(4): 689–700.
714:
692:
691:
689:
686:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
329:
328:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
299:
296:
284:
281:
267:
264:
258:
255:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
144:
143:
130:
124:
123:
116:-3.583; 35.833
91:
85:
84:
71:
67:
66:
57:
56:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1120:on 24/04/2019
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
895:
892:
887:
881:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
823:
821:
819:
815:
810:
804:
801:
796:
790:
787:
781:
778:
767:on 2022-01-27
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
715:
710:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
687:
685:
681:
674:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
593:
591:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
567:
562:Little Stint
561:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:Pied Avocet (
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
446:
445:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:Mycteria ibis
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
377:
376:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
336:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
306:
297:
295:
293:
292:
282:
276:
272:
265:
263:
256:
254:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Arusha Region
224:
220:
216:
208:
199:
191:
183:
181:
173:
165:
157:
153:
151:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
120:
92:
86:
83:
79:
78:Arusha Region
75:
72:
46:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1274:Lake Manyara
1232:
1139:the original
1134:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1005:
1001:
995:
954:
950:
944:
911:
907:
894:
838:
834:
803:
789:
780:
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
727:
723:
717:
682:
678:
662:non-breeding
634:
611:
587:
563:
540:
517:
505:non-breeding
494:
482:non-breeding
471:
459:non-breeding
448:
436:non-breeding
425:
413:non-breeding
402:
390:non-breeding
379:
367:non-breeding
356:
333:
301:
289:
286:
269:
260:
247:
219:Iraqw people
215:Lake Manyara
214:
213:
180:Surface area
58:Lake Manyara
22:Lake Manyara
1082:2158/911957
163:Max. length
114: /
89:Coordinates
1268:Categories
1248:Tanganyika
1031:10566/3835
957:: 137266.
914:: 110594.
771:2019-04-24
688:References
189:Max. depth
171:Max. width
1131:"Catalog"
1091:2072-4292
987:211246435
936:217592412
744:128697181
665:1991-1995
141:endorheic
128:Lake type
1253:Victoria
1203:Ambussel
1040:51873764
979:32084693
928:32349949
231:Tanzania
137:alkaline
82:Tanzania
70:Location
1233:Manyara
1010:Bibcode
1008:: 1–8.
959:Bibcode
843:Bibcode
313:Species
102:35°50′E
1238:Natron
1213:Burigi
1208:Babati
1089:
1038:
985:
977:
934:
926:
742:
711:. FAO.
645:winter
622:winter
599:winter
575:winter
551:winter
539:Ruff (
528:winter
344:winter
319:Season
250:Maasai
133:Saline
99:3°35′S
1243:Rukwa
1223:Eyasi
1218:Chala
1036:S2CID
983:S2CID
932:S2CID
904:(PDF)
740:S2CID
298:Birds
1228:Jipe
1087:ISSN
975:PMID
924:PMID
648:1995
625:1995
602:1995
578:1995
554:1995
531:1995
508:1995
485:1995
462:1995
439:1991
416:1995
393:1991
347:1995
283:Fish
1077:hdl
1067:doi
1026:hdl
1018:doi
967:doi
955:717
916:doi
912:267
851:doi
732:doi
728:154
659:n/a
364:ELC
225:of
1270::
1133:.
1085:.
1075:.
1061:.
1057:.
1034:.
1024:.
1016:.
1006:71
1004:.
981:.
973:.
965:.
953:.
930:.
922:.
910:.
906:.
877:^
865:^
849:.
837:.
833:.
817:^
752:^
738:.
726:.
696:^
642:LC
619:NR
596:LC
572:LC
548:LC
525:LC
502:NT
479:LC
456:NR
433:LC
410:LC
387:NT
341:LC
229:,
139:,
135:,
80:,
76:,
1184:e
1177:t
1170:v
1093:.
1079::
1069::
1063:6
1042:.
1028::
1020::
1012::
989:.
969::
961::
938:.
918::
888:.
859:.
853::
845::
839:5
811:.
797:.
774:.
746:.
734::
639:)
616:)
592:)
588:(
568:)
564:(
545:)
522:)
499:)
476:)
453:)
430:)
407:)
384:)
370:-
361:)
338:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
