Taser safety issues - Knowledge (XXG)

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released under access to information and privacy around September 12, 2008. The report is available from the RCMP under access to information, but is censored (e.g., no recommendations). The report as released by the RCMP may be found on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation website www.cbc.ca. The Report reviews how the RCMP made the decisions to introduce the conducted energy weapons, training, policies and procedures, and accountability. The report is approximately 150 pages and provides an excellent analysis on how a police force adopted the Taser. The authors of the report argued that the police did not do their due diligences, is concerned about training and the issues of accountability. The report also pointed out that the police in Canada have misclassified the Taser as a prohibited weapon whereas under the criminal code it is referred to as a prohibited firearm, and refers to excited delirium as "folk knowledge".

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by U.S. police were unarmed. "Tasers interfere with a basic equation, which is that force must always be proportional to the threat", Feuer said. "They are being used in a situation where a firearm or even a baton would never be justified." A spokesperson for Taser International said that if a person dies from a "tasering" it is instantaneous and not days later. Taser International announced that it is "transmitting over 60 legal demand letters requiring correction of... false and misleading headlines."

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cause. However, she explicitly ruled out all direct causes of this arrhythmia except for the Taser, which she stated could not be definitively ruled out "as a causative or contributive factor" in Jones' death. Critics have pointed to cases like these to show how Taser's aggressive litigation history involving medical examiners may have affected their rulings, or prevented them from decisively citing a Taser as the cause of death, despite the fact that all other causes were definitively ruled out.

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thereof) of the heart to the electrodes that prevents stimulation of the heart, along with the short duration of the pulse, which allows the heart to return to near its baseline state prior to the next pulse, due to the larger time constant for the heart muscle vs skeletal muscles. They estimated a 0.4% chance of heart muscle stimulation among the general population with optimum (or worst case) electrode placement, which would normally resolve itself with the resumption of a normal heart beat.

456:'s subcommittee on the Medical Implications of Less-lethal Weapons (DoMILL), "The possibility that other factors such as illicit drug intoxication, alcohol abuse, pre-existing heart disease, and cardioactive therapeutic drugs may modify the threshold for generation of cardiac arrhythmias cannot be excluded." In addition, Taser experiments "do not take into account real life use of Tasers by law enforcement agencies, such as repeated or prolonged shocks and the use of restraints". 935:, Danielle Maudsley, 19, was left in a persistent vegetative state, after falling and hitting her head following being tasered. She was fleeing the police station, handcuffed, and officer Daniel Cole tasered her from behind, without a warning, in lieu of physical contact. He was cleared of wrongdoing. At the time she had cocaine and Oxycontin in her system. Maudsley had also previously escaped from her handcuffs. Maudsley never awoke from her coma and died in 2013 19: 1003:, a 21-year-old Brazilian student suspected of stealing a package of biscuits from a convenience store, died during a pursuit by police. CCTV footage shows police forcing the unarmed victim to collide with a glass window and tasering him with his back turned to the officers. The coroner did later find that Curti was suffering acute effects of LSD use. Witnesses said the victim was tasered at least four times and also capsicum sprayed. 1381: 337: 1273:, a 50 percent risk according to the IEC 479-1 series of electric safety standards. Ruggieri said that high rise-time pulses breaks down skin tissue, decreasing its resistance and increasing current through the body. Ruggieri showed that when the skin resistance drops lower than the device's region of linear operation, the current dramatically increases. 211:) was sprayed over mannequins wearing street clothing. The Tasers were then fired at the mannequins. In two of the seven trials, "the flames produced were severe and engulfed the top half of the mannequin, including the head". This poses a particular problem for law enforcement, as some police departments approve the use of CS before the use of a Taser. 828:, Stanley Jackson Jr., a 31-year-old father of four from Belleville died hours after being tasered by Washtenaw County police. AnnArbor.com reports that Jackson, a former high school running back with no known medical problems, was shot by police at his mother's Superior township home and died two hours after being admitted to St. Joseph Mercy Hospital. 1223:

suggest that the odds are, at worst, one in one thousand that a stun device would contribute to (and this does not imply "cause") death. This figure is likely not different than the odds of death when stun devices are not used, but when other multiple force measures are. A more defensible figure is one in one hundred thousand."

108:, allege is inhumane. As a consequence, Amnesty International Canada and other civil liberties organizations have argued that a moratorium should be placed on Taser use until research can determine a way for them to be safely used. In 2012 Amnesty International documented over 500 deaths that occurred after the use of Tasers. 1284:

questioned the apparent contradiction created by the claim that the Taser X26 does not stimulate the heart muscle, while clearly causing skeletal muscle contraction and stimulation. They estimated the average current pulse of the X26 at 1 ampere. They concluded that it is primarily proximity (or lack

839:, Gary Lee Grossenbacher, 48, dies after being tasered by police, while resisting arrest following a domestic disturbance call. This follows an incident on July 6, 2010 in Oklahoma City, during which Damon Lamont Falls, 31, was tasered as he fled from an alleged robbery attempt, and subsequently died. 451:

Although tests on police and military volunteers have shown Tasers to function appropriately on a healthy, calm individual in a relaxed and controlled environment, the real-life target of a Taser is, if not mentally or physically unsound, in a state of high stress and in the midst of a confrontation.

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that a healthy individual could die from a Taser discharge, depending on electrode placement on the chest and pulse timing. He said that the risk of serious injury or death is increased by the number of activations, adrenaline or drugs in the bloodstream, and a susceptible medical history. Tseng said

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Tasers are illegal or subject to legal restrictions on their availability and use in many jurisdictions. According to Taser International, the taser is legal for civilian use without restriction in 34 states in the United States, and legal with some form of restriction in the remaining states in the

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of the Martinsville Police Department. The autopsy revealed that Jones was in good health with a healthy heart and no pre-existing conditions, as well as no drugs other than alcohol in his system. The medical examiner ruled that his death was the result of a random cardiac arrhythmia, with no direct

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medical examiner Lisa J. Kohler cited Taser use as a cause of death in three cases, namely those of Mark D. McCullaugh, Dennis S. Hyde, and Richard Holcomb. Taser International sued, and on May 2, 2008, visiting judge Ted Schneiderman ordered the medical examiner to remove all references to "Taser"

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The head of the U.S. southern regional office of Amnesty International, Jared Feuer, said that 277 people in the United States have died after being shocked by a Taser between June 2001 and October 2007, which has already been documented. He also said that about 80% of those on whom a Taser was used

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While their intended purpose is to avoid the use of lethal force (firearms), 180 deaths were reported to have been associated with Tasers in the US by 2006. By 2019 that figure had increased to over 1,000 It is unclear in each case whether the Taser was the cause of death, but several legislators in

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Current methods of removal: OSHA does not give clear guidance as to how to remove the probes, the guidelines only stating that the removal must be done safely. Current methods of Taser Darts include removing the probes by hand, removing the probe with pliers or similar tools, or using the D.A.R.T.

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Medical Examiner Lisa J. Kohler cited Taser use as a cause of death in three cases, Mark D. McCullaugh, Dennis S. Hyde, and Richard Holcomb. Taser International sued, and on May 2, 2008, visiting judge Ted Schneiderman ordered the Medical Examiner to remove all references to "Taser" in the reports

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A later study done by Pierre Savard, Ing., PhD., Ecole Polythechnique de Montreal, et al., for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), reproduced the results of the Ruggieri study and indicated that the threshold of energy needed to induce deadly ventricular fibrillation decreased dramatically

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Although the Taser is a programmable device, the controlling software does not limit: a) the number of the bursts of pulses and the time between bursts while the trigger is held down continuously, or b) the number of times the shock cycles can be repeated. Thus the design does not adequately reduce

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of nearly 1,000 persons subjected to Taser use concluded that 99.7% of the subjects had suffered no injuries, or minor ones such as scrapes and bruises, while three persons suffered injuries severe enough to need hospital admission, and two died. Bozeman's study found that "...paired anterior probe

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September 9, 2010 David Smith, 28 died after being tasered by police in Minneapolis, MN. Police officers tasered him after being called to a YMCA in downtown Minneapolis where David Smith was refusing to leave. David Smith went into cardiac arrest after being tasered and later died. He was unarmed

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In June 2008, a federal jury ordered Taser International to pay the family of Robert Heston, Jr., $ 6 million in punitive and compensatory damages for the 2005 death of the man who died a day after being shocked repeatedly by officers using Tasers. According to a press report, the jury "found that

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found that California police departments that introduced Tasers experienced significant increases in the numbers of in-custody sudden deaths and firearm deaths in the first full year following deployment. The rates declined to predeployment levels in subsequent years. No significant change in the

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Supporters claim that electroshock weapons such as Tasers are more effective than other means including pepper-spray (an eye/breathing inflammatory agent), batons or other conventional ways of inflicting pain, even handguns, at bringing a subject down to the ground with minimum physical exertion.

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weapons test site, discouraged shocking soldiers with Tasers in training, contrary to Taser International's recommendations. The Army's occupational health sciences director warned that "Seizures and ventricular fibrillation can be induced by the electric current." and that "the practice of using

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District Attorney declined to press charges against the officer, saying state law excused the officer's conduct from criminal prosecution because of his "honest but mistaken" belief he was firing his Taser when he shot the wounded prisoner. In both the Kansas and Pennsylvania cases, the officers

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April 24, 2008, United States. Kevin Piskura died after being stunned by an X-26 Taser for 10 seconds while interfering with a friend's arrest by police in Oxford, Ohio. He was hospitalized after the confrontation and died five days later. Video and audio of the event were recorded by the X-26's

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as torture, not only for the physical pain the devices cause, but also for their heightened abuse potential. Amnesty International has reported several alleged cases of excessive electroshock gun use that possibly amount to torture. They have also raised extensive concerns about the use of other

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Taser "recommended officers avoid tasing suspects in the chest area, citing the potential for cardiac arrests, lawsuits and effectiveness of the device". Central Texas Constable Richard McCain, whose deputy used a Taser weapon against an unarmed 72-year-old woman (resulting in a $ 40,000 lawsuit

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Compliance Strategy Group (John Kiedrowski, Principal Consultant, Michael Petrunik and Ronald-Frans Melchers, Associate Consultants) conducted An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police that was completed in June 2008, but only

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A study by the Potomac Institute concluded: "Based on the available evidence, and on accepted criteria for defining product risk vs. efficacy, we believe that when stun technology is appropriately applied, it is relatively safe and clearly effective. The only known field data that are available

712:." The commission released its report on 18 June 2008; recommendations include restricting use to experienced officers (5 years or more), providing medical attention to those who have been shocked, and improving previous documentation of specific deployment of the weapon, among other things. 699:

On Sunday 18 November 2007 in Jacksonville, Florida, Christian Allen, 21, was pulled over by police because his car radio was too loud. After a struggle he and a passenger escaped on foot, an officer gave chase, caught Allen and tasered him at least three times. Allen died later in custody.

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On September 30, 2009, the manufacturer Taser International issued a warning and new targeting guidelines to law enforcement agencies to aim shots below the chest center of mass as "avoiding chest shots with ECDs avoids the controversy about whether ECDs do or do not affect the human heart"

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Supporters claim that electroshock guns are a safer alternative to devices such as firearms. Taser International now uses the term, "less lethal" instead of "non-lethal," which does not mean the weapon cannot cause death, but that it is not intended to be fatal, and in most cases is not.

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impacts potentially capable of producing a transcardiac discharge vector." occurred in 21.9% of all deployments. Multiple studies have since concluded that CEW use directly impacts cardiac and brain function, and can lead to cardiac arrest as well as dangerously elevated heart rate.

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After hearing many witnesses and briefs the report by the Canadian House of Commons, Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security makes 17 recommendations as a result the death due to the repetitive tasering of a Polish immigrant at the Vancouver International airport.

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problems and two of the subjects died of cardiac arrest. One of the subjects died three minutes after being shot indicating, according to researcher Bob Walker, that "after the Taser shock ends, there can still be effects that can be evoked and you can still see cardiac effects."

964:, Officer Henry Fung of the Tucson Police Department, was tasered as a training exercise on November 14, but died of a heart attack the next day while visiting his mother. The Police Department has stated that doctors have advised that the taser was not a factor in his death. 1051:, Israel Hernandez, 18 years old, died after being shocked with a taser in the chest after Miami Beach police spotted him painting graffiti on an empty building. It was later confirmed that the cause of death was sudden cardiac death produced by the shock from the taser. 137:

reported that more than 1,000 people shocked with a Taser by police died through the end of 2018 with 153 of those deaths being attributed to or related to the use of Tasers. Approximately 49 people died in 2018 in the US after being shocked by police with a Taser.

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requested that the federal Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP (CPC) prepare recommendations for immediate implementation. The CPC report recommended to "immediately restrict the use of the conducted energy weapon (CEW)" by reclassifying it as an

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during a struggle, went into cardiac arrest for at least 10 minutes, then slipped into a coma. He was taken off life support 5 days later and died. Autopsy results have yet to determine a cause for death and is the incident is under internal review by the

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that when he began researching Tasers and spoke of his concerns three years previously Taser International contacted him, asking him to reconsider his media statements and offering funding, which Tseng refused saying he wanted to remain independent.

4777: 853:, a 38-year-old illegal immigrant from Mali dies after having been tasered twice by police, who said the man threatened officers with a hammer. Tear gas and a baton were also used, and an inquiry was ordered to determine the exact cause of death. 318:

indicated in a news interview that the rationale for the warning was "new medical research that is coming out is showing that the closer probe to heart distances have a likelihood, or a possibility, that they may affect the rhythm of the heart".

242:). In such a state, physical restraint by the police coupled with the exertion by the subject are considered likely to result in death or more injuries. Critics alleged that electroshock devices can damage delicate electrical equipment such as 295:

Pro and X-TRACTOR TIP Removal System made by Global Pathogen Solutions. When handling contaminated sharps OSHA guidelines should always be followed.Special precautions should be taken when a Taser dart is being removed from sensitive areas.

971:, Jonathan White, 29, died shortly after being tasered in his home. Under treatment for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, his mother had called police for help in calming him down. White was resisting the officers, but not attacking them. 447:

on 17 May 2007. He was wearing a shirt and no jacket. When tased, he fell forward onto his chest on the ground, and (he said afterwards) "I couldn't move, it hurt like hell," he said after recovering. "I wouldn't want to do that again."

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are defined as "weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or material, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment."

821:, Martin Harrison, a 50-year-old Oakland man being held in Santa Rita Jail, died after being shocked twice by a Taser during a fight with deputies. The fight occurred on Monday night, and he died in a hospital about 5 a.m. Wednesday. 1261:

in 2007 on a single animal determined that a standard five-second Taser X26 application "does not affect the short-term functional integrity of implantable pacemakers and defibrillators.... The long-term effects were not assessed."

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during the Taser dart removal, or if an individual is exposed to bloodborne diseases during the removal, the incident is called an "exposure incident". The individual subject to the exposure incident may or may not have contracted

1358:. After discharging her gun, startled, she yelled, "Oh, shit, I shot him." Though that officer was charged, a judge dismissed the charges. In 2019, a scuffle in a jail cell led to another accidental shooting by a backup officer in 162:(OSHA) requirements and the bloodborne pathogen protocols should be followed when removing a Taser probe. The removal process may also be addressed in an exposure control plan (ECP) in order to increase Taser probe removal safety. 271:

while removing the Taser dart or while having the Taser dart removed. Extensive testing is the next step in the process. This can be an expensive and stressful event. Possible bloodborne diseases that may be contracted include

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However, in the United States, a water or oil based pepper spray is more common than CS. This allows for the possibility of a Taser being used after an individual has been subjected to pepper spray without the concern for a fire.

874:, James Doe, 31 years old, 130 pounds, was tasered while handcuffed and locked in the back of a power cruiser; he was kicking the doors and windows. He became irresponsive, and was pronounced dead at Florida Medical Center. 788:

April 16, 2009, Michigan, United States. Robert Mitchell, a 5-foot 2-inch 110 lb 16-year-old with a learning disability was tasered and died after fleeing a vehicle in which he was a passenger during a routine traffic

953:, Justice Livingstone survived being tasered 9 times, including 3 times in the back of the head. Livingstone had been reported for waving a gun around, he had bought a toy gun for his son. After his arrest Livingstone was 523:

Critics claim that risk-averse police officers resort to using Taser in situations in which they otherwise would have used more conventional, less violent alternatives, such as trying to reason with a cornered suspect.

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On January 12, 2008, in Winnfield, Louisiana, Baron Pikes died after being shocked nine times with a Taser by a police officer. Pikes was handcuffed and six of the shocks were administered within less than three

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Several deaths occurred as a result of injuries sustained in struggles. In a few of these cases head injury due to falling after being shocked contributed to later death. Some police departments, like that of

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According to Taser International, Tasers are intended "to incapacitate dangerous, combative, or high-risk subjects who pose a risk to law enforcement/correctional officers, innocent citizens, or themselves".

4787: 4647: 978:, Roger Anthony, 61, died a day after being tasered whilst cycling. Police had been called after the deaf man had fallen off his bicycle. The caller said Anthony appeared drunk, and may have hurt himself. 4680: 4805: 1079:, Bryce Masters' heart stopped after the probes from the stun gun struck him in close proximity to his heart. He was placed into a medically-induced coma and treated for lack of oxygen to the brain. 3124: 93:

Taser International previously described its devices as "non lethal," but changed and now uses the term "less lethal," which is a term for "intermediate weapons" in the lexicon of law enforcement.

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reported that in the 11-month period from January to November 2015, 48 people died in the United States in incidents in which police used Tasers, according to police, court, and autopsy records.

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Police officers in at least five US states have filed lawsuits against Taser International claiming they suffered serious injuries after being shocked with the device during training classes.

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Ideker, R. E.; Dosdall, D. J. (2007). "Can the Direct Cardiac Effects of the Electric Pulses Generated by the TASER X26 Cause Immediate or Delayed Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Normal Adults?".

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has stated in a training bulletin that repeated blasts of a taser can "impair breathing and respiration". Also, on Taser's website it is stated that, for a subject in a state described as "

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Medical conditions or use of illegal drugs can significantly heighten such risk for subjects in an at-risk category. In some cases however, death occurred after Taser use coupled with the

414:, in 2015, tracking US killings by police and other law enforcement agencies that year. As of 6 November 2015, 47 deaths of the 965 killed were classified as taser events. 1090:, Matthew Williams, 34, suspected of murdering a woman and allegedly caught in a hotel room eating her face, was tasered and arrested. Moments later he became unresponsive and died. 2109: 504:

electro-shock devices by American police and in American prisons, as they can be (and according to Amnesty International, sometimes are) used to inflict cruel pain on individuals.

4445: 2840: 558:, police officer Lisa Peterson was severely injured (including traumatic internal disc disruption and persistent dizziness) during a training exercise under controlled conditions. 1631: 2193: 1330:, when a police officer in the United States fired a pistol at someone but claimed to have intended to use a Taser instead. Other notable incidents included a 2002 shooting in 4496:

Analysis of the Quality and Safety of the Taser X26 devices tested for Radio-Canada / Canadian Broadcasting Corporation by National Technical Systems, Test Report 41196‐08.SRC

3241: 3698: 942:, Charles Brothers, 32, died after being tasered at a gym. He had damaged property and instigated fights with another man and the police prior to receiving multiple shocks. 443:, let himself be shot in the back with a Taser, to demonstrate his confidence that Tasers can be used safely. This was captured on video, and the video was released to the 4360:

Lee, B.; Vittinghoff, E; Whiteman, D; Park, M; Lau, LL; Tseng, ZH (2009). "Relation of Taser (Electrical Stun Gun) Deployment to Increase in In-Custody Sudden Deaths".

3565: 1891: 1391: 347: 230:", repeated or prolonged stuns with the Taser can contribute to "significant and potentially fatal health risks". (The term "excited delirium" is not recognized by the 3184: 4317: 3336: 3652: 906:, Cumbria UK, Dale Burns, 27, became unwell shortly after police tasered him at least three times. He was taken to hospital and was pronounced dead soon afterwards. 2427: 4726: 4636: 177:

Tasers, like other electric devices, have been found to ignite flammable materials. For this reason Tasers come with express instructions not to use them where

256: 159: 4463: 3154: 3098: 1741: 668:, October 14, 2007. The tasering was captured on home video and was broadcast nationally. This was followed by three further death-after-tasering incidents in 4670: 1713: 4815: 4286: 3393: 992:, James Clifton Barnes, 37, was struggling but in handcuffs when tasered by Kenneth Kubler, a marine deputy. He stopped breathing, and died a few days later. 3944: 285: 3795: 3132: 2883: 1111:, 37, stopped breathing, her heart stopped, then later died, after a stun gun was used four times on her while restrained with handcuffs and leg shackles. 5006: 4395: 2001: 846:, Un-identified man killed by a police taser. He lost consciousness shortly after he was tasered and was taken to Liverpool Hospital where he later died. 4241: 3886: 3606: 169:. This is a temporary condition where the body produces lactic acid within the muscles in the same way as it does during strenuous physical exercise. 2641: 2633: 1792: 1555: 1529: 239: 2655: 1969: 4430: 4051: 4076: 3904: 730:

Arizona-based stun-gun manufacturer Taser International should have more effectively warned police that Taser shocks were potentially dangerous."

3031: 4749: 3013: 892:, an 18-year-old attending summer classes at the University of Cincinnati was struck by a campus officer's stun gun and died of cardiac arrest. 3200: 3072: 1727: 4187: 4010: 2339:"Conducted Energy Devices: Development of Standards for Consistency and Guidance The Creation of National CED Policy and Training Guidelines" 1165:

Between June 2001 and June 2007, there were at least 245 cases of deaths of subjects after having been shocked using Tasers. Of these cases:

4850: 2016: 3962: 1495: 744:, a man died after being shocked multiple times while in police custody after having been arrested for shoplifting an Applebee's gift card. 625: 2671: 1851: 499:, due to the acute pain they cause, and warns against the possibility of death in some cases. The use of stun belts has been condemned by 4955: 3281: 2113: 4442: 2837: 1505: 453: 4966: 3670: 3297: 2899:

The Taser Effect: Two years after HPD armed itself with the stun guns, questions linger over how and how often the weapon is being used

2802: 2764: 867:, a female police officer was treated for hearing loss after a fellow officer deliberately placed and activated a taser behind her ear. 298:

Disposal issues: Proper disposal of the contaminated darts includes placing the probes into a puncture-resistant, leak-proof container.

53:, formerly TASER International. Axon has identified increased risk in repeated, extended, or continuous exposure to the weapon; the 4944: 3487: 3262: 1300: 737:, Canada, a 17-year old aboriginal teen died after being tasered during a standoff. The teen was carrying a knife during the incident. 392: 235: 3588: 2589: 1421: 1269:

measured a Taser's output as 39 times more powerful than specified. The study concluded that the discharge is sufficient to trigger

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November 2007, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Police had tasered Howard Hyde up to five times approximately 30 hours before he died.

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Medical literature reports that one police officer suffered spine fractures after being shocked by a Taser during a demonstration.

4334: 2783: 2745: 246:, but tests conducted by the Cleveland Clinic found that Tasers did not interfere with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. 4574: 1243: 3461: 1926: 1687: 391:

the U.S. have filed bills clamping down on them and requesting more studies on their effects. A study led by William Bozeman of

259:(OSHA) definition of "Sharps". This is important because the proper removal and treatment of a sharp is an OSHA issue in the US. 3221: 2864: 2752:

USA: Excessive and lethal force? Amnesty International's concerns about deaths and ill-treatment involving police use of tasers

1257:'s 2007 Scientific Sessions, Tasers may present risks to subjects with implanted pacemakers. However, a study conducted by the 811: 665: 653: 632: 151: 54: 4461:

Study Shows Tasers Pose Potential Risks for Pacemaker Patients: Weapons May Cause Arrhythmias in Patients With Cardiac Devices

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Cleveland Clinic Study Demonstrates TASER X26 Does Not Affect Short-Term Function of Implantable Pacemakers and Defibrillators

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April 2006, United States. A 56-year-old, wheelchair-bound woman died after ten taser shocks; the death was ruled a homicide.

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November 2007, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada. Robert Knipstrom, 36, died five days after an altercation with police.

1461: 1354:. In 2018, an officer coming to assist a policeman being assaulted during a traffic stop shot and wounded the arrestee in 1289: 1239: 1015: 975: 673: 661: 97: 2706: 1947: 3401: 2435: 1347: 677: 231: 4707: 4154: 2821: 2389: 2311: 1766: 305:

The removal process may also be addressed in an Exposure Control Plan in order to increase Taser probe removal safety.

1873: 1072:, Treon Johnson, suspected of attacking several dogs, dies hours after being tasered and taken into custody by police. 1010:, American pornographic actor Marlan A. Anderson (39 years old), better known as Sledge Hammer, was tasered twice in " 741: 4919: 4778:"Judge dismisses case against Lawrence police officer who shot man, says evidence does not show she acted recklessly" 1829: 4460: 483:

these weapons on U.S. Army military and civilian forces in training is not recommended, given the potential risks."

45:, weapon, since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. It is a brand of 4810: 4266: 3890: 2211:"Do electrical stun guns (TASER-X26) affect the functional integrity of implantable pacemakers and defibrillators?" 1363: 1327: 968: 825: 142:

District Attorney Paul Howard Jr. said in 2020 that “under Georgia law, a taser is considered as a deadly weapon.”

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Dennis AJ, Valentino DJ, Walter RJ, et al. (2007). "Acute effects of TASER X26 discharges in a swine model".

4283: 2358:"Occupational Safety and Health Administration". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. p. 1910 1030. 1152:, was shocked 53 times by tasers, resulting in his death by cardiac arrest; two police officers were convicted of 4172: 4122: 4108: 4025: 3996: 1468:

RCMP members with less than five years of operational experience should be prohibited from using Taser stun guns.

1027: 917:, UK, Philip Hulmes, 53, dies in hospital after stabbing himself in the abdomen and subsequently getting tasered. 436: 3146: 2457: 1299:

study suggests that use of the Taser can interfere with heart function. A team of scientists and doctors at the

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report described 70 deaths believed to be caused by the Taser, including 10 in August 2004 alone. At that time

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has also raised concerns about their use, as has the British human rights organization Resist Cardiac Arrest.

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State Conference President Scot X. Esdaile and the Connecticut NAACP argued that Tasers cause lethal results.

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alone, such as positional asphyxiation, with no evidence of underlying medical condition and no use of drugs.

3926: 3841: 3745: 1976: 1335: 1023: 1007: 836: 475: 4507: 3813: 3435: 1199:, have tried to eliminate such incidents by prohibiting taser use when the suspect is in danger of falling. 4782: 3397: 1500: 1359: 1339: 1069: 1041: 1000: 932: 864: 769: 594:, while unresponsive and alone on a bus in a bus depot, believing that he was a potential security threat. 315: 204: 158:

Taser darts penetrate the skin, and therefore may pose a hazard for transmitting diseases via blood. U.S.

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Individuals who are tasered should receive prompt medical attention, thereby possibly saving their lives.

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The Commissioner for Public Complaints made several recommendations regarding the use of Tasers by the

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United States, with the exception of the state of Hawaii, where the Taser is illegal for civilian use.

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center stunned 6 pigs with two 40-second Taser discharges across the chest. Every animal was left with

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OSHA requirements and the Bloodborne Pathogen Protocols should be followed when removing a Taser probe.

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and even death." At least 49 people died in 2018 in the US after being shocked by police with a Taser.

4562: 3912: 1914:"Under Georgia law a taser is considere a deadly weapon - Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard" 1058:, Unidentified, 39-year-old man, died after being shocked with a taser by the Edmonton Police Service. 4205: 3845: 2037: 1331: 1254: 1153: 1094: 1030:. She went into cardiac arrest and was revived after CPR was performed by a CHP officer at the scene. 703:

On December 12, 2007, in response to the death of Robert Dziekański, Canadian Public Safety Minister

463:

claiming they suffered serious injuries after being shocked with the device during training classes.

4757: 3197: 3076: 2515: 758:

in the reports and change the cause of death in McCullaugh's case from "Homicide" to "Undetermined."

4675: 4225: 2910: 1490: 1445: 1343: 1196: 921: 754: 689: 611: 460: 223: 46: 4845: 4839: 4713: 4616: 4545: 3422: 2561: 1941: 1939: 1610: 1083: 925: 896: 818: 734: 591: 479: 268: 263: 166: 4302: 3970: 2997: 2898: 2501: 1173:

said Tasers were a cause or a contributing factor or could not be ruled out as a cause of death.

3380: 2285: 2256: 18: 4977: 4718: 4608: 4537: 4377: 2543: 2535: 2363: 2232: 2169: 1995: 1602: 1510: 1055: 939: 903: 843: 555: 533: 281: 277: 3314: 2800:

Amnesty International Statement to the U.S. Justice Department inquiry into deaths in custody

684:

to demand Taser use end in Canada, as it had records of 16 other such deaths in the country.

4838: 4706: 4635: 4600: 4529: 4369: 4123:"Police Taser Killed Miami Beach Teen Israel Hernandez, Confirms Medical Examiner (updated)" 3624: 3508: 3495: 3465: 2799: 2761: 2730: 2695: 2527: 2516:"Transcardiac Conducted Electrical Weapon (TASER) Probe Deployments: Incidence and Outcomes" 2477: 2222: 2159: 2151: 1674: 1592: 1355: 1258: 1188: 1181: 1170: 1149: 889: 850: 227: 1742:"Taser Changes Its Name To Axon And Offers Free Body Cameras For Police : The Two-Way" 1265:

A study conducted by electrical engineer James Ruggieri and published December 2005 in the

597:

A medical examiner ruled for the first time that a Taser was the primary factor in a death.

4467: 4449: 4321: 4290: 3948: 3364: 3225: 3204: 2887: 2868: 2844: 2825: 2806: 2787: 2768: 2749: 2659: 2637: 2488: 2376: 2279: 2277: 1714:"Tased in the Chest for 23 Seconds, Dead for 8 Minutes, Now Facing a Lifetime of Recovery" 1351: 1205: 1131: 1108: 961: 432: 428: 186: 182: 3730: 3546: 2458:"Police have killed more than 1,000 people with Tasers since 2000 | PBS NewsHour Weekend" 652:, leading to calls for review of its use. The highest-profile of these cases was that of 3684: 2780: 2742: 810:

July 2010, A stand-off in Rothbury between British police and armed fugitive Raoul Moat

5011: 3820: 2164: 1231: 1048: 950: 882: 814:, possibly causing Moat to pull the trigger to end his own life. An inquest is ongoing. 492: 208: 193: 50: 3337:"Chicago man dies after Taser hit by Ohio police – Employees, Chicago" 1597: 1580: 1449:

and change the cause of death in McCullaugh's case from "Homicide" to "Undetermined."

1250:

the likelihood that the victim's heart enters into a deadly ventricular fibrillation.

1246:

requests to obtain the Taser-use forms filled out by RCMP officers from 2002 to 2007.

1242:

received injuries that required medical attention as a result. The news agencies used

5000: 4495: 3607:"Oklahoma City man dies after police use Taser to subdue him during domestic dispute" 2929: 2566: 2338: 1614: 709: 704: 4620: 3218: 2860: 1808:"Another Death Prompts Another Call for Taser Regulation | ACLU of Connecticut" 255:

Taser probes (also known as Taser darts) qualify as a "sharp" according to the U.S.

4840:"Officer Who Used Gun Instead of Taser Won't Face Charges for Shooting Unarmed Man" 4642: 4549: 4335:"Tasers: Deaths raise questions about the risk of excessive or improper deployment" 3750: 3638: 2531: 1318: 1304: 404: 82: 4637:"Breaking down the video: What happened during Daunte Wright's fatal traffic stop" 4373: 899:, a 29-year-old being treated by paramedics died after police used a Taser on him. 4894: 4533: 4094: 3357: 2562:"Taser shock disrupts brain function, has implications for police interrogations" 4604: 4479: 2972: 2481: 2139: 1191:

as cause of death. Excited delirium has been questioned as a medical diagnosis.

1087: 910: 410: 196: 4242:"Death of man in Polish police custody prompts anger amid conflicting accounts" 1913: 150:

In 2008 San Francisco cardiologist and electrophysiologist Zian Tseng told the

4109:"Israel Hernandez Dies After Being Tasered By Miami Beach Police For Graffiti" 3809: 3712: 2227: 2210: 2050: 1097:, a suspected burglar died after being tasered by police in Staffordshire, UK. 508: 122: 71: 42: 4722: 3177:"Taser video shows RCMP shocked immigrant within 25 seconds of their arrival" 3099:"Montreal family wants public inquiry after coroner says Taser use avoidable" 2951: 2539: 2315: 3769: 3716: 2818: 1770: 1452:

On June 9, 2008, Taser International lost its first product-liability suit.

954: 243: 178: 30: 4750:"A Lawrence police officer meant to use a Taser. She shot a man by mistake" 4612: 4541: 4381: 2640:, last updated November 6, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007. Archived here 2547: 2236: 2173: 1793:"USA: Stricter limits urged as deaths following police Taser use reach 500" 1606: 1277:

with each successive burst of pulses. The threshold for women may be less.

1026:, 50-year-old Studio City resident Angela Jones was tasered three times by 648:

In October and November 2007, four individuals died after being tasered in

4708:"Minnesota Officer Who Shot Daunte Wright Meant to Fire Taser, Chief Says" 4705:

Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Bosman, Julie; Hubler, Shawn (April 12, 2021).

2514:

Bozeman, William P.; Teacher, Eric; Winslow, James E. (December 1, 2012).

2051:"Non-lethal temporary incapacitation formulation and novel solvent system" 495:

Committee against Torture reports that the use of Tasers can be a form of

4907: 4270: 4140: 3102: 3001: 1632:"As death toll keeps rising, U.S. communities start rethinking Taser use" 878: 669: 569: 200: 4806:"Bucks DA: New Hope police-involved shooting not justified, but excused" 2731:

Amnesty International’s continuing concerns about Taser use (in the USA)

2155: 1830:"NAACP Investigating New London Taser Death | New London, CT Patch" 1556:"Family of man who dies after Taser incident gets $ 5.5 million verdict" 2614: 2257:"OSHA Fact Sheet Protecting Yourself When Handling Contaminated Sharps" 1852:"Black Americans disproportionately die in police Taser confrontations" 1675:

Statement to the U.S. Justice Department inquiry into deaths in custody

1659: 1636: 1456:

Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP - 18 June 2008 report

1296: 1177: 496: 459:

Police officers in at least five US states have filed lawsuits against

440: 134: 96:

While they are not technically considered lethal, some authorities and

4077:"Caught On Camera: Woman Goes Into Cardiac Arrest During Traffic Stop" 4052:"Autopsy pending for porn actor Sledge Hammer after fatal LAPD clash" 3791: 3765: 1581:"TASER Electronic Control Devices Can Cause Cardiac Arrest in Humans" 996: 946: 914: 804: 657: 649: 101: 4908:

Autopsy findings must be changed, judge rules. Akron Beacon Journal

4872: 1892:"Rayshard Brooks: Will Garrett Rolfe be convicted of felony murder?" 1476:

Compliance Strategy Group Independent Review of the RCMP – June 2008

885:, an 82-year-old was hospitalised for several days after his arrest. 507:

Tasers may also not leave the telltale markings that a conventional

323:

settlement), describes Taser's directive as "not really practical".

165:

One issue often raised with the use of the Taser are the effects of

4563:

Justice Department looks into deaths of people subdued by stun guns

2631:

Why do certain anti-police groups blame TASER for injuries or death

1728:"Taser Responds to New Times Investigation, Denies Blame for Abuse" 100:

question both the degree of safety presented by the weapon and the

3908: 1950:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. p. 1910.1030 1125:, 25, died shortly after being shocked with a taser several times. 1011: 644:

December 2007, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Death of Quilem Registre.

130: 34: 17: 4920:"Taser Loses 1st Product-Liability Suit; Jury Awards $ 6 Million" 3945:"In cuffs, man Tasered and seriously injured on Honeymoon Island" 3653:"Boynton Beach police officer charged with tasing fellow officer" 3125:"Witness blames RCMP, Vancouver airport for death of Tasered man" 2110:"Arizona Sheriff Announces Test of Alternative to Taser Stun Gun" 772:. Seventeen-year-old Derick Jones was fatally tasered by officer 2771:

USA: Amnesty International's continuing concerns about taser use

207:(a solvent in CS sprays used by all of the police forces in the 4956:

One-third of people shot by Taser need medical attention: probe

3282:

One-third of people shot by Taser need medical attention: probe

4026:"Sledge Hammer, Porn Star, Dies After Being Tasered By Police" 3930: 2462: 1374: 444: 330: 273: 104:

implications of using a weapon that some, such as sections of

4967:

RCMP fire Tasers multiple times despite health hazards: probe

4671:"Daunte Wright shooting echoes Rochester Taser error in 2002" 3298:

RCMP fire Tasers multiple times despite health hazards: probe

2819:

Police Officer Suffers Spine Fractures at Taser Demonstration

1322:, by April 2021 there had been 16 known cases, including the 1292:

began a two-year study into Taser-related deaths in custody.

4945:

Rookie Mounties should be barred from using Tasers: watchdog

4634:

Boone, Anna; DeLong, Matt; McKinney, Matt (April 15, 2021).

3263:

Rookie Mounties should be barred from using Tasers: watchdog

4206:"Man dies in police Taser shooting in Newcastle-under-Lyme" 3784:"FHP Trooper on Tasing handcuffed woman Danielle Maudsley: 3766:"Fresno man dies after being tasered by a sheriff's deputy" 2880:

Amnesty International’s continuing concerns about taser use

1688:"Robert Dziekanski Taser Death A Homicide: Coroner (VIDEO)" 1180:

and other officials stated that a Taser was a secondary or

2209:

Lakkireddy D, Khasnis A, Antenacci J, et al. (2007).

1134:, 48, died after being tasered in Telford, United Kingdom. 203:. Seven trials were conducted, in which CS gas containing 4575:"Chicago study calls Taser's safety claims into question" 4155:"Treon Johnson dies hours after being taken into custody" 3685:"Taser gun used on man aged 82 during arrest in Northolt" 3566:"Man dies after Taser shots from Washtenaw County police" 2286:"OSHA Fact Sheet: Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Incidents" 1390:

deal primarily with North America and do not represent a

692:

fell unconscious and died also right after being tasered.

660:

who died in less than two minutes after being tasered by

346:

deal primarily with North America and do not represent a

4700: 4698: 3671:"Suspect dies in BSO custody; relatives question reason" 2838:

Committee against Torture Concludes Thirty-Ninth Session

2078: 2017:"TASER International Finally held Accountable for Death" 4991: 4522:

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

4095:"Man dies after police use Taser in Greater Manchester" 1399: 1282:

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

747:

September 24, 2008, United States. Iman Morales fell 10

695:

November 2007, United States. Christian Allen incident:

355: 57:

says that total exposure should not exceed 15 seconds.

3887:"Heart attack kills TPD officer while visiting mother" 1673:

USA Amnesty International's concerns about Taser use,

22:

Police issue X26 TASER device with cartridge installed

2353: 2351: 1267:

Journal of the National Academy of Forensic Engineers

1238:

found that one-third of those shot by a Taser by the

1130:

August 15, 2016, former professional football player

4173:"Teen critical from stun gun; FBI investigates case" 3699:"Teen struck by Ohio campus officer's stun gun dies" 3627:. Sydney, Australia. ABC Australia. October 5, 2010. 4508:

The Electric Shock Questions - Effects and Symptoms

3436:"Judge rules for Taser in cause-of-death decisions" 2590:"Study: TASER Shocks May Cause Fatal Heart Attacks" 4267:"Man dies after being shot by police with a Taser" 4188:"Suspected murderer killed as he 'ate' body parts" 3861:"Met police Tasered man carrying toy gun on train" 3423:Statement from the New York City Police Department 1044:dies after police use Taser in Greater Manchester. 4221:"Fairfax jail inmate in Taser death was shackled" 4137:"Man Tasered by Edmonton police dies in hospital" 4050:Winston, Richard; Matt Stevens (April 17, 2012). 2790:Canada: Inappropriate and excessive use of tasers 1107:February 3, 2015, Fairfax County jail, Virginia, 4303:Death by Excited Delirium: Diagnosis or Coverup? 3927:"N.C. probes death of bicyclist tased by police" 3553:. Dublin, CA. Associated Press. August 18, 2010. 3315:"Man dies after cop hits him with Taser 9 times" 2672:"The Counted: People killed by police in the US" 751:feet to the ground and died after being tasered. 199:investigated the potential for Tasers to ignite 3905:"San Bernardino Man Dies After Police Tase Him" 3547:"Man dies after being shocked by Taser in jail" 3462:"Suit filed over death - Martinsville Bulletin" 3073:"AFP: Fourth Taser gun death in Canada: Police" 2851:, November 23, 2007. Accessed 26 November 2007. 2204: 2202: 1148:, a 28-year-old confused but nonviolent man in 218: 192:An evaluative study carried out in 2001 by the 2973:"Man dies after police jolt him with stun gun" 2719:BBC News Player - Police chief shot with TASER 219:Manufacturer's risk acknowledgments; breathing 3993:"Suspect dies after Sydney police fire Taser" 3639:"mali man dies after french police use taser" 3198:AFP: Fourth Taser gun death in Canada: police 3061:N.S. orders Taser review after inmate's death 2079:"Smart Weapons, Body Cameras, Data Solutions" 1626: 1624: 1574: 1572: 1388:The examples and perspective in this section 344:The examples and perspective in this section 257:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 160:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 8: 4013:. The Sydney Morning Herald. March 20, 2012. 3238:"RCMP watchdog releases report on Taser use" 3219:Officer Uses Taser During Struggle; Man Dies 3214: 3212: 3020:, July 30, 2005. Accessed November 25, 2007. 2314:. Center for Disease Control. Archived from 1649: 1647: 309:Cardiac arrests, lawsuits, and effectiveness 4480:"Study raises concerns over Tasers' safety" 4431:STUDY OF THE CONDUCTIVE ENERGY WEAPON–TASER 4011:"Ombudsman to scrutinise Taser death probe" 3589:"Man hit with Taser in police scuffle dies" 3394:"Statesville suspect dies after Taser hits" 3277: 3275: 576:reported the number as 150 since June 2001. 545:Several incidents have received publicity. 3521:"Autistic man Tazed on Tybee, family says" 2967: 2965: 2911:Police stun-gun may be lethal, firm admits 2482:Justice Department to review TASER deaths. 2103: 2101: 2099: 1406:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 362:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 3746:"Man dies after Taser arrest near Bolton" 3358:"Taser held responsible in Salinas death" 2226: 2163: 2073: 2071: 1596: 1422:Learn how and when to remove this message 1367:shouted "Taser" before firing their gun. 807:is injured after being tasered by police. 378:Learn how and when to remove this message 284:(HCV), and other bloodborne pathogens". 181:liquids or fumes may be present, such as 121:found that Tasers can cause "ventricular 70:found that Tasers can cause "ventricular 2140:"A knee in the neck of excited delirium" 928:, died after being tasered on a highway. 688:November 18, 2007, a 20-year-old man in 327:Deaths and injuries related to Taser use 240:American College of Emergency Physicians 4175:. Associated Press. September 16, 2014. 3564:Melzer, Eartha Jane (August 23, 2010). 2653:Prime Newswire issued November 16, 2007 1927:"Stun guns not risk free, inquiry told" 1521: 4799: 4797: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4396:"Potomac Institute for Policy Studies" 3244:from the original on December 14, 2007 2923:Goldman, Abigail (November 23, 2008). 2428:"Taser Maker Issues Safety Guidelines" 2372: 2361: 2000:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1993: 1761: 1759: 1655:"Shock Tactics: Reuters Taser Tracker" 1253:According to a study presented at the 1219:number of officer injuries was found. 812:ended after two Tasers were discharged 3859:Laville, Sandra (November 24, 2011). 3157:from the original on October 25, 2008 2108:Steven DiJoseph (November 21, 2005). 1806:ACLU of Connecticut (June 21, 2017). 291:(MRSA) is also a bloodborne pathogen. 238:. but was recently recognized by the 7: 4853:from the original on April 21, 2021. 4748:Robertson, Joe (September 6, 2018). 3963:"Man Tased on Honeymoon Island Dies" 3889:. KVOA News 4 Tucson. Archived from 3713:"PWC police investigate Taser death" 2344:. Department of Justice. p. 24. 2144:Canadian Medical Association Journal 1579:Douglas P. Zipes (January 7, 2014). 1496:University of Florida Taser incident 626:University of Florida Taser incident 474:A February 2005 memorandum from the 4729:from the original on April 15, 2021 4683:from the original on April 16, 2021 4650:from the original on April 16, 2021 4315:Another Taser Death - In Clearwater 4186:Harley, Nicola (November 6, 2014). 4024:Miles, Kathelene (April 16, 2012). 3911:. November 16, 2011. Archived from 3794:. February 17, 2012. Archived from 3701:. Associated Press. August 6, 2011. 3587:Simons, Abby (September 18, 2010). 3183:. November 15, 2007. Archived from 2402:"Taser maker issues new guidelines" 1948:"Bloodborne pathogens. - 1910.1030" 1187:In dozens of cases, coroners cited 624:September 2007, United States. See 454:Defence Scientific Advisory Council 4776:Shepherd, Sarea (March 27, 2019). 4362:The American Journal of Cardiology 4240:Tilles, Daniel (August 10, 2021). 4111:. Huffington Post. August 7, 2013. 3131:. October 18, 2007. Archived from 3032:"State rules Taser death homicide" 2434:. October 20, 2009. Archived from 1554:Lee, Timothy (November 14, 2017). 1371:Other legal issues and court cases 656:, a non-English speaking man from 408:newspaper was running a database, 393:Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center 236:American Psychological Association 14: 5007:Electroshock weapon controversies 4804:Ciavaglia, Joe (April 12, 2019). 3744:Carter, Helen (August 24, 2011). 3494:. October 4, 2009. Archived from 3147:"Details emerge in airport death" 3014:Taser shocks ruled cause of death 2781:Amnesty International 2006 report 2762:Amnesty International 2006 report 2743:Amnesty International 2004 report 2520:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1598:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005504 1350:by a volunteer reserve deputy in 1236:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4837:Emily S. Rueb (April 15, 2019). 4125:. Huffington Post. July 3, 2014. 3969:. March 19, 2012. Archived from 3673:. Palm Beach Post. June 6, 2011. 2998:Terror police 'shot' man in coma 2925:"Cops raise Taser safety claims" 1506:Robert Dziekański Taser incident 1379: 335: 4669:Eckert, Nora (April 13, 2021). 4219:Jackman, Tom (April 11, 2015). 3425:New York Times, September 2008. 3400:. July 29, 2008. Archived from 3240:. CTV News. December 12, 2007. 2849:United Nations Office at Geneva 2038:Safety flaw in police's new gun 2015:Jane Mundy (November 8, 2008). 1156:for their role in the incident. 1121:May 15, 2016, Wrocław, Poland, 666:Vancouver International Airport 55:Police Executive Research Forum 3731:"Barrow Taser arrest man dies" 3641:. BBC News. November 30, 2010. 2532:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.03.022 2390:TASER Law Enforcement Warnings 1215:American Journal of Cardiology 610:November 2006, United States. 513:American Civil Liberties Union 111:A 2012 study published in the 98:non-governmental organizations 60:A 2012 study published in the 1: 4374:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.046 3814:Special Master's Final Report 3625:"man dead after police taser" 3488:"City: Taser policy to stand" 1462:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1290:National Institute of Justice 1240:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1016:Los Angeles Police Department 976:Scotland Neck, North Carolina 662:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 47:conducted electroshock weapon 4534:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31803179a9 4284:County police getting Tasers 3733:. BBC News. August 17, 2011. 3381:Man dies after being Tasered 3369:The (Monterey County) Herald 2500:KHAMPHA BOUAPHANH, AP file, 2476:Parker Waichman Alonso LLP, 2310:Center For Disease Control. 1874:"The Atlanta Shooting - WSJ" 1832:. Patch.com. October 8, 2014 1677:Accessed on December 2, 2007 1348:2015 shooting of Eric Harris 1182:contributory factor of death 957:under the mental health act. 678:Chilliwack, British Columbia 633:Killing of Robert Dziekański 262:If an individual receives a 232:American Medical Association 4992:Taser International website 4605:10.1097/TA.0b013e3180683c16 4466:September 27, 2007, at the 4443:TASER X26E Operating Manual 4289:September 27, 2007, at the 2886:September 26, 2007, at the 2861:USA - Amnesty International 2620:retrieved December 7, 2007. 2504:Retrieved December 3, 2007. 2491:Retrieved December 3, 2007. 2312:"Causes of MRSA Infections" 2019:. Lawyersandsettlements.com 1402:, discuss the issue on the 1312:Taser and handgun confusion 742:Statesville, North Carolina 358:, discuss the issue on the 5028: 4811:Bucks County Courier Times 4097:. BBC News. July 11, 2013. 3687:. BBC News. July 11, 2011. 3224:November 20, 2007, at the 2767:November 30, 2007, at the 2658:December 10, 2007, at the 2636:December 23, 2007, at the 1854:. Yahoo.com. June 15, 2020 1769:. CBC News. Archived from 1530:"TASER CEW Use Guidelines" 1364:Bucks County, Pennsylvania 1328:Brooklyn Center, Minnesota 1301:Cook County hospitaltrauma 1280:A 2007 study published in 969:San Bernardino, California 826:Washtenaw County, Michigan 803:, an 18-year-old man with 631:October 2007, Canada. See 519:Comparison to alternatives 129:and even death." In 2014, 113:American Heart Association 62:American Heart Association 4208:. BBC. December 22, 2014. 3997:The Sydney Morning Herald 3842:"Chief: Tasers justified" 2867:October 19, 2007, at the 2805:January 21, 2008, at the 2502:Houston & Texas News. 1212:A study published by the 1028:California Highway Patrol 990:Honeymoon Island, Florida 437:Greater Manchester Police 4320:August 20, 2007, at the 3657:The Palm Beach Post News 3317:. CNN.com. July 22, 2008 3203:January 2, 2008, at the 2786:January 2, 2008, at the 2748:October 7, 2008, at the 1324:killing of Daunte Wright 1271:ventricular fibrillation 1230:An investigation by the 37:. The TASER device is a 3383:, CTV.ca, July 22, 2008 2643:, on December 23, 2007. 2228:10.1093/europace/eum058 1336:shooting of Oscar Grant 1024:Los Angeles, California 1008:Los Angeles, California 837:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 487:Use as a torture device 476:Aberdeen Proving Ground 4783:Lawrence Journal World 3570:The Michigan Messenger 3398:The Charlotte Observer 3363:June 13, 2008, at the 2824:April 3, 2012, at the 2707:Top cop tastes a TASER 2487:June 14, 2007, at the 1501:Death of Jordan Begley 1360:New Hope, Pennsylvania 1340:Bay Area Rapid Transit 1244:Freedom of Information 1070:Miami Gardens, Florida 1001:Roberto Laudisio Curti 933:Pinellas Park, Florida 865:Boynton Beach, Florida 770:Martinsville, Virginia 452:According to the UK's 316:Calgary Police Service 286:Methicillin-resistant 205:methyl isobutyl ketone 140:Fulton County, Georgia 23: 4448:May 30, 2009, at the 4412:on September 24, 2015 3772:. September 13, 2011. 3613:. September 17, 2010. 3492:Martinsville Bulletin 3187:on December 19, 2007. 3153:. November 25, 2007. 3135:on December 11, 2007. 2843:May 28, 2008, at the 2466:. September 23, 2017. 2138:Truscott, A. (2008). 1535:. Axon. April 5, 2017 1077:Kansas City, Missouri 872:Oakland Park, Florida 801:Tybee Island, Georgia 682:Amnesty International 588:West Yorkshire Police 574:Amnesty International 501:Amnesty International 288:Staphylococcus aureus 127:sudden cardiac arrest 106:Amnesty International 76:sudden cardiac arrest 21: 4895:"State Requirements" 4754:The Kansas City Star 4403:potomacinstitute.org 4083:. November 19, 2012. 3933:. November 23, 2011. 3846:Times Union (Albany) 3812:(January 22, 2018). 3798:on February 9, 2013. 3786:I needed to stop her 3468:on November 15, 2014 3018:The Arizona Republic 3016:, by Robert Anglen, 1795:. February 15, 2012. 1744:. NPR. April 7, 2017 1400:improve this section 1332:Rochester, Minnesota 1255:Heart Rhythm Society 1154:second-degree murder 1095:Newcastle-under-Lyme 1075:September 14, 2014, 674:Halifax, Nova Scotia 554:In November 2003 in 356:improve this section 250:Probe removal safety 146:Other medical issues 89:"Less lethal" weapon 4865:"About Us, Company" 4676:Duluth News Tribune 4486:, February 13, 2006 4341:. November 26, 2015 4339:The Washington Post 4226:The Washington Post 4192:The Daily Telegraph 4143:. October 31, 2013. 4030:The Huffington Post 3848:. November 1, 2011. 3576:on August 30, 2010. 3404:on January 18, 2013 3004:, November 15, 2007 2979:. November 18, 2007 2958:. October 12, 2004. 2617:, October 8, 2006. 2432:www.myFoxAustin.com 2156:10.1503/cmaj.080210 1878:Wall Street Journal 1773:on November 3, 2007 1692:The Huffington Post 1640:. February 4, 2019. 1491:UCLA Taser incident 1446:Summit County, Ohio 1344:Oakland, California 1197:Clearwater, Florida 1093:December 22, 2014, 974:November 22, 2011, 967:November 16, 2011, 960:November 15, 2011, 849:November 30, 2010, 835:September 17, 2010 755:Summit County, Ohio 690:Frederick, Maryland 612:UCLA Taser incident 461:Taser International 269:bloodborne diseases 224:Taser International 27:Taser safety issues 4846:The New York Times 4790:on April 22, 2021. 4760:on April 21, 2021. 4714:The New York Times 4581:, January 30, 2008 4273:. August 15, 2016. 3915:on March 25, 2017. 3551:Contra Costa Times 3498:on August 8, 2010. 3347:on April 29, 2008. 3079:on January 2, 2008 2901:, January 14, 2007 2570:. February 8, 2016 2119:on August 13, 2007 1767:"In depth: Tasers" 1464:(RCMP) including: 1082:November 6, 2014, 1054:October 24, 2013, 945:November 15, 2011 938:October 31, 2011, 926:Fresno, California 897:Manassas, Virginia 819:Dublin, California 735:Winnipeg, Manitoba 592:hypoglycemic shock 534:Non-lethal weapons 480:United States Army 264:needlestick injury 167:metabolic acidosis 24: 4875:on March 18, 2015 4818:on April 22, 2021 4305:February 26, 2007 4246:Notes From Poland 4056:Los Angeles Times 3999:. March 18, 2012. 3967:News Talk Florida 3951:. March 18, 2012. 3893:on June 29, 2013. 3719:. August 7, 2011. 3440:azcentral.com web 3105:. August 29, 2008 2847:, press release, 2828:September 4, 2007 2809:27 September 2007 2594:Prison Legal News 2480:, June 14, 2006. 2408:. October 7, 2009 2371:Missing or empty 2337:James A. Cronin. 1511:Braidwood Inquiry 1432: 1431: 1424: 1346:, and the deadly 1334:, the fatal 2009 1316:According to the 1171:medical examiners 1056:Edmonton, Alberta 997:Sydney, Australia 940:Colonie, New York 909:August 23, 2011, 904:Barrow-in-Furness 902:August 16, 2011, 844:Sydney, Australia 842:October 5, 2010, 824:August 20, 2010, 817:August 18, 2010, 768:January 8, 2009, 654:Robert Dziekański 590:tasered a man in 556:Las Vegas, Nevada 388: 387: 380: 282:hepatitis C virus 278:hepatitis B virus 152:Braidwood Inquiry 5019: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4916: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4871:. Archived from 4861: 4855: 4854: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4814:. Archived from 4801: 4792: 4791: 4786:. Archived from 4773: 4762: 4761: 4756:. Archived from 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4710: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4588: 4582: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4498:December 2, 2008 4493: 4487: 4484:Arizona Republic 4477: 4471: 4458: 4452: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4405:. Archived from 4400: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4331: 4325: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4161:. March 4, 2014. 4151: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3973:on March 3, 2016 3959: 3953: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3593:The Star Tribune 3584: 3578: 3577: 3572:. Archived from 3561: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3464:. Archived from 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3343:. Archived from 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3216: 3207: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075:. Archived from 3069: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3042:on July 31, 2015 3038:. Archived from 3036:jacksonville.com 3027: 3021: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2835: 2829: 2816: 2810: 2797: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2668: 2662: 2650: 2644: 2627: 2621: 2613:William Dunham, 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2478:Associated Press 2474: 2468: 2467: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2438:on July 27, 2011 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2241: 2240: 2230: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2167: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2112:. Archived from 2105: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2047: 2041: 2040:December 9, 2001 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1982:on June 28, 2017 1981: 1975:. Archived from 1974: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1943: 1934: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1880:. June 19, 2020. 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1600: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1356:Lawrence, Kansas 1288:In 2006, the US 1259:Cleveland Clinic 1189:excited delirium 1150:Wilson, Oklahoma 1047:August 6, 2013, 1040:March 18, 2013, 995:March 18, 2012, 988:March 18, 2012, 931:September 2011, 895:August 7, 2011, 890:Cincinnati, Ohio 888:August 6, 2011, 851:Colombes, France 783: 781: 777: 750: 586:July 2005, UK. 383: 376: 372: 369: 363: 339: 338: 331: 228:excited delirium 183:filling stations 5027: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4478: 4474: 4468:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4450:Wayback Machine 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4322:Wayback Machine 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4291:Wayback Machine 4282: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3949:Tampa Bay Times 3943: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3525:savannahnow.com 3519: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3365:Wayback Machine 3356: 3352: 3341:Chicago Tribune 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3304:, June 11, 2008 3296: 3292: 3288:, June 17, 2008 3280: 3273: 3269:, June 18, 2008 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3226:Wayback Machine 3217: 3210: 3205:Wayback Machine 3196: 3192: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3008: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2952:"TASER Danger?" 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2913:October 3, 2005 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2888:Wayback Machine 2878: 2874: 2869:Wayback Machine 2859: 2855: 2845:Wayback Machine 2836: 2832: 2826:Wayback Machine 2817: 2813: 2807:Wayback Machine 2798: 2794: 2788:Wayback Machine 2779: 2775: 2769:Wayback Machine 2760: 2756: 2750:Wayback Machine 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2660:Wayback Machine 2651: 2647: 2638:Wayback Machine 2629:Mark W. Kroll, 2628: 2624: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2489:Wayback Machine 2475: 2471: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2370: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2244: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1970:"Archived copy" 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1716:. June 7, 2016. 1712: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1694:. April 8, 2013 1686: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1487: 1478: 1458: 1428: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1352:Tulsa, Oklahoma 1314: 1206:Washington Post 1163: 1141: 1132:Dalian Atkinson 1123:Igor Stachowiak 1118: 1109:Natasha McKenna 1104: 1068:March 4, 2014, 1065: 1037: 1006:April 8, 2012, 985: 962:Tucson, Arizona 920:Sept 13, 2011, 877:June 28, 2011, 860: 796: 779: 775: 773: 765: 748: 740:July 29, 2008, 733:July 22, 2008, 726:mounted camera. 718: 621: 604: 583: 565: 551: 543: 521: 489: 472: 433:Chief Constable 427:On 5 July 2005 425: 420: 384: 373: 367: 364: 353: 340: 336: 329: 311: 252: 221: 187:methamphetamine 175: 148: 91: 12: 11: 5: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5009: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4986:External links 4984: 4982: 4981: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4937: 4926:. June 7, 2008 4911: 4900: 4886: 4856: 4829: 4793: 4763: 4740: 4694: 4661: 4626: 4583: 4567: 4555: 4528:(3): 195–201. 4512: 4500: 4488: 4472: 4453: 4435: 4423: 4387: 4352: 4326: 4324:April 07, 2006 4307: 4295: 4276: 4258: 4232: 4211: 4197: 4178: 4164: 4146: 4128: 4114: 4100: 4086: 4068: 4042: 4016: 4002: 3984: 3954: 3936: 3918: 3896: 3878: 3851: 3833: 3821:Florida Senate 3801: 3775: 3757: 3736: 3722: 3704: 3690: 3676: 3662: 3659:. May 6, 2011. 3644: 3630: 3616: 3598: 3579: 3556: 3538: 3527:. 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