155:, "to hear". The translations "hearing" and "reconciliation" have been suggested, though neither is certain, as the term is not attested as an abstract noun, only as a theonym and personal name. Zachary Rubin proposes translating it as "she hears" instead. Franscesco Pomponio suggested the alternate translation "intelligence", relying on the association between Tashmetum and
639:
is sometimes interpreted as a variant of
Tashmetum's name. However, according to Zachary Rubin there is no evidence that this deity, who is only attested in the name of a gate of the town Zizza, is related to her, and it is possible her name should be translated as "Ishtar (U) is the one who hears",
655:
argues she might have been introduced to the local pantheon as the spouse of Nabu. In the past, attempts have been made to prove the theophoric name Ina-ṣilli-Uridimmu attested in a text from this site should be read as Ina-ṣilli-Tašmētum based on alternate sign values, but this proposal has been
335:, could be regarded as the father of Tashmetum. Anne Löhnert argues that while the evidence is limited to sources from the first millennium BCE, they reflect an older tradition in which she was a member of the circle of this god. Zachary Rubin points out that Tashmetum does not appear in many
268:. However, he stresses that there is no evidence that Tashmetum and other similar deities were imagined as a deified human within their historical cults. He concludes that even if they originated as real or imagined ancestors, they were eventually re-imagined as fully divine.
520:. In the forty first year of his reign, the king dedicated red gold and a precious stone to her, possibly in hopes of warding off potential infirmity caused by his advanced age. While no other royal inscriptions of the rulers from the
216:
of the land", in this context a designation of a minor protective deity. She is also attested in an intercessory role, though this was a standard function of all goddesses regarded as spouses of major gods in
310:. She might have been viewed either as his courtier or courtesan, prior to the development of her standard role as a spouse of Nabu. It is possible that she initially fulfilled a similar role in the court of
306:, once Nabu started to be viewed as Marduk's son. However, she was already associated with Marduk independently from Nabu, as evidenced for example by her incorporation into his circle in Old Babylonian
384:
Tashmetum was regarded as Nabu’s official spouse, while Nanaya was apparently his mistress. As a result of this connection, both of them could be referred to as the "queen of
Borsippa". However,
287:. Zachary Rubin argues they first came to be associated with each other in the eighteenth century BCE, possibly due to the respective meanings of their names, with Nabu's derived from
478:
mentions a votive gift offered to her by the trader Pūšu-kēn, though there is no evidence she was his family's tutelary deity mentioned in other letters. In the same text corpus the
587:
and the poorly known goddess Kippat-māti ("circumference of the earth"), presumably because all three of them were enshrined in the temple of Ashur in Assur.
554:
in the late second millennium BCE due to the exaltation of Nabu which occurred in the local pantheon. However, she was eventually overshadowed by
1547:
1437:
1315:
1293:
1269:
543:
and
Tashmetum, which might additionally indicate that by the Old Babylonian period she came to be seen as one of the tutelary deities of
291:, "to call", and Tashmetum's from šemû, "to hear". The oldest source attesting they were associated with each other is a copy of the
1280:
351:. No sources directly refer to Urash as the father-in-law of Nabu, but this might be explained by Urash's minor position in the
1578:
462:. She was already worshiped in this area in the nineteenth century BCE, as evidenced by references to her enshrinement in the
423:). However, Alison Acker Grueske and Takayoshi M. Oshima stress that she cannot be considered an Ishtar-like figure overall.
194:
instead. A further possible alternate name or title of
Tashmetum, Emagar-qabûša, "her speech showed favor", appears in a
599:, VAT 6563. However, the dating of this tablet, which is now lost, is uncertain, and it might be younger, specifically
396:
argued that sharing an epithet in this case might only reflect equal status in the pantheon, as opposed to syncretism.
640:
which would instead indicate a connection with Ištar-tašmê, "Ishtar of hearing", worshiped in the north of
Babylonia.
252:(in this context: "listens to prayers") and a theonym, already appear as ordinary personal names in sources from the
366:
through an extension of the connection between this goddess and Nabu. They appear as a triad in an inscription on a
339:
from Dilbat, and concludes that the connection between her and Urash might have only developed during the reign of
1282:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
198:
litany, though it might alternatively be interpreted as an otherwise unattested attendant deity in her service.
521:
451:
393:
171:
178:, "lady of listening and peace". It might have originally developed as an ancient scholarly justification for
112:, though they only came to be associated with each other in the eighteenth century BCE. She was worshiped in
509:
god list might support the assumption she was still relatively poorly known in the south in this period.
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1262:
From Stone Age to
Stellenbosch: studies on the ancient Near East in honour of Izak (Sakkie) Cornelius
373:
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Zachary Rubin proposes that
Tashmetum originated as a deified ancestor, similarly to deities such as
105:
124:. Sources from the first millennium BCE indicate she was venerated alongside Nabu in cities such as
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652:
580:
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in this period, and by its end she was worshiped in Sippar as a member of the circle of Marduk and
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539:. A letter found in this city sent by the Assyrian Tarīša to her relatives includes a blessing by
347:'s Urash gate with ceremonies focused on Nabu might indicate that it was perceived as Tashmetum's
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1389:
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610:, is unlikely to be related to Tashmetum, and might be either the deified wife of the local king
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179:
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479:
336:
261:
253:
1472:
Rubin, Zachary (2024). "The
Adoption of Nabû and Tašmētu into the Babylonian Pantheon".
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abandoned by the early 2000s, and it is now assumed it reflects the worship of deified
435:
359:
229:
1542:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 133. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
376:(1171-1159 BCE), which refers to them as the "lords of judgment and decision" (EN.MEŠ
1572:
1393:
596:
529:
434:
to designate an unidentified deity worshiped in Ištaḫara, a northern province of the
190:), "good lady", though elsewhere this name belongs to a deity from the entourage of
1540:
The
Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE
576:
245:
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Anne Löhnert argues Tashmetum is attested for the first time in a text from the
467:
340:
328:
311:
108:. Her character is poorly understood, and she is best attested as the spouse of
67:
1369:
1485:
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571:
408:
389:
296:
233:
1524:
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1377:
1260:. In van Dijk-Coombes, Renate M.; Swanepoel, Liani C.; Kotzé, Gideon (eds.).
1325:
513:
490:
225:
170:
name of Tashmetum, Ningutešasiga, first appears in bilingual texts from the
117:
302:
As Nabu's wife, Tashmetum came to be referred to as the daughter-in-law of
1515:
1503:"The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources"
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439:
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404:
381:
191:
125:
45:
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1258:"She Walks in Beauty: an Iconographic Study of the Goddess in a Nimbus"
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344:
212:
141:
113:
41:
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1068:
1354:"Along the Road to Nerik: Local Panthea of Hittite Northern Anatolia"
565:, where she was venerated in the local temple of Nabu, as well as in
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and to personal devotion to her among Assyrians. A letter found in
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In Assyria in the first millennium BCE Tashmetum was worshiped in
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Tashmetum's character is poorly known. A prayer from the reign of
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No references to any deities as children of Tashmetum are known.
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343:(c. 1749–1712 BC) or later. He suggests that the association of
280:
156:
109:
81:
1432:. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER). De Gruyter.
505:. Zachary Rubin notes that her absence from the Old Babylonian
516:
indicate that at some point Tashmetum came to be enshrined in
524:
mention her, it is presumed she might have been enshrined in
1364:(1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 24–71.
1564:
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Tašmetu (goddess)
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Tešmit-māti, a deity attested in offering lists from the
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Ikun-pî-Tašmētim and Šāt-Tašmētim have been identified.
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did occur between them, they were not fully conflated.
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as early as in the nineteenth century BCE, and reached
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The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period
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Acker Grueske, Alison; Oshima, Takayoshi M. (2021).
1279:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
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77:
60:
55:
33:
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550:Tashmetum came to be seen as the main goddess of
260:periods, for example in texts from the temple of
1333:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
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489:the worship of Tashmetum spread to the north of
1507:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
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1137:
430:text KUB 60.147 Tashmetum's name is used as a
512:Sources from the final years of the reign of
174:, where it corresponds to her Akkadian title
8:
163:ever being assigned such a meaning exists.
299:dated to the late eighteenth century BCE.
283:, as already attested in sources from the
1514:
1474:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
438:located in the proximity of the plain of
271:The iconography of Tashmetum is unknown.
248:forms of common names combining the word
1538:Wasserman, Nathan; Bloch, Yigal (2023).
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279:Tashmetum was regarded as the spouse of
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403:equates her with Tashmetum (as well as
362:, Tashmetum came to be associated with
210:(tablet KAR 128) refers to her as the "
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182:of her name. In an inscription from
643:While Tashmetum is not attested in
591:Uncertain or disproved attestations
583:sources, she is often grouped with
14:
1075:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1036:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1012:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
828:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
388:concludes that while a degree of
1429:Religion and Ideology in Assyria
1426:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015).
882:Acker Grueske & Oshima 2021
799:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
493:, as evidenced by sources from
275:Associations with other deities
186:she is referred to as Ninsiga (
159:, but no evidence for the term
148:origin. It is derived from the
28:Protective intercessory goddess
1:
1310:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
621:or a member of the circle of
1459:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1453:Pomponio, Francesco (1998),
1413:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1339:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
569:and Assur. She appears in a
1595:
1501:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018).
1370:10.13109/wdor.2018.48.1.24
1150:Wasserman & Bloch 2023
1138:Wasserman & Bloch 2023
1486:10.1163/15692124-12341340
1415:(in German), vol. 13
575:ritual from the reign of
399:A late syncretic hymn to
26:
1341:(in German), vol. 9
522:First Dynasty of Babylon
454:Tashmetum originated in
452:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
394:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
172:Middle Babylonian period
1579:Mesopotamian goddesses
1455:"Nabû A. Philological"
1407:Löhnert, Anne (2013),
331:, the tutelary god of
1516:10.3917/assy.112.0049
1352:Corti, Carlo (2018).
1192:Pongratz-Leisten 2015
487:Old Babylonian period
353:Mesopotamian pantheon
285:Old Babylonian period
236:. He points out that
219:Mesopotamian religion
122:Old Babylonian period
1358:Die Welt des Orients
1304:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
374:Marduk-apla-iddina I
176:bēlet tešmê u salīme
106:Mesopotamian goddess
16:Mesopotamian goddess
1264:. Münster: Zaphon.
1128:, pp. 180–181.
985:, pp. 185–186.
915:, pp. 184–185.
728:, pp. 169–170.
653:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
460:Old Assyrian period
386:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
372:from the reign of
358:By the end of the
1549:978-90-04-54731-5
1439:978-1-61451-426-8
1317:978-90-04-13024-1
1295:978-3-7278-1738-0
1271:978-3-96327-151-9
1026:, pp. 77–78.
830:, pp. 92–93.
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1528:. Retrieved
1506:
1477:
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1463:, retrieved
1458:
1443:. Retrieved
1428:
1417:, retrieved
1412:
1397:. Retrieved
1361:
1357:
1343:, retrieved
1338:
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1250:Bibliography
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1180:Löhnert 2013
1145:
1133:
1121:
1114:Veenhof 2018
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1102:Veenhof 2018
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1031:
1019:
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978:
966:
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721:
684:Löhnert 2013
642:
630:-te-eš-me-tu
629:
627:
605:
594:
581:Neo-Assyrian
577:Ashurbanipal
570:
560:
549:
511:
484:
449:
425:
398:
380:EŠ.BAR). In
377:
367:
357:
327:
324:
301:
288:
278:
270:
254:Old Akkadian
249:
246:hypocoristic
242:tá-áš-má-tum
241:
237:
223:
211:
205:
195:
187:
175:
166:A secondary
165:
160:
152:
139:
101:
97:
89:
88:
635:known from
615: [
579:. In other
341:Samsu-iluna
1530:2024-02-18
1465:2024-02-18
1445:2024-02-18
1419:2024-02-18
1399:2024-02-18
1345:2024-02-18
1335:"Nin-siga"
1204:Rubin 2024
1165:Rubin 2024
1126:Rubin 2024
1090:Rubin 2024
1060:Corti 2018
1048:Corti 2018
959:Rubin 2024
947:Rubin 2024
930:Rubin 2024
913:Rubin 2024
867:Rubin 2024
855:Rubin 2024
816:Rubin 2024
787:Rubin 2024
772:Rubin 2024
743:Rubin 2024
726:Rubin 2024
714:Rubin 2024
699:Rubin 2024
664:References
409:Ereshkigal
390:syncretism
297:Tell Taban
238:tàš-má-tum
188:nin-sig-ga
98:taš-me-tum
1525:0373-6032
1494:1569-2116
1409:"Tašmētu"
1394:134880821
1378:0043-2547
514:Hammurabi
491:Babylonia
226:Yakrub-El
202:Character
118:Babylonia
90:Tashmetum
56:Genealogy
22:Tashmetum
1573:Category
1386:26551707
1326:51944564
1306:(2003).
658:Uridimmu
612:Gulkišar
552:Borsippa
537:Zarpanit
499:Borsippa
440:Merzifon
432:logogram
405:Zarpanit
382:Borsippa
378:šip-ṭi u
230:Itūr-Mēr
192:Ninisina
168:Sumerian
161:tašmētum
146:Akkadian
126:Borsippa
104:) was a
102:Tašmētum
94:𒀭𒌨𒈨𒌈
70:(father)
46:Borsippa
623:Shamash
608:Sealand
572:tākultu
567:Nineveh
518:Babylon
485:In the
458:in the
456:Assyria
446:Worship
428:Hittite
426:In the
369:kudurru
345:Babylon
234:Ikšudum
213:lamassu
142:theonym
120:in the
114:Assyria
61:Parents
42:Babylon
1546:
1523:
1492:
1436:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1324:
1314:
1292:
1268:
556:Nanaya
541:Ishtar
533:Esagil
530:temple
526:Marduk
507:Nippur
503:Dilbat
495:Sippar
476:Kanesh
464:cellas
421:Ninlil
413:Ninmah
401:Ishtar
364:Nanaya
333:Dilbat
308:Sippar
304:Marduk
258:Ur III
196:lipšur
184:Sippar
78:Spouse
1390:S2CID
1382:JSTOR
1286:(PDF)
619:]
585:Šērūa
563:Kalhu
545:Assur
468:Ashur
417:Enlil
349:dowry
329:Urash
320:Assur
312:Ashur
295:from
266:Tutub
250:tašme
130:Kalhu
68:Urash
50:Kalhu
38:Assur
1544:ISBN
1521:ISSN
1490:ISSN
1434:ISBN
1374:ISSN
1322:OCLC
1312:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1266:ISBN
649:Uruk
637:Nuzi
501:and
470:and
419:and
289:nabû
281:Nabu
256:and
240:and
157:Nabu
153:šemû
150:root
140:The
136:Name
128:and
110:Nabu
82:Nabu
1511:doi
1482:doi
1366:doi
528:'s
466:of
322:.
318:in
314:or
264:in
262:Sin
232:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.