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sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a person could not afford to hear the live concert, they may be able to hear the recording. The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. Sound recordings enabled
Western music lovers to hear actual recordings of Asian, Middle Eastern and African groups and performers, increasing awareness of non-Western musical styles. At the same time, sound recordings enabled music lovers outside the West to hear the most famous North American and European groups and singers.
292:, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were "hand-played," meaning that they were duplicates from a master roll which had been created on a special piano, which punched holes in the master as a live performer played the song. Thus, the roll represented a recording of the actual performance of an individual, not just the more common method of punching the master roll through transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A 1908
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700:. Both soon licensed the system and both made their earliest published electrical recordings in February 1925, but neither actually released them until several months later. To avoid making their existing catalogs instantly obsolete, the two long-time archrivals agreed privately not to publicize the new process until November 1925, by which time enough electrically recorded repertory would be available to meet the anticipated demand. During the next few years, the lesser record companies licensed or developed other electrical recording systems. By 1929 only the budget label
1135:, invented by David Blackmer, also found success in professional audio. A simpler variant of Dolby's noise reduction system, known as Dolby B, greatly improved the sound of cassette tape recordings by reducing the especially high level of hiss that resulted from the cassette's miniaturized tape format. The compact cassette format also benefited from improvements to the tape itself as coatings with wider frequency responses and lower inherent noise were developed, often based on cobalt and chrome oxides as the magnetic material instead of the more usual iron oxide.
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sound. There are individual and cultural preferences for either method. While approaches and opinions vary, some emphasize sound as paramount, others focus on technology preferences as the deciding factor. Analog fans might embrace limitations as strengths of the medium inherent in the compositional, editing, mixing, and listening phases. Digital advocates boast flexibility in similar processes. This debate fosters a revival of vinyl in the music industry, as well as analog electronics, and analog type plug-ins for recording and mixing software.
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electromechanical recorder in 1918, and in the early 1920s, they decided to intensively apply their hardware and expertise to developing two state-of-the-art systems for electronically recording and reproducing sound: one that employed conventional discs and another that recorded optically on motion picture film. Their engineers pioneered the use of mechanical analogs of electrical circuits and developed a superior "rubber line" recorder for cutting the groove into the wax master in the disc recording system.
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use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable. The compact 45 format required very little material. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as "unbreakable" compared to wax cylinders.
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669:, London. The recording engineers used microphones of the type used in contemporary telephones. Four were discreetly set up in the abbey and wired to recording equipment in a vehicle outside. Although electronic amplification was used, the audio was weak and unclear, as only possible in those circumstances. For several years, this little-noted disc remained the only issued electrical recording.
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for mass-producing duplicate wax cylinders by molding instead of engraving them was put into effect in 1901. The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910.
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volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the
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defines a sound recording as (a) a recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced, or (b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is made
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Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry. By the early 1950s, most commercial recordings were mastered on tape instead of recorded directly to disc. Tape facilitated a degree of manipulation in the recording process that was impractical with mixes and multiple generations of directly recorded
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The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly
776:. Magnetic wire recorders were effective, but the sound quality was poor, so between the wars, they were primarily used for voice recording and marketed as business dictating machines. In 1924, a German engineer, Kurt Stille, improved the Telegraphone with an electronic amplifier. The following year,
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Comparison of some surviving
Western Electric test recordings with early commercial releases indicates that the record companies artificially reduced the frequency range of recordings so they would not overwhelm non-electronic playback equipment, which reproduced very low frequencies as an unpleasant
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Earlier, purely acoustic methods of recording had limited sensitivity and frequency range. Mid-frequency range notes could be recorded, but very low and very high frequencies could not. Instruments such as the violin were difficult to transfer to disc. One technique to deal with this involved using a
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in an attempt to regain his market. The double-sided (nominally 78 rpm) shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century.
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in 1877 and patented in 1878. The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution, and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s. A process
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German audio engineers working on magnetic tape developed stereo recording by 1941. Of 250 stereophonic recordings made during WW2, only three survive: Beethoven's 5th Piano
Concerto with Walter Gieseking and Arthur Rother, a Brahms Serenade, and the last movement of Bruckner's 8th Symphony with Von
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technology, in which the audio signal was graphically recorded on photographic film. The amplitude variations comprising the signal were used to modulate a light source which was imaged onto the moving film through a narrow slit, allowing the signal to be photographed as variations in the density or
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were already being sold to the public in 1924, a year before the first such offerings from the major record companies, but their overall sound quality was too low to demonstrate any obvious advantage over traditional acoustical methods. Marsh's microphone technique was idiosyncratic and his work had
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was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range
1236:, which could be connected together to create a complete home sound system. These developments were rapidly taken up by major Japanese electronics companies, which soon flooded the world market with relatively affordable, high-quality transistorized audio components. By the 1980s, corporations like
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in March 1935. The tape used in
Blattnerphones and Marconi-Stille recorders was the same material used to make razor blades, and not surprisingly the fearsome Marconi-Stille recorders were considered so dangerous that technicians had to operate them from another room for safety. Because of the high
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The recording is separate from the song, so copyright for a recording usually belongs to the record company. It is less common for an artist or producer to hold these rights. Copyright for recordings has existed since 1972, while copyright for musical composition, or songs, has existed since 1831.
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controversy. Audio professionals, audiophiles, consumers, musicians alike contributed to the debate based on their interaction with the media and the preferences for analog or digital processes. Scholarly discourse on the controversy came to focus on concern for the perception of moving image and
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in 1949. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world, the 78 lingered on far into the 1960s. Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of the several factors that made its
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and turntables. The nominal speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy-eight" (though not until other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic-like materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild
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introduced the first commercial two-track tape recorders in the late 1940s did stereo tape recording become commercially feasible. Despite the availability of multitrack tape, stereo did not become the standard system for commercial music recording for some years, and remained a specialist market
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sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback
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With the development of analog sound recording, though, a performance could be permanently fixed, in all of its elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, ornaments and expression. This meant that many more elements of a performance would be captured and disseminated to other listeners. The development of
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United States copyright law defines "sound recordings" as "works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds" other than an audiovisual work's soundtrack. Prior to the Sound
Recording Amendment (SRA), which took effect in 1972, copyright in sound recordings was
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Until the mid-1960s, record companies mixed and released most popular music in monophonic sound. From mid-1960s until the early 1970s, major recordings were commonly released in both mono and stereo. Recordings originally released only in mono have been rerendered and released in stereo using a
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Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by
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had research laboratories with material and human resources that no record company or independent inventor could match. They had the best microphone, a condenser type developed there in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922, and the best amplifiers and test equipment. They had already patented an
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as the varyingly magnetized tape passes over it. The original solid steel ribbon was replaced by a much more practical coated paper tape, but acetate soon replaced paper as the standard tape base. Acetate has fairly low tensile strength and if very thin it will snap easily, so it was in turn
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vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San
Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the
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Thomas Edison's work on two other innovations, the telegraph and the telephone, led to the development of the phonograph. Edison was working on a machine in 1877 that would transcribe telegraphic signals onto paper tape, which could then be transferred over the telegraph again and again. The
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aircraft company. Aimed particularly at the automotive market, they were the first practical, affordable car hi-fi systems, and could produce sound quality superior to that of the compact cassette. The smaller size and greater durability – augmented by the ability to create
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labels. 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. RCA imported these tapes into the USA. Although some HMV tapes released in the USA cost up to $ 15, two-track stereophonic tapes were more successful in
America during the second half of the 1950s.
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In 1881, it was noted during experiments in transmitting sound from the Paris Opera that it was possible to follow the movement of singers on the stage if earpieces connected to different microphones were held to the two ears. This discovery was commercialized in 1890 with the
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from the
Internet and other sources, and copied onto computers and digital audio players. Digital audio technology is now used in all areas of audio, from casual use of music files of moderate quality to the most demanding professional applications. New applications such as
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The development of analog sound recording in the nineteenth century and its widespread use throughout the twentieth century had a huge impact on the development of music. Before analog sound recording was invented, most music was as a live performance. Throughout the
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industry standard of nominally 78 revolutions per minute. The specified speed was 78.26 rpm in
America and 77.92 rpm throughout the rest of the world. The difference in speeds was due to the difference in the cycle frequencies of the AC electricity that powered the
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sound systems from the 1960s onward. In the 1950s, most record players were monophonic and had relatively low sound quality. Few consumers could afford high-quality stereophonic sound systems. In the 1960s, American manufacturers introduced a new generation of
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and others all had systems) and generally poor quality, even when played as intended on the correct equipment, of the released music. It eventually faded out in the late 1970s, although this early venture paved the way for the eventual introduction of domestic
952:, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film. Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by
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electronics company in 1964, is the best known. Initially a low-fidelity format for spoken-word voice recording and inadequate for music reproduction, after a series of improvements it entirely replaced the competing consumer tape formats: the larger
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There had been experiments with multi-channel sound for many years – usually for special musical or cultural events – but the first commercial application of the concept came in the early 1970s with the introduction of
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that played interchangeable cylinders. According to
Charles B. Fowler, this "... cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."
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behind the screen. Optical sound became the standard motion picture audio system throughout the world and remains so for theatrical release prints despite attempts in the 1950s to substitute magnetic soundtracks. Currently, all release prints on
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noise reduction. In addition, an optically recorded digital soundtrack in Dolby Digital or Sony SDDS form is likely to be present. An optically recorded timecode is also commonly included to synchronize CDROMs that contain a DTS soundtrack.
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effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. The record industry fiercely resisted the introduction of digital systems, fearing wholesale piracy on a medium able to produce perfect copies of original released recordings.
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sound. This spin-off development from multitrack recording used four tracks (instead of the two used in stereo) and four speakers to create a 360-degree audio field around the listener. Following the release of the first consumer 4-channel
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in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone. Though no trace of a working paleophone was ever found, Cros is remembered by some historians as an early inventor of a sound recording and reproduction machine.
2452:, Alan Dower Blumlein, "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems.", issued 1933-06-14, assigned to Alan Dower Blumlein and Musical Industries, Limited
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magnetic recorder at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. It includes brief comments by Emperor Franz Joseph and the audio quality, ignoring dropouts and some noise of later origin, is comparable to that of a contemporary
3297:.: Published on the occasion of an exhibition commemorating the centennial of recorded sound, held at the fairground of the annual Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont., as one of the C.N.E.'s 1977 events. Without ISBN
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handled at the state level. Federal copyright law preempts most state copyright laws but allows state copyright in sound recordings to continue for one full copyright term after the SRA's effective date, which means 2067.
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and introduced into professional recording studios in 1966. It suppressed the background of hiss, which was the only easily audible downside of mastering on tape instead of recording directly to disc. A competing system,
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eventually superseded by polyester. This technology, the basis for almost all commercial recording from the 1950s to the 1980s, was developed in the 1930s by German audio engineers who also rediscovered the principle of
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been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and
383:", a French folk song, was played back as sound for the first time in 2008 by scanning it and using software to convert the undulating line, which graphically encoded the sound, into a corresponding digital audio file.
379:, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. An 1860 phonautogram of "
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878:, ushering in another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the
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software for recording and transcribing speech has different requirements; intelligibility and flexible playback facilities are priorities, while a wide frequency range and high audio quality are not.
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937:, designed a way to make the sound of an actor in a film follow his movement across the screen. In December 1931, he submitted a patent application including the idea, and in 1933 this became
332:
3178:
Lipman, Samuel,"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions", 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and
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overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the
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recording speeds required, they used enormous reels about one meter in diameter, and the thin tape frequently broke, sending jagged lengths of razor steel flying around the studio.
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Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a
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132:, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a larger
1288:(CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the quality and durability of recordings. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with
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1115:(used primarily in cars). The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the
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which uses a conical horn connected to a diaphragm that in turn is connected to the violin bridge. The horn was no longer needed once electrical recording was developed.
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allowed radio programs and advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined impact with innovations such as the endless loop
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Keynote address was presented to the 104th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society in Amsterdam during the society's golden anniversary celebration on May 17, 1998.
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defines as ℗ (the letter P in a full circle). This usually accompanies the copyright notice for the underlying musical composition, which uses the ordinary © symbol.
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copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, there were between 70,000 and 75,000 player pianos manufactured, and between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 piano rolls produced.
948:. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by
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converged to revolutionize the recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic
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hi-fi components — separate turntables, pre-amplifiers, amplifiers, both combined as integrated amplifiers, tape recorders, and other ancillary equipment like the
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In the 1930s, experiments with magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity
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was the first practical tape recorder, developed by AEG in Germany in 1935. The technology was further improved just after World War II by American audio engineer
822:, which impresses corresponding variations of magnetization on the moving tape. In playback mode, the signal path is reversed, the tape head acting as a miniature
1119:, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes.
1018:(Full Frequency Range Recording) in the 1940s, which became internationally accepted as a worldwide standard for higher-quality recording on vinyl records. The
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941:. Over the next two years, Blumlein developed stereo microphones and a stereo disc-cutting head, and recorded a number of short films with stereo soundtracks.
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of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. During this time, several radio-related developments in
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in 1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the
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since 8-track recorders were rare – saw the cassette become the dominant consumer format for portable audio devices in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the
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1494:. While notation indicates the pitches of the melody and their rhythm many aspects of the performance are undocumented. Indeed, in the Medieval era,
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for training purposes. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. The earliest results were not promising.
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The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital
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This period also saw several other historic developments including the introduction of the first practical magnetic sound recording system, the
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During World War I, engineers in the United States and Great Britain worked on ways to record and reproduce, among other things, the sound of a
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The multitrack audio cartridge had been in wide use in the radio industry, from the late 1950s to the 1980s, but in the 1960s the pre-recorded
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1184:. Quadraphonic sound was not a commercial success, partly because of competing and somewhat incompatible four-channel sound systems (e.g.,
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2300:"A brief summary of E. C. Wente's development of the condenser microphone and of the Western Electric sound recording project as a whole"
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in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called
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Millard, Andre J., "America on record : a history of recorded sound", Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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did not indicate the rhythm of the chant. In the Baroque era, instrumental pieces often lack a tempo indication and usually none of the
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By 1924, such dramatic progress had been made that Western Electric arranged a demonstration for the two leading record companies, the
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introduced in 1932. Similar units were widely used for recording and broadcasting in the 1940s and are occasionally still used today.
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3293:. Executive writer, Bob Weir; project staff writers, Brian Gorman, Jim Simons, Marty Melhuish. : Produced by Studio 123, cop. 1977.
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Barlow, Sanna Morrison. Mountain Singing: the Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines. Hong Kong: Alliance Press, 1952. 352 p.
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steel, thorn, and even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were manufactured.
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Gronow, Pekka, and Saunio, Ilpo, "An International History of the Recording Industry", , London; New York : Cassell, 1998.
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788:'s company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's
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3316:– tens of thousands of recordings showcasing audio history from 19th century wax cylinders to the present day. British Library
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Maxfield, J. P. and H. C. Harrison. Methods of high-quality recording and reproducing of speech based on telephone research.
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that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or
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compression on small, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s, but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile
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systems, a number of popular albums were released in one of the competing four-channel formats; among the best known are
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recording uses an amplified electrical audio signal to generate analogous variations of the magnetic field produced by a
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The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 11, 1920, funeral service for
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was key in the development of full frequency range records and alerting the listening public to high fidelity in 1946.
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during the 1950s. EMI (UK) was the first company to release commercial stereophonic tapes. They issued their first
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Enterprises. Mullin's pioneering recorders were modifications of captured German recorders. In the late 1940s, the
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dropped in price. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as
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2034:"Origins of Sound Recording: Charles Cros - Thomas Edison National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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is a work that results from the fixation of sounds in a medium. The notice of copyright in a phonogram uses the
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to tape, disc or mass storage allowing previously unavailable flexibility in the mixing and mastering stages.
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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".
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for all purposes, ranging from casual users and serious amateurs working on small projects to professional
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Karajan. Other early German stereophonic tapes are believed to have been destroyed in bombings. Not until
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There are many different digital audio recording and processing programs running under several computer
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led to significant changes in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising.
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as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the
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and introduced in 1948. The short-playing but convenient 7-inch (18 cm) 45 rpm microgroove vinyl
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In 1925 the laboratories reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared ownership of
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Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a
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sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a
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became available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. Sound files are readily
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or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced. It thus covers vinyl records, tapes,
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produced by sound in stone representations, although this theory has not been conclusively proved.
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began work that eventually produced the Blattnerphone, which used steel tape instead of wire. The
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and patented in 1887, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably
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In the 14th century, a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder was introduced in
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2144:"Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies"
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were written down. As a result, each performance of a song or piece would be slightly different.
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have reduced recording costs such that high-quality recordings can be produced in small studios.
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2177:(horizontal recording), original filed May 1887, refiled September 1887, issued November 8, 1887
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1729:
Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments",
867:
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3327:– A podcast about the history of the phonograph, gramophone, and sound recording/reproduction.
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had released the Beethoven Concerto on LP, and it has been reissued on CD several times since.
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allow greater control and efficiency for composers and artists. Digital audio techniques and
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recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying
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systems in home theatre use, which gained popularity following the introduction of the DVD.
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to convert these variations back into an electrical signal, which was amplified and sent to
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in 1938. The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's
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172:
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2001:
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375:. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called
30:"Sound recorder" redirects here. For the audio recording program computer software, see
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started using Blattnerphones in 1930 to record radio programs. In 1933, radio pioneer
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Interviews with practitioners in all areas of the recording industry. British Library
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Technological developments in recording, editing, and consuming have transformed the
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213:, in which a mechanism turns a spindle, which plucks metal tines, thus reproducing a
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117:
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288:, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The
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brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case, a
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4365:
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4138:
3852:
3812:
3754:
3647:
3617:
3574:
3496:
3233:.: This is an historical account of the development of sound recording technology.
3179:
3165:, Vol. 3, Producers and Markets (1983), pp. 53–75, Cambridge University Press.
2836:"How do musicians know how fast to play a piece? And why are the terms in Italian?"
2742:
1828:
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1401:
1345:
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The next important innovation was small cartridge-based tape systems, of which the
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makes it possible to capture signals from several microphones, or from different
1276:
Graphical representation of a sound wave in analog (red) and 4-bit digital (blue)
866:
Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder—the
835:), which dramatically improved the frequency response of tape recordings. The K1
420:
330:
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4987:
4874:
4814:
4638:
4256:
4093:
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4047:
4032:
3956:
3941:
3900:
3857:
3673:
3256:"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr"
2641:
1440:
1216:
1070:
1066:
1006:
The history of stereo recording changed after the late 1957 introduction of the
978:
887:
844:
836:
752:
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217:). Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the
176:
160:
464:
The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical
5199:
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4826:
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4260:
4204:
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2541:
Wouldn't it Be Nice: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds
1593:
1377:
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1089:
1083:
973:
886:, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as
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4377:
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3622:
3279:. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1979.
2984:
2362:
1668:
1567:
Since 1934, copyright law in Great Britain has treated sound recordings (or
1127:
899:
851:
company produced the first tape recorders commercially available in the US.
819:
731:
629:
565:
261:
210:
109:
47:
3129:
Playback: from the Victrola to MP3, 100 years of music, machines, and money
1509:
As digital recording developed, so did a controversy commonly known as the
708:
rattle and rapidly wore out discs with strongly recorded high frequencies.
151:
by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of
3252:.: This is a pioneering engineering account of sound recording technology.
1296:
5274:
5205:
5162:
5156:
5144:
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3872:
3862:
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1143:
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2615:
Paul du Gay; Stuart Hall; Linda Janes; Hugh Mackay; Keith Negus (1997).
5262:
4993:
4946:
4406:
3991:
3736:
1750:
1658:
1240:
had become world leaders in the music recording and playback industry.
1148:
1123:
1107:
1077:) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of
828:
171:
signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is
3082:
2392:
2299:
2254:"Inside the Archival Box: The First Long-Playing Disc | Now See Hear!"
136:
causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves.
3092:
1407:
Today, the process of making a recording is separated into tracking,
1349:
1193:
720:
Singer Tatjana Angelini recording the Swedish voice of Snow White in
704:
was still issuing new recordings made by the old acoustical process.
643:
640:
214:
3268:
St-Laurent, Gilles, "Notes on the Degradation of Sound Recordings",
1742:
1057:, on which Paul played eight overdubbed guitar tracks. In the 1960s
805:
Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)
491:
Recording of Bell's voice on a wax disc in 1885, identified in 2013
3400:
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38:
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who are recording albums, film scores and doing sound design for
929:
system, which operated for over forty years until 1932. In 1931,
5280:
5126:
4486:
4466:
3827:
2281:
When Did Marsh Laboratories Begin to Make Electrical Recordings?
1737:(2), MENC_ The National Association for Music Education: 45–49,
1630:
The earliest known surviving electrical recording was made on a
1420:
1389:
1312:
capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in
1237:
432:
4142:
3404:
681:
little if any impact on the systems being developed by others.
3594:
3208:"Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music"
2979:. INSAM Institute for Contemporary Art, Music and Technology.
2513:"Classic Tracks: Les Paul & Mary Ford 'How High the Moon'"
1272:
1189:
1185:
1010:, which used the groove format developed earlier by Blumlein.
957:
934:
781:
505:
The next major technical development was the invention of the
155:(zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the
3229:, Second ed., Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Same & Co., 1976.
2188:"Early Sound Recording Collection and Sound Recovery Project"
1938:
452:
On April 30, 1877, French poet, humorous writer and inventor
2857:"How the Ability to Record Music Changed the Music Industry"
672:
Several record companies and independent inventors, notably
402:
312:
237:
from the 1560s may represent an early attempt to record the
3936:
3351:"Edison's Tone Tests and the Ideal of Perfect Reproduction"
1688:
1612:
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
1461:
Many members of the media use recorders to capture remarks.
972:, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the
760:
include an analog optical soundtrack, usually stereo with
89:. The two main classes of sound recording technology are
3291:
Century of Sound: 100 Years of Recorded Sound, 1877-1977
205:
was first recorded, music was recorded—first by written
116:
record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In
77:, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of
2976:
INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology
2674:(1972). "A Wide Dynamic Range Noise Reduction System".
2008:, no. 33, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2009,
1586:, digital audiotapes, and MP3s that embody recordings.
1486:, the main way that songs and instrumental pieces were
456:
submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the
3313:
2482:"Decca's (ffrr) Frequency Series - History Of Vinyl 1"
734:
and other early motion picture sound systems employed
3084:
Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems
2617:
Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman
3277:
The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings
3227:
From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph
346:
is the earliest known recording of a person singing.
5249:
5184:
5093:
5062:
5030:
5021:
4978:
4696:
4620:
4565:
4484:
4464:
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4399:
4328:
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4214:
4177:
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4000:
3924:
3871:
3793:
3735:
3712:
3666:
3608:
3550:
3466:
3438:
3007:"Why is vinyl making a comeback? - Reader's Digest"
2899:"Analog vs. Digital: An Unending Debate – PS Audio"
870:model, launched in 1948—American musician-inventor
392:phonograph was both in a cylinder and a disc form.
3320:History of Recorded Sound. New York Public Library
3159:"The Record Industry: The Growth of a Mass Medium"
1886:"The day the music died - News - The Buffalo News"
163:high enough to convey all sounds capable of being
3248:, Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams & Co., 1952.
3045:Pub. L. No. 92-140, § 3, 85 Stat. 391, 392 (1971)
994:tape in 1954. Others quickly followed, under the
772:, which was based on the work of Danish inventor
435:(Thai) musicians visiting Berlin, Germany in 1900
209:, then also by mechanical devices (e.g., wind-up
1081:techniques and effects on their landmark albums
2226:. London: The British Library. pp. 89–90.
2220:Manual of Analogue Audio Restoration Techniques
1142:was launched as a consumer audio format by the
3210:, Faber & Faber; 1 edition (June 9, 2009)
1970:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"
1122:A key advance in audio fidelity came with the
863:physically cutting the tape and rejoining it.
4154:
3416:
3272:, vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), p. 1, 3–4.
3070:Gramophone Co., Ltd. v. Stephen Carwardine Co
1933:
1931:
933:, a British electronics engineer working for
8:
3392:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4043:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
3119:(2 Vols.) (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2005 .
2803:
2801:
100:Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a
5027:
4220:
4161:
4147:
4139:
3633:Comparison of analog and digital recording
3423:
3409:
3401:
3218:. Cf. p. 14 on H. Stith Bennett and "
3182:and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).
2117:"How the Phonograph Changed Music Forever"
1646:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
1215:The replacement of the relatively fragile
501:Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone
363:The first device that could record actual
2811:The Music Business and Recording Industry
2723:St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture
1674:system rather than an optical soundtrack.
1384:became practicable with the invention of
147:. This lets the audio data be stored and
4407:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
2785:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
2755:"From Quadraphonic To Good Enough Sound"
2720:Millard, Andre (2013). "Cassette Tape".
2646:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1912:White-Smith Music Pub. Co. v. Apollo Co.
1856:"History of the Pianola - Piano Players"
371:, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor
3246:The Recording and Reproduction of Sound
2781:"The future of digital audio recording"
2569:. Curvebender Publishing. p. 216.
2022:from the original on September 28, 2015
1721:
1623:
1578:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
1034:variety of techniques from remixing to
651:-based audio devices in the mid-1950s.
124:, which is then converted to a varying
3385:
2467:"New Sound Effects Achieved in Film",
2393:"The Marconi-Stille Recorder - Page 1"
2346:Steven Schoenherr (November 5, 2002),
2314:from the original on February 24, 2012
2233:from the original on December 22, 2015
1949:from the original on December 31, 2017
1836:from the original on November 13, 2011
1800:Rosslyn Chapel: The Music of the Cubes
1223:also accelerated the sale of consumer
882:school and avant-garde composers like
442:
353:
81:waves, such as spoken voice, singing,
54:working on a recording project of the
27:Recording of sound and playing it back
4104:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
3357:, interview on National Public Radio.
2921:"The death and life of digital audio"
2069:from the original on October 30, 2017
1219:by the smaller, rugged and efficient
1096:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
647:commercial introduction of the first
632:to be of practical use in recording.
7:
3345:A History of Central Florida Podcast
2097:from the original on August 19, 2016
1708:, it was seldom referred to as such.
1126:noise reduction system, invented by
3225:Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch,
3201:University of Alabama at Birmingham
2373:from the original on April 10, 2014
2198:from the original on April 23, 2013
1687:has issued all these recordings on
2565:Kehew, Brian; Ryan, Kevin (2006).
2252:Jenkins, Amanda (April 13, 2019).
2090:History of the Cylinder Phonograph
1300:A digital sound recorder from Sony
981:four-track magnetic sound system.
25:
5269:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
4719:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
3653:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
2925:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
2642:"An Audio Noise Reduction System"
2403:from the original on July 3, 2013
2349:The History of Magnetic Recording
1982:from the original on July 1, 2017
1866:from the original on May 27, 2017
1657:Ironically, the introduction of "
373:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
344:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
4122:
3262: (archived March 12, 2010),
2701:from the original on May 8, 2021
1704:Although its given name was the
1596:
1532:sound recording copyright symbol
443:Problems playing this file? See
418:
354:Problems playing this file? See
328:
4797:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
4508:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
3638:Experimental musical instrument
3372:Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
3331:Audio Engineering online course
2691:"Noise Reduction and Tape Hiss"
1888:. June 10, 2011. Archived from
1211:High fidelity § Modularity
723:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
271:). A music box is an automatic
3308:Oral history of recorded sound
3116:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound
2334:Bell System Technical Journal,
2304:IEEE Transactions on Education
1380:industries in recent decades.
1322:portable digital audio players
1320:. This generated new types of
1008:Westrex stereo phonograph disc
694:Victor Talking Machine Company
248:. Similar designs appeared in
159:at equal time intervals, at a
1:
3823:Electronic musical instrument
3139:(1977). Andrew Farkas (ed.).
1968:Jody Rosen (March 27, 2008).
1824:"Tune into the Da Vinci coda"
1785:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
831:(first used in the 1920s for
265:
4593:Thermionic Products Recordon
4129:Record production portal
4018:Institute of Broadcast Sound
2878:"The influence of recording"
2726:(2.1 ed.). p. 529.
2689:Nave, Carl R. "Rod" (2001).
2538:Granata, Charles L. (2003).
1773:Mechanism and Machine Theory
1536:Geneva Phonograms Convention
56:Bureau of American Ethnology
5325:Sound production technology
4980:Analog-to-digital converter
4887:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
4038:Musical Electronics Library
3367:"Recorded sound production"
2640:Dolby, Ray (October 1967).
2590:Marvin Camras, ed. (1985).
2486:Vinylrecordscollector.co.uk
1047:discs. An early example is
698:Columbia Phonograph Company
591:Music technology (electric)
5351:
5330:History of sound recording
5103:Compact Disc Digital Audio
4187:Music box cylinder or disc
3785:Sound reinforcement system
3694:Sound reinforcement system
3197:" From Edison to the iPod"
2678:. Vol. 6, no. 8.
1482:, and through much of the
1398:digital audio workstations
1253:
1247:
1208:
913:
858:A typical Compact Cassette
808:
747:used a steady light and a
588:
414:"Kham Hom" ("Sweet Words")
303:
197:History of sound recording
194:
29:
4803:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
4582:
4118:
4008:Audio Engineering Society
3906:Software effect processor
3886:Digital audio workstation
3727:Digital signal processing
3491:Digital audio workstation
3314:Archival Sound Recordings
3087:, BSI British Standards,
2919:Sterne, Jonathan (2006).
2619:. Sage Publications Ltd.
2594:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2430:. Oxford University Press
1798:Mitchell, Thomas (2006).
1685:Audio Engineering Society
1268:Digital audio workstation
1181:The Dark Side of the Moon
1014:in England came out with
684:Telephone industry giant
5053:Digital Compact Cassette
4941:Capitol Records Audiopak
4791:Dictaphone Travel master
4587:Telefunken magnetic disc
4556:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
4099:Professional audio store
4001:People and organizations
3987:Sound recording engineer
2945:10.1179/030801806X143277
2544:. Chicago Review Press.
2217:Copeland, Peter (2008).
1779:(5). Elsevier: 589–603.
1604:Record production portal
1388:, but technologies like
1106:, commercialized by the
939:UK patent number 394,325
876:multitrack tape recorder
509:, generally credited to
32:Sound Recorder (Windows)
4869:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
4550:Protona Minifon special
4171:audio recording formats
3517:Microphone preamplifier
3220:recording consciousness
3011:www.readersdigest.co.uk
2985:10.51191/issn.2637-1898
2808:Hull, Geoffrey (2010).
2592:Magnetic Tape Recording
2471:, Oct. 12, 1937, p. 27.
2093:, Library of Congress,
1731:Music Educators Journal
1667:(1927), which used the
1386:magnetic tape recording
1282:digital sound recording
874:had invented the first
104:that senses changes in
4953:Bandai micro cartridge
4899:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
3458:Electronic and digital
3270:National Library News
3199:, UAB Reporter, 2005,
3137:Gaisberg, Frederick W.
3132:, Da Capo Press, 2003.
2777:Kees Schouhamer Immink
1462:
1301:
1277:
859:
806:
770:magnetic wire recorder
727:
604:
502:
494:
407:
317:
192:
191:Mechanical organ, 1650
59:
5320:Mass media technology
4821:Cousino Echo-matic II
4301:Indestructible record
2567:Recording The Beatles
2399:. February 20, 2008.
2002:"L'impression du son"
1860:The Pianola Institute
1661:" was spearheaded by
1648:and Western Electric.
1511:analog versus digital
1460:
1299:
1275:
1256:Pulse-code modulation
1051:'s 1951 recording of
884:Karlheinz Stockhausen
857:
804:
719:
598:
589:Further information:
515:Alexander Graham Bell
500:
490:
406:
316:
190:
134:loudspeaker diaphragm
42:
4917:Sanyo Tape cartridge
4743:Rediffusion Reditune
4622:Loose (reel-to-reel)
4573:Magnetic stripe card
4502:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
4267:Perfected phonograph
4195:(early 17th century)
3916:Software synthesizer
3881:Digital audio editor
3667:Playback transducers
3527:Multitrack recording
3355:Lost and Found Sound
3264:San Diego University
3141:The Music Goes Round
2450:GB patent 394325
2369:. January 10, 2010.
2310:(4). November 1992.
1802:. Diversions Books.
1522:In copyright law, a
1417:Multitrack recording
1147:home-recorded music
1079:multitrack recording
712:Optical and magnetic
617:electrical recording
106:atmospheric pressure
102:microphone diaphragm
4731:Mohawk Midgetape RL
4544:Protona Minifon P55
4538:Protona Minifon P51
4313:Blue Amberol record
4295:Gold moulded record
4289:Le Céleste cylinder
4261:Dictaphone cylinder
4251:Phonograph cylinder
3365:; Edward B. Moogk.
3325:Noise in the Groove
3275:McWilliams, Jerry.
3195:Millard, Andre J.,
3143:. New Haven: Ayer.
2937:2006ISRv...31..338S
2428:Oxford Music Online
2363:"The Blattnerphone"
2336:July 1926, 493–523.
2171:U.S. patent 372,786
2149:Library of Congress
1571:) differently from
904:broadcast cartridge
663:The Unknown Warrior
568:, was developed at
554:The long-playing 33
466:phonograph cylinder
458:Academy of Sciences
429:Phonograph cylinder
381:Au Clair de la Lune
324:Au Clair de la Lune
281:) of a steel comb.
175:and connected to a
5186:Electronic circuit
5041:Digital Audio Tape
4755:RCA tape cartridge
4713:Cousino Echo-matic
4611:Audio High Density
4360:Edison Voicewriter
3967:Re-recording mixer
3770:Keyboard amplifier
3486:Binaural recording
3289:Weir, Bob, et al.
2757:. January 21, 2011
2672:Blackmer, David E.
2469:The New York Times
1975:The New York Times
1945:. March 27, 2008.
1832:. April 26, 2006.
1484:Romantic music era
1463:
1316:, and inexpensive
1306:audio file formats
1302:
1278:
1264:Hard disk recorder
996:His Master's Voice
946:stereophonic sound
916:Stereophonic sound
860:
843:with backing from
824:electric generator
807:
790:Maida Vale Studios
728:
613:digital recordings
605:
599:RCA-44, a classic
576:was introduced by
538:used to calibrate
523:Edison Disc Record
503:
495:
408:
318:
294:U.S. Supreme Court
273:musical instrument
193:
179:to produce sound.
143:by the process of
83:instrumental music
60:
5315:Audio engineering
5302:
5301:
5245:
5244:
4974:
4973:
4809:Orrtronic Tapette
4737:Dictaphone Dictet
4336:Phonograph record
4193:Mechanical cuckoo
4136:
4135:
3942:Guitar technician
3838:Music workstation
3722:Digital recording
3699:Speaker enclosure
3618:8-track cartridge
3560:Phonograph record
3388:cite encyclopedia
3216:978-0-571-21165-4
2626:978-0-7619-5402-6
2601:978-0-442-21774-7
2551:978-1-55652-507-0
2511:Buskin, Richard.
2115:Thompson, Clive.
2063:patimg1.uspto.gov
1706:Lear Jet Stereo 8
1447:Digital dictation
1433:operating systems
1250:Digital recording
1234:graphic equalizer
1054:How High the Moon
950:Bell Laboratories
786:Guglielmo Marconi
736:optical recording
678:Autograph Records
667:Westminster Abbey
601:ribbon microphone
519:gramophone record
507:gramophone record
488:
423:
333:
95:digital recording
16:(Redirected from
5342:
5335:Sound technology
5028:
4881:DC-International
4839:Compact cassette
4657:Fullcoat magfilm
4599:Record Maker Pye
4566:Magnetic surface
4496:Lorenz Textophon
4319:Paradis cylinder
4283:Stentor cylinder
4221:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4140:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4013:Goji Electronics
3952:Monitor engineer
3911:Software sampler
3818:Electronic drums
3795:Electronic music
3765:Guitar amplifier
3610:Analog recording
3570:Compact cassette
3532:Music production
3440:Music technology
3432:Music technology
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3349:Millard, Andre,
3335:Creative Commons
3154:
3120:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3093:10.3403/00497725
3073:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2519:. Sound On Sound
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:on June 21, 2002
2488:. Archived from
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2288:on March 3, 2016
2284:, archived from
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1935:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:on June 10, 2011
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1726:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1693:Varèse Sarabande
1681:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1453:Cultural effects
1205:Audio components
1104:compact cassette
910:Stereo and hi-fi
880:Musique Concrète
774:Valdemar Poulsen
758:35 mm movie film
686:Western Electric
570:Columbia Records
564:rpm microgroove
563:
562:
558:
540:recording lathes
489:
425:
424:
405:
335:
334:
315:
286:fairground organ
270:
267:
252:(15th century),
239:Chladni patterns
233:Carvings in the
225:(water-powered)
122:electric current
91:analog recording
44:Frances Densmore
21:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5241:
5230:USB flash drive
5224:Toymax VJ Starz
5180:
5089:
5058:
5017:
4970:
4833:Philips EL 3583
4779:Cousino MR-9000
4767:Protona Attaché
4761:Philips EL 3581
4692:
4616:
4578:
4561:
4480:
4465:Loose magnetic
4460:
4417:
4395:
4324:
4236:
4224:Grooved surface
4210:
4173:
4167:
4137:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4062:
3996:
3962:Record producer
3947:Mixing engineer
3920:
3867:
3833:MIDI controller
3808:Circuit bending
3789:
3731:
3708:
3684:Monitor speaker
3662:
3604:
3552:Recording media
3546:
3537:Music sequencer
3522:Monitor speaker
3468:Sound recording
3462:
3434:
3429:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3363:Helmut Kallmann
3360:
3304:
3260:Wayback Machine
3157:Gronow, Pekka,
3151:
3135:
3126:Coleman, Mark,
3113:
3110:
3108:Further reading
3105:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
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2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:Popular Science
2735:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
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2639:
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2589:
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2480:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2422:Gordon, Mumma.
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
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2127:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2059:"Patent Images"
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2006:Revue de la BNF
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1943:FirstSounds.ORG
1937:
1936:
1929:
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1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1743:10.2307/3391092
1728:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1664:The Jazz Singer
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1565:
1556:
1528:sound recording
1520:
1496:Gregorian chant
1455:
1437:sound engineers
1429:
1394:sound synthesis
1365:have appeared.
1270:
1252:
1246:
1213:
1207:
1073:(with producer
1044:
1024:Igor Stravinsky
1020:Ernest Ansermet
963:Listen, Darling
922:
912:
813:
799:
778:Ludwig Blattner
714:
593:
587:
560:
556:
555:
481:
479:
450:
449:
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185:
63:Sound recording
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5348:
5346:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5287:Timecode vinyl
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
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5182:
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5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5133:Super Audio CD
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5109:Philips CD-BGM
5106:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
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5044:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4965:Pocket Rockers
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4929:Steno-Cassette
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4905:Grundig DeJ614
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
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4776:
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4716:
4710:
4703:
4701:
4694:
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4691:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4663:Stripe magfilm
4660:
4654:
4648:
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4636:
4629:
4627:
4618:
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4615:
4614:
4608:
4602:
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4576:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4532:Peirce 330/360
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4475:Wire recording
4471:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4419:
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4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4354:Pathé Actuelle
4351:
4345:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4307:Amberol record
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4277:Salon cylinder
4274:
4264:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4238:
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4235:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4212:
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4175:
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4168:
4166:
4165:
4158:
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4143:
4134:
4133:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4067:Related topics
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Lejaren Hiller
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Sound operator
3979:
3977:Sound follower
3974:
3972:Sound designer
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Audio engineer
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Bass amplifier
3747:
3745:Mixing console
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
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3655:
3650:
3645:
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3620:
3614:
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3606:
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3603:
3602:
3597:
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3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3483:
3481:Mixing console
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3358:
3347:
3341:Recorded Music
3338:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3273:
3266:
3253:
3244:Read, Oliver,
3242:
3223:
3206:Milner, Greg,
3204:
3193:
3183:
3176:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3133:
3124:
3121:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3055:17 U.S.C.
3047:
3038:
3031:17 U.S.C.
3023:
2998:
2966:
2931:(4): 338–348.
2911:
2890:
2869:
2848:
2827:
2821:978-0203843192
2820:
2797:
2779:(March 1991).
2768:
2746:
2729:
2712:
2681:
2663:
2632:
2625:
2607:
2600:
2582:
2575:
2557:
2550:
2530:
2503:
2473:
2460:
2441:
2414:
2384:
2354:
2338:
2325:
2291:
2278:Allan Sutton,
2270:
2244:
2209:
2179:
2162:
2135:
2107:
2080:
2050:
2025:
2014:
1993:
1960:
1939:"First Sounds"
1927:
1903:
1877:
1847:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1763:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
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1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1588:
1564:
1563:United Kingdom
1561:
1555:
1552:
1542:Disputes over
1519:
1516:
1492:music notation
1454:
1451:
1428:
1425:
1359:internet radio
1338:Super Audio CD
1328:player, using
1284:and later the
1280:The advent of
1248:Main article:
1245:
1242:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1199:surround sound
1063:The Beach Boys
1043:
1042:1950s to 1980s
1040:
911:
908:
892:the Beach Boys
841:John T. Mullin
833:wire recorders
809:Main article:
798:
795:
730:In the 1920s,
713:
710:
586:
583:
511:Emile Berliner
478:
475:
468:, invented by
440:
427:
417:
412:
411:
410:
401:
400:
399:
397:
394:
388:
385:
351:
337:
327:
322:
321:
320:
311:
310:
309:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
254:musical clocks
235:Rosslyn Chapel
207:music notation
184:
181:
153:binary numbers
126:magnetic field
52:Mountain Chief
26:
24:
18:Tape Recording
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5347:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
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5318:
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5313:
5312:
5310:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5257:Mini-cassette
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5218:Takara E-kara
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
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5158:
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5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5064:Sound-on-film
5061:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:Magnetic tape
5029:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:Stenorette DL
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:Microcassette
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4863:Micro pack 35
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4785:IBM Magnabelt
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:Magnetic tape
4695:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4633:Blattnerphone
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4625:magnetic tape
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4557:
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4536:
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4527:
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4509:
4506:
4503:
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4497:
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4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:Sound-on-film
4420:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4384:Highway Hi-Fi
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:(9th century)
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4117:
4111:
4110:Vehicle audio
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:High fidelity
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
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3940:
3938:
3935:
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3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
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3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:Digital audio
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3658:Tape recorder
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Cassette deck
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Magnetic tape
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3542:Outboard gear
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Audio channel
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
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3407:
3406:
3403:
3395:
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3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:0-910050-41-4
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:0-672-21205-6
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:0-521-47544-9
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:0-304-70173-4
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:Popular Music
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:9780405096785
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:§ 301(c)
3056:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
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2970:
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2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2883:September 17,
2879:
2873:
2870:
2862:September 17,
2858:
2852:
2849:
2841:September 17,
2837:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2814:. Routledge.
2813:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2756:
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2696:
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2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2576:0-9785200-0-9
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
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2514:
2507:
2504:
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2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2259:
2258:blogs.loc.gov
2255:
2248:
2245:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
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2151:
2150:
2145:
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2124:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2096:
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2084:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:9782717724301
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1809:0-9554629-0-8
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:sound-on-disc
1670:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1584:compact discs
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:musical works
1570:
1562:
1560:
1554:United States
1553:
1551:
1550:are ongoing.
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Audio editing
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:vinyl records
1287:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Digital audio
1257:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:high-fidelity
1222:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:Tubular Bells
1167:
1166:Mike Oldfield
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:George Martin
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:recording of
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Decca Records
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
982:
980:
975:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
931:Alan Blumlein
928:
921:
920:High fidelity
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
816:Magnetic tape
812:
811:Tape recorder
803:
796:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
750:
749:photodetector
746:
742:
737:
733:
725:
724:
718:
711:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
687:
682:
679:
675:
674:Orlando Marsh
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:
656:German U-boat
652:
650:
645:
642:
639:invented the
638:
637:Lee De Forest
633:
631:
630:amplification
627:
622:
619:, in which a
618:
614:
610:
602:
597:
592:
584:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
552:
550:
544:
541:
537:
532:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
499:
493:
476:
474:
471:
470:Thomas Edison
467:
462:
459:
455:
448:
446:
434:
431:recording of
430:
415:
395:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:phonautograms
374:
370:
369:phonautograph
366:
359:
357:
345:
341:
325:
307:
306:Phonautograph
300:Phonautograph
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
279:
274:
263:
259:
258:barrel pianos
255:
251:
250:barrel organs
247:
242:
240:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
189:
183:Early history
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:digital audio
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:electromagnet
127:
123:
119:
118:magnetic tape
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:sound effects
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5196:(late 1970s)
5095:Optical disc
4959:Picocassette
4955:(late 1980s)
4749:Saba Sabafon
4520:RCA MI-12877
4514:RCA MI-12875
4400:Grooved tape
4366:SoundScriber
4362:(late 1940s)
4348:Diamond disc
4329:Grooved disc
4231:Phonautogram
4199:Punched card
4120:
3853:Sound module
3813:Drum machine
3755:Effects unit
3648:Player piano
3575:Compact disc
3497:Effects unit
3467:
3376:. Retrieved
3370:
3361:Will Straw;
3354:
3294:
3290:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3245:
3230:
3226:
3180:Walter Legge
3162:
3140:
3128:
3114:
3096:, retrieved
3083:
3069:
3065:
3050:
3041:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3010:
3001:
2975:
2969:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2830:
2810:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2749:
2743:Google Books
2741:, p. 86, at
2736:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2695:Hyperphysics
2694:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2656:September 2,
2654:. Retrieved
2652:(4): 383–388
2649:
2645:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:SoundOnSound
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2485:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2444:
2434:February 20,
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2307:
2303:
2294:
2286:the original
2280:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2237:December 16,
2235:. Retrieved
2219:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2120:
2110:
2099:, retrieved
2089:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2028:
2005:
1996:
1986:February 23,
1984:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1942:
1910:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1829:The Scotsman
1827:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1705:
1700:
1679:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1632:telegraphone
1626:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1547:
1540:
1534:, which the
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:Legal status
1508:
1504:
1490:was through
1487:
1464:
1445:
1430:
1406:
1402:mass storage
1367:
1346:Blu-ray Disc
1334:flash memory
1318:mass storage
1303:
1286:compact disc
1279:
1229:
1214:
1179:
1169:
1157:Quadraphonic
1153:
1140:8-track tape
1137:
1121:
1117:Sony Walkman
1113:8-track tape
1101:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1059:Brian Wilson
1052:
1045:
1036:pseudostereo
1032:
1007:
1005:
991:
983:
967:
961:
954:Judy Garland
943:
927:Théâtrophone
923:
896:
865:
861:
814:
767:
753:loudspeakers
740:
729:
721:
706:
691:
683:
671:
660:
653:
634:
616:
609:telegraphone
606:
553:
549:Stroh violin
545:
536:stroboscopes
530:
528:
504:
463:
454:Charles Cros
451:
390:
376:
362:
340:phonautogram
290:player piano
283:
277:
260:(1805), and
243:
232:
223:hydropowered
201:Long before
200:
157:audio signal
141:digital form
138:
99:
67:reproduction
66:
62:
61:
36:
5006:PCM adaptor
4994:X80/ProDigi
4988:Soundstream
4875:Cantata 700
4845:Grundig En3
4639:Magnetophon
4526:Peirce 265B
4390:Bandai 8ban
4257:Graphophone
4094:Music store
4089:Home cinema
4048:Robert Moog
4033:Max Mathews
3957:Piano tuner
3925:Professions
3901:Scorewriter
3858:Synthesizer
3674:Loudspeaker
3016:October 15,
2904:October 14,
2791:: 171–172.
2676:db Magazine
2424:"Recording"
2397:Orbem.co.uk
2367:Orbem.co.uk
2192:Smithsonian
2122:Smithsonian
2101:November 6,
2038:www.nps.gov
1925: (1908)
1840:November 5,
1472:Renaissance
1441:video games
1217:vacuum tube
1071:The Beatles
1067:Frank Zappa
992:Stereosonic
979:Cinemascope
888:the Beatles
845:Bing Crosby
837:Magnetophon
741:sound track
739:width of a
626:electronics
269: 1800
262:music boxes
211:music boxes
177:loudspeaker
161:sample rate
149:transmitted
5309:Categories
5212:Yaboom Box
5200:MP3 player
5194:Sound chip
5012:DA-88/DTRS
4827:Stereo-Pak
4725:Stenorette
4605:Synchrofax
4455:Fantasound
4449:Photophone
4342:Pathé disc
4205:Music roll
4179:Mechanical
4084:Home audio
4074:Audiophile
3891:GarageBand
3737:Live music
3679:Headphones
3643:Phonograph
3512:Microphone
3507:Headphones
3453:Electrical
3448:Mechanical
3378:August 19,
3035:§ 101
2175:Gramophone
1716:References
1635:telephone.
1569:phonograms
1378:television
1363:podcasting
1354:downloaded
1310:processors
1254:See also:
1221:transistor
1176:Pink Floyd
1090:Freak Out!
1084:Pet Sounds
998:(HMV) and
974:Fantasound
914:See also:
829:AC biasing
649:transistor
621:microphone
585:Electrical
578:RCA Victor
445:media help
387:Phonograph
356:media help
338:This 1860
195:See also:
114:phonograph
108:caused by
75:mechanical
71:electrical
5293:VinylDisc
5139:DVD-Audio
5034:cartridge
4851:Sabamobil
4815:3M Scotch
4773:Fidelipac
4700:cartridge
4681:3/4" tape
4651:1/2" tape
4645:1/4" tape
4489:cartridge
4485:Magnetic
4443:Movietone
4437:Tri-Ergon
4431:Phonofilm
4412:Dictabelt
4378:Long play
4372:Audograph
4169:Physical
3848:Sequencer
3775:PA system
3704:Subwoofer
3689:PA system
3623:Amplifier
3585:Hard disk
3502:Equalizer
3098:April 16,
2993:194358461
2961:146212262
2953:0308-0188
2523:August 1,
2263:April 14,
2202:April 26,
2155:April 21,
2128:April 14,
2043:April 14,
1759:190524140
1669:Vitaphone
1524:phonogram
1500:ornaments
1480:Classical
1413:mastering
1314:real time
1128:Ray Dolby
1028:Petrushka
900:tape echo
868:Ampex 200
820:tape head
745:projector
732:Phonofilm
635:In 1906,
566:LP record
219:Banū Mūsā
173:amplified
48:Blackfoot
5275:CD Video
5206:HitClips
5163:BD-Audio
5157:DualDisc
5145:DataPlay
5115:MiniDisc
4893:PlayTape
4707:Optaphon
4271:Ediphone
4243:cylinder
4241:Grooved
3896:ProTools
3873:Software
3863:Theremin
3803:Chiptune
3760:Foldback
3590:MiniDisc
3072:1 Ch 450
2761:July 29,
2699:Archived
2401:Archived
2371:Archived
2318:July 24,
2312:Archived
2228:Archived
2196:Archived
2095:archived
2067:Archived
2020:archived
1980:Archived
1947:Archived
1864:Archived
1834:Archived
1590:See also
1544:sampling
1488:recorded
1468:medieval
1427:Software
1326:minidisc
1149:mixtapes
1144:Lear Jet
1049:Les Paul
1000:Columbia
969:Fantasia
956:for the
872:Les Paul
762:Dolby SR
696:and the
531:de facto
396:Cylinder
278:lamellae
256:(1598),
246:Flanders
145:sampling
110:acoustic
5263:U-matic
5236:MicroSD
5023:Digital
4947:Elcaset
4857:8-track
4687:3" tape
4675:2" tape
4669:1" tape
4291:(1890s)
4285:(1890s)
4279:(1890s)
3992:Tape op
3843:Sampler
3337:Licence
3258:at the
2933:Bibcode
2496:May 24,
2407:May 24,
2377:May 24,
2073:May 24,
1953:May 24,
1896:May 24,
1870:May 24,
1751:3391092
1659:talkies
1476:Baroque
1244:Digital
1230:modular
1124:Dolby A
1108:Philips
702:Harmony
559:⁄
433:Siamese
69:is the
58:(1916).
5295:(2007)
5289:(2001)
5283:(1991)
5277:(1987)
5271:(1986)
5265:(1971)
5259:(1967)
5250:Hybrid
5238:(2007)
5232:(2004)
5226:(2002)
5220:(2001)
5214:(1999)
5208:(2000)
5202:(1996)
5177:(2014)
5175:MQA-CD
5171:(2013)
5165:(2008)
5159:(2004)
5153:(2004)
5147:(2002)
5141:(2000)
5135:(1999)
5129:(1995)
5123:(1993)
5117:(1992)
5111:(1989)
5105:(1982)
5086:(1993)
5080:(1990)
5074:(1986)
5055:(1992)
5049:(1992)
5043:(1987)
5014:(1993)
5008:(1982)
5002:(1982)
4996:(1980)
4990:(1976)
4967:(1988)
4961:(1985)
4949:(1976)
4943:(1972)
4937:(1972)
4931:(1971)
4925:(1971)
4919:(1969)
4913:(1969)
4907:(1968)
4901:(1967)
4895:(1966)
4889:(1965)
4883:(1965)
4877:(1965)
4871:(1965)
4865:(1964)
4859:(1964)
4853:(1964)
4847:(1964)
4841:(1963)
4835:(1963)
4829:(1962)
4823:(1962)
4817:(1962)
4811:(1962)
4805:(1962)
4799:(1961)
4793:(1961)
4787:(1961)
4781:(1960)
4775:(1959)
4769:(1959)
4763:(1958)
4757:(1958)
4751:(1958)
4745:(1957)
4739:(1957)
4733:(1955)
4727:(1954)
4721:(1953)
4715:(1952)
4709:(1951)
4689:(1978)
4683:(1969)
4677:(1967)
4671:(1957)
4665:(1953)
4659:(1953)
4653:(1953)
4647:(1949)
4641:(1935)
4635:(1928)
4613:(1978)
4607:(1959)
4601:(1953)
4595:(1948)
4589:(1945)
4575:(1900)
4558:(1962)
4552:(1961)
4546:(1955)
4540:(1951)
4534:(1951)
4528:(1951)
4522:(1947)
4516:(1947)
4510:(1944)
4504:(1944)
4498:(1942)
4477:(1898)
4457:(1940)
4451:(1929)
4445:(1926)
4439:(1922)
4433:(1919)
4414:(1947)
4392:(2004)
4386:(1956)
4380:(1948)
4374:(1945)
4368:(1945)
4356:(1920)
4350:(1912)
4344:(1905)
4338:(1889)
4321:(1913)
4315:(1912)
4309:(1908)
4303:(1907)
4297:(1902)
4273:(1888)
4263:(1887)
4253:(1877)
4233:(1857)
4216:Analog
4207:(1883)
4201:(1881)
4106:(NIME)
3780:Reverb
3333:under
3283:
3237:
3214:
3189:
3172:
3147:
3057:
3033:
2991:
2959:
2951:
2818:
2705:May 8,
2623:
2598:
2573:
2548:
2456:
2012:
1806:
1757:
1749:
1575:. The
1409:mixing
1370:record
1350:HD DVD
1348:, and
1324:. The
1266:, and
1194:Dynaco
1093:, and
1069:, and
960:movie
743:. The
726:, 1938
644:triode
641:Audion
574:single
365:sounds
215:melody
128:by an
50:chief
5151:Hi-MD
4923:HiPac
4058:STEIM
4053:SMPTE
4028:IRCAM
3493:(DAW)
2989:S2CID
2957:S2CID
2231:(PDF)
2224:(PDF)
1918:
1755:S2CID
1747:JSTOR
1618:Notes
1548:beats
1421:takes
1374:movie
1342:DVD-A
1330:ATRAC
1162:hi-fi
987:Ampex
849:Ampex
227:organ
203:sound
165:heard
85:, or
79:sound
5281:ADAT
5169:HFPA
5127:HDCD
5084:SDDS
5000:DASH
4487:wire
4467:wire
3828:MIDI
3600:Opus
3394:link
3380:2019
3281:ISBN
3241:pbk.
3235:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3100:2022
3018:2022
2949:ISSN
2906:2022
2885:2024
2864:2024
2843:2024
2816:ISBN
2763:2024
2707:2021
2658:2023
2621:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2525:2023
2498:2017
2436:2015
2409:2017
2379:2017
2320:2015
2265:2022
2239:2015
2204:2013
2157:2023
2130:2022
2103:2018
2075:2017
2045:2022
2010:ISBN
1988:2017
1955:2017
1920:U.S.
1898:2017
1872:2017
1842:2011
1804:ISBN
1683:The
1546:and
1411:and
1396:and
1390:MIDI
1376:and
1361:and
1238:Sony
1174:and
1016:FFRR
918:and
890:and
797:Tape
477:Disc
284:The
167:. A
93:and
65:and
46:and
5121:DTS
5078:CDS
3595:MP3
3580:DAT
3343:at
3295:N.B
3250:N.B
3231:N.B
3089:doi
2981:doi
2941:doi
1916:209
1781:doi
1739:doi
1526:or
1190:JVC
1186:CBS
1178:'s
1168:'s
1133:dbx
1061:of
1026:'s
958:MGM
935:EMI
782:BBC
665:in
342:by
5311::
5072:DD
5047:NT
3937:DJ
3390:}}
3386:{{
3369:.
3353:,
3222:".
3161:,
3009:.
2987:.
2955:.
2947:.
2939:.
2929:31
2927:.
2923:.
2800:^
2789:47
2787:.
2783:.
2697:.
2693:.
2650:15
2648:.
2644:.
2515:.
2484:.
2426:.
2395:.
2365:.
2308:35
2306:.
2302:.
2256:.
2194:.
2190:.
2146:.
2119:.
2065:.
2061:.
2036:.
2018:,
2004:,
1978:.
1972:.
1941:.
1930:^
1862:.
1858:.
1826:.
1777:36
1775:.
1753:,
1745:,
1735:54
1733:,
1691:.
1689:CD
1478:,
1474:,
1470:,
1443:.
1415:.
1392:,
1372:,
1344:,
1340:,
1308:,
1262:,
1258:,
1192:,
1188:,
1099:.
1087:,
1065:,
1038:.
894:.
266:c.
97:.
73:,
4269:/
4259:/
4162:e
4155:t
4148:v
3424:e
3417:t
3410:v
3396:)
3382:.
3203:.
3153:.
3091::
3020:.
2995:.
2983::
2963:.
2943::
2935::
2908:.
2887:.
2866:.
2845:.
2824:.
2765:.
2709:.
2660:.
2629:.
2604:.
2579:.
2554:.
2527:.
2500:.
2438:.
2411:.
2381:.
2322:.
2267:.
2241:.
2206:.
2159:.
2132:.
2077:.
2047:.
1990:.
1957:.
1923:1
1900:.
1874:.
1844:.
1812:.
1787:.
1783::
1741::
561:3
557:1
447:.
358:.
264:(
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20:)
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