910:, cultivation and trade in this region have affected the lifestyle of the Rarámuri, given the proximity of the people and the Sierra Madre, one of the most productive drug-growing regions on Earth. Logging is not only controlled by the Mexican government but also practiced illegally by loggers and drug lords who use the forests to grow marijuana or opium or as space for their operations. Drug cartels usually have links with logging companies that launder money earned in the drug trade. Narco-trafficking weighs heavily on the Tarahumara, as the drug lords force the farmers to grow drugs instead of their own crops. Cartels have exploited the Tarahumaras' reputation as long-distance runners by forcing them into running illegal drugs into the United States.
899:, the disappearance of wildlife and watershed contamination. Large areas were deforested to exploit metal deposits. Reforms in the 1990s allowed foreign ownership and resulted in the reopening of mines and increased mining. According to the Secretaría de Economía, 204 mining companies with direct foreign investment had 310 ongoing projects in Mexico in 2006. In 2010, Mexico's mining output reached high levels: 19% of the world's silver production was extracted here, and the mining belt was the world's most productive district as it was historically. The environmental impacts are dramatic, resulting in landscape change and the spread of heavy metals.
919:
592:
711:
kept moist until the corn sprouts by which time the starch in the corn has been converted into smaller sugars. It is then mashed and boiled for eight hours. Varied herbs are ground up and mixed with water into a paste which is then fermented overnight by fire. Then the paste is combined with the corn liquid and fermented for another three to four days. Partaking of the alcoholic beverage usually takes place soon after its preparation, as the
635:
647:
2797:
54:
681:, and boiled and roasted ears. Beans are one of the Tarahumaras’ essential protein-rich foods and are usually served fried after being boiled. Tamales and beans are a common food that the Tarahumara carry with them on travels. Wheat and fruits were introduced by missionaries and are a minor source of nutrition. The fruits grown by the Tarahumara include apples, apricots, figs, and oranges.
727:, races, and Sunday gatherings. Some of these events take place during and after communal activities, for example when neighbors help one another's families with their fields or build large structures like granaries, houses, and corrals. The harvest and rain ceremonies take place during the farming months to ensure a good crop season. These events also require either a shaman,
847:
forests remains", leaving one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems in North
America, containing hundreds of medicinal plant, oak and pine species in danger of extinction. The Mexican Commission of Solidarity and Defense of Human Rights produced a report in 2000 noting the lack of studies by the government on how lumber production affected the ecosystem. Similarly, the
368:. The Rarámuri repulsed and were never conquered by the Spanish conquistadors or fully converted by the Jesuit missionaries. When the Spanish arrived in the 1500s, they called these native people the "Tarahumara". By the early 17th century, the Spanish had established mines in Tarahumara territory and made some slave raids to obtain workers for the mines. Jesuit
167:
839:
1788:
516:. During the late 1600s and early 1700s, there was strong Jesuit mission activity, which was met by resistance. Later, when the Jesuit order was expelled, the Rarámuri were left free to interpret, modify, maintain or promulgate Catholic beliefs, symbols, and practices with little outside intervention .
943:
to transport tourists, lured by false representations of the area as pure and pristine, to sightseeing locales. It stops near many
Tarahumara villages, attracting visitors expecting to see "primitive natives" (the legend of the Tarahumara). Along with new auto roads, railways built into the area have
846:
Logging has occurred since the end of the 1800s when the first loggers arrived. Later, the liberalization of laws in the 1990s resulted in the exhaustion of resources. In 1995, it was declared that "after hundred years of logging, only two percent (300,000 acres; 120,000 ha) of these unique
710:
made year round from sprouted corn. Sometimes it is also made with still-green stalks, fruits of certain cactuses, shrubs, wheat, and trees when corn is sparse. The process begins by malting the corn and spreading it in a shallow basket covered with pine needles each day for four or five days. It is
662:
Staple crops of the
Tarahumara are maize, beans, greens, squash, and tobacco. Chilli, potatoes, tomatoes, and sweet potatoes appear in Mexicanized regions. Corn is planted in February and March using oxen which are often loaned as not everyone owns one. Corn begins to flower in August; by November it
938:
The remote terrain of the Sierra Madre has long served as a refuge for the
Tarahumara. However, roads and tourism have expanded, bringing opportunities for some but problems for others. Ironically, the Rarámuri themselves seldom have sought this publicity. In the 1800s, attempts were made to build a
865:
Drought has also been affecting the region for ten years and has worsened in recent years. During 2011, it was the driest year in Mexico on record, with just 12 inches (300 mm) of rain, compared to a historical average of 21 inches (530 mm). The most severely hit area was the Sierra Madre
757:
of tesgüino they must dedicate it to Onorúame. During the curing ceremonies, the olla must rest in front of a cross until the ceremony is over. At age 14, a boy is allowed to drink tesgüino for the first time after a short sermon about his manly responsibilities. These rituals can sometimes last as
718:
Gatherings for celebrations, races, and religious ceremonies often take place with tesgüinadas, a
Tarahumara-style beer festival. These gatherings take place all year round, but most happen in winter, and are the social events between the neighboring Tarahumara people. Tesgüinada events include
410:
From then on, the
Tarahumara split into two groups. Those in the lower missions continued to move into the general Catholic population and largely lost their tribal identity. Those in the upper areas went to war under the leadership of Tepóraca and others, driving the Jesuits and Spanish settlers
869:
Due to the lack of water, crops were destroyed and famine spread. Combined with the freezing temperatures of a cold front, living conditions have become poor for the Rarámuri. Their dependence on the environment worsens the situation, as they lack employment opportunities to generate income in
492:, competitions, and women use a stick and hoop. The foot-throwing races are relays where the balls are kicked by the runners and relayed to the next runner while teammates run ahead to the next relay point. These races can last anywhere from a few hours to a couple of days without a break.
692:
According to
William Connors, a dietary researcher, their traditional diet was found to be linked to their low incidence of diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes. However, the Tarahumaras' health is transitioning in regions where processed goods have begun to replace their traditional staples.
890:
civilizations. Since the
Spanish conquest, thousands of tons of mercury and lead have been released in the Mexican mining belt, which stretches from Oaxaca to Sonora in the northwest. The Sierra Madre part of this belt is one of the world's most prolific gold and silver mining districts.
495:
The
Tarahumara commonly hunt with bow and arrows but are also known for their ability to run down deer and wild turkeys. Anthropologist Jonathan F. Cassel describes the Tarahumaras’ hunting abilities: "the Tarahumara literally run the birds to death in what is referred to as
684:
The
Tarahumaras also eat meat, but this constitutes less than 5% of their diet. Most of the meats that they consume are fish, chicken, and squirrels. On ceremonial occasions, domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and goats are killed and eaten. The Tarahumara practice
2422:
466:
1626:
603:
writes that "Music sanctifies the moment in the life of all the Tarahumaras," and "All of our actions have musical meaning." During the end of the year cycle, the Tarahumaras play violins which are masterfully carved but not varnished. The tunes are known as
2562:
Wyndham, Felice S (2009). "2009 Spheres of Relations, Lines of Interaction: Subtle Ecologies of the Rarámuri Landscape in Northern Mexico. (Special Issue: Traditional Resource and Environmental Management: Past, Present, and Future; Dana S. Lepofsky, ed.)".
2627:
482:
movement based on his time with the Tarahumara people and their running in huaraches. Tarahumara sandals has become a byword in many US minimalist running circles with many companies starting since McDougall's book popularized the style.
2513:
Kennedy, J.G. (1978) Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre; Beer, Ecology and Social Organization, AHM Publishing Corp, Arlington Heights, Illinois. Republished, as The Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre: Survivors on the Canyon's Edge in
423:
By 1753, the Jesuits turned over the lower Tarahumara missions to secular priests, and in 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish territories. Most missions in Tarahumara country ceased to operate or were turned over to
415:
was executed by the Spanish in 1690. From 1696 to 1698, the Tarahumara again waged war against the Spanish, but were defeated. An important 1691 Jesuit report concerned the resistance of the Tarahumara to evangelization,
566:(non-Rarámuri). The Devil is said to sometimes collaborate with God to arrange fitting punishments and can be appeased through sacrifices. In some cases, the Devil can be persuaded to act as a benevolent entity.
308:
Estimates put the Rarámuri population in 2006 at between 50,000 and 70,000 people. Most still practise a traditional lifestyle, including inhabiting natural shelters (caves or cliff overhangs). Staple crops are
519:
While native religious elements have been maintained, there are Spanish Catholic ritual elements, demonstrating "a genuine integration with vital cultural interests". The beings of most importance are: God
862:) a community leader of the Tarahumara, was shot and killed in Mexico. Baldenegro spent much of his life defending the ancient forests of the Sierra Madre region from the devastating effects of logging.
1482:
Arrieta, Olivia (1 January 1992). "Religion and Ritual among the Tarahumara Indians of Northern Mexico: Maintenance of Cultural Autonomy Through Resistance and Transformation of Colonizing Symbols".
576:
Some Tarahumaras maintain a belief that the afterlife is a mirror image of the mortal world and that good deeds should be performed—not for spiritual reward—but for the improvement of life on earth.
930:
The conditions of violence that are lived urge the Raramuri population to flee from their place of origin, often intimidated by criminal groups and extraction companies both Mexican and foreign.
2544:
Schalkwijk, Bob. (2014) Tarahumara. Mexico, DF: RED, Conaculta. 168 paginas. Español and English. Extensive collection of photographs by Bob Schalkwijk with an introduction by Ana Paula Pintado.
870:
non-farming activities. Moreover, increased contact with the outside world might be damaging as it creates dependency. These Indigenous people face extreme poverty, as reflected in the Mexican
380:
to the south. The Tepehuan's violent resistance to Spanish incursion in the Tepehuan revolt of 1616 killed Fonte and seven other Jesuit missionaries, closing the mission for over a decade.
428:. Despite devoted and enthusiastic efforts, the Franciscans could not match the Jesuits’ feats, and the missions declined. The Jesuits reestablished the missions in the early 20th century.
2646:
Tarahumara Foundation- Organization that has worked with Indigenous communities for twenty years, improving child nutrition, education, food security, water availability and conservation
305:
on the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. The area of the Sierra Madre Occidental which they now inhabit is often called the Sierra Tarahumara because of their presence.
1175:
J. Benedict Warren, "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503-1818, entry 107. "Jesuit Missions in Northwestern Mexico" in
2052:
Exhausting the Sierra Madre: Long-Term Trends in the Environmental Impacts of Mining in Mexico. Draft for Rethinking Extractive Industry Regulation, Dispossession, and Emerging Claims
1334:
746:, as Tarahumara are very shy and private. Anthropologist John Kennedy describes the institution of tesgüinada as an important social fabric of Tarahumara culture which he calls the "
457:
up to 200 miles (320 km) in one session, over a period of two days through their homeland of rough canyon country, for inter-village communication, transportation, and hunting.
2680:
2592:
Wyndham, Felice S (2010). "2010 Environments of Learning: Rarámuri Children's Plant Knowledge and Experience of Schooling, Family, and Landscapes in the Sierra Tarahumara, Mexico".
750:
network". He also states that "the average Tarahumara spends at least 100 days per year directly concerned with tesgüino and much of this time under its influence or aftereffects."
2125:
500:. Forced into a rapid series of takeoffs, without sufficient rest periods between, the heavy-bodied bird does not have the strength to fly or run away from the Tarahumara hunter."
2400:
Unknown Mexico: A Record of Five Years' Exploration Among the Tribes of the Western Sierra Madre; In the Tierra Caliente of Tepic and Jalisco; and Among the Tarascos of Michoacan
866:
region. Agricultural losses in Chihuahua are estimated at $ 25 million; 180,000 cattle have already died as a result of the growing lack of precipitation in the region.
1993:
1395:
3141:
1932:
1304:
3126:
2541:
Pennington, C. (1963) The Tarahumar of Mexico, their environment and material culture. Univ. of Utah Press. Reprint by Editorial Agata, Guadalajara, 1996.
2673:
2092:
926:. The Tarahumara women wear the traditional brightly colored clothes for which they are famous. These women make and sell hand-made items at the lake.
411:
from the area. The Jesuits returned in the 1670s and ultimately baptized thousands of Tarahumara, but these people have retained a separate identity.
387:, in 1631 increased Spanish presence in Tarahumara lands, bringing more slave raids and Jesuit missionaries. Missions were established at Las Bocas,
2210:
1975:
1603:
851:(NAFTA) boosted foreign investment which resulted in the privatization of communal land and market-based mechanisms of environmental regulation.
739:
is there to diagnose and to heal the sick of the community, and chanters lead the tesgüinadas in chants and rhythms to accompany the ceremonies.
486:
Their long-distance running tradition also has ceremonial and competitive aspects. Often, men kick wooden balls as they run in "foot throwing",
742:
Tesgüinadas is an important aspect of Tarahumara culture as it is often the only time when men have intercourse with their wives. They act as
540:("Great Mother"). The Indigenous counterparts of Father-Sun and Mother-Moon overlap, respectively, with these concepts of God and God's wife.
3131:
2666:
2175:
Levi, Jerome M. (February 1999). "Hidden Transcripts among the Rarámuri: Culture, Resistance, and Interethnic Relations in Northern Mexico".
1563:
1123:
1094:
1701:
Lieberman, Daniel E.; Mahaffey, Mickey; Cubesare Quimare, Silvino; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Wallace, Ian J.; Baggish, Aaron L. (1 June 2020).
1326:
2153:
1900:
555:. These beings have a direct link with the physical world through Catholic iconography, crucifixes, and saints’ medallions, respectively.
2122:
874:(HDI) which in the Sierra Madre is the lowest in the country: 49.1% below the national average. Alberto Herrera, the Mexican director of
562:
aligns with the devil, the Rarámuri do not believe in a being that embodies Evil wholly. Instead it is tainted through its ties with the
2055:
1955:
848:
815:
2360:
An account of Wampler's travels on the Chihuahua al Pacifico railroad that winds along the Barranca Del Cobre through Tarahumara lands.
2343:
A modern edition of the first detailed report about the Tarahumara, written by a Croatian missionary in the 17th century. Published in
1373:
2459:
464:, their traditional form of sandals, when running has been the subject of scientific studies and journalistic discourse. In his book,
453:, though this interpretation has not been fully agreed upon. With widely dispersed settlements, these people developed a tradition of
40:
2363:
An early anthropological account from the 1890s of the peoples in the remote mountains of northwest Mexico, including the Tarahumara.
2507:
2431:
2300:
1846:
1771:
287:
137:
608:
pieces and are danced by dancers lavishly dressed in colorful attire resembling North African garments and accompanied by rattles (
392:
2001:
1883:
1703:"Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture: Persistence Hunting, Footracing, Dancing, Work, and the Fallacy of the Athletic Savage"
2465:
Fructuoso Irigoyen Rascón. Cerocahui, una Comunidad en la Tarahumara. 40 Años Después. Don Quixote Editions/AmazonKindle. 2011.
2074:
1421:
Lieberman, Daniel; Mahaffey, Mickey; Cubesare Quimare, Silvino; Holowka, Nicholas; Wallace, Ian; Baggish, Aaron (June 2020).
75:
118:
878:
stated that the Indigenous people in his country have endured "permanent discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization."
403:. Two of the leaders of this attack were captured by the Spanish and executed. Shortly afterward, the Spanish established
90:
758:
long as 48 hours. Tesgüinadas are usually accompanied by dancing and the playing of fiddles, flutes, drums, and guitars.
2689:
2439:
689:
of deer and wild turkeys by following them at a steady pace for one or two days until the animal drops from exhaustion.
475:
336:
family. Although it is in decline under pressure from Spanish, it is still widely spoken. In the Rarámuri language, the
71:
1057:
859:
1929:
543:
Another reported variation is that God has a wife who lives with him in heaven, along with their sons, the so-called
97:
1296:
3136:
855:
809:
797:
2538:
Lumholtz, C. (1902) Unknown Mexico. 2 volumes. Scribner's Sons, New York. Republished in both English and Spanish.
64:
2314:
Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest 1533–1960
297:
Originally inhabitants of much of Chihuahua, the Rarámuri retreated to the high sierras and canyons such as the
104:
2518:
Levi, Jerome M. (1999). "The Embodiment of a Working Identity: Power and Process in Rarámuri Ritual Healing".
2500:
Mexico's 'Grand Canyon': The Region and the Story of the Tarahumara Indians and the F.C. Chihuahua al Pacifico
2366:
In another text, "La montaña de los signos" , Artaud said the Rarámuri were descended from the lost people of
591:
2392:
Bennett, W. and Zingg, R. (1935) The Tarahumara. Univ. of Chicago Press. Reprinted by Rio Grande Press, 1976.
2100:
2960:
2910:
963:
871:
779:
773:
461:
322:
302:
1595:
918:
2218:
785:
400:
294:
in Mexico. They are renowned for their form of prayer that involves running for extended periods of time.
86:
2027:
990:"Book Review: Exercised: The Science of Physical Activity, Rest and Health By Professor Daniel Lieberman"
634:
3086:
2417:
2405:
1972:
875:
625:
573:(i.e., feeding God), the sense of returning to God a little of the much that he has given is prevalent.
471:
333:
1666:
Balke, Bruno (1965). "Anthropological and physiological observations on Tarahumara endurance runners".
1216:"The Barefoot Debate: Can Minimalist Shoes Reduce Running-Re... : Current Sports Medicine Reports"
646:
325:, sheep, and goats. Almost all Rarámuri migrate from one place to another during the course of a year.
3146:
3026:
1953:
Crisis en la Tarahumara: ¿Qué, cómo y por qué está sucediendo la crisis alimentaria en la Tarahumara?
1890:. De los Derechos Humanos, A.C. Chihuahua Mexico and Texas Center for Policy Studies (2000) pp. 5–6.
1427:
1265:"Strike type variation among Tarahumara Indians in minimal sandals versus conventional running shoes"
767:
720:
329:
33:
2495:
944:
developed logging and tourism, which have accelerated the rate of modernization among the Rarámuri.
803:
3046:
2395:
968:
686:
497:
446:
217:
2609:
2580:
2265:
2192:
1732:
1534:
1499:
1446:
1245:
821:
753:
The religious role of tesgüino is a very important aspect of tesgüinada. Before one can drink an
337:
369:
2143:
1908:
3081:
2503:
2455:
2427:
2344:
2296:
1767:
1724:
1683:
1559:
1365:
1237:
1119:
1111:
1090:
892:
887:
513:
412:
396:
384:
373:
291:
196:
2354:
An account of Artaud's visit to the Tarahumara in the mid-1930s and of his peyote experience.
2050:
1952:
1880:
The forest industry in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua: Social, Economic and Ecological impacts
1084:
3031:
3021:
2955:
2869:
2703:
2601:
2572:
2527:
2257:
2184:
1714:
1675:
1526:
1517:
Zingg, Robert M. (1 January 1942). "The Genuine and Spurious Values in Tarahumara Culture".
1491:
1436:
1276:
1227:
997:
923:
907:
743:
479:
365:
1396:"Minimalist running isn't as simple as taking off your shoes. How to run naturally, safely"
111:
3076:
2991:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2783:
2763:
2423:
Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen
2129:
2078:
2059:
1979:
1959:
1936:
1887:
791:
707:
600:
254:
2708:
2631:
2410:
1850:
1028:
599:
Music and dance are highly integrated into Tarahumara social life. The classical pianist
2531:
1357:
595:
Tarahumara style flute, collected by Richard W. Payne, from the collection of Clint Goss
2965:
2773:
2723:
2713:
2447:
2378:
2348:
1878:
1702:
958:
376:, at the southern end of Tarahumara territory, expanding from missionary work with the
258:
238:
3120:
3066:
3056:
3036:
2915:
2905:
2802:
2613:
2312:
2289:
2148:
1736:
1450:
896:
454:
450:
388:
298:
172:
2584:
1249:
3061:
2889:
2844:
2829:
2718:
2478:
2386:
2373:
Provides the classic baseline ethnography of this group for the early 20th century.
2024:"UC Resources – Financial, Sales and Economic Forecasts for Investing and Business"
318:
270:
2753:
2071:
1530:
1553:
1232:
1215:
3071:
3016:
2950:
2940:
2920:
2864:
2854:
2834:
2733:
2468:
1179:. Howard F. Cline, volume editor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 95.
953:
747:
702:
404:
266:
262:
250:
53:
2658:
2576:
1281:
1264:
3001:
2996:
2849:
2792:
2650:
2605:
2488:
Jerome M. Levi: "Tarahumara (Rarámuri)", In: David Carrasco, editor-in-chief.
1177:
Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 13, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources
509:
488:
425:
1728:
1369:
3051:
3011:
2839:
2640:
Tarahumara Books: Books by, for and about the Ralámuli of Chihuahua, Mexico.
2188:
1835:. Arlington Heights, Illinois: AHM Publishing Corporation. pp. 115–116.
1679:
1061:
724:
524:), God's wife, who is the Christian Virgin Mary transformed, and the devil (
27:
Indigenous people of the Americas living in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico
3110:. Translated by Hofer, Jen; Nagler, Christian; Whitener, Brian. ChainLinks.
3006:
1241:
395:. In 1648, the Tarahumara waged war against the Spanish. They gathered at
1687:
166:
17:
3041:
2975:
2859:
2824:
2367:
940:
939:
railway. Currently, this line is used by the train Chihuahua Pacífico or
670:
377:
234:
838:
2970:
2879:
2819:
2778:
2768:
2728:
2357:
An account of Biggers's sojourn among the Tarahumara in the late 1990s.
2269:
1820:. Arlington Heights, Illinois: AHM Publishing Corporation. p. 111.
1503:
230:
200:
2196:
1833:
Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre: Beer, Ecology, and Social Organization
1818:
Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre: Beer, Ecology, and Social Organization
1538:
2874:
2743:
2738:
1552:
Anthony Kales; Chester M. Pierce; Milton Greenblatt (29 April 1992).
989:
678:
665:
580:
204:
2261:
1495:
1086:
Mexico's Sierra Tarahumara: A Photohistory of the People of the Edge
1001:
2558:, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 1988)
2452:
Could you live like a Tarahumara? Podrias vivir como un tarahumara?
1766:. New York: A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company. p. 145.
1719:
1441:
1422:
3106:
Yépez, Heriberto (2013) . "Part II: Co-Oxident Kinh-Time Empire".
2884:
2748:
2638:
922:
Two Rarámuri women (one with a baby nursing) at Arareco Lake near
917:
837:
674:
590:
310:
171:
Two Tarahumara men photographed in Tuaripa, Chihuahua, in 1892 by
616:
they play three-holed flutes of river cane, together with drums.
579:
The Rarámuri share with other Uto-Aztecan tribes a veneration of
754:
613:
314:
2662:
2556:
Rarámuri Souls: Knowledge and Social Process in Northern Mexico
1214:
Rixe, Jeffrey A.; Gallo, Robert A.; Silvis, Matthew L. (2012).
1016:
The Tarahumar of Mexico, their environment and material culture
364:
The Rarámuri are believed to be descended from a people of the
2023:
47:
2331:
An introduction to the history and culture of the Tarahumara.
2645:
1994:"Junior Mining Companies: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre"
663:
is harvested and cooked or stored. Common corn dishes are
344:
refers specifically to the men; women are referred to as
2490:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, Vol. 3
1327:"How to Run With Perfect Form Like the Tarahumara Tribe"
1271:. Special Issue on "Barefoot and Minimal Shoe Running".
2340:
A detailed case study of Tarahumara ceremonial healing.
1973:
Natives Ravaged by Mexico’s Worst Drought in 7 Decades
449:
according to some early ethnographers like Norwegian
445:, means "runners on foot" or "those who run fast" in
2242:
Rarámuri: A Tarahumara Colonial Chronicle, 1607–1791
1790:
Ideal Norms and Social Control in Tarahumara Society
1555:
The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective
1200:
Irigoyen, Fructuoso and Manuel Palma, Jesus (1995).
1112:"Tomás de Guadalajara, Missionary of the Tarhumares"
569:
Some Rarámuri religious practices have the sense of
2984:
2898:
2812:
2696:
2492:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 183–185.
2475:(Reports from Tarahumara), (Zagreb: Artresor, 1998)
2334:
A brief overview of Tarahumara culture and history.
1907:. Associated Press. 2 December 2011. Archived from
1038:. Hubbard Museum of the American West Ruidoso Downs
244:
224:
211:
189:
179:
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2549:The Tarahumara: an Indian tribe of northern Mexico
2311:
2288:
2211:"Tarahumara People – National Geographic Magazine"
1901:"North Mexico wilts under worst drought on record"
1628:The Tarahumara: an Indian tribe of northern Mexico
719:rain fiestas, harvest ceremonies, curing fiestas,
2132:. Culturalsurvival.org. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
1930:Drought and famine: an insight to the Tarahumara
1793:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University. p. 93.
1202:Rarajípari, the Tarahumara Indian Kick-ball Race
1089:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 56–57.
782:, former WBO world junior featherweight champion
2337:A comprehensive account of Rarámuri world view.
1297:"Study: Running Form Of The Tarahumara Indians"
317:; however, many of the Rarámuri still practise
39:"Tarahumara" redirects here. For the film, see
2551:, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935)
2291:Tarahumara: Where Night is the Day of the Moon
2246:Tarahumara: Where Night Is the Day of the Moon
2081:. Firstmajestic.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
624:Traditional Rarámuri dresses displayed at the
407:in the heart of the upper Tarahumara country.
2674:
8:
2635:article on the Tarahumara's athletic prowess
2520:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1962:. Oxfammexico.org. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
153:
1631:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1058:"Mexican Deforestation in the Sierra Madre"
886:Mining dates to 950 AD with the Toltec and
2681:
2667:
2659:
2240:West, Robert (1 January 1980). "Review of
2123:Narco-trafficking in the Sierra Tarahumara
1423:"Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture"
1164:Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara
418:Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara
165:
152:
2093:"The Drug Destruction of Mexico, Part II"
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1718:
1668:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1440:
1280:
1231:
536:("Great Father"), and the Virgin Mary is
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
2547:Wendell C. Bennett and Robert M. Zingg:
2389:; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc., 1976)
2370:, a fictional island described by Plato.
731:, or chanter. The job of the shaman and
3098:
2446:Don Burgess. Photos by Don Burgess and
2402:, (New York: Scribner's and Sons, 1902)
2250:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1849:. Golden Boy Promotions. Archived from
1581:Life through the Eyes of the Tarahumara
1558:. Springer New York. pp. 121–129.
980:
630:
3142:Peoples of the Sierra Madre Occidental
2485:, (University of Illinois Press, 2006)
2318:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1468:. USA: The Naylor Company. p. 96.
1358:"The Human Body Is Built for Distance"
1116:The Jesuit Missions of Northern Mexico
532:is thought to be the Indigenous deity
1982:. Laht.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
1477:
1475:
1356:Parker-pope, Tara (26 October 2009).
1337:from the original on 22 November 2015
1307:from the original on 21 November 2015
1118:. Taylor & Francis. p. 232.
895:mentioned in 1556 that mining led to
794:, award-winning agricultural engineer
7:
1376:from the original on 5 November 2015
1263:Lieberman, Daniel E. (1 June 2014).
1166:. Roberto Ramos, ed. Chihuahua 1950.
441:The Tarahumara word for themselves,
190:Regions with significant populations
76:adding citations to reliable sources
2532:10.17953/aicr.23.3.n54560014066th1h
2502:, (Berkeley: Self-Published, 1978.
2454:, (Taos, NM: Barranca Press, 2015.
1269:Journal of Sport and Health Science
849:North American Free Trade Agreement
806:, award-winning mechanical engineer
3127:Indigenous peoples of Aridoamerica
2437:Cynthia Gorney: "A people apart",
2049:Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken (2009)
1606:from the original on 30 March 2012
842:Tarahumara man collecting firewood
697:Tesgüino and Tesgüinadas festivals
399:and then destroyed the mission of
25:
2217:. 17 October 2002. Archived from
2156:from the original on 28 July 2017
2091:Beadle, Kristian (15 July 2010).
288:Indigenous people of the Americas
2795:
2030:from the original on 12 May 2012
1583:. Editorial Camino. p. 161.
645:
633:
52:
2142:Goldberg, Ryan (25 July 2017).
2000:. Seeking Alpha. Archived from
1220:Current Sports Medicine Reports
1014:Pennington, Campbell W. (1963)
988:Preedy, Michael (1 June 2021).
800:, community leader and activist
63:needs additional citations for
42:Tarahumara (Cada vez más lejos)
2408:: "The Men Who Live Forever",
2295:. Flagstaff: Northland Press.
1992:Wasser, Trey (12 March 2007).
1114:. In Charles W. Polzer (ed.).
383:The discovery of the mines of
1:
1764:American Indian Food and Lore
1531:10.1525/aa.1942.44.1.02a00080
735:are purely religious, as the
3132:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
2690:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
2440:National Geographic Magazine
1803:
1762:Niethammer, Carolyn (1974).
1749:
1653:
1641:
1233:10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825640a6
476:endurance running hypothesis
2651:The Tarahumara Ultrarunners
2062:. York University. pp. 1, 5
1188:
1150:
1138:
1018:. University of Utah Press.
860:Goldman Environmental Prize
715:can spoil within 24 hours.
551:) and their daughters, the
508:The Rarámuri religion is a
3163:
2628:"The Men Who Live Forever"
2577:10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.271
2310:Spicer, Edward H. (1962).
1282:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.009
1162:Tomás de Guadalajara (?),
1083:William Dirk Raat (1996).
512:of Indigenous customs and
38:
31:
2790:
2606:10.1007/s10745-009-9287-5
2287:Fontana, Bernard (1979).
2128:25 September 2012 at the
1625:Bennett, Wendell (1935).
1464:Cassel, Jonathan (1969).
249:
229:
216:
194:
184:
164:
3108:The Empire of Neomemory
2697:More than 100,000 people
2072:Today's Mining in Mexico
2058:22 December 2014 at the
1579:Romayne Wheeler (1993).
1400:The Poughkeepsie Journal
824:, professor of education
788:, award-winning educator
460:The Tarahumaras' use of
2813:20,000 – 100,000 people
2565:Journal of Ethnobiology
2189:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.90
1935:9 November 2012 at the
1680:10.1002/ajpa.1330230317
1519:American Anthropologist
1110:Peter M. Dunne (1991).
964:Raramuri Criollo cattle
903:Effect of drug violence
872:Human Development Index
858:(2005 recipient of the
856:Isidro Baldenegro López
798:Isidro Baldenegro López
774:Carmelita Little Turtle
474:argues in favor of the
372:established a mission,
348:(individually), and as
303:Sierra Madre Occidental
290:living in the state of
185:Unknown: estimates vary
2985:Less than 1,000 people
2473:Izvješća iz Tarahumare
1905:Odessa American Online
1831:Kennedy, John (1978).
1816:Kennedy, John (1978).
1036:lebaronsprimitives.com
927:
843:
596:
401:San Francisco de Borja
32:For the language, see
2899:1,000 – 20,000 people
2418:Christopher McDougall
2406:Christopher McDougall
2040:Retrieved 21 May 2012
1787:Fried, Jacob (1951).
921:
876:Amnesty International
841:
834:Environmental factors
640:Rarámuri female dress
626:Museo de Arte Popular
594:
472:Christopher McDougall
455:long-distance running
245:Related ethnic groups
2554:William L. Merrill:
2177:American Ethnologist
1978:6 March 2014 at the
1958:24 June 2013 at the
1886:5 March 2016 at the
1707:Current Anthropology
1428:Current Anthropology
810:María Lorena Ramírez
786:Dr. Octavio Casillas
780:Daniel Ponce de León
72:improve this article
2483:In the Sierra Madre
2396:Carl Sofus Lumholtz
2215:National Geographic
1596:"Tarahumara Flutes"
1594:Clint Goss (2011).
1064:on 28 February 2012
969:Tarahumara language
914:Forced displacement
687:persistence hunting
652:Rarámuri male dress
498:persistence hunting
447:their native tongue
161:
2144:"The Drug Runners"
2077:4 May 2012 at the
2004:on 11 October 2012
1911:on 7 December 2011
1466:Tarahumara Indians
1362:The New York Times
928:
844:
822:Rochelle Gutierrez
812:, ultra marathoner
770:, ultra marathoner
597:
3137:Chihuahua (state)
3095:
3094:
2121:Salmon, Enrique.
1565:978-0-387-97760-7
1125:978-0-8240-2096-5
1096:978-0-8061-2815-3
893:Georgius Agricola
854:In January 2017,
744:social lubricants
514:Roman Catholicism
504:Religious beliefs
391:, San Felipe and
385:Parral, Chihuahua
374:San Pablo Balleza
330:Rarámuri language
276:
275:
148:
147:
140:
122:
34:Rarámuri language
16:(Redirected from
3154:
3112:
3111:
3103:
2911:Chichimeca Jonaz
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2617:
2588:
2535:
2426:, (Knopf, 2009.
2383:The Peyote Dance
2319:
2317:
2306:
2294:
2274:
2273:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2139:
2133:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2099:. Archived from
2097:Pacific Standard
2088:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1998:seekingalpha.com
1989:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1484:Wíčazo Ša Review
1479:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1402:. 31 August 2021
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1333:. 16 July 2014.
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:. Archived from
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1029:"The Tarahumara"
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
985:
924:Creel, Chihuahua
762:Notable Rarámuri
649:
637:
628:in Mexico City:
480:barefoot running
405:Villa de Aguilar
366:Mogollon culture
356:(collectively).
180:Total population
169:
162:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
2980:
2894:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2692:
2687:
2656:
2624:
2591:
2561:
2517:
2326:
2324:Further reading
2309:
2303:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2262:10.2307/2513286
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:Wayback Machine
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:on 29 July 2017
2090:
2089:
2085:
2079:Wayback Machine
2070:
2066:
2060:Wayback Machine
2048:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1960:Wayback Machine
1951:
1947:
1943:. 3 March 2012.
1937:Wayback Machine
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1888:Wayback Machine
1877:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1853:on 30 July 2010
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1496:10.2307/1408992
1481:
1480:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1303:. 12 May 2014.
1295:
1294:
1290:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1002:10.36866/122.12
994:Physiology News
987:
986:
982:
977:
950:
936:
916:
905:
884:
836:
831:
792:Edwin Bustillos
768:Arnulfo Quimare
764:
708:fermented drink
699:
660:
653:
650:
641:
638:
622:
601:Romayne Wheeler
589:
506:
439:
437:Athletic skills
434:
362:
332:belongs to the
286:are a group of
175:
155:
151:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3087:Western Apache
3084:
3082:Tohono Oʼodham
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2623:
2622:External links
2620:
2619:
2618:
2589:
2571:(2): 271–295.
2559:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2515:
2511:
2496:Joseph Wampler
2493:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2460:9781939604-187
2448:Bob Schalkwijk
2444:
2435:
2415:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2379:Antonin Artaud
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2256:(3): 493–495.
2232:
2221:on 13 May 2012
2202:
2167:
2134:
2114:
2083:
2064:
2042:
2015:
1984:
1964:
1945:
1922:
1892:
1864:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1796:
1779:
1772:
1754:
1742:
1720:10.1086/708810
1713:(3): 356–379.
1693:
1674:(3): 293–301.
1658:
1646:
1634:
1617:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1544:
1509:
1471:
1456:
1442:10.1086/708810
1435:(3): 356–379.
1413:
1387:
1348:
1318:
1301:Runner's World
1288:
1255:
1226:(3): 160–165.
1206:
1193:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1124:
1102:
1095:
1075:
1049:
1020:
1007:
979:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
959:Multiday races
956:
949:
946:
935:
932:
915:
912:
904:
901:
883:
880:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
819:
813:
807:
804:Jacob Casillas
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
776:, photographer
771:
763:
760:
698:
695:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
644:
642:
639:
632:
621:
618:
588:
585:
547:(from Spanish
505:
502:
438:
435:
433:
430:
361:
358:
274:
273:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:Roman Catholic
227:
226:
222:
221:
214:
213:
209:
208:
192:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
170:
149:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2803:Mexico portal
2793:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:Human Ecology
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:0-935080-03-1
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2443:November 2008
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2432:0-307-26630-3
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:, German and
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2302:9780873581837
2298:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:(1): 90–113.
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:Texas Monthly
2145:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:Viar, Asela.
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1773:0-02-010000-0
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
945:
942:
933:
931:
925:
920:
913:
911:
909:
908:Drug violence
902:
900:
898:
897:deforestation
894:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
867:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
840:
833:
828:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
714:
709:
705:
704:
696:
694:
690:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
657:
648:
643:
636:
631:
629:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
593:
586:
584:
582:
577:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
493:
491:
490:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:Carl Lumholtz
448:
444:
436:
431:
429:
427:
421:
419:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
304:
300:
299:Copper Canyon
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
174:
173:Carl Lumholtz
168:
163:
160:
159:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
43:
35:
30:
19:
3107:
3101:
3057:Motozintleco
2830:Chontal Maya
2758:
2655:
2639:
2632:Men's Health
2630:
2600:(1): 87–99.
2597:
2593:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2526:(3): 13–46.
2523:
2519:
2499:
2489:
2482:
2479:Jeff Biggers
2472:
2451:
2438:
2421:
2411:Men's Health
2409:
2399:
2387:Helen Weaver
2382:
2313:
2290:
2281:Bibliography
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2214:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2096:
2086:
2067:
2051:
2045:
2032:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1987:
1967:
1948:
1941:Tecglobalist
1940:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
1904:
1895:
1879:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1841:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1745:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1627:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1554:
1547:
1525:(1): 78–92.
1522:
1518:
1512:
1490:(2): 11–23.
1487:
1483:
1465:
1459:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1361:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1275:(2): 86–94.
1272:
1268:
1258:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1204:. La Prensa.
1201:
1196:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1115:
1105:
1085:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1052:
1042:23 September
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:
1015:
1010:
993:
983:
937:
929:
906:
885:
868:
864:
853:
845:
818:, footballer
752:
741:
736:
732:
728:
717:
712:
701:
700:
691:
683:
664:
661:
623:
609:
605:
598:
578:
575:
570:
568:
563:
559:
557:
552:
548:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
507:
494:
487:
485:
465:
459:
442:
440:
422:
417:
409:
382:
363:
353:
349:
345:
341:
327:
319:transhumance
307:
296:
283:
279:
277:
157:
156:
150:Ethnic group
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
41:
29:
2469:Ivan Ratkaj
2385:, (transl.
1857:9 September
1380:23 November
1341:23 November
1331:The Bioneer
1311:23 November
1153:, pp. 30–33
1141:, pp. 25–29
954:Ivan Ratkaj
816:Mario Trejo
467:Born to Run
426:Franciscans
334:Uto-Aztecan
3121:Categories
2997:Chiricahua
2961:Qʼanjobʼal
2941:Mexicanero
2414:April 2008
1847:"Fighters"
1610:15 January
1600:Flutopedia
975:References
612:). During
549:Jesucristo
489:rarajipari
389:Huejotitán
370:Juan Fonte
321:, raising
284:Tarahumara
218:Tarahumara
154:Tarahumara
98:newspapers
87:"Rarámuri"
18:Tarahumara
3052:Mezcalero
3022:Kaqchikel
3012:Ixcatecos
2956:Pima Bajo
2870:Tojolabal
2754:Purépecha
2704:Chinantec
2614:145077598
2107:4 January
2008:4 January
1915:4 January
1737:219067151
1729:0011-3204
1451:219067151
1370:0362-4331
737:curandero
733:curandero
729:curandero
725:Holy Week
721:Guadalupe
671:tortillas
558:Although
470:, author
462:huaraches
338:endonymic
292:Chihuahua
220:, Spanish
212:Languages
197:Chihuahua
128:June 2021
3147:Rarámuri
2992:Awakatek
2966:Qʼeqchiʼ
2946:Ocuiltec
2936:Lacandon
2931:Jakaltek
2926:Guarijio
2880:Wixarika
2865:Tepehuán
2860:Popoluca
2840:Cuicatec
2764:Tlapanec
2759:Rarámuri
2585:86139607
2368:Atlantis
2345:Croatian
2154:Archived
2126:Archived
2075:Archived
2056:Archived
2028:Archived
1976:Archived
1956:Archived
1933:Archived
1884:Archived
1604:Archived
1406:17 March
1374:Archived
1335:Archived
1305:Archived
1250:13254054
1242:22580495
1068:15 March
948:See also
941:El Chepe
748:tesgüino
723:Fiesta,
713:tesgüino
703:Tesgüino
620:Clothing
606:matachín
564:Chabochi
545:sukristo
538:Iyeruame
534:Onoruame
478:and the
443:Rarámuri
413:Tepóraca
397:Fariagic
378:Tepehuan
342:rarámuri
280:Rarámuri
263:Tepehuán
255:Guarijío
235:Peyotism
225:Religion
195:Mexico (
158:Rarámuri
3027:Kʼicheʼ
3002:Cochimí
2976:Tepehua
2971:Tacuate
2825:Chatino
2784:Zapotec
2779:Tzotzil
2774:Tzeltal
2769:Totonac
2729:Mazatec
2724:Mazahua
2714:Huastec
2270:2513286
2160:28 July
1806:, p. 57
1804:Fontana
1752:, p. 54
1750:Fontana
1688:5861226
1656:, p. 60
1654:Fontana
1644:, p. 51
1642:Fontana
1504:1408992
1191:, p. 37
934:Tourism
829:Threats
679:tamales
610:sáuraka
526:Riablo)
510:mélange
432:Culture
360:History
354:igómale
301:in the
259:Huichol
231:Animism
201:Durango
112:scholar
3067:Paipai
3042:Kumiai
3037:Kiliwa
3032:Kikapú
3007:Cucapá
2916:Chocho
2906:Akatek
2875:Triqui
2820:Amuzgo
2739:Mixtec
2612:
2583:
2506:
2458:
2430:
2299:
2268:
2225:21 May
2197:647500
2195:
1770:
1735:
1727:
1686:
1562:
1539:662830
1537:
1502:
1449:
1368:
1248:
1240:
1189:Spicer
1151:Spicer
1139:Spicer
1122:
1093:
882:Mining
666:pinole
581:peyote
571:konema
560:Riablo
393:Satevó
323:cattle
237:, and
205:Sonora
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
3062:Opata
3047:Lipán
2890:Zoque
2885:Yaqui
2845:Huave
2749:Otomi
2744:Nahua
2709:Chʼol
2610:S2CID
2581:S2CID
2514:1996.
2349:Latin
2266:JSTOR
2193:JSTOR
2034:5 May
1733:S2CID
1535:JSTOR
1500:JSTOR
1447:S2CID
1246:S2CID
1032:(PDF)
888:Mayan
706:is a
675:atole
587:Music
553:Santi
530:Riosi
522:Riosi
350:omugí
340:term
315:beans
311:maize
271:Yaqui
119:JSTOR
105:books
3077:Teko
3072:Seri
3017:Ixil
2951:Pame
2921:Chuj
2855:Mayo
2835:Cora
2734:Mixe
2719:Maya
2504:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2227:2012
2162:2017
2109:2023
2036:2012
2010:2023
1917:2023
1859:2011
1768:ISBN
1725:ISSN
1684:PMID
1612:2012
1560:ISBN
1408:2022
1382:2015
1366:ISSN
1343:2015
1313:2015
1238:PMID
1120:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1070:2012
1044:2014
755:olla
658:Food
614:Lent
346:mukí
328:The
313:and
278:The
267:Mayo
251:Suma
91:news
2850:Mam
2602:doi
2573:doi
2528:doi
2258:doi
2248:".
2185:doi
1715:doi
1676:doi
1527:doi
1492:doi
1437:doi
1277:doi
1228:doi
998:doi
352:or
282:or
74:by
3123::
2608:.
2598:38
2596:.
2579:.
2569:29
2567:.
2524:23
2522:.
2498::
2481::
2471::
2450::
2420::
2398::
2381::
2264:.
2254:60
2252:.
2244:;
2213:.
2191:.
2181:26
2179:.
2152:.
2146:.
2095:.
2026:.
1996:.
1939:.
1903:.
1867:^
1731:.
1723:.
1711:61
1709:.
1705:.
1682:.
1672:23
1670:.
1602:.
1598:.
1533:.
1523:44
1521:.
1498:.
1486:.
1474:^
1445:.
1433:61
1431:.
1425:.
1398:.
1372:.
1364:.
1360:.
1329:.
1299:.
1267:.
1244:.
1236:.
1224:11
1222:.
1218:.
1034:.
996:.
992:.
677:,
673:,
669:,
583:.
528:.
420:.
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
233:,
203:,
199:,
2682:e
2675:t
2668:v
2616:.
2604::
2587:.
2575::
2534:.
2530::
2510:)
2462:)
2434:)
2351:.
2305:.
2272:.
2260::
2229:.
2199:.
2187::
2164:.
2111:.
2038:.
2012:.
1919:.
1861:.
1776:.
1739:.
1717::
1690:.
1678::
1614:.
1568:.
1541:.
1529::
1506:.
1494::
1488:8
1453:.
1439::
1410:.
1384:.
1345:.
1315:.
1285:.
1279::
1273:3
1252:.
1230::
1128:.
1099:.
1072:.
1046:.
1004:.
1000::
520:(
207:)
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
