66:
44:
1078:, used to dress the hair, or rubbed directly on the body. It could also be stored in a hollow bone or bunch of feathers, and when warmed by body heat gave off a pleasant fragrance. The aromatic gum could be stored in a gourd or shell, and was a valuable trade good and gift. Taramea perfume is still prepared commercially by Ngāi Tahu, using a steam extraction method on hand-harvested leaves.
1151:
386:
are recognised, along with 9 forms known only by informal tag names, which may or may not represent distinct species. The genus is in need of taxonomic revision: some species may be hybrids; similar species with adjoining distributions such as
320:
Many species of speargrass have tough, rigid leaves and flower bracts tipped with long sharp spikes, arranged in one or more rosettes which present spines in every direction. This is reflected in the name of the genus:
1047:(prayers) had been performed. Anyone collecting gum needed to sleep with their knees drawn up, in a crouching position, for if they slept in the ordinary way the gum would sink to the roots instead of rising.
974:
are confined to New
Zealand; the remaining two are endemic to Australia. Most species live in or near the alpine zone, but they range from mountains to coast. The group reaches its highest diversity in the
249:). They range from small cushion plants to tall flower spikes surrounded by rosettes of stiff, pointed leaves, the latter probably adaptations to prevent browsing by moa. Their common name is
1182:), which completely depends on it for food: adults feed on the leaves and flower stalks, and larvae on the roots, although it appears to do little damage to adult speargrass. The decline of
309:, with separate male and female plants which do not flower every year. Because of this, identifying plants to species can depend on leaf characters and locality. The seeds of
925:
403:"Cass" may belong in an existing species, or need formal description and naming. The following species list is from Mark (2021) with some names from Salmon (1991):
1277:
1035:
Collecting taramea resin was traditionally the work of women. It was collected by cutting or burning plants in the evening, and gathering the exuded gum (called
2064:
1999:
994:
leaves for travel over snowy terrain. More important, though, was the aromatic gum extracted from the leaves, used in scented oils and sachets. The
2051:
2012:
1757:
2100:
1872:
1305:
1399:
Jane L. Gosden (May 2023). "An observation of
Aciphylla aurea recovery following the exclusion of lagomorphs in the Canterbury High Country".
1866:
1527:
1349:
1249:
1082:
contains the non-volatile polyacetylene falcarindiol and the seeds contained steam-distilled volatiles such as heptanal and octanoic acid.
1039:) in the morning. Leaves could also be gathered, plaited, and heated over several days to force out the gum into a gourd. The process was
1142:
plants were 15 times as abundant as in nearby plots where only cattle and sheep were excluded; adult plants were 7 times as abundant.
1715:
Colin F. J. O'Donnell; Kerry Weston; Joanne Monks (2017). "Impacts of introduced mammalian predators on New
Zealand's alpine fauna".
1629:
1497:
1472:
348:
Large speargrasses, often known as
Spaniards (although this somewhat derogatory term is avoided in recent publications) or by their
2038:
2139:
1717:
1428:
1127:
2056:
1205:, so in 2006–2007 40 weevils were translocated to a speargrass patch on Mana, where they have bred successfully and spread.
1117:
1645:
Zidorn, Christian; Sturm, Sonja; Dawson, John W.; Klink, John W. van; Stuppner, Hermann; Perry, Nigel B. (2002-02-01).
1960:
1898:
1828:
1426:
William G. Lee; Jamie Wood; Geoff Rogers (2010). "Legacy of avian-dominated plant–herbivore systems in New
Zealand".
2144:
2113:
1113:
363:
by Māori, though this name really refers to their tap root), with a variety of leaf types from soft to thistle-like
305:
group (six species and three tag-named taxa) have milky sap, while most other species have clear sap. Aciphylla is
65:
2069:
2185:
1202:
1040:
210:
1548:
Dobson-Waitere, Aaria; MacIntosh, Robin; Ellison, Matapura F.; Smallfield, Bruce M.; van Klink, John W. (2021).
438:
1134:
are soft and vulnerable to browsing. In experimental plots that has been fenced for 30 years to exclude these
906:
2118:
1210:
954:
573:
1686:"Chemosystematic comparison of essential oils from eight species of four genera of the New Zealand Apiaceae"
782:
741:
513:
186:
730:
528:
1913:
1216:
756:
671:
1161:
800:
558:
498:
344:
Speargrasses range from small, inconspicuous herbs to large spiky mounds, but they take four main forms:
917:
862:
811:
771:
719:
686:
591:
884:
873:
844:
833:
708:
645:
543:
413:
1647:"Chemosystematic investigations of irregular diterpenes in Anisotome and related New Zealand Apiaceae"
697:
660:
634:
623:
2079:
1549:
1166:
483:
476:
395:
1853:
2017:
936:
52:
1112:
due to browsing from rabbits was noted as early as 1883. Widespread conversion of the New
Zealand
2180:
2152:
2105:
1366:
1178:
1155:
1108:
895:
453:
198:
169:
60:
329:(leaf). This form is hypothesised to have evolved to deter browsing by birds: the extinct giant
2087:
1973:
1862:
1730:
1666:
1625:
1573:
1523:
1493:
1468:
1437:
1345:
822:
679:
491:
349:
2092:
1738:
1722:
1697:
1658:
1565:
1445:
1408:
1378:
944:
521:
446:
359:
Small speargrasses, less than 50 cm tall (small speargrasses are collectively known as
234:
1893:
1004:
948:
566:
472:
464:
389:
338:
103:
43:
1951:
1278:"Getting through speargrass defences: how to safely collect samples of a dangerous plant"
987:
270:
1071:
764:
536:
90:
1662:
1554:
species of
Aotearoa New Zealand: a review of Mātauranga Māori and scientific research"
2174:
1855:
Research into the status and distribution of
Chatham Islands endangered invertebrates
599:
367:
190:
1803:
2157:
1187:
976:
749:
421:
262:
1569:
995:
337:
birds from browsing other plants, and the two large-leaved species endemic to the
1978:
1965:
2025:
1945:
1382:
1365:
Thorsen, Michael J.; Dickinson, Katharine J.M.; Seddon, Philip J. (2009-11-20).
1220:
or coxella weevil. Both weevil and its host are threatened by browsing mammals.
1074:) to preserve the fragrance. It was worn in a pouch next to the skin known as a
242:
1936:
1701:
1194:
1135:
653:
314:
1734:
1577:
1441:
1126:
species have been suggested as useful indicators for measuring the effect of
1059:
1986:
1449:
1412:
1102:(which can eat the leaves from the side to avoid the spiny tips), and feral
551:
506:
246:
159:
2131:
1861:. Science for Conservation: 36. Wellington: Department of Conservation NZ.
1726:
1670:
1067:
1055:
1903:. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra.
1742:
1106:(which will dig up plants to eat the carrot-like taproot). The decline of
2126:
1930:
282:
238:
149:
129:
116:
1306:"Speargrass collecting – a whirlwind tour of Te Waipounamu South Island"
1150:
2004:
1193:
population by the 2000s to around 150 individuals, living on cliffs of
1044:
460:(Giant speargrass, wild Spaniard) – North and South Islands, 900–1500 m
298:
286:
230:
139:
17:
2030:
1781:"Assessment and management of hare impact on high-altitude vegetation"
1596:
1201:
grows at low altitudes on both the south coast and nearby rodent-free
1130:
and hares on native plants; despite their spikes, the young leaves of
1780:
1028:
species were not used as fragrance, although their taproot, known as
334:
306:
214:
1907:
1852:
Emberson, R. M.; Early, J. W.; Marris, J. W. M.; Syrett, P. (1996).
1250:"An introduction to speargrasses – plants with a prickly reputation"
737:(Subalpine Spaniard) – Otago to Southland and Fiordland, 1100–1700 m
1991:
1149:
1095:
431:
294:
290:
289:
and small flowers, which are clustered into inflorescences called
77:
2043:
1032:, was eaten–the red roots of taramea were considered too bitter.
667:(Little or pygmy speargrass) – Northern South Island, 1100–1700 m
1099:
1063:
1911:
1186:
on the mainland and predation by rats and mice had reduced the
1094:
species are threatened by introduced mammals, such as domestic
293:. Species can be distinguished by size, habit, flower head and
1103:
330:
580:(Dieffenbach's speargrass, coxella) – Chatham Islands, cliffs
373:
Small cushion forms with rigid leaves, living in alpine areas
715:(Armstrong's speargrass) – Eastern South Island, 1100–2000 m
399:
may in fact be the same species; and tag-named taxa such as
1043:, and only young girls collected the pia after appropriate
265:. Fragrant oil extracted from some large species, known as
1344:(2nd ed.). Nelson: Potton & Burton. p. 133.
1214:
is the sole host of another endangered flightless weevil,
356:, usually over 50 cm tall, with tough pointed leaves
1371:
Perspectives in Plant
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
1341:
Above the
Treeline: A nature guide to alpine New Zealand
704:– Central and western Otago, south Westland, 1000–1800 m
693:– Central and western Otago, south Westland, 1000–1800 m
341:, which never had moa, have soft leaves without spikes.
1685:
1620:
Beattie, James Herries (1994). Atholl, Anderson (ed.).
1339:
778:(Stewart Island speargrass) – Stewart Island, 600–970 m
1768:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
1646:
1550:"Taramea, a treasured Māori perfume of Ngāi Tahu from
1522:(2nd ed.). Wellington: Huia. pp. 180–181.
261:
species live in subalpine or alpine habitats in the
1920:
1367:"Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora"
509:in North Island to Marlborough, coastal to 1400 m
1624:. Dunedin: Otago University Press. p. 248.
1176:has a species of beetle, the speargrass weevil (
366:Sparsely-leaved small species that grow amongst
840:– Northwest Nelson to Arthur's Pass, 900–1400 m
1758:"The effect of rabbits on conservation values"
301:growing at the leaf base. Speargrasses in the
851:– Fiordland and surrounding area, 1100–1400 m
245:(the remaining two species are found only in
8:
1829:"Speargrass weevils thriving on Mana Island"
1802:Department of Conservation (31 March 2006).
869:– South Canterbury, North Otago, 1500–2200 m
297:size and shape, leaf shape, and the type of
1558:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1304:Shepherd, Lara; Perrie, Leon (2023-02-08).
1276:Shepherd, Lara; Perrie, Leon (2023-03-01).
1248:Shepherd, Lara; Perrie, Leon (2023-01-20).
1120:and pasture is also a threat to the group.
1012:(literally, "spiny thing"), and the resin (
998:people of the South Island knew the larger
370:, and are difficult to see unless in flower
1908:
1622:Traditional Lifeways of the Southern Maori
1054:, or could be mixed with animal fat (from
42:
31:
1050:The collected oil hardened into a resin,
1779:Wong, Vera; Hickling, Graham J. (1999).
1229:
931:There are also two Australian species:
807:– Mid–southern South Island, 900–1700 m
726:– Otago lakes to Southland, 1400–1900 m
641:– Central Canterbury south, 1100–1700 m
471:(Golden Spaniard, golden speargrass) –
1520:Treasures of Tāne: plants of Ngāi Tahu
1878:from the original on 16 October 2015.
1591:
1589:
1587:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1492:. Auckland: Collins. pp. 47–51.
7:
2145:4b2dd3d7-4c34-4628-86b8-18f879955a39
2080:48de2002-e031-46ed-9d6a-a375b970fef3
1401:Canterbury Botanical Society Journal
1394:
1392:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1299:
1297:
1271:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1690:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1601:MEA Natural Perfume Oil New Zealand
1465:Native New Zealand Flowering Plants
990:on occasion plaited sandals out of
1684:Weston, Roderick J. (2010-08-01).
25:
333:. Long spines are known to deter
281:Like other species in the family
241:, all but two of them endemic to
490:(Fierce speargrass) – Nelson to
269:, is still used as a perfume by
64:
2119:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:39607-1
829:– Northwest Nelson, 1400–1700 m
1827:Miskelly, Colin (2015-11-19).
1718:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1490:The Natural World of the Maori
1429:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1165:flower in the Blairich Range,
961:– Victoria and New South Wales
630:– Northwest Nelson, 900–1700 m
565:(Chatham Island speargrass) –
430:"Lomond" (Giant speargrass) –
1:
1663:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00472-1
1570:10.1080/03036758.2020.1856147
891:– Central Otago, 1850–2100 m
1899:Australian Plant Name Index
1383:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001
789:– Stewart Island, 600–900 m
2202:
794:Sparse-leaved speargrasses
656:to Otago Lakes, 900–1400 m
1702:10.1016/J.BSE.2010.04.009
1488:Orbell, Margaret (1985).
763:(Tin Range speargrass) –
611:(possible hybrid between
520:– Eastern Marlborough to
439:Aciphylla scott-thomsonii
204:
197:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
27:Genus of flowering plants
1804:"Weevil rescue underway"
1785:Science for Conservation
1762:Science for Conservation
1463:Salmon, John T. (1991).
913:– Fiordland, 1400–1600 m
907:Aciphylla crosby-smithii
902:– Fiordland, 1700–1900 m
880:– Fiordland, 1850–2100 m
748:– Lyall Range, north of
382:Around 38–40 species of
1211:Aciphylla dieffenbachii
1208:In the Chatham Islands
970:All but two species of
955:Aciphylla simplicifolia
598:(Tararua speargrass) –
574:Aciphylla dieffenbachii
514:Aciphylla subflabellata
317:dispersed by the wind.
229:is a genus of about 40
1756:Norbury, Dale (1996).
1727:10.20417/NZJECOL.41.18
1217:Hadramphus spinipennis
1170:
818:– Westland, 900–1300 m
783:Aciphylla cartilaginea
742:Aciphylla trifoliolata
420:(Horrid speargrass) –
1901:(APNI), IBIS database
1153:
1020:) was referred to as
731:Aciphylla pinnatifida
529:Aciphylla glaucescens
445:(Giant speargrass) –
237:plants in the family
1002:species, especially
943:(Mountain celery) –
856:Cushion speargrasses
757:Aciphylla stannensis
672:Aciphylla multisecta
606:Aciphylla intermedia
596:(Kirk) W.R.B. Oliver
503:J.R. & G. Forst.
285:, speargrasses have
1338:Mark, Alan (2021).
1174:Aciphylla squarrosa
937:Aciphylla glacialis
801:Aciphylla crenulata
559:Aciphylla traversii
539:, coastal to 1400 m
499:Aciphylla squarrosa
53:Aciphylla glacialis
1518:Tipa, Rob (2018).
1467:. Auckland: Reed.
1179:Lyperobius huttoni
1171:
1156:Lyperobius huttoni
1146:Pests and diseases
918:Aciphylla spedenii
896:Aciphylla congesta
863:Aciphylla dobsonii
812:Aciphylla indurata
772:Aciphylla traillii
720:Aciphylla lecomtei
687:Aciphylla hectorii
682:south, 1100–1700 m
592:Aciphylla dissecta
585:Small speargrasses
563:(F.Muell.) Hook.f.
454:Aciphylla colensoi
407:Large speargrasses
2168:
2167:
2088:Open Tree of Life
1914:Taxon identifiers
1868:978-0-478-01833-2
1791:– via CORE.
1529:978-1-77550-295-1
1351:978-1-988550-11-4
960:
959:(F.Muell.) Benth.
942:
941:(F.Muell.) Benth.
923:
912:
901:
890:
885:Aciphylla simplex
879:
874:Aciphylla leighii
868:
850:
845:Aciphylla lyallii
839:
834:Aciphylla hookeri
828:
823:Aciphylla anomala
817:
806:
788:
777:
762:
747:
736:
725:
714:
709:Aciphylla montana
703:
692:
677:
666:
651:
646:Aciphylla similis
640:
629:
610:
597:
579:
564:
549:
544:Aciphylla takahea
534:
519:
504:
489:
479:south, 300–1500 m
470:
459:
449:south, 600–1200 m
444:
419:
414:Aciphylla horrida
222:
221:
217:
193:
16:(Redirected from
2193:
2186:Apioideae genera
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1909:
1904:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1197:'s south coast.
1159:feeding on male
958:
940:
921:
910:
899:
888:
877:
866:
848:
837:
826:
815:
804:
786:
775:
760:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
698:Aciphylla kirkii
690:
675:
664:
661:Aciphylla monroi
649:
638:
635:Aciphylla divisa
627:
624:Aciphylla polita
608:
595:
577:
562:
547:
532:
517:
502:
492:North Canterbury
487:
468:
457:
443:CKN. & Allan
442:
417:
209:
185:
69:
68:
46:
32:
21:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1916:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1231:
1226:
1148:
1140:Aciphylla aurea
1088:
1005:Aciphylla aurea
985:
968:
949:New South Wales
858:
796:
628:(Kirk) Cheesem.
587:
567:Chatham Islands
535:– Hikurangi to
484:Aciphylla ferox
465:Aciphylla aurea
409:
390:Aciphylla aurea
380:
339:Chatham Islands
279:
184:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:wfo-4000000298
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1888:
1887:External links
1885:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1844:
1833:Te Papa’s Blog
1819:
1794:
1771:
1748:
1707:
1696:(4): 691–696.
1676:
1657:(3): 293–304.
1651:Phytochemistry
1637:
1630:
1612:
1583:
1535:
1528:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1473:
1455:
1418:
1388:
1377:(4): 285–309.
1357:
1350:
1321:
1310:Te Papa’s Blog
1293:
1282:Te Papa’s Blog
1265:
1254:Te Papa’s Blog
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1147:
1144:
1087:
1084:
984:
981:
967:
964:
963:
962:
951:
929:
928:
926:Eyre Mountains
914:
903:
892:
881:
870:
857:
854:
853:
852:
841:
830:
819:
808:
795:
792:
791:
790:
779:
768:
765:Stewart Island
753:
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
683:
668:
657:
642:
631:
620:
603:
586:
583:
582:
581:
570:
555:
540:
537:Foveaux Strait
525:
510:
495:
480:
461:
450:
435:
434:lakes district
425:
408:
405:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
364:
357:
278:
275:
220:
219:
202:
201:
195:
194:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2198:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1631:9781990048630
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:0-00-217219-4
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1474:9780790006840
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:, New Zealand
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:sheep farming
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:ware-taramea.
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
980:
978:
973:
965:
957:
956:
952:
950:
946:
939:
938:
934:
933:
932:
927:
920:
919:
915:
909:
908:
904:
898:
897:
893:
887:
886:
882:
876:
875:
871:
865:
864:
860:
859:
855:
847:
846:
842:
836:
835:
831:
825:
824:
820:
814:
813:
809:
803:
802:
798:
797:
793:
785:
784:
780:
774:
773:
769:
766:
759:
758:
754:
752:, 1300–1550 m
751:
744:
743:
739:
733:
732:
728:
722:
721:
717:
711:
710:
706:
700:
699:
695:
689:
688:
684:
681:
676:W.R.B. Oliver
674:
673:
669:
663:
662:
658:
655:
648:
647:
643:
637:
636:
632:
626:
625:
621:
618:
614:
607:
604:
602:, 1000–1600 m
601:
600:Tararua Range
594:
593:
589:
588:
584:
576:
575:
571:
569:, open ground
568:
561:
560:
556:
553:
548:W.R.B. Oliver
546:
545:
541:
538:
533:W.R.B. Oliver
531:
530:
526:
523:
518:W.R.B. Oliver
516:
515:
511:
508:
501:
500:
496:
493:
488:W.R.B. Oliver
486:
485:
481:
478:
474:
469:W.R.B. Oliver
467:
466:
462:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:Arthur's Pass
441:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
423:
418:W.R.B. Oliver
416:
415:
411:
410:
406:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
391:
385:
377:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:Tracheophytes
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1921:
1897:
1854:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1716:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1519:
1489:
1483:
1464:
1458:
1436:(1): 28–47.
1433:
1427:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1340:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1199:A. squarrosa
1198:
1190:
1188:North Island
1184:A. squarrosa
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1162:A. squarrosa
1160:
1154:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:high country
1107:
1091:
1089:
1086:Conservation
1079:
1075:
1052:ware-taramea
1051:
1049:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:The smaller
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
991:
986:
983:Cultural use
977:South Island
971:
969:
953:
935:
930:
916:
905:
894:
883:
872:
861:
843:
832:
821:
810:
799:
781:
770:
755:
750:Buller Gorge
740:
729:
718:
707:
696:
685:
670:
659:
644:
633:
622:
616:
612:
605:
590:
572:
557:
554:, 900–1300 m
542:
527:
524:, 300–1400 m
512:
497:
494:, 600–1400 m
482:
463:
452:
437:
427:
424:, 600–1400 m
422:South Island
412:
400:
394:
388:
383:
381:
360:
353:
343:
326:
322:
319:
310:
302:
280:
266:
263:South Island
258:
254:
250:
225:
224:
223:
206:
205:
187:J.R. Forster
180:
179:
123:
110:
97:
84:
51:
35:
29:
2026:iNaturalist
1946:Wikispecies
1894:"Aciphylla"
1564:(1): 1–17.
1203:Mana Island
1167:Marlborough
1109:A. colensoi
1076:hei-taramea
805:J.B. Armst.
767:, 550–760 m
713:J.B. Armst.
617:A. colensoi
613:A. dissecta
477:Marlborough
315:schizocarps
313:are winged
277:Description
243:New Zealand
170:Aciphylleae
156:Subfamily:
104:Angiosperms
2175:Categories
1838:2023-05-22
1813:2023-05-22
1808:Scoop News
1606:2023-05-22
1450:Q124312059
1413:Q124307307
1315:2023-05-22
1287:2023-05-22
1259:2023-05-22
1224:References
1195:Wellington
1191:L. huttoni
1136:lagomorphs
1018:wai-whenua
678:– Central
654:Lewis Pass
550:– Central
251:speargrass
235:herbaceous
191:G. Forster
2181:Apioideae
1952:Aciphylla
1922:Aciphylla
1743:Q56362966
1735:0110-6465
1597:"Taramea"
1578:0303-6758
1552:Aciphylla
1442:0110-6465
1407:: 41–49.
1132:Aciphylla
1124:Aciphylla
1092:Aciphylla
1026:Aciphylla
1000:Aciphylla
996:Ngāi Tahu
992:Aciphylla
972:Aciphylla
552:Fiordland
522:Southland
507:Hikurangi
428:Aciphylla
401:Aciphylla
384:Aciphylla
325:(needle)
311:Aciphylla
307:dioecious
259:Aciphylla
247:Australia
226:Aciphylla
211:Cheeseman
181:Aciphylla
160:Apioideae
74:Kingdom:
36:Aciphylla
2140:VicFlora
2132:40030866
2127:Tropicos
1937:Q2699556
1931:Wikidata
1873:Archived
1739:Wikidata
1721:: 1–22.
1671:11830137
1446:Wikidata
1409:Wikidata
1138:, young
1080:A. aurea
945:Victoria
922:Cheesem.
900:Cheesem.
816:Cheesem.
680:Westland
650:Cheesem.
639:Cheesem.
396:A. ferox
378:Taxonomy
368:tussocks
303:A. aurea
299:stipules
287:taproots
283:Apiaceae
255:Spaniard
239:Apiaceae
199:Synonyms
150:Apiaceae
146:Family:
130:Asterids
117:Eudicots
2093:1074885
2044:39607-1
2005:5428316
1128:rabbits
1045:karakia
1010:taramea
966:Habitat
867:Hook.f.
849:Hook.f.
702:Buchan.
691:Buchan.
665:Hook.f.
458:Hook.f.
354:taramea
267:taramea
257:. Most
231:species
207:Coxella
176:Genus:
166:Tribe:
140:Apiales
136:Order:
78:Plantae
18:Taramea
2101:PLANTS
2077:NZOR:
2057:822314
2031:349792
1865:
1741:
1733:
1669:
1628:
1576:
1526:
1496:
1471:
1448:
1440:
1411:
1348:
1056:kererū
911:Petrie
889:Petrie
787:Petrie
761:Dawson
746:Petrie
735:Petrie
724:Dawson
609:Petrie
473:Nelson
335:ratite
327:phylla
291:umbels
215:Hemsl.
213:&
189:&
2106:ACIPH
2070:48023
1992:1ACKG
1966:73344
1876:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1100:hares
1096:sheep
1090:Many
1072:kiore
1070:, or
1030:papaī
1008:, as
988:Māori
878:Allan
827:Allan
432:Otago
361:papaī
352:name
350:Māori
295:bract
271:Māori
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
2114:POWO
2065:NCBI
2052:ITIS
2039:IPNI
2013:GRIN
2000:GBIF
1987:EPPO
1961:APNI
1863:ISBN
1731:ISSN
1667:PMID
1626:ISBN
1574:ISSN
1524:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1438:ISSN
1346:ISBN
1116:for
1104:pigs
1064:weka
1060:tītī
1041:tapu
1014:ware
947:and
838:Kirk
776:Kirk
615:and
578:Kirk
393:and
2153:WFO
1979:MYZ
1974:CoL
1789:116
1723:doi
1698:doi
1659:doi
1566:doi
1379:doi
1068:tūī
1037:pia
1016:or
924:–
331:moa
323:Aci
253:or
233:of
2177::
2155::
2142::
2129::
2116::
2103::
2090::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2028::
2018:99
2015::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1963::
1948::
1933::
1896:.
1871:.
1831:.
1806:.
1787:.
1783:.
1766:34
1764:.
1760:.
1737:.
1729:.
1694:38
1692:.
1688:.
1665:.
1655:59
1653:.
1649:.
1599:.
1586:^
1572:.
1562:52
1560:.
1556:.
1538:^
1508:^
1444:.
1434:34
1432:.
1405:53
1403:.
1391:^
1375:11
1373:.
1369:.
1324:^
1308:.
1296:^
1280:.
1268:^
1252:.
1232:^
1098:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
979:.
652:–
505:–
273:.
126::
113::
100::
87::
1841:.
1816:.
1745:.
1725::
1704:.
1700::
1673:.
1661::
1634:.
1609:.
1580:.
1568::
1532:.
1502:.
1477:.
1452:.
1415:.
1385:.
1381::
1354:.
1318:.
1290:.
1262:.
619:)
475:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
