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are the most common, and some species have developed a genetic resistance to tetrodotoxin. The mutations in the snake's genes that conferred resistance to the toxin have resulted in a selective pressure that favors newts that produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply
435:
The vocalizations of
California newts are functional and are usually related to defense and sexual behaviors. They have three primary vocalizations: clicks, squeaks, and whistles. Clicks are most frequently produced, usually occurring in response to unfamiliar environments or confrontations. Squeaks
485:
Taricha torosa has also been known to utilize the "unken reflex" in response to threats from predators. In this posture the
California Newt stretches out flexes the dorsal side of their body shooting their head and tail into the air, and exposing their brightly colored underbelly. This variation of
400:
Adult newts typically leave the pools shortly after breeding has concluded, however, some adults may remain in the pools for an additional few months to feed. Larvae hatch sometime in early to midsummer, depending on local water temperature. Larvae are difficult to find in streams, as they blend in
392:
The egg mass released by the female contains between seven and 30 eggs, and is roughly the consistency of a thick gelatin dessert. Typically, the egg masses are attached to stream plant roots or to rocky crevices in small pools of slow-moving water, but they have also been known to be attached to
370:
and they are often indistinguishable without dissection, but in general, the
California newt has orange skin around the bottom of its eye while the Rough-skinned has gray skin at the bottom of its eye. The California newt also has eyes that protrude beyond the edge of the jaw line when viewed from
576:
are an incredibly aggressive, prolific, and stalwart species that will prey upon newt larvae and egg masses. The crayfish will also disrupt newt breeding via competition for space during the summer mating season and physically antagonizing adults. Crayfish will typically maul the adult newts with
375:
is also similar but has dark irises vs. yellow in the
California newt, more red coloration underneath, and a dark band across the vent that is lacking in the California newt..Newts are amphibians. They are related to salamanders (in a subfamily called Pleurodelinae). They live in North America,
543:
533:
eggs. In an aquarium habitat, earthworms provide the newt with all necessary nutrients. Other natural prey items would benefit the captive newt. Pellets tend to be inappropriate for terrestrial caudates, and fish food should be avoided completely.
469:
and harlequin frogs. Researchers believe bacteria synthesize tetrodotoxin, and the animals that employ the neurotoxin acquire it through consumption of these bacteria. This neurotoxin is strong enough to kill most vertebrates, including humans.
384:
Reproduction occurs generally between
December and early May. Typically, the adult newts will return to the pool in which they hatched. After a mating dance, the male mounts the female and rubs his chin on her nose. He then attaches a
741:
436:
are associated with defense behavior and may serve to startle predators, potentially reinforcing the recognition of the species as toxic. Whistles appear to be related to sex recognition or hierarchical interactions.
432:
Newts are mistakenly believed not to vocalize. Their vocalizations exhibit a wide frequency range from 1.4 kHz to 8 kHz, with varying duration times ranging from less than 0.1 second to 0.4 seconds.
529:, and other invertebrates are among the California newt's prey. Adult newts have also been known to cannibalize their own eggs and larvae. In the Sierra Nevada, the newt will also consume
1648:
557:-CSC). Some populations have been greatly reduced in southern California coastal streams due to the introduction of non-native, invasive species and human habitation. The mosquitofish (
1663:
1673:
1653:
809:
Elliott, Sean A.; Kats, Lee B.; Breeding, Jennifer A. (12 January 1993). "The Use of
Conspecific Chemical Cues for Cannibal Avoidance in California Newts (Taricha torosa)".
318:
was divided into two subspecies until 2007, when it was determined that the Sierra and coastal populations represent distinct evolutionary lineages. The former subspecies
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The
California newt has warty, slate-gray skin on its back and bright orange-yellow skin underneath. It is very similar in appearance to the
1426:
1683:
1643:
486:
the unken reflex seems to be species-specific and differs from
Taricha granulosa due to the tail remaining straight instead of curling.
1341:
404:
The size of maternal eggs influence the sizes of larvae. The larvae from larger eggs will not only experience shorter time period on
358:
and occupy a diverse array of habitats found near the small ponds and creeks where they breed, including woodlands and chaparral.
201:
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underwater rocks or leaf debris. While shallow in a wide sense, these pools are rather deep relative to the average depth of a
1421:
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482:
has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.
1543:
676:
Shawn R. Kuchta (2007). "Contact zones and species limits: hybridization between lineages of the
California Newt,
1045:"Genetic architecture of a feeding adaptation: garter snake (Thamnophis) resistance to tetrodotoxin bearing prey"
371:
above (while the eyes of the rough-skinned do not protrude), giving its head a more bullet-like appearance. The
85:
935:"The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey"
211:
693:
1216:
Seth C. Gamradt; Lee B. Kats (1996). "Effect of
Introduced Crayfish and Mosquitofish on California Newts".
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479:
1577:
303:. Its adult length can range from 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm). Its skin produces the potent toxin
300:
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1324:
1174:
Riemer, W.J. (1958). ""Variation and systematic relationships within the salamander genus Taricha."".
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that are present in streams with introduced crayfish often sport tails with several notches removed.
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994:"The Chemical and Evolutionary Ecology of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Toxicity in Terrestrial Vertebrates"
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Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
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a selective pressure favoring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. This
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716:"California Newt (Taricha torosa) aCFNEx_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog"
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846:"Maternal Influences on Offspring Development in the California Newt, Taricha torosa"
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742:"Life History Variation in Two Populations of California Newt, Taricha torosa"
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Europe and Asia. Their skin tends to be rougher than the skin of salamanders.
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553:, the California newt, is currently a California Special Concern species (
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789:"Idiopathic Ocular Heterochromia in the California Newt, Taricha torosa"
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Feldman, C. R.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie, E. D.; Pfrender, M. E. (2010).
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Feldman, C. R.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie, E. D.; Pfrender, M. E. (2009).
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has been retired and now all coastal populations are simply known as
107:
1355:
1152:
1092:
Charles T Hanifin; Edmund D Brodie Jr.; Edmund D Brodie III (2008).
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Due to their toxicity, California newts have few natural predators.
1300:
Amphibian Species of the World. American Museum of Natural History
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stream, varying in depth from about 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft).
1094:"Phenotypic mismatches reveal escape from arms-race coevolution"
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1359:
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well with the sandy bottom, to which they usually stay close.
1143:
Brodie, E.D. (1977). ""Salamander antipredator postures."".
546:
California newt in a Southern Californian riparian habitat.
389:
to the substrate, which she will retrieve into her cloaca.
569:) have caused the greatest reduction in newt populations.
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was elevated to full species level and it is now known as
694:
10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[332:CZASLH]2.0.CO;2
577:
their claws, and subsequent infection can lead to death.
896:"Sounds Produced by the California Newt, Taricha Torosa"
1049:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
572:
Introduced as fish bait and stock pond prey, red swamp
740:
Marchetti, Michael P.; Hayes, Abigail (20 June 2020).
787:
Alvarez, Jeff A.; Solano, Lupita; Wilcox, Jeffery T.
408:
than larvae from smaller eggs, but also grow larger.
1325:
Mister-toad.com: mating behavior of California newts
1368:
350:California newts reside in the coastal counties of
1350:guide to identifying species and keeping as a pet
1176:University of California Publications in Zoology
1649:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
939:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
894:Davis, James R.; Brattstrom, Bayard H. (1975).
623:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T59471A118999074.en
1664:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1674:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
461:, which is hundreds of times more toxic than
8:
1267:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T59471A11946313.en
598:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022).
1654:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
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1335:Caudata.org: Culture of California newts (
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1679:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
1669:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
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844:Kaplan, Robert H. (10 December 1985).
1629:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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889:
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1659:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
1253:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1230:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041155.x
609:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
450:members, the glands in the skin of
1194:"Taricha torosa (California Newt)"
823:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00469.x
680:, in the southern Sierra Nevada".
659:"California Newt - Taricha torosa"
465:. This is the same toxin found in
25:
746:Western North American Naturalist
1283:San Diego Natural History Museum
84:
1639:Amphibians of the United States
1:
1689:Amphibians described in 1833
1111:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060060
992:Hanifin, Charles T. (2010).
493:California Newt Unken Reflex
1684:Taxa named by Martin Rathke
1644:Endemic fauna of California
1242:Geoffrey Hammerson (2008).
1705:
563:) and red swamp crayfish (
645:"SDNHM - California Newt"
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186:
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81:Scientific classification
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39:
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342:, the California newt.
259:Baird & Girard, 1853
960:10.1073/pnas.0901224106
249:Pleurodeles californiae
238:Wiegmann in Erman, 1835
1061:10.1098/rspb.2010.0748
616:: e.T59471A118999074.
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494:
480:evolutionary arms race
440:Toxicity and predation
429:
416:
320:Taricha torosa sierrae
1578:Paleobiology Database
1319:California newt facts
1304:CaliforniaHerps.com:
1260:: e.T59471A11946313.
796:Sonoran Herpetologist
545:
492:
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334:Taricha torosa torosa
301:Western United States
1344:1 April 2010 at the
1313:29 July 2012 at the
1218:Conservation Biology
1199:Animal Diversity Web
758:10.3398/064.080.0204
415:California Newt Eggs
354:and in the southern
27:Species of amphibian
1055:(1698): 3317–3325.
951:2009PNAS..10613415F
945:(32): 13415–13420.
720:www.sciencebase.gov
665:on 5 February 2012.
566:Procambarus clarkii
538:Conservation status
454:secrete the potent
395:Southern California
288:), is a species of
280:orange-bellied newt
242:Salamandra beecheyi
51:Conservation status
548:
495:
430:
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368:rough-skinned newt
1616:
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1565:Open Tree of Life
1362:Taxon identifiers
1308:- California Newt
1011:10.3390/md8030577
444:Like other genus
346:Range and habitat
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661:. Archived from
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373:red-bellied newt
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1296:Taricha torosa
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1526:NatureServe
1474:iNaturalist
1409:AmphibiaWeb
1394:Wikispecies
1273:12 November
1147:: 523–535.
629:16 December
362:Description
330:Sierra newt
202:Eschscholtz
1623:Categories
1329:with video
752:(2): 165.
725:2 November
585:References
519:bloodworms
503:Earthworms
467:pufferfish
456:neurotoxin
352:California
311:Subspecies
297:California
266:Reid, 1895
252:Gray, 1850
245:Gray, 1839
1104:(3): 60.
912:0018-0831
870:0045-8511
831:1439-0310
774:220962750
766:1527-0904
299:, in the
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1531:2.105555
1492:11213850
1385:Q1358580
1379:Wikidata
1342:Archived
1311:Archived
1130:18336073
1079:20522513
1030:20411116
979:19666534
811:Ethology
702:86112746
574:crayfish
527:crickets
515:woodlice
220:Synonyms
144:Family:
128:Amphibia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1466:2431913
1161:1443271
1121:2265764
1070:2981930
1021:2857372
970:2726340
947:Bibcode
920:3891528
878:1445258
463:cyanide
447:Taricha
293:endemic
204:, 1833)
159:Taricha
154:Genus:
138:Urodela
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1603:uBio:
1583:393949
1570:953897
1557:205798
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507:snails
328:, the
198:Rathke
1634:Newts
1606:25982
1596:61347
1544:36314
1518:59471
1487:IRMNG
1479:27818
1440:54XQS
1157:JSTOR
916:JSTOR
874:JSTOR
792:(PDF)
770:S2CID
698:S2CID
531:trout
511:slugs
200:, in
1539:NCBI
1513:IUCN
1500:ITIS
1461:GBIF
1414:4290
1275:2021
1258:2008
1126:PMID
1075:PMID
1026:PMID
975:PMID
908:ISSN
866:ISSN
854:1985
827:ISSN
762:ISSN
727:2022
631:2022
614:2022
498:Diet
290:newt
274:The
1448:EoL
1435:CoL
1422:ASW
1262:doi
1226:doi
1149:doi
1116:PMC
1106:doi
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1053:277
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