268:
48:
1015:
76:
88:
513:
100:
333:
The
Tawakonis' name translates to "river bend among red sand hills." Their name has been also spelled as Touacara, Tahwaccaro, Tahuacaro, or Towoccaro, Tehuacana, as well as Towakoni. Some French explorers called them the "Three Canes" or Troiscanne.
246:
traveled to San
Antonio in 1772 to try to make peace with the Spanish, but this did not have a lasting effect. European-American settlers fought with the tribes in the 1820s, and disease and warfare had dramatically reduced their numbers.
263:
and the US. In 1835, they signed a treaty with the United States at Camp Holmes. This was the first time they were included with the
Wichita peoples, a practice that continued in subsequent treaties, signed in 1837 and 1846.
1003:
501:
231:. The French wrote that the Tawakoni raised maize and tobacco. La Harpe negotiated a peace treaty between the Tawakoni, eight other tribes, and the French government. Hostilities with the
996:
494:
1414:
989:
981:
1019:
1409:
1218:
959:
1419:
487:
479:
374:
184:
536:
1238:
556:
1158:
1031:
541:
525:
283:
in Texas, but settlers ultimately forced the tribes off the reservation. In August 1859, 258 Tawakoni people were forced to relocate to
224:
350:
1178:
1048:
318:, their reservation was broken into individual allotments, and "surplus" lands were opened to non-Native settlers on August 6, 1901.
1103:
1043:
974:
of
Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
1424:
517:
1313:
917:
357:). Tehuacana Creek, Tehuacana Hills, and Tehuacana, Texas are also named for this tribe, though using a Spanish spelling.
200:
160:
259:
and the
Wichita to sign a peace treaty with the United States government, which became the first treaty signed between
1193:
1068:
322:
396:
1128:
1078:
204:
1098:
1083:
228:
31:
1343:
1198:
1208:
1163:
267:
1138:
453:
1404:
1399:
1113:
1108:
620:
585:
133:
546:
47:
1123:
907:
610:
892:
847:
797:
1348:
832:
822:
433:
862:
837:
353:
which flows through northeast Texas and even works as the eastern border of Texas (From Center to
1298:
1278:
1188:
971:
877:
802:
615:
354:
276:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1273:
1268:
882:
872:
600:
590:
471:
252:
248:
902:
887:
852:
842:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1303:
1288:
1283:
1253:
1248:
1228:
1073:
812:
670:
630:
625:
575:
570:
565:
284:
196:
192:
121:
117:
657:
468:
1358:
1338:
1263:
1148:
1093:
1063:
761:
605:
400:
181:
1378:
1333:
1328:
1258:
1223:
937:
925:
676:
595:
580:
346:
304:
260:
188:
1393:
1203:
1173:
1168:
1053:
921:
897:
857:
816:
778:
685:
342:
308:
296:
156:
215:
At the beginning of the 18th century, the
Tawakoni lived in villages in what is now
1318:
1153:
1143:
766:
751:
703:
666:
280:
232:
137:
242:. Until 1770, they were friendly to the French but hostile to the Spanish. Chief
933:
719:
652:
17:
1118:
731:
239:
770:
743:
723:
315:
437:
Oklahoma
Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
325:, they joined other Wichita peoples in organizing a new tribal government.
393:
255:
drove the tribes out from central Texas. The
Tawakoni helped convince the
1088:
1023:
1014:
970:
extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
792:
256:
216:
81:
1213:
943:
912:
807:
786:
774:
755:
711:
697:
689:
681:
243:
1353:
1183:
867:
827:
782:
747:
739:
735:
727:
715:
707:
662:
300:
292:
93:
345:
in Texas was named for this tribe. East
Tawakoni, West Tawakoni and
314:
Although these tribes resisted the allotment policy outlines in the
1133:
1058:
693:
512:
375:"Native Americans chose Waco for water and abundance, like others"
303:
tribes, the
Tawakoni settled on a reservation in 1872 between the
288:
220:
152:
105:
349:
are cities around this large lake. Also out of its dam comes the
985:
483:
321:
In 1894, 126 Tawakoni people were recorded. Under the 1934
238:
In Texas, the Tawakoni were closely allied with the
1237:
1030:
952:
639:
555:
524:
146:
127:
111:
67:
57:
271:Cawhacitsca, a Tawakoni man and son of Dave, 1872
394:"Wichita Memories: In the Beginning: 1540-1750."
227:encountered a Tawakoni village in present-day
997:
495:
199:family. Currently, they are enrolled in the
8:
40:
1004:
990:
982:
502:
488:
480:
223:. In his 1719 expedition, French explorer
39:
960:Sam Houston and Native American relations
266:
366:
449:
447:
445:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
27:Indigenous tribe in the United States
7:
389:
387:
385:
383:
68:Regions with significant populations
235:pushed the tribe south into Texas.
1415:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1319:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
25:
1410:Native American tribes in Kansas
1013:
511:
225:Jean Baptiste BĂ©nard de La Harpe
98:
86:
74:
46:
1420:Native American tribes in Texas
518:Native American tribes in Texas
187:tribe, closely related to the
1:
918:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
404:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
279:was established on the upper
201:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
161:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
191:. They historically spoke a
323:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
1441:
542:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
287:. With the Wichita, Waco,
205:federally recognized tribe
52:Dave, a Tawakoni man, 1872
29:
968:
229:Muskogee County, Oklahoma
151:
132:
116:
72:
62:
45:
32:Tawakoni (disambiguation)
454:"Tawakoni Indian Tribe."
377:, 10 KWTX (8 July 2018).
1284:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
439:(retrieved 28 Nov 2018)
406:(retrieved 1 May 2010).
63:fewer than 2,953 (2018)
1425:Caddo County, Oklahoma
1020:Native American tribes
459:(retrieved 2 May 2010)
432:Bennett-Jones, Julie.
272:
134:Native American Church
640:Historical Indigenous
547:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
270:
147:Related ethnic groups
1314:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1069:Cheyenne and Arapaho
557:Indigenous languages
526:Federally recognized
30:For other uses, see
142:indigenous religion
42:
1084:Citizen Potawatomi
399:2010-07-02 at the
355:Port Arthur, Texas
277:Indian reservation
273:
1387:
1386:
1309:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1049:Alabama-Quassarte
979:
978:
537:Alabama–Coushatta
472:Handbook of Texas
457:Access Genealogy.
253:Republic of Texas
249:Stephen F. Austin
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
1432:
1239:Tribal languages
1219:United Keetoowah
1149:Muscogee (Creek)
1109:Fort Sill Apache
1044:Absentee Shawnee
1018:
1017:
1006:
999:
992:
983:
642:peoples of Texas
516:
515:
504:
497:
490:
481:
474:
466:
460:
451:
440:
430:
407:
391:
378:
371:
285:Indian Territory
197:Caddoan language
193:Wichita language
104:
102:
101:
92:
90:
89:
80:
78:
77:
58:Total population
50:
43:
21:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1241:
1233:
1104:Eastern Shawnee
1094:Delaware Nation
1035:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1010:
980:
975:
964:
948:
762:Cherokee, Texas
646:Oklahoma today)
645:
644:(Several are in
643:
641:
635:
559:
551:
530:
527:
520:
510:
508:
478:
477:
467:
463:
452:
443:
431:
410:
401:Wayback Machine
392:
381:
372:
368:
363:
340:
331:
213:
185:Native American
182:Southern Plains
141:
99:
97:
87:
85:
84:, historically
75:
73:
53:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Tawakoni people
15:
12:
11:
5:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1242:(still spoken)
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:Otoe-Missouria
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Delaware Tribe
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
963:
962:
956:
954:
953:Related topics
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
938:Wichita proper
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
764:
759:
701:
679:
674:
660:
655:
649:
647:
637:
636:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:
553:
552:
550:
549:
544:
539:
533:
531:
522:
521:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
476:
475:
461:
441:
408:
379:
365:
364:
362:
359:
347:Quinlan, Texas
339:
336:
330:
327:
309:Washita Rivers
261:Plains Indians
212:
209:
164:
163:
149:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
125:
124:
114:
113:
109:
108:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Plains tribes
1403:
1401:
1400:Wichita tribe
1398:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
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1330:
1327:
1325:
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1317:
1315:
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1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
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1290:
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1277:
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1270:
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1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1250:
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1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Seneca-Cayuga
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
987:
984:
973:
972:obsolete name
967:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
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906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
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702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
558:
554:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
529:
523:
519:
514:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
482:
473:
470:
465:
462:
458:
455:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
435:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
395:
390:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
373:Paul Gately,
370:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Lake Tawakoni
337:
335:
328:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
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186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
139:
135:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
33:
19:
1209:Thlopthlocco
929:
767:Coahuiltecan
748:Lower Nasoni
667:Lipan Apache
611:Tamaulipecan
586:Coahuiltecan
464:
456:
436:
403:
369:
351:Sabine River
341:
332:
320:
313:
281:Brazos River
274:
237:
214:
177:
173:
169:
167:
138:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
1189:Sac and Fox
720:Kadohadacho
434:"Tawakoni."
275:In 1853 an
120:, formerly
1394:Categories
1349:Potawatomi
1034:recognized
732:Nacogdoche
616:Tanpachoan
361:References
240:Waco tribe
1279:Chickasaw
1229:Wyandotte
1074:Chickasaw
1032:Federally
813:Karankawa
771:Ervipiame
744:Nanatsoho
724:Nabedache
338:Namesakes
316:Dawes Act
178:Tehuacana
174:Tahuacano
112:Languages
1324:Muscogee
1299:Delaware
1294:Comanche
1274:Cheyenne
1269:Cherokee
1194:Seminole
1129:Kickapoo
1124:Kialegee
1089:Comanche
1064:Cherokee
1024:Oklahoma
930:Tawakoni
908:Tomoacas
883:Saracuam
873:Pulacuam
793:Comanche
671:Querecho
626:Tonkawan
591:Cotoname
571:Atacapan
397:Archived
305:Canadian
257:Comanche
217:Oklahoma
189:Wichitas
180:) are a
170:Tawakoni
159:, other
128:Religion
82:Oklahoma
41:Tawakoni
1374:Wyandot
1369:Wichita
1364:Shawnee
1304:Koasati
1289:Choctaw
1254:Arapaho
1249:Alabama
1224:Wichita
1214:Tonkawa
1204:Shawnee
1079:Choctaw
944:Yojuane
926:Taovaya
913:Tonkawa
903:Tilijae
893:Tamique
888:Semonam
853:Papanac
848:Pampopa
843:Paguame
808:Jumanos
787:Xarames
775:Pajalat
756:Nechaui
712:Hasinai
698:Deadose
690:Akokisa
682:Atakapa
677:Aranama
631:Wichita
601:Pakawan
576:Borrado
566:Araname
469:Quiscat
244:Quiscat
211:History
195:of the
122:Wichita
118:English
1359:Seneca
1354:Quapaw
1339:Pawnee
1334:Ottawa
1264:Cayuga
1184:Quapaw
1174:Peoria
1169:Pawnee
1164:Ottawa
1054:Apache
1036:tribes
922:Kichai
868:Patiri
858:Pastia
833:Pachal
828:Mayeye
823:Kohani
817:Copano
798:Decose
783:Sijame
779:Payaya
740:Nadaco
736:Nacono
728:Nabiti
716:Hainai
708:Eyeish
686:Akokna
663:Apache
606:Solano
596:Garzan
528:tribes
301:Hainai
299:, and
297:Kichai
293:Nadaco
172:(also
157:Pawnee
103:
94:Kansas
91:
79:
1379:Yuchi
1344:Ponca
1329:Osage
1259:Caddo
1179:Ponca
1154:Osage
1144:Modoc
1139:Miami
1134:Kiowa
1059:Caddo
898:Teyas
863:Pasxa
838:Pacoa
752:Neche
704:Caddo
694:Bidai
658:Anxau
581:Caddo
289:Caddo
233:Osage
221:Texas
153:Caddo
106:Texas
1114:Iowa
934:Waco
878:Sana
803:Emet
653:Adai
621:Tiwa
329:Name
307:and
219:and
203:, a
176:and
168:The
96:and
1119:Kaw
1022:in
251:'s
1396::
936:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
742:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
669:,
444:^
411:^
382:^
311:.
295:,
291:,
207:.
155:,
136:,
1005:e
998:t
991:v
940:)
920:(
819:)
815:(
789:)
769:(
758:)
706:(
700:)
684:(
673:)
665:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
140:,
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
