900:
734:
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747:
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1980:
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49:
535:; in Britain he recognized his protector: to the representative of each he endeavoured to show friendliness and esteem. As time went on his confidence in Baring increased, until at last he deferred to the British agent in almost everything. On occasion, however, he acted on his own initiative, as when in June 1888 he dismissed
544:
and justice. He was not an imposing man, but he showed a genuine desire to govern his country for its own benefit. He understood the importance to Egypt of
British assistance and support; his natural shrewdness made him accept the British conditions; his natural good feeling kept him from any inclination to intrigue.
428:
for some months following Tewfik's accession. Tewfik's people were dissatisfied, his army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure
423:
The new khedive was so displeased by the news of his accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him. Egypt and Sudan at that time was involved in financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Isma'il, and the situation was made worse by
543:
to form a ministry, an action influenced, nevertheless, by Tewfik's knowledge of the divergence of views between Nubar and the
British agent. Baring encouraged Tewfik to show his activity in matters of administration, and he took a great interest in all matters connected with irrigation, education
486:
which was then in the port. His answer was, "I am still
Khedive, and I remain with my people in the hour of their danger." At his palace of Qasr el-Raml, three miles (five kilometers) from the town, he was beyond reach of the shells, but his life was nevertheless imperiled. When the rebel soldiers
487:
attacked the palace he managed to make his escape and to reach another palace after passing through the burning streets of
Alexandria. Here he was obliged to agree that a guard of British bluejackets should protect him from further risk. He showed his courage equally during the
506:, the British special commissioner. When cholera broke out, he insisted upon going to Alexandria. His wife accompanied him, and he went round the hospitals, setting an excellent example to the authorities of the city, and encouraging the patients by kind and hopeful words.
462:
was increasing. Tewfik had been blamed for his failure to take a firm line with the rebels, but his attitude was governed by his relations with
Britain and France, and he was unable to control events. The dissatisfaction culminated in the anti-foreign movement headed by
523:. Tewfik gave his consent with natural reluctance, but, having consented, he did everything he could to ensure the success of the policy which Baring had been sent to carry out. He behaved with equal propriety during the negotiations between Sir H.
2666:
552:
He was courteous and amiable, he had no desire to keep up the unapproachable state of an oriental ruler. In many ways his manners and habits were less oriental than
European. He married in 1873 his ethnic Albanian kinswoman,
2676:
503:
400:. He held this office only for a few months; but this was long enough to show that he had the wisdom to refrain from taking part in the intrigues which then dominated the political life in Egypt and Sudan.
2696:
2661:
531:, in 1886. His position was not a dignified one but that of a titular ruler compelled to stand by while others discussed and managed the affairs of his country. The Sultan was his
1349:
2686:
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1968:
519:
In 1884, Sir Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer) went back to Egypt as diplomatic agent and Consul-General of
Britain. His first task was to demand that Tewfik should abandon the
1334:
403:
He went back to his estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life. He was undisturbed only for a short time. On 26 June 1879, Isma'il, at the insistence of
467:, who had gained complete command of the army. In July 1882 the attitude of Urabi, who was carrying out defensive works on a large scale, made the British admiral (Sir
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1452:
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332:, and he had imagined that he would be able to select whichever of his sons he pleased as his successor. But he found, after the change had been made, that the
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to live in, and for twelve years he led an uneventful life, farming and establishing a reputation for good sense and fair dealing with his fellow tenants.
337:
290:. Tewfik also took interest in matters concerning irrigation, education and justice; as well as selling his father's female slaves and closing the court's
516:. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.
2681:
2636:
1946:
1277:
2716:
2646:
1961:
440:
Disorder prevailed until
November 1879, when the dual control was reestablished by the governments of Britain and France. For over two years
1897:
502:, had consented to the reforms insisted upon by Britain, and had assumed the position of a constitutional ruler under the guidance of Lord
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Ernest de Blignières practically governed the country, endeavouring to institute reforms while possessing no means of coercion.
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1917:
669:
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1935:
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286:. Disaffection in the Egyptian army as well as Anglo-French control of the state in the 1880s culminated in the anti-foreign
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Before the bombardment began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the city and embark either upon a
1236:
1186:
The Royal
Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London. Editor: Richard A. Greer. Date: 10 March 1881
324:, was now to descend from father to son. Ismail sought this alteration mainly because he disliked his uncle,
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73:
282:. He inherited a state suffering under the financial and political mismanagement of his predecessor
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352:) interpreted the new arrangement as applying strictly to the eldest son. Tewfik therefore became
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557:, with whom he lived very happily. She was his only wife and Tewfik was a strong advocate of
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310:. He was not sent to Europe to be educated like his younger brothers, but grew up in Egypt.
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524:
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349:
156:
132:
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headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term
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In 1866 Isma'il succeeded in his endeavour to alter the order of succession to the
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quarters in the imperial palace, and sold all of his father's female slaves to
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2439:
2081:
2066:
2036:
1584:
1310:
540:
479:
472:
1286:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 686–687.
998:
415:, who sent orders at the same time that Tewfik should be proclaimed Khedive.
2414:
17:
2148:
30:
This article is about Tewfik Pasha. For the last
Ottoman grand vizier, see
471:, afterwards Lord Alcester) to declare that he would bombard the forts of
48:
616:
558:
532:
396:
In 1878 he was appointed president of the council after the dismissal of
377:
306:, and was born on April 30 or November 15, 1852. His mother was Princess
320:. The title, instead of passing to the oldest living male descendant of
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1006:
974:
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267:
215:
65:
916:
746:
661:
646:
578:
482:
belonging to one of the neutral powers, or in his own yacht, or in a
148:
990:
512:
of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate
623:, 18 March 1955, and buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey,
2667:
Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
2384:
1988:
1979:
1412:
1408:
1267:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
653:
642:
631:
624:
612:
582:
562:
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431:
369:
357:
291:
175:
171:
124:
1201:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1064:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
657:
262:; April 30 or 15 November 1852 – 7 January 1892), also known as
1950:
1434:
2677:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1197:"Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden"
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
1149:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
2662:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
630:
Princess Nazli Hanim (11 April 1877 –
2383:
2198:
2158:
2000:
1840:
1749:
1673:
1555:
1478:
278:between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth ruler from the
236:
226:
214:
192:
182:
162:
138:
111:
107:
97:
87:
79:
64:
41:
2697:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalākaua
1299:"Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album"
561:. When Tewfik ascended the throne, he closed the
1118:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1877, p.
787:House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
384:, Istanbul, 19 June 1931), daughter of Prince
1962:
1446:
1239:[The Crown Prince Couple's Journey].
1040:Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy.
458:During all this time the disaffection in the
8:
1305:. American University in Cairo. 6 July 1882.
975:"The Conflict of East and West in Egypt. II"
27:Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1879 to 1892
2687:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa
597:By his wife he had the following children:
2692:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
1969:
1955:
1947:
1453:
1439:
1431:
1364:
1303:Rare Books and Special Collections Library
1132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1042:Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293.
47:
38:
1060:"Ritter-Orden: Orden des Eisernen Krone"
1026:
960:
938:
585:, and was succeeded by his eldest son,
372:on 15 January 1873 he married Princess
1125:
641:Princess Fakhr un-nisa Khadija Hanim (
429:an orderly administration of affairs.
313:He spoke French and English fluently.
2642:19th-century prime ministers of Egypt
475:unless they were handed over to him.
7:
208:Princess Fakhr un-nisa Khadija Hanim
2707:Egyptian people of Albanian descent
2672:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
838:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
656:, 23 October 1882 –
615:, 9 November 1875 –
256:
2584:
577:He died on 7 January 1892, at the
25:
1116:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste
302:He was the oldest son of Khedive
2562:
1978:
1546:
1309:
1260:
915:
898:
881:
864:
847:
830:
813:
802:Honorary Grand Commander of the
796:
779:
762:
745:
732:
716:
700:
683:
491:epidemic at Alexandria in 1883.
203:Prince Muhammad Ali Tewfik Pasha
2682:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal
1092:(in Swedish), 1881, p. 449
1038:Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner.
645:, 21 May 1880 –
380:, 24 May 1858 –
2637:19th-century Egyptian monarchs
2572:
1757:Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir
1355:New International Encyclopedia
668:1965, and buried there at the
510:Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance
1:
2717:Irrigation ministers of Egypt
2647:Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs
889:Order of the Netherlands Lion
751:Commander Grand Cross of the
665:
635:
356:. He was given a palace near
83:26 June 1879 – 7 January 1892
54:
2594:
870:Honorary Grand Cross of the
424:the inaction of Britain and
1898:Fawzia (daughter of Farouk)
1883:Fawzia (daughter of Fuad I)
979:Political Science Quarterly
652:Princess Nimatullah Hanim (
2743:
2702:Ottoman governors of Egypt
2657:People of the Urabi revolt
1325:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1122:– via hathitrust.org
973:Bowen, John Eliot (1886).
804:Order of the Star of India
447:(afterwards Lord Cromer),
29:
2553:
2113:
1926:
1544:
1469:
1419:
1402:
1394:
1367:
1245:(in Swedish). 4 May 1891.
1152:. Schulze. 1879. p.
821:Royal Order of Kalākaua I
210:Princess Nimatullah Hanim
46:
1100:– via runeberg.org
411:, was deposed by Sultan
1350:Tewfik (Mohammed) Pasha
1283:Encyclopædia Britannica
691:Order of the Iron Crown
527:and the Turkish envoy,
199:Abbas Hilmi II of Egypt
2712:Grand Viziers of Egypt
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
1340:Encyclopedia Americana
1335:Tewfik Pasha, Mohammed
1237:"Kronprinsparets resa"
1168:The Knights of England
1089:Sveriges statskalender
770:Order of the Red Eagle
514:a constitution in 1879
500:Battle of Tel al-Kebir
437:
2722:Egyptian slave owners
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
1807:Kamal el Dine Hussein
1726:Muhammad Abdel Moneim
1314:Texts on Wikisource:
1242:Nya Dagligt Allehanda
923:Order of the Seraphim
855:Order of Franz Joseph
435:
260:Muḥammad Tawfīq Bāshā
1782:Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha
1462:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1374:Muhammad Ali Dynasty
1166:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
1112:"Rother Adler-orden"
725:, Nishan-i-Osmania,
670:cimetière de Caucade
649:, 22 February 1951);
602:Abbas Hilmi II Pasha
521:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
494:He had gone back to
388:and Parlanta Qadin.
280:Muhammad Ali Dynasty
249:Mohamed Tewfik Pasha
206:Princess Nazli Hanim
1817:Muhammad Ali Hassan
1767:Khalil Sherif Pasha
1736:Muhammad Ali Tewfik
1721:Muhammad Ali Tewfik
904:Grand Cross of the
887:Grand Cross of the
853:Grand Cross of the
836:Grand Cross of the
819:Grand Cross of the
785:Grand Cross of the
768:Grand Cross of the
738:Order of Nobility,
723:Order of the Osmans
609:Mohammed Ali Tewfik
604:, Khedive of Egypt;
2160:Sultanate of Egypt
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2002:Khedivate of Egypt
1863:Fazile Hanımsultan
1822:Hassan Aziz Hassan
1777:Ismail Kamel Pasha
1605:Shehret Feza Hanim
1570:Ayn al-Hayat Qadin
874:(civil division),
438:
318:Khedivate of Egypt
153:Khedivate of Egypt
32:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
2652:Khedives of Egypt
2609:
2608:
2385:Republic of Egypt
1944:
1943:
1853:Shivakiar Ibrahim
1429:
1428:
1420:Succeeded by
872:Order of the Bath
709:, Imtiyaz Medal,
469:Beauchamp Seymour
246:
245:
42:Muhammad Tewfik I
16:(Redirected from
2734:
2727:Sons of monarchs
2632:Egyptian Muslims
2598:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2200:Kingdom of Egypt
1983:
1982:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1802:Said Halim Pasha
1762:Ali Pasha Sherif
1610:Shafaq Nur Hanim
1600:Jeshm Afet Hanim
1550:
1549:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1395:Preceded by
1390:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1313:
1306:
1287:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1247:
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1233:
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1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1203:, 1891, p.
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1077:
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1074:
1066:, 1883, p.
1056:
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1036:
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1024:
1011:
1010:
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964:
958:
920:
919:
906:Légion d'honneur
903:
902:
886:
885:
869:
868:
852:
851:
835:
834:
818:
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801:
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783:
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765:
757:17 December 1868
750:
749:
737:
736:
721:
720:
705:
704:
688:
687:
667:
637:
330:heir-presumptive
308:Shafaq Nur Hanim
258:
241:Shafaq Nur Hanim
145:
122:
120:
115:15 November 1852
59:
56:
51:
39:
21:
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2475:A. F. Mohieddin
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2004:
1996:
1985:Prime ministers
1977:
1975:
1945:
1940:
1922:
1836:
1745:
1669:
1620:Jamal Nur Qadin
1615:Nur Felek Qadin
1595:Jananiyar Hanim
1551:
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1542:
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1425:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1347:
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1317:
1297:
1294:
1276:, ed. (1911). "
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991:10.2307/2139362
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863:
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829:
812:
795:
791:5 February 1875
778:
774:29 January 1870
763:
761:
744:
731:
715:
707:Order of Honour
699:
682:
679:
611:(Kubba Palace,
595:
575:
550:
449:Auckland Colvin
421:
394:
386:Ibrahim al-Hami
366:
346:Austria-Hungary
300:
264:Tawfiq of Egypt
257:محمد توفيق باشا
209:
207:
205:
201:
178:
168:Qubbat Afandina
147:
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2490:A. M. N. Sedky
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2388:(1953–present)
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146:(aged 39)
142:7 January 1892
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1027:Chisholm 1911
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927:18 April 1891
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753:Order of Vasa
748:
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724:
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698:
696:
693:, 1st Class,
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567:slave markets
564:
560:
556:
548:Personal life
547:
545:
542:
539:and summoned
538:
534:
530:
529:Mukhtar Pasha
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
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460:Egyptian army
456:
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445:Evelyn Baring
443:
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354:heir-apparent
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78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2593:
2583:
2571:
2561:
2420:Z. Mohieddin
2031:
2021:
1832:Muhammad Ali
1710:
1706:Mustafa Fazl
1696:Ahmad Rifaat
1635:Emina Ilhamy
1630:Ferial Qadin
1528:Ahmed Fuad I
1512:
1488:Muhammad Ali
1403:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1320:Tewfik Pasha
1302:
1281:
1278:Tewfik Pasha
1240:
1231:
1219:
1208:, retrieved
1200:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1115:
1106:
1094:, retrieved
1088:
1082:
1071:, retrieved
1063:
1054:
1039:
1034:
982:
978:
968:
926:
909:
892:
876:21 June 1887
875:
858:
841:
824:
807:
790:
773:
756:
739:
726:
710:
694:
596:
581:Palace near
576:
555:Emina Ilhamy
551:
518:
508:
493:
484:mail steamer
477:
457:
452:
439:
436:Tewfik Pasha
422:
402:
395:
374:Emina Ilhamy
367:
334:Great Powers
322:Muhammad Ali
315:
312:
301:
288:Urabi revolt
263:
259:
248:
247:
187:Emina Ilhamy
144:(1892-01-07)
129:Egypt Eyalet
36:
18:Tawfiq Pasha
2627:1892 deaths
2622:1852 births
2315:Ahmad Maher
2203:(1922–1953)
2163:(1914–1922)
2005:(1878–1914)
1878:Nazli Fazil
1827:Abbas Hilmi
1812:Abbas Halim
1792:Tusun Pasha
1716:Abbas Hilmi
1655:Nazli Sabri
1640:Ikbal Hanim
1565:Amina Hanem
1472:Family tree
1464:(1805–1953)
621:Switzerland
537:Nubar Pasha
465:Urabi Pasha
398:Nubar Pasha
326:Halim Pasha
88:Predecessor
58: 1882
2616:Categories
2220:Y. Ibrahim
1841:Princesses
1741:Ahmad Fuad
1585:Inji Hanim
1417:1879–1892
1254:References
1210:5 February
1174:, London,
1096:6 February
1073:5 February
808:3 May 1875
541:Riaz Pasha
498:after the
480:man-of-war
473:Alexandria
392:Presidency
348:, and the
298:Early life
294:quarters.
119:1852-11-15
53:Tewfik I,
2370:Aly Maher
2350:Aly Maher
2295:Aly Maher
2280:Aly Maher
2047:Elbaroudi
999:0032-3195
98:Successor
2545:Madbouly
2520:Ganzouri
2495:Ganzouri
2440:A. Sedky
2415:A. Sabry
2330:Nokrashy
2320:Nokrashy
2300:H. Sabry
2270:A. Yahya
2225:Zaghloul
1931:Category
1557:Consorts
1480:Monarchs
1423:Abbas II
1128:citation
617:Lausanne
587:Abbas II
559:monogamy
533:suzerain
504:Dufferin
453:Monsieur
364:Marriage
274:and the
221:Alawiyya
2567:interim
2530:Beblawi
2470:Mubarak
2425:Soliman
2290:Mahmoud
2250:Mahmoud
2017:Isma'il
1936:Commons
1750:Princes
1701:Isma'il
1681:Ibrahim
1508:Isma'il
1493:Ibrahim
1405:Khedive
1358:. 1905.
1343:. 1920.
1328:. 1921.
1271::
1007:2139362
677:Honours
607:Prince
489:cholera
405:Britain
342:Germany
338:Britain
304:Isma'il
284:Isma'il
268:khedive
231:Isma'il
117: (
92:Isma'il
66:Khedive
2602:period
2540:Ismail
2535:Mahlab
2525:Qandil
2515:Sharaf
2510:Shafik
2460:Khalil
2450:Hegazy
2430:Nasser
2410:Nasser
2405:Naguib
2400:Nasser
2395:Naguib
2375:Naguib
2365:Hilaly
2355:Hilaly
2275:Naseem
2240:Sarwat
2230:Zeiwar
2215:Naseem
2210:Sarwat
2185:Naseem
2170:Roshdy
2107:Roshdy
2077:Fakhry
2057:Sherif
2052:Raghib
2042:Sherif
2032:Tewfik
2027:Sherif
2022:Tewfik
1908:Farial
1893:Fathia
1731:Farouk
1711:Tewfik
1660:Farida
1533:Farouk
1513:Tewfik
1398:Ismail
1385:
1265:
1225:p. 212
1223:Shaw,
1176:p. 310
1046:
1005:
997:
662:France
647:Helwan
638:1879);
579:Helwan
451:, and
426:France
409:France
266:, was
253:Arabic
237:Mother
227:Father
183:Spouse
163:Burial
149:Helwan
2578:Urabi
2557:Notes
2505:Nazif
2500:Ebeid
2485:Lotfy
2465:Sadat
2455:Salem
2445:Sadat
2435:Fawzi
2360:Sirri
2345:Nahas
2340:Sirri
2325:Sidky
2310:Nahas
2305:Sirri
2285:Nahas
2265:Sidky
2260:Nahas
2255:Yakan
2245:Nahas
2235:Yakan
2190:Yakan
2180:Wahba
2097:Ghaly
2092:Fahmi
2087:Nobar
2072:Fahmi
2062:Nobar
2012:Nobar
1989:Egypt
1913:Fadia
1903:Faiza
1888:Faika
1691:Sa'id
1686:Abbas
1674:Heirs
1503:Sa'id
1413:Sudan
1409:Egypt
1387:Died:
1380:Born:
1003:JSTOR
933:Notes
654:Cairo
643:Cairo
632:Cairo
625:Cairo
613:Cairo
593:Issue
583:Cairo
573:Death
563:harem
496:Cairo
442:Major
419:Reign
382:Bebek
370:Cairo
358:Cairo
292:harem
276:Sudan
272:Egypt
216:House
194:Issue
176:Egypt
172:Cairo
125:Cairo
80:Reign
74:Sudan
70:Egypt
2335:Hady
2175:Said
2102:Said
2082:Riaz
2067:Riaz
2037:Riaz
1993:List
1411:and
1389:1892
1382:1852
1212:2021
1134:link
1098:2021
1075:2021
1044:ISBN
995:ISSN
910:1890
893:1890
859:1886
842:1886
825:1881
740:1868
727:1868
711:1868
695:1868
658:Nice
407:and
139:Died
112:Born
72:and
2600:UAR
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