928:
22:
943:(which do not require pre-market approval), and the pigments are regulated as color additives. FDA regulations say that color additives intended for injection must show convincing evidence that they are safe to be injected, in order to be approved for this purpose. The FDA has not yet approved any color additives for injection. The FDA does not generally exercise this regulatory authority because of other higher priorities and insufficient evidence of specific color additives causing safety problems in tattoo ink.
1105:
650:
1036:. Researchers examined skin samples from several of Ötzi's tattoos and determined that his tattoos were created using carbon-based pigments derived from soot and ash. Microscopic quartz crystals identified among the carbon particles may have originated from stones around the fireplace where the carbon was collected.
968:
requires that
Californians be warned before exposure to certain harmful chemicals. In 2004, an environmental nonprofit sued several tattoo ink manufacturers for violating this law. A judge ordered two of the companies to put warning labels on their products and in their catalogs to tell California
1203:
developed a tattoo ink to simplify tattoo removal, designed to be easier to remove by laser treatments than traditional inks, called "InfinitInk". The ink is encapsulated in tiny plastic beads; the encapsulated ink is stable in normal light, but under the kind of laser light used in laser tattoo
997:, tattoo artists developed inks with pigments derived from colorful minerals, both natural and synthetic. People who continue to practice traditional tattooing methods and styles may make their own pigments or purchase manufactured ink. The history of tattoo ink development is connected to the
961:, the FDA requires cosmetics manufacturers to disclose ingredients on products sold to retail customers, but not products used by professionals. Tattoo ink manufacturers typically sell their products to professional tattoo artists, and they are not required to disclose ingredients.
1547:
Laux, Peter; Tralau, Tewes; Tentschert, Jutta; Blume, Annegret; Dahouk, Sascha Al; Bäumler, Wolfgang; Bernstein, Eric; Bocca, Beatrice; Alimonti, Alessandro; Colebrook, Helen; de Cuyper, Christa; Dähne, Lars; Hauri, Urs; Howard, Paul C; Janssen, Paul (January 2016).
2088:
Schreiver, Ines; Hesse, Bernhard; Seim, Christian; Castillo-Michel, Hiram; Anklamm, Lars; Villanova, Julie; Dreiack, Nadine; Lagrange, Adrien; Penning, Randolph; De Cuyper, Christa; Tucoulou, Remi; Bäumler, Wolfgang; Cotte, Marine; Luch, Andreas (27 August 2019).
3814:
Pabst, M.; Letofsky-Papst, I.; Moser, M.; Spindler, K; Bock, E.; Wilhelm, P.; Dorfer, L.; Geigl, J.; Auer, M.; Speicher, M.; Hofer, F. (2010). "Different staining substances were used in decorative and therapeutic tattoos in a 1000-year-old
Peruvian mummy".
918:
The
European Union requires tattoo ink makers to indicate any hazardous ingredients on product labels. In 2021, the EU established rules requiring certain green and blue pigments, Blue 15:3 and Green 7, to be phased out of tattoo inks.
795:
Components of tattoo ink may cause allergic reactions in skin, including red, green, yellow and blue pigments. Colored inks, such as red, seem to cause allergic reactions more often than black ink, likely due to small amounts of
108:
Most tattoo inks are intended to be permanent, but there are commercial methods for creating semi-permanent tattoos. There are also traditions of temporary tattoos applied to the surface of the skin using pigments such as
1277:
traditionally used for a variety of purposes including medicine and body art. Jagua ink creates a blue-black color that fades in a couple weeks. Jagua is sometimes promoted as a healthier alternative to black henna.
554:. When an alcohol is used as part of the carrier base in tattoo ink or to disinfect the skin before application of the tattoo, it increases the skin's permeability, helping to transport more pigment into the skin.
3887:
2631:
Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoit; Riday, Daniel; Burlot, Aurelien; Jacobsen, Maya Sialuk (March 2024). "Chalcolithic
Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings".
1204:
removal, the ink is released from the beads and is absorbed. Anderson co-founded a company called
Freedom-2 to bring the ink to market with assistance from Edith Mathiowitz, Joshua Reineke and A. Peter Morello of
1153:. He worked with Bob Palm, a tattoo artist who had studied chemistry, to find pigments that would expand his color range, including by tattooing himself and seeing if he had a bad reaction. He introduced use of
93:, which generally does not investigate commercial inks unless it receives complaints about specific safety issues, such as contamination. The FDA has not specifically approved any pigments for cosmetic tattoos.
3778:
Pabst, M.A.; Letofsky-Papst, I.; Bock, E.; Moser, M.; Dorfer, L.; Egarter-Vigl, E.; Hofer, F. (2009). "The tattoos of the
Tyrolean Iceman: a light microscopical, ultrastructural and element analytical study".
3167:
Schreiver, Ines; Hesse, Bernhard; Seim, Christian; Castillo-Michel, Hiram; Villanova, Julie; Laux, Peter; Dreiack, Nadine; Penning, Randolf; Tucoulou, Remi; Cotte, Marine; Luch, Andreas (12 September 2017).
445:
Tattoo ink manufacturers often blend metal pigments and/or use lightening agents (such as lead or titanium) to reduce production costs. Tattoo inks contaminated with metal allergens have been known to cause
104:
in the late 1800s, tattoo artists experimented with many chemicals to identify durable pigments that could produce a range of colors without causing bad reactions, often testing inks in their own skin.
3753:
86:. Some common tattoo pigments are chemicals that may cause cancer, but longer-term studies would be needed to determine whether these chemicals increase risk of cancer if embedded in the skin.
993:
Ancient tattooing practices typically used dark pigments derived from vegetable and animal materials. Alongside the development of more complex technology for tattooing, such as electric
128:
In the United States, tattoo ink manufacturers are not required to reveal their ingredients, or to prove that a voluntarily-published ingredients list is accurate. Their recipes may be
1224:, advertised its proprietary tattoo ink as fading 9–15 months after application. Some customers complained that their tattoos were still strongly visible after 15 months or longer.
2297:
4863:
832:. Many of the particles used in tattoo inks are less than 100 nanometers in diameter, making it easier for them to penetrate cells and possibly cause cancer. Under UV light,
89:
The
European Union has started to prohibit use of certain pigments in tattoo inks due to safety concerns. In the United States, tattoo inks are subject to regulation by the
3553:
1868:
Devcic, Julie; Dussol, Manon; Collin-Faure, Véronique; Pérard, Julien; Fenel, Daphna; Schoehn, Guy; Carrière, Marie; Rabilloud, Thierry; Dalzon, Bastien (19 July 2022).
82:
Pigments and preservatives in tattoo ink can cause allergic reactions in skin. A portion of pigment applied in a tattoo may migrate to other places in the body, such as
3608:
2799:
636:
The world's oldest tattoos known to date, those of the
Tyrolean Iceman known as Ötzi, were applied 5300 years ago with soot and/or ground charcoal based pigments.
5015:
4294:
5020:
2506:
936:
90:
3745:
2162:
483:(PMMA) containing fluorescent dye. This ink may cause irritation and inflammation, and tattoo artists are divided on whether they consider it safe to use.
867:, including toxic elements in ink such as chromium. Long-term studies would be needed to determine if pigments in human lymph nodes have harmful effects.
4188:
3319:
1184:
Tattoo ink is generally permanent, in the sense that it fades very gradually over a lifetime. The reason for this permanence is that tattoo ink is
761:
In amateur "stick and poke" tattoos done for amusement or as a hobby, people often use improvised ink, which adds risk of infection and scarring.
1119:
in the late 1800s supported the growing popularity of tattoos, linked to the development of new inks. In the early 1900s, American tattoo artist
4343:
3897:
2578:
2534:
2248:
1629:
1512:
4240:
1380:
3662:
1146:
121:
Tattoo inks are available in a range of colors that can be thinned or mixed together to produce other colors and shades. Most professional
2091:"Distribution of nickel and chromium containing particles from tattoo needle wear in humans and its possible impact on allergic reactions"
4428:
4080:
2987:
1977:
Wang, Xuying; Josefsson, Leila; Meschnark, Silvia; Lind, Marie-Louise; Emmer, Åsa; Goessler, Walter; Hedberg, Yolanda S. (5 June 2021).
1084:
to create blue-black designs in their skin. In 1897, Bolton noted that sailors had recently started to use India ink and cochineal red (
883:
1604:"Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Tattoo Colorants and Ingredients in Mouse and Man: The Known and the Unknown"
156:
as pigments, sometimes mixed in to adjust the shade of a color. Pigments can be small bits of solids or discrete molecules, such as
4162:
3402:
4575:
4374:
3170:"Synchrotron-based ν-XRF mapping and μ-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin"
1444:
Engel E, Santarelli F, Vasold R, et al. (2008). "Modern tattoos cause high concentrations of hazardous pigments in skin".
1013:
practiced tattooing, as seen in tattooed human mummies found in many countries. Many used carbon-based pigments, such as soot,
958:
829:
2164:
In situ chemical analysis of tattooing inks and pigments: modern organic and traditional pigments in ancient mummified remains
4627:
2851:
965:
499:
in this type of ink may cause skin rashes and may be carcinogenic, and many tattoo artists consider this ink unsafe to use.
2789:
4548:
507:
A carrier acts as a solvent for the pigment, to "carry" the pigment from the point of needle insertion (typically using a
3320:"Extensive Tattoos Mimicking Lymphatic Metastasis on Positron Emission Tomography Scan in a Patient With Cervical Cancer"
2705:
125:
purchase inks pre-made (known as predispersed inks), while some artists mix their own using a dry pigment and a carrier.
1269:
are a form of temporary tattoo made with a fruit-based dye. This dye is derived from a
Central and South American fruit
75:
to create liquid inks. They may include preservatives to reduce risk of contamination and other additives to adjust the
1309:
Liou, Yujie Linda; Voller, Lindsey M.; Liszewski, Walter; Ericson, Marna E.; Siegel, Paul D.; Warshaw, Erin M. (2021).
4908:
3121:
2766:
4265:
927:
683:, left to ferment for a short time to develop some alcohol. Recent practices include combining soot with water in a
4103:
3889:
Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700–1750
1287:
901:
pigments. Looping or circular patterns may contribute to this effect. Large amounts of ink in the skin, such as in
894:
52:
4418:
3718:
790:
3633:
2683:"The Recontextualization of Burik (Traditional Tattoos) of Kabayan Mummies in Benguet to Contemporary Practices"
21:
4687:
3458:
Chikkamuniyappa, Shylashree; Sjuve-Scott, Rolf; Lancaster-Weiss, Kris; Miller, Alexander; Yeh, I.-Tien (2005).
816:
3579:
890:, so existing tattoo pigments in lymph nodes may cause difficulty in identifying and treating sentinel nodes.
4137:
4033:
2928:
1047:, a 1000-year-old mummy of a woman showed decorative and symbolic tattoos made with soot and plant material.
2822:
2682:
970:
750:
4196:
3999:
3859:
3524:
2268:
491:
Glow-in-the-dark tattoo ink absorbs and retains light, and then glows in darkened conditions by process of
100:
among people in multiple continents thousands of years ago. Especially after the invention of the electric
2323:
1096:
and a green ink. Sutherland also experimented on himself to try to find durable lavender and yellow inks.
848:
arising in tattoos is seemingly low, and this association has to be considered thus far as coincidental."
590:
480:
341:
3914:
1927:
Gaudron, Sophie; Ferrier-Le Bouëdec, Marie-Christine; Franck, Frederic; D'Incan, Michel (February 2015).
2962:
2429:
1979:"Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances"
1150:
375:
4189:"Health Canada alerts Canadians not to use "black henna" temporary tattoo ink and paste containing PPD"
3017:
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4837:
4827:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4771:
4660:
4529:
4512:
4423:
4367:
4038:
3824:
3788:
3181:
2460:
1755:
1089:
37:
51:
Professional tattoo inks are available in many colors and use a wide variety of pigments, including
4923:
3867:
3689:
2598:
1221:
1104:
978:
946:
The FDA does investigate tattoo inks if they receive reports of safety concerns, such as bacterial
887:
824:
Several commonly-used ingredients are potential carcinogens — for example, most black inks contain
581:
To help the carrier serve as a vehicle for delivering pigment, commercial formulations may include
575:
2731:"Half a coconut shell (bao) where ink (fine charcoal powder and water) for tattooing is collected"
140:
Many tattoo inks contain pigments originally manufactured for industrial purposes, such as dyeing
5041:
4959:
4832:
4671:
4585:
3440:
3355:
3045:
2761:
2656:
2070:
2016:
1839:
1743:
1643:
1577:
1549:
1469:
1311:"Formaldehyde Release From Predispersed Tattoo Inks: Analysis Using the Chromotropic Acid Method"
1256:
1248:
4088:
4061:
1666:"Tattoo-Induced Skin "Burn" During Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Professional Football Player"
3973:
1066:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4933:
4408:
4403:
4339:
4111:
4007:
3893:
3479:
3432:
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3339:
3300:
3282:
3215:
3197:
3149:
3141:
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3084:
3037:
2936:
2606:
2574:
2530:
2498:
2480:
2421:
2382:
2374:
2244:
2219:
2130:
2112:
2008:
2000:
1956:
1948:
1909:
1891:
1831:
1823:
1771:
1742:
Forte, Giovanni; Petrucci, Francesco; Cristaudo, Antonio; Bocca, Beatrice (15 November 2009).
1703:
1685:
1635:
1625:
1569:
1518:
1508:
1461:
1348:
1330:
1160:
Around the 1950s, artists started more commonly using industrial organic colorants, including
1044:
671:, historical examples include inks made from a range of materials: pounded leaves of a native
551:
547:
2568:
2524:
2238:
1024:
One of the oldest known examples of human tattooing is the 5,300-year-old ice mummy known as
707:. In the 21st century revival of this tradition, practitioners use manufactured tattoo inks.
96:
Tattooing is an ancient practice, and archeologists have found evidence of tattoos made with
4913:
4868:
4679:
4464:
4459:
4329:
3952:
3832:
3796:
3471:
3422:
3414:
3331:
3290:
3274:
3205:
3189:
3133:
3092:
3076:
3029:
2637:
2488:
2470:
2413:
2364:
2209:
2199:
2186:
Riedel, F; Aparicio-Soto, M; Curato, C; Thierse, HJ; Siewert, K; Luch, A (15 October 2021).
2120:
2102:
2060:
2052:
1990:
1940:
1899:
1881:
1813:
1805:
1763:
1693:
1677:
1615:
1561:
1500:
1453:
1419:
1338:
1322:
1272:
1240:
1205:
856:
781:, or isopropyl alcohol as carriers, with glycerin added to prevent the ink from drying out.
762:
649:
594:
539:
255:
157:
145:
132:. Tattoo inks from different manufacturers vary widely in formulation, quality, and safety.
60:
45:
886:
results for cancer. Treatment of cancer may include using blue dye in the body to detect a
4938:
4903:
4858:
4580:
4485:
4360:
4138:"One temporary tattoo startup tells customers to 'regret nothing.' Now, some have regrets"
2877:
1200:
1173:
1010:
902:
871:
805:
801:
797:
680:
531:
492:
271:
251:
72:
3234:
2449:"Colored Tattoo Ink Screening Method with Optical Tissue Phantoms and Raman Spectroscopy"
1243:
on the surface of the skin, typically producing a brown color that fades in a few weeks.
1061:
artists used a variety of colored inks for large, artistically complex tattoos. In 1897,
735:
679:
and soot; or soot made by burning resinous wood. Some ink was made by combining soot and
148:, or for printer's ink. Many professional inks mostly contain organic colorants, such as
3828:
3792:
3497:
3185:
2465:
2448:
2188:"Immunological Mechanisms of Metal Allergies and the Nickel-Specific TCR-pMHC Interface"
1793:
1759:
1149:
dry color pigments (approved for use in drugs and cosmetics) with isopropyl alcohol and
4979:
4898:
4873:
4502:
4454:
4433:
4413:
3855:
3427:
3295:
3262:
3210:
3169:
3097:
3064:
2493:
2214:
2187:
2065:
2040:
1904:
1870:"Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages"
1869:
1698:
1665:
1343:
1310:
1189:
1136:
1116:
1077:
1062:
994:
951:
841:
837:
508:
336:
261:
232:
101:
3137:
2730:
2125:
2090:
1565:
5035:
4999:
4918:
4878:
4853:
4540:
4480:
4192:
3460:"Tattoo pigment in sentinel lymph nodes: A mimicker of metastatic malignant melanoma"
3033:
2020:
1843:
1457:
1252:
1244:
1217:
1154:
1132:
1120:
947:
766:
447:
438:. Titanium dioxide is slightly abrasive and can cause microscopic bits of nickel and
352:
348:
122:
68:
3444:
3359:
2353:"Sensitive Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds and Aldehydes in Tattoo Inks"
2298:"Invisible ink: Black-light tattoos are lighting up local clubs, but are they safe?"
1767:
1647:
1581:
4758:
4507:
4334:
4270:
3941:"Quantification of carbon black tattoo ink hydrophobicity pre- and post-sonication"
3239:
3049:
2902:
1473:
1266:
1247:
and the US FDA have advised against the use of "black henna" pigment that contains
1192:
is difficult and painful, and the degree of success depends on the materials used.
1142:
1124:
852:
833:
825:
639:
567:
563:
476:
472:
288:
186:
153:
64:
56:
4214:
2526:
Dermatologic
Complications with Body Art: Tattoos, Piercings and Permanent Make-Up
129:
3418:
3335:
2074:
1603:
1488:
1326:
4989:
4969:
4943:
3278:
2433:
1185:
1093:
897:(MRI) exam may feel temporary discomfort or irritation around tattoos made with
875:
845:
728:
601:
369:
3193:
1929:"Azo pigments and quinacridones induce delayed hypersensitivity in red tattoos"
731:, and the method of application results in a greenish black color in the skin.
4706:
4567:
4449:
3836:
3800:
3374:
3318:
Grove, Narine; Zheng, Ma; Bristow, Robert E.; Eskander, Ramez N. (July 2015).
3080:
2369:
2352:
2107:
1886:
982:
898:
864:
740:
582:
571:
496:
464:
236:
202:
194:
161:
83:
4115:
4034:"The Tattoo Eraser: A new type of body art ink promises freedom from forever"
4011:
3343:
3286:
3201:
3145:
3088:
2940:
2610:
2484:
2401:
2378:
2324:"All You Need To Know About Black Light Tattoos, According to Tattoo Artists"
2116:
2004:
1952:
1895:
1827:
1689:
1681:
1334:
931:
Tattoo inks recalled by the FDA in August 2015 due to bacterial contamination
450:, sometimes years later, when the original ink is not available for testing.
4495:
3957:
3940:
3459:
3263:"Tattoo pigment mimicking axillary lymph node calcifications on mammography"
2417:
2204:
1928:
1081:
1070:
1014:
940:
860:
774:
770:
746:
745:
tattoo experts have made ink from the ashes of resinous tree parts (such as
617:
543:
512:
459:
435:
427:
397:
279:
198:
76:
67:-chemicals. Commercial manufacturers combine pigments with carriers such as
3483:
3436:
3351:
3304:
3219:
3153:
3106:
3041:
2756:
2502:
2425:
2386:
2223:
2134:
2012:
1960:
1913:
1835:
1775:
1707:
1639:
1573:
1522:
1465:
1352:
4323:
2056:
1381:"Scientists explore chemistry of tattoo inks amid growing safety concerns"
4793:
4782:
4725:
4398:
3379:
2794:
2167:(BS). University of Western Australia. pp. 97, 189, 191–192, 195–196
1169:
1128:
1057:
1018:
812:
721:
712:
695:
654:
642:
used soot as pigment, which reflected significant beliefs related to the
613:
535:
520:
468:
439:
431:
419:
275:
4352:
3892:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
3016:
Kaur, Ravneet Ruby; Kirby, William; Maibach, Howard (25 November 2009).
1818:
4736:
4717:
4635:
4601:
4295:"Le Inka: How temporary halal tattoos are making their mark in the UAE"
3475:
2641:
2475:
1489:"Regulation of Tattoo Ink Production and the Tattoo Business in the US"
1161:
1157:, and he used a purple pigment that he kept secret from other artists.
1085:
1029:
1025:
998:
851:
After application of a tattoo, a portion of the ink is carried away by
727:. This ink is made with soot from burning particular woods, bound with
684:
625:
621:
566:
may be added to tattoo ink to prevent contamination. Some inks contain
527:
423:
149:
141:
33:
3401:
Ben Naftali, Yeela; Brodsky, Asia; Bar-Meir, Eran D. (December 2018).
2447:
Sadura, Filip; Wróbel, Maciej S.; Karpienko, Katarzyna (8 June 2021).
1995:
1978:
1944:
1809:
1620:
1504:
1021:. Carbon continues to be a principal ingredient in modern tattoo ink.
804:, a light-sensitive compound, and upon exposure to sun this can cause
4610:
4383:
4081:"Body art for the faint of heart: Erasable tattoos are making a mark"
1232:
1109:
974:
700:
672:
643:
516:
332:
206:
110:
41:
3746:"It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world"
2852:"We Meet an Artist Carrying On Japan's Hand-Poked Tattoo Traditions"
3065:"Patterns of Reactions to Red Pigment Tattoo and Treatment Methods"
935:
In the United States, tattoo inks are subject to regulation by the
4556:
2823:"Women's traditional chin tattoos are making a comeback in Alaska"
1236:
1103:
1033:
926:
882:
nodes may be accidentally interpreted as abnormal results, giving
879:
863:
or stored elsewhere in the body. Tattoo pigments may migrate into
778:
690:
667:
658:
648:
410:
265:
20:
2963:"I Gave Myself a Tattoo, and It Turned Out Better Than I Thought"
2192:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1069:
had pioneered use of a brown ink, along with the usual black and
4593:
4241:"What are jagua ink tattoos? One henna-inspired artist explains"
4215:"This South American Fruit Makes Tattoos, Wine, and Antibiotics"
3663:"Temporary Tattoos, Henna/Mehndi, and "Black Henna": Fact Sheet"
3235:"What Happens to Tattoo Ink After It's Injected into Your Skin?"
1260:
1040:
704:
676:
467:
tattoo ink does not glow in the dark, but reacts to non-visible
225:
97:
4356:
4328:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 48. S. Karger AG.
3690:"California Judge Rules Tattoo Inks Must Carry Health Warnings"
282:(although this ingredient has generally been phased out of use)
1165:
765:
also typically uses improvised ink. Pigments may be made from
3609:"Fact check: Tattoo ink doesn't undergo FDA approval process"
1145:, who started working as a tattoo artist in the 1930s, mixed
2523:
de Cuyper, Christa; Cotapos, Maria Luisa (1 December 2009).
2706:"There's a link between indigenous tattoos and agriculture"
586:
4322:
Serup, J.; Kluger, N.; Bäumler, W., eds. (24 March 2015).
3375:"Tattoos Mistaken as Cancer Metastases, Surgery Performed"
418:
Other elements found in trace amounts in some ink include
1080:
traditions dating at least to 1700, English sailors used
616:
inks that do not contain any animal by-products, such as
319:
Pigments used for white ink, to brighten the yellow color
1744:"Market survey on toxic metals contained in tattoo inks"
3719:"Going Skin Deep: The Culture and Chemistry of Tattoos"
3261:
Paul Litton, Tyler; Vijay Ghate, Sujata (9 June 2020).
1487:
Haugh, I. M.; Laumann, S. L.; Laumann, Anne E. (2015).
570:
as a preservative, which is a carcinogen and may cause
231:
These have mostly replaced more toxic pigments such as
2529:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25.
1664:
Ross, James R.; Matava, Matthew J. (September 2011).
4266:"Boys left scarred after using black henna in Egypt"
3939:
Jordaan JB, Postema M, Carlson CS, Nixon KJ (2023).
5008:
4952:
4891:
4846:
4818:
4770:
4748:
4696:
4650:
4620:
4528:
4521:
4473:
4442:
4391:
4062:"Harvard Tattoo Process May Ease a Change of Heart"
3554:"What's In Tattoo Ink? Why Scientists Want To Know"
3502:
UVA Radiology and Medical Imaging Blog for Patients
2512:
from the original on 7 August 2024 – via PMC.
800:in some red pigments. Some yellow pigments contain
604:to help the skin heal after the tattooing process.
519:. Carriers keep the ink evenly mixed and free from
4704:
4163:"Avoid certain temporary tattoos: health advisory"
905:, may also increase the risk of this side effect.
442:to wear off tattoo needles and get into the skin.
3120:Kluger, Nicolas; Koljonen, Virve (1 April 2012).
3063:Forbat, Emily; Al-Niaimi, Firas (14 March 2016).
4000:"Hate That Tattoo? Making Them Easier to Remove"
3525:"Blackout Tattoos Are Trendy—But Are They Safe?"
3407:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open
2878:"Tā moko – Māori tattooing – Tā moko technology"
2790:"Reclaiming Inuit culture, one tattoo at a time"
2599:"Tattoo Artists Face a Grayer Palette in Europe"
2351:Lim, Hyun-Hee; Shin, Ho-Sang (31 October 2016).
4780:
1055:By the 1750s, and likely much before, Japanese
4734:
4723:
4715:
4677:
4633:
840:(PAAs), which may be carcinogenic. However, a
4791:
4756:
4658:
4554:
4368:
1127:, "China red" (vermilion), "Casali's green" (
1108:Fred Harris working with tattoo ink in 1937,
1028:, discovered in 1991 near the border between
8:
4599:
4591:
4538:
3945:Current Directions of Biomedical Engineering
3018:"Cutaneous allergic reactions to tattoo ink"
2570:Forensic Analysis of Tattoos and Tattoo Inks
2240:Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World
1255:. Allergic reactions to PPD include rashes,
773:, or soot. Homemade or amateur inks may use
475:. A typical blacklight ink formula includes
4565:
1550:"A medical-toxicological view of tattooing"
4525:
4375:
4361:
4353:
3915:"Gunpowder Spots: Pirates & "Tattoos""
3552:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (13 February 2021).
2567:Miranda, Michelle D. (10 September 2015).
1135:, and a yellow pigment that may have been
44:in the skin. These inks are also used for
4333:
3956:
3634:"Think Before You Ink: Are Tattoos Safe?"
3426:
3294:
3209:
3096:
2492:
2474:
2464:
2368:
2213:
2203:
2124:
2106:
2064:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1994:
1903:
1885:
1817:
1697:
1619:
1342:
821:, which can cause infection in the skin.
3773:
3771:
2907:Museum of New Zealand Collections Online
2882:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2041:"Metal Toxicity: Tattoos: Safe Symbols?"
166:
4060:Frederick, Robert (25 September 2006).
3403:"What Is the Color of Your Lymph Node?"
2929:"Have You Given Yourself a Tattoo Yet?"
2821:Hughes, Zachariah (21 September 2015).
2039:McGovern, Victoria (1 September 2005).
1298:
1263:and other potentially harmful effects.
189:, usually a main component of black ink
4208:
4206:
4079:Cromie, William J. (19 October 2006).
3850:
3848:
3846:
3744:Deter-Wolf, Aaron (11 November 2015).
3712:
3710:
3657:
3655:
3011:
3009:
2845:
2843:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2267:Bhattacharya, Surya (16 August 2007).
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
1972:
1970:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1787:
1785:
1737:
1379:Ouellette, Jennifer (25 August 2022).
612:Some tattoo ink manufacturers produce
3756:from the original on 15 November 2015
3602:
3600:
3547:
3545:
2876:Higgins, Rawinia (5 September 2013).
2850:Gordenker, Alice (24 November 2020).
2788:Allford, Jennifer (23 October 2019).
2657:"Tattooing Among Japan's Ainu People"
2592:
2590:
2346:
2344:
2291:
2289:
2262:
2260:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1659:
1657:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1065:said that the Japanese tattoo artist
893:In rare cases, a person undergoing a
675:plant mixed with soot and water; pig
36:combined with a carrier, used in the
7:
3688:Smith, Michael (22 September 2005).
2988:"Think before you ink: Tattoo risks"
2769:from the original on 24 January 2022
2406:Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1420:"What chemicals are in your tattoo?"
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1304:
1302:
4102:Krueger, Alyson (14 October 2021).
3913:Little, Benerson (16 August 2017).
3667:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
3233:Onion, Amanda (25 September 2017).
1794:"Nickel and tattoos: Where are we?"
1610:. Current Problems in Dermatology.
1495:. Current Problems in Dermatology.
969:customers that tattoo inks contain
665:In traditional Filipino tattooing,
63:pigments, such as brightly-colored
4239:Nadeem, Alima (17 November 2019).
4136:Pershan, Caleb (2 November 2022).
3607:Wagner, Bayliss (24 August 2021).
3578:Readout, Stacey (10 August 2015).
2802:from the original on 12 March 2022
2661:Lars Krutak, Tattoo Anthropologist
2573:. CRC Press. pp. 83–92, 136.
2357:Journal of Chromatographic Science
1088:), and that English tattoo artist
657:for traditional Filipino tattoos (
14:
4293:Rodrigues, Janice (18 May 2021).
3817:Journal of Archaeological Science
3781:Journal of Archaeological Science
3638:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3580:"FDA recalls certain tattoo inks"
2961:Williams, Brett (26 April 2021).
2903:"Ipu ngarahu (pigment container)"
2755:Gaul, Ashleigh (September 2014).
2655:Krutak, Lars (27 November 2012).
2400:Doremus, Anthony R (April 2009).
2322:Adamakos, Tess (2 January 2019).
2296:Ballard, Allison (13 June 2006).
2045:Environmental Health Perspectives
1792:Kluger, Nicolas (21 April 2021).
1259:, itching, blisters, open sores,
939:(FDA). The inks are regulated as
937:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
699:, tattoos historically made with
409:May contain iron oxides, such as
300:Can be considered a shade of red
91:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
4195:. 11 August 2003. Archived from
3034:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00469.x
2681:Salvador-Amores, Analyn (2012).
1748:Science of the Total Environment
1458:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01301.x
1418:Everts, Sarah (15 August 2016).
830:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
574:in the skin. Other inks may use
4799:code: ipk promoted to code: ik
4788:code: iku promoted to code: iu
4666:code: mya promoted to code: my
4641:code: hrv promoted to code: hr
3998:Hamilton, Anita (1 June 2009).
3523:Miller, Korin (29 March 2016).
3022:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
2634:European Journal of Archaeology
2161:Poon, Kelvin Weng Chun (2008).
1768:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.034
1424:Chemical & Engineering News
959:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
117:Components of professional inks
4628:Albanian traditional tattooing
4335:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-02777-8
4213:Rummel, Rachel (14 May 2016).
4032:Jaffe, Eric (1 January 2007).
3972:Turner, Greg (30 March 2009).
3373:Mulcahy, Nick (15 June 2015).
2704:Tan, Yvette (18 August 2021).
2237:DeMello, Margo (30 May 2014).
999:history of pigment development
811:Inks may be contaminated with
753:, mixed with oil from plants.
471:, producing a visible glow by
209:from impurities in iron oxides
1:
3919:Swordplay & Swashbucklers
3498:"Getting An MRI with Tattoos"
3138:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70340-0
2269:"Shining light on UV tattoos"
2095:Particle and Fibre Toxicology
1566:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60215-X
1172:) such as arylide yellow and
3860:"Pictures on the Human Skin"
3419:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001990
3336:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000701
2597:Alcorn, Ted (19 June 2022).
2243:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–58.
1327:10.1097/DER.0000000000000663
844:in 2012 said "The number of
578:, which is a skin irritant.
4678:
4066:National Public Radio (NPR)
3725:. American Chemical Society
3324:Obstetrics & Gynecology
3279:10.1016/j.radcr.2020.05.014
3122:"Tattoos, inks, and cancer"
2402:"Can Tattoos Cause Cancer?"
1239:dye externally to create a
1235:body art involves applying
950:, and they sometimes issue
720:tattoos made by hand using
448:severe allergenic reactions
5058:
3464:Dermatology Online Journal
3194:10.1038/s41598-017-11721-z
2927:Blum, Dani (15 May 2020).
1602:Bäumler, Wolfgang (2015).
1288:List of inorganic pigments
1115:The invention of electric
895:magnetic resonance imaging
836:pigments may degrade into
788:
693:women have a tradition of
600:Ink manufacturers may add
546:are also used, along with
457:
152:. Inks also often contain
3837:10.1016/j.jas.2010.07.026
3801:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016
3081:10.1007/s13555-016-0104-y
2108:10.1186/s12989-019-0317-1
1887:10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239
1228:Temporary tattoo pigments
791:Health effects of tattoos
4864:Nazi concentration camps
4632:Bosnia and Herzegovina (
4522:Traditions and practices
4325:Tattooed Skin and Health
3886:Rediker, Marcus (1989).
1682:10.1177/1941738111411698
1608:Tattooed Skin and Health
1493:Tattooed Skin and Health
1251:(PPD), an ingredient in
859:, and some of it may be
640:Traditional Ainu tattoos
344:, known as phthalo green
4828:Ancient Egyptian/Nubian
4705:
4555:
4539:
4142:San Francisco Chronicle
3958:10.1515/cdbme-2023-1003
3069:Dermatology and Therapy
2418:10.1188/09.CJON.231-232
2370:10.1093/chromsci/bmw163
2205:10.3390/ijerph182010867
1874:Frontiers in Immunology
1051:18th and 19th centuries
1045:Chiribaya cultural area
838:primary aromatic amines
769:ink, hobby ink such as
589:-regulating chemicals,
523:, and aid application.
378:, known as phthalo blue
370:cobalt aluminium oxides
4792:
4781:
4757:
4735:
4724:
4716:
4659:
4634:
4600:
4592:
4566:
4429:Religious perspectives
3267:Radiology Case Reports
2765:. Up Here Publishing.
1112:
932:
818:Mycobacterium chelonae
662:
653:Ink and tools used by
562:Preservatives such as
481:polymethylmethacrylate
372:, known as cobalt blue
26:
4474:Process and technique
3974:"Easy-off tattoo ink"
3717:Wood-Black, Frankie.
2436:– via ProQuest.
2057:10.1289/ehp.113-a590a
1249:para-phenylenediamine
1168:originally made from
1151:benzalkonium chloride
1107:
930:
652:
511:) to the surrounding
376:Copper phthalocyanine
150:azo dyes and pigments
25:Bottles of tattoo ink
24:
4513:Process of tattooing
4245:Lancashire Telegraph
4104:"Why Do You Tattoo?"
4039:Smithsonian Magazine
2302:Wilmington Star-News
1090:Sutherland Macdonald
828:, which may contain
576:benzoisothiazolinone
487:Glow in the dark ink
347:A mix of cobalt and
48:, a form of tattoo.
38:process of tattooing
16:Ink used for tattoos
4909:Chinese calligraphy
4091:on 4 November 2006.
3868:The Strand Magazine
3829:2010JArSc..37.3256P
3793:2009JArSc..36.2335P
3186:2017NatSR...711395S
3126:The Lancet Oncology
2757:"Between the Lines"
2466:2021Mate...14.3147S
1760:2009ScTEn.407.5997F
1123:used ink made with
954:for specific inks.
888:sentinel lymph node
703:lampblack and seal
526:Solvents are often
342:Pthalocyanine green
168:
5016:European countries
4892:Styles and designs
4274:. 13 November 2019
4108:The New York Times
3669:. 25 February 2022
3504:. 21 February 2019
3476:10.5070/D31b43m26h
3174:Scientific Reports
2994:. 25 February 2022
2933:The New York Times
2735:Pitt Rivers Museum
2687:Humanities Diliman
2642:10.1017/eaa.2024.5
2603:The New York Times
2476:10.3390/ma14123147
1983:Contact Dermatitis
1933:Contact Dermatitis
1846:– via Wiley.
1798:Contact Dermatitis
1560:(10016): 395–402.
1446:Contact Dermatitis
1257:contact dermatitis
1212:Semi-permanent ink
1113:
1039:Found in southern
1009:People throughout
933:
751:caterpillar fungus
716:practices include
663:
167:
53:inorganic pigments
27:
5029:
5028:
5021:the United States
4887:
4886:
4676:Khmer/Laos/Thai (
4404:Body modification
4345:978-3-318-02776-1
4191:(Press release).
3899:978-0-521-37983-0
3823:(12): 3256–3262.
3787:(10): 2335–2341.
2580:978-1-4987-3643-5
2536:978-3-642-03292-9
2250:978-1-61069-076-8
1996:10.1111/cod.13913
1945:10.1111/cod.12317
1810:10.1111/cod.13869
1754:(23): 5997–6002.
1631:978-3-318-02776-1
1621:10.1159/000369222
1514:978-3-318-02776-1
1505:10.1159/000369231
1110:Sydney, Australia
983:reproductive harm
808:, although rare.
738:tattoo practice,
595:thickening agents
552:isopropyl alcohol
548:denatured alcohol
416:
415:
5049:
4800:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4762:
4755:Kurdish/Yazidi (
4740:
4729:
4721:
4710:
4683:
4667:
4664:
4642:
4639:
4605:
4597:
4571:
4560:
4544:
4526:
4460:Permanent makeup
4377:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4349:
4337:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4169:. 11 August 2003
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4087:. Archived from
4076:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3841:
3840:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3430:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3273:(8): 1194–1196.
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3132:(4): e161–e168.
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3013:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2564:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2478:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2110:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2036:
2025:
2024:
1998:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1889:
1865:
1848:
1847:
1821:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1739:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1544:
1527:
1526:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1306:
1273:Genipa americana
1241:temporary tattoo
1206:Brown University
1164:dyes (synthetic
1094:ultramarine blue
903:blackout tattoos
857:lymphatic system
763:Prison tattooing
632:Traditional inks
540:propylene glycol
368:Cobalt, such as
311:Cadmium sulphide
256:cadmium selenide
252:Cadmium sulphide
222:Titanium dioxide
169:
158:titanium dioxide
146:automotive paint
59:, and synthetic
46:permanent makeup
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5004:
4953:Bodily location
4948:
4883:
4842:
4814:
4798:
4787:
4772:Native American
4766:
4744:
4692:
4665:
4646:
4640:
4616:
4517:
4469:
4438:
4387:
4381:
4346:
4321:
4318:
4316:Further reading
4313:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4199:on 5 July 2007.
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4085:Harvard Gazette
4078:
4077:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3862:
3856:Bolton, Gambier
3854:
3853:
3844:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2710:Manila Bulletin
2703:
2702:
2698:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2566:
2565:
2544:
2537:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2142:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2038:
2037:
2028:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1867:
1866:
1851:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1741:
1740:
1715:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1632:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1360:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1284:
1230:
1214:
1201:R. Rox Anderson
1198:
1182:
1174:Malachite green
1117:tattoo machines
1102:
1053:
1011:ancient history
1007:
995:tattoo machines
991:
973:known to cause
964:In California,
952:product recalls
925:
916:
911:
872:medical imaging
806:photodermatitis
802:cadmium sulfide
798:mercury sulfide
793:
787:
759:
681:sugarcane juice
634:
610:
560:
532:distilled water
505:
493:phosphorescence
489:
462:
456:
272:Mercury sulfide
260:Iron oxides or
233:barium sulphate
138:
119:
73:distilled water
17:
12:
11:
5:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Black-and-gray
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4847:Other contexts
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4752:
4750:
4749:Middle Eastern
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4731:
4712:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4674:
4669:
4654:
4652:
4651:Mainland Asian
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4562:
4551:
4546:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4419:Health effects
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4285:
4257:
4231:
4202:
4180:
4154:
4128:
4094:
4071:
4052:
4024:
3990:
3964:
3931:
3905:
3898:
3878:
3858:(April 1897).
3842:
3806:
3767:
3736:
3706:
3680:
3651:
3625:
3596:
3570:
3541:
3515:
3489:
3450:
3393:
3365:
3330:(1): 182–185.
3310:
3253:
3225:
3159:
3112:
3055:
3028:(4): 295–300.
3005:
2979:
2953:
2919:
2894:
2868:
2839:
2813:
2780:
2747:
2722:
2696:
2673:
2647:
2623:
2586:
2579:
2542:
2535:
2515:
2439:
2392:
2363:(2): 109–116.
2340:
2314:
2285:
2256:
2249:
2229:
2178:
2140:
2080:
2026:
1989:(3): 340–353.
1966:
1919:
1849:
1804:(2): 136–140.
1781:
1713:
1676:(5): 431–434.
1653:
1630:
1587:
1528:
1513:
1479:
1436:
1397:
1358:
1321:(5): 327–332.
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1190:Tattoo removal
1181:
1178:
1137:arylide yellow
1101:
1098:
1063:Gambier Bolton
1052:
1049:
1006:
1003:
990:
987:
966:Proposition 65
924:
921:
915:
914:European Union
912:
910:
907:
884:false positive
878:, pigments in
842:review article
789:Main article:
786:
785:Health effects
783:
758:
755:
633:
630:
614:vegan-friendly
609:
606:
583:wetting agents
559:
556:
515:and sometimes
509:tattoo machine
504:
501:
488:
485:
458:Main article:
455:
454:Blacklight ink
452:
414:
413:
407:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
389:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
373:
363:
359:
358:
357:
356:
345:
339:
337:chromium oxide
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
316:
315:
312:
306:
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
283:
269:
262:ferric hydrate
258:
246:
242:
241:
229:
228:
223:
217:
213:
212:
211:
210:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
173:
137:
134:
123:tattoo artists
118:
115:
102:tattoo machine
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5054:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Nautical star
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4879:Tattooed lady
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4820:North African
4817:
4811:
4810:Haudenosaunee
4808:
4806:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:and tattooing
4385:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4220:
4219:Atlas Obscura
4216:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4193:Health Canada
4190:
4184:
4181:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3979:
3978:Boston Herald
3975:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3875:(6): 425–434.
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3695:
3694:MedPage Today
3691:
3684:
3681:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:(12): e1990.
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2198:(20): 10867.
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:(2): 97–105.
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Sports Health
1667:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(4): 228–33.
1451:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:Jagua tattoos
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Health Canada
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:New York City
1216:A company in
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1196:Removable ink
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:phthalo green
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:Prussian blue
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Amund Dietzel
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:had found an
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:sailor tattoo
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
979:birth defects
976:
972:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
949:
948:contamination
944:
942:
938:
929:
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