699:) are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring. Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa. Regarding possible origin scenarios for African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).
542:, up to West Africa. The north African pastoralists interbred their domestic cattle with wild African Aurochs of various regional races, both in the paternal and maternal lines over a long time, which is reflected in the genetic distinctness of Sanga cattle from both European / near Eastern and from Indian Zebu cattle. Hereby special adaptations to the African climate and conditions were introduced, that characterise Sanga cattle. African taurus are distinguished by having small cervicothoracic humps, that are typical for (wild) Aurochs, instead of the high thoracic humps which characterize the Zebu.
683:), African cattle split early from European cattle (Taurine). African cattle, bearing the Y2 haplogroup, form a sub-group within the overall group of taurine cattle. As a Near Eastern origin of African cattle requires a conceptual bottleneck to sustain the view, the diverseness of the Y2 haplogroup and T1 haplogroup do not support the view of a bottleneck having occurred, and thus, does not support a Near Eastern origin for African cattle. Altogether, these forms of genetic evidence provide the strongest support for the independent domestication of African cattle.
346:
329:) split off in around 700 AD (around the time of Islamization of the East African coast) and mingled with African taurines in different ratios, producing the four groups of African humped cattle. In Kim's own analysis, African taurines gained key adaptations in 16 genes for immunity (most importantly, trypanosomosis tolerance), heat-tolerance and reproduction. Even so-called "African indicine" contains significant amounts of African taurine adaptations to the African environment.
78:
358:
370:
42:
592:) remains may date as early as 9000 BP in Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa. While the mitochondrial divergence between Eurasian and Sanga cattle in 25,000 BP can be viewed as supportive evidence for cattle being independently domesticated in Africa, introgression from undomesticated Sanga cattle in Eurasian cattle may provide an alternative interpretation of this evidence.
456:
2196:
1091:
Kim, Kwondo; Kwon, Taehyung; Dessie, Tadelle; Yoo, DongAhn; Mwai, Okeyo Ally; Jang, Jisung; Sung, Samsun; Lee, SaetByeol; Salim, Bashir; Jung, Jaehoon; Jeong, Heesu; Tarekegn, Getinet
Mekuriaw; Tijjani, Abdulfatai; Lim, Dajeong; Cho, Seoae; Oh, Sung Jong; Lee, Hak-Kyo; Kim, Jaemin; Jeong, Choongwon;
670:
In the
Western Desert, at the E-75-6 archaeological site, amid 10th millennium cal BP and 9th millennium cal BP, African pastoralists may have managed North African cattle (Bos primigenius) and continually used the watering basin and well and as water source. In the northern region of Sudan, at El
525:
The current
African cattle population derives from three major introductions from Asia: The first cattle introduced into Africa, the humpless longhorn (Bos taurus longifrons) arrived around 5000 BC. They were followed by the humpless shorthorn (Bos taurus brachyceros) about 2,500 years later, and
612:
cattle. However, archaeological evidence indicates this cattle type was domesticated independently in Africa, and bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years. Nonetheless, the time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa
674:
While this does not negate that it is possible for cattle from the Near East to have migrated into Africa, a greater number of
African cattle in the same area share the T1 mitochondrial haplogroup and atypical haplotypes than in other areas, which provides support for Africans independently
553:, domesticated cattle are thought to have been brought into the Central Sahara. The Central Sahara (e.g., Tin Hanakaten, Tin Torha, Uan Muhuggiag, Uan Tabu) was a major intermediary area for the distribution of domesticated animals from the Eastern Sahara to the Western Sahara.
549:, it is considered more likely that domesticated cattle were introduced to the region. Cattle are thought to not have entered Africa independently, but rather, are thought to have been brought into Africa by cattle pastoralists. By the end of the 8th millennium
667:(Aurochs) fossils, which have been dated between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, have been found at Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa. The earliest evidence of domestic cattle from the central Sahara dates, however, to the eighth millennium BP.
564:
reliably dated to 7750 BP, domesticated cattle may have appeared much earlier, near the Nile, and then expanded to the western region of the Sahara. Though undomesticated aurochs are shown, via archaeological evidence and rock art, to have dwelled in
441:
The timeline for their history is the subject of extensive debate. A combination of genetic studies with archaeological research, including cultural history, has clarified the question of the complex origin of Sanga cattle in recent years.
588:) from one another in 25,000 BP is viewed as evidence supporting the conclusion that cattle may have been domesticated in Northeast Africa, particularly, the eastern region of the Sahara, between 10,000 BP and 8000 BP. Cattle (
476:
We should really list the archaeological evidence then discuss the theory scenarios, so the whole thing reads tighter. Archaeological evidence tend to get mentioned multiple times, with interpretation in support of different
1179:
Pitt, Daniel; Sevane, Natalia; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; MacHugh, David E.; Park, Stephen D. E.; Colli, Licia; Martinez, Rodrigo; Bruford, Michael W.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (January 2019).
1949:
426:
663:
African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora.
577:. After aurochs were domesticated in the Near East, cattle pastoralists may have migrated, along with domesticated aurochs, through the Nile Valley and, by ~8000 BP, through
2304:
1023:
1250:
332:
The existence of "taurine", "sanga", "zenga", and "indicine" groups among Africa cattle is generally agreed-upon by groups of researchers despite disagreements in
2309:
2289:
2284:
1291:"(image) from Development of Demand-driven Sustainable Cattle Breeding Schemes as a Strategy for Improving Livelihoods of Resource-poor Farmers in Eastern Africa"
2299:
1884:
714:(2023) does not report a different date, but finds that the indicine import is mostly similar to North Indian breeds, with a small South Indian contribution.
2294:
1359:
616:
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the
1310:"Trypanotolerance in N'Dama x Boran crosses under natural trypanosome challenge: Effect of test-year environment, gender, and breed composition"
702:
20th century authors date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600
628:. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world. Based on the
1962:
1546:
1438:
499:
345:
644:. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."
1011:
726:
2020. It includes contributions from Rege 1999, which has a very similar grouping (albeit the evolutionary theory is different).
406:
2197:"The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds"
1144:"The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds"
1290:
284:
are a matter of debate. "African taurine", "sanga", "zenga", "sheko", "African indicine" are all sub-groups of Sanga cattle.
659:, between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently
1015:
336:
these groups originated. Specifically, the main topic in dispute is whether
African taurines were separately domesticated.
2274:
481:
710:(2020) reports a consensus date of 700 AD among contemporary researchers and their own estimate date of 950–1250 AD. Kim
1264:
517:
Morphological features of early Sanga cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns, are depicted on murals of
Ancient Egypt.
471:
640:
and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in
651:
may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of cattle amid the early period of the
Holocene. Near
1308:
Orenge, C. O.; Munga, L.; Kimwele, C. N.; Kemp, S.; Korol, A.; Gibson, J. P.; Hanotte, O.; Soller, M. (2012).
746:
680:
1575:"Prehistoric Colonization of the Central Sahara: Hunters versus Herders and the Evidence from the Rock Art"
1471:
755:
77:
656:
196:
2049:"Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism"
671:
Barga, cattle fossils found in a human burial serve as supportive evidence for cattle being in the area.
1604:
1360:"Population parameters for traits defining trypanotolerance in an F2 cross of N'Dama and Boran cattle"
1814:
1740:
1192:
833:
751:
608:. Sanga are an intermediate type, probably formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with
539:
1412:
1049:"Relationships between production and product traits in subpopulations of Bonsmara and Nguni cattle"
620:
continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an aurochs, a wild ancestor of
1501:
1094:"The mosaic genome of indigenous Sanga cattle as a unique genetic resource for African pastoralism"
977:
930:
In addition to the traditional breeds outlined, African cattle have been bred with outside cattle.
858:
357:
55:
526:
finally the humped zebu (Bos indicus) in about 1500 BC. Thus Sanga cattle descend firstly from an
262:
of some regions in Africa. They are sometimes identified as a subspecies with the scientific name
2237:
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1930:
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1709:
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1452:
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1047:
Strydom, P.E.; Naude, R.T.; Smith, M.F.; Kotze, A.; Scholtz, M.M.; Van Wyk, J.B. (1 March 2001).
584:
The mitochondrial divergence of undomesticated Indian cattle, European cattle, and Sanga cattle (
222:
72:
369:
2216:
2177:
2120:
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2010:
1968:
1958:
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1693:
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1627:
1582:
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1444:
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and
Anatoly Ruvinsky (eds.), The Genetics of Cattle, (2nd ed.), Boston, 2015: CAB Int., p. 624
1341:
1218:
1113:
983:
843:
703:
534:. After their introduction to Egypt, about eight thousand years ago, they spread all over the
466:
425:. And F1 N'Dama × Nguni 16.5% is better than pure Nguni. While in Kenya research conducted by
243:
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2002:
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Forest or Dwarf Muturu (Liberian Dwarf Muturu, Ghanaian Dwarf Muturu, Nigerian Dwarf Muturu)
641:
625:
566:
546:
213:
1988:"Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan)"
1951:
From Faras to Soba: 60 years of
Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan
1605:"Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence"
296:
2020. Admixture analysis from this paper groups Sanga cattle under the following taxonomy:
2279:
853:
822:
664:
621:
604:, as a variant of the indigenous African aurochs, but would have been domesticated in the
390:
1399:
Foidl, Daniel, "Aurochs cow colour schemes",in: The
Breeding-back Blog, (22 March 2020).
2172:
2147:
1818:
1744:
1196:
1143:
2092:
1910:
1885:"Cow about that! New research overturns traditional thoughts about domesticated cattle"
1374:
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550:
273:
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2132:
1934:
1853:
1713:
1655:
1534:
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1486:
1456:
1426:
1237:"Trypanotolerant livestock in the context of trypanosomiasis intervention strategies"
1125:
935:
848:
760:
648:
269:
2072:
1987:
1784:
2006:
1870:
1294:
838:
660:
601:
430:
422:
2201:
Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales
1427:"Cultural adaptations at Uan Tabu from the Upper Pleistocene to the Late Holocene"
938:
of the United States. Mostly Ankole, some populations have Canadian contribution.
1957:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460.
911:
Alur, also called Nioka (Nyoka) or Blukwa cattle (Democratic Republic of Congo);
741:
652:
561:
557:
277:
129:
17:
1807:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
556:
Based on cattle remains near the Nile dated to 9000 BP and cattle remains near
397:
infested areas of West and Central Africa. International research conducted by
325:) first split from Eurasian taurine. A group of Asian indicine cattle ("Zebu",
2212:
2124:
1972:
1768:
1639:
1162:
1109:
578:
394:
2220:
2163:
2116:
2014:
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1705:
1697:
1631:
1586:
1556:
1065:
1048:
1827:
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1448:
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624:, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the
574:
531:
89:
41:
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1776:
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1345:
1268:
1236:
1222:
1117:
736:
418:
414:
1862:
1375:"A review of reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (Zebu) cattle"
1251:"Animal genetic resources characterization and conservation research i..."
1032:. The two synonyms referring to African cattle are picked from the source.
1481:. African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources. pp. 6, 8.
941:
393:
poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in
109:
2146:
Kim, K; Kim, D; Hanotte, O; Lee, C; Kim, H; Jeong, C (1 December 2023).
1803:"Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle"
2108:
1926:
1623:
989:
545:
Rather than the domesticating of cattle happening in the region of the
527:
402:
292:
A relatively complete survey on the many breeds of Sanga cattle is Kim
281:
149:
139:
2093:"An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence"
1911:"An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence"
1204:
809:
629:
617:
535:
259:
173:
119:
99:
1802:
1574:
1400:
2064:
1728:
1673:
891:
Zenga is a word coined to refer to crosses between Zebu and Sanga.
637:
605:
570:
410:
1729:"African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations"
569:, aurochs are thought to have been independently domesticated in
417:
is the most resistant breed. In Nigeria, research has shown that
676:
609:
398:
1502:"Thoughts on the rock art of the Tadrart Acacus Mts., SW Libya"
633:
449:
159:
2148:"Inference of Admixture Origins in Indigenous African Cattle"
1092:
Kemp, Stephen; Hanotte, Olivier; Kim, Heebal (October 2020).
675:
domesticating African cattle. Based on a small sample size (
2059:(S4). The University of Chicago Press Journals: S397–S413.
280:(indicine), and native African varieties of the ancestral
1674:"The Dawn of African Pastoralisms: An Introductory Note"
1431:
Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara
1028:
Note: this source considers all domestic cattle to be
722:
The list of breeds below follow the framework of Kim
600:
These cattle would have originated in the regions of
1479:
The story of cattle in Africa: Why diversity matters
1042:
1040:
1038:
798:
Sanga are crosses between African taurine and Zebu.
1472:"Why cattle matter: An enduring and essential bond"
695:) and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (
429:has shown a similarity with crossbreeding N'Dama ×
2255:"Genetic characterization and West African cattle"
2047:Marshall, Fiona; Weissbrod, Lior (October 2011).
1603:Priehodová, Edita; et al. (November 2020).
1181:"Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?"
321:In the analyses cited by Kim, African taurine (
2232:
2230:
1174:
1172:
1598:
1596:
1541:. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–110.
49:Watusi cattle, a breed in the "Sanga" group.
8:
2238:"Humpless Shorthorns - Breeds | DAGRIS"
1568:
1566:
1539:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines
1433:. All'Insegna del Giglio. pp. 232–235.
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1948:Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021).
421:is up to 2-3x (or 25%) more resistant than
2249:
2247:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1796:
1794:
1379:International Livestock Research Institute
1137:
1135:
40:
31:
2305:Cattle breeds originating in South Africa
2171:
1852:
1826:
1612:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1528:
1526:
1335:
1325:
1212:
1086:
1084:
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1080:
1078:
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1064:
500:Learn how and when to remove this message
1995:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1667:
1665:
1053:South African Journal of Animal Science
1003:
338:
1678:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
258:is the collective name for indigenous
2310:Cattle breeds originating in Zimbabwe
2290:Cattle breeds originating in Ethiopia
2285:Cattle breeds originating in Cameroon
1986:Osypiński, Piotr (30 December 2022).
288:Genetic signatures and classification
229:
7:
2300:Cattle breeds originating in Nigeria
2091:Grigson, Caroline (December 1991).
2295:Cattle breeds originating in Kenya
25:
2097:The African Archaeological Review
1915:The African Archaeological Review
1533:Barich, Barbara (December 2018).
1470:Hanott, Olivier (December 2019).
1401:http://breedingback.blogspot.com/
272:and their origins in relation to
1425:Garcea, Elena A.A. (July 2019).
1026:from the original on 1 May 2023.
1012:American Society of Mammalogists
596:Independent domestication theory
521:Near-eastern introduction theory
454:
407:Democratic Republic of the Congo
368:
356:
344:
300:African taurine (N'Dama, Muturu)
76:
2152:Molecular Biology and Evolution
687:Origin of indicine contribution
2007:10.37343/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13
1:
1265:"500 - Internal server error"
1142:Rege, J. E. O. (April 1999).
1020:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
446:Origin of the African taurine
309:African zenga (Fogera, Horro)
340:Major groups of Sanga cattle
1373:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1989).
581:, into the Central Sahara.
474:. The specific problem is:
2326:
1909:Grigson, Caroline (1991).
1500:Di Lernia, Savino (2012).
681:sequences of whole genomes
2213:10.1017/S1014233900003448
1727:Hanotte, Olivier (2002).
1573:Soukopova, Jitka (2020).
1185:Evolutionary Applications
1163:10.1017/S1014233900003448
1110:10.1038/s41588-020-0694-2
228:
221:
202:
195:
73:Scientific classification
71:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1293:. June 2004 – via
1151:Animal Genetic Resources
1066:10.4314/sajas.v31i3.3801
908:Jiddu (southern Somalia)
747:Lagune or Dahomey cattle
613:remains to be resolved.
351:N'Dama (African taurine)
306:African indicine (Mursi)
2195:Rege, J. E. O. (1999).
1828:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131
1801:MacHugh, David (1996).
1753:10.1126/science.1069878
1411:cf. Foidl, Daniel in:
1327:10.1186/1471-2156-13-87
513:Archaeological evidence
2164:10.1093/molbev/msad257
1690:10.1006/jaar.1998.0318
691:Indian humped cattle (
312:African sanga (Ankole)
303:African humped cattle
756:Ghana dwarf shorthorn
2275:Domesticated animals
2053:Current Anthropology
902:Fogera (of Ethiopia)
834:Drakensberger cattle
530:domesticated in the
482:improve this section
470:to meet Knowledge's
265:Bos taurus africanus
206:Bos taurus africanus
188:B. t. africanus
1819:1996PNAS...93.5131B
1745:2002Sci...296..336H
1618:(3): 423–424, 436.
1362:. 16 November 2020.
1197:2019EvApp..12..123P
905:Horro (of Ethiopia)
899:Arado (of Ethiopia)
881:Humpless Shorthorns
859:White Fulani cattle
788:Humpless Shorthorns
636:) remains found at
413:has shown that the
268:. Their history of
56:Conservation status
2109:10.1007/BF01117218
1927:10.1007/BF01117218
1624:10.1002/ajpa.24116
1413:Garrick, Dorian J.
327:Bos taurus indicus
1889:Science in Poland
1739:(5566): 338–339.
1672:Holl, A. (1998).
1581:: 58–60, 62, 66.
1205:10.1111/eva.12674
1104:(10): 1099–1110.
944:of South Africa.
920:Tete (Mozambique)
917:Sukuma (Tanzania)
510:
509:
502:
472:quality standards
463:This section may
323:Bos taurus taurus
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16:(Redirected from
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1267:. Archived from
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926:Composite breeds
647:The managing of
642:Northeast Africa
586:Bos primigenius
567:Northeast Africa
540:then still green
505:
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386:Trypanotolerance
372:
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214:unavailable name
208:
81:
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65:
44:
32:
21:
18:Taurus africanus
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1357:
1353:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1271:on 22 July 2020
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:9 January 2012.
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1098:Nature Genetics
1090:
1089:
1074:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
945:
928:
923:
914:Nganda (Uganda)
889:
884:
796:
791:
752:Ghana shorthorn
732:
730:African taurine
720:
689:
665:Bos primigenius
622:domestic cattle
598:
523:
515:
506:
495:
489:
486:
479:
459:
455:
448:
439:
391:Trypanosomiasis
388:
383:
376:
373:
364:
361:
352:
349:
290:
217:
210:
204:
191:
177:
75:
67:
58:
28:
27:Breed of cattle
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2243:
2226:
2187:
2138:
2078:
2065:10.1086/658389
2020:
1978:
1963:
1940:
1921:(1): 119–144.
1901:
1876:
1790:
1719:
1661:
1592:
1562:
1547:
1522:
1492:
1462:
1439:
1417:
1404:
1392:
1365:
1351:
1300:
1282:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1191:(1): 123–136.
1168:
1131:
1072:
1059:(3): 181–194.
1034:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:
987:
981:
975:
939:
932:
927:
924:
922:
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918:
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906:
903:
900:
897:
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867:
864:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
820:
817:
812:
807:
804:
800:
795:
792:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:Savanna Muturu
781:
777:Muturu cattle
775:
772:
769:
768:Kapsiki cattle
766:
763:
758:
749:
744:
739:
733:
731:
728:
719:
718:List of breeds
716:
688:
685:
657:Western Desert
597:
594:
547:Tadrart Acacus
522:
519:
514:
511:
508:
507:
462:
460:
453:
447:
444:
438:
435:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
367:
365:
363:Watusi (Sanga)
362:
355:
353:
350:
343:
341:
319:
318:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
301:
289:
286:
274:taurine cattle
251:
250:
249:
248:
237:
226:
225:
219:
218:
211:
200:
199:
197:Trinomial name
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
174:B. taurus
171:
169:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
147:
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142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
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107:
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82:
69:
68:
63:
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59:
54:
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50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2322:
2311:
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2256:
2250:
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2239:
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2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:9788395336256
1960:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1886:
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1576:
1569:
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1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:9780199675616
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1496:
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1488:
1484:
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1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:9788878141841
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
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1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
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1270:
1266:
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1246:
1243:
1238:
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1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
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1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
997:
991:
988:
986:of Madagascar
985:
982:
980:of Madagascar
979:
976:
943:
940:
937:
936:Ankole-Watusi
934:
933:
931:
925:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
892:
886:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
799:
793:
787:
782:
779:
778:
776:
774:Bakosi cattle
773:
771:Namchi cattle
770:
767:
764:
762:
761:Baoule cattle
759:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
729:
727:
725:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Barbary sheep
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
611:
607:
603:
595:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
520:
518:
512:
504:
501:
493:
483:
478:
473:
469:
468:
461:
452:
451:
445:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
380:
375:Arado (Zanga)
371:
366:
359:
354:
347:
342:
339:
337:
335:
330:
328:
324:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:domestication
267:
266:
261:
257:
245:
241:
238:
235:Kerr, 1792
233:
232:Bos africanus
230:
227:
224:
220:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
74:
70:
64:Domesticated
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Sanga cattle
33:
30:
19:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2103:: 119, 139.
2100:
2096:
2056:
2052:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1950:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1813:(10): 5135.
1810:
1806:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1684:(2): 81–83.
1681:
1677:
1615:
1611:
1578:
1538:
1535:"The Sahara"
1508:
1495:
1478:
1465:
1430:
1420:
1407:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1354:
1317:
1314:BMC Genetics
1313:
1303:
1295:ResearchGate
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1245:
1231:
1188:
1184:
1154:
1150:
1101:
1097:
1056:
1052:
1029:
1019:
1016:"Bos taurus"
1006:
929:
890:
887:Zenga cattle
797:
794:Sanga cattle
765:Somba cattle
723:
721:
711:
707:
706:onward. Kim
701:
696:
692:
690:
673:
669:
661:domesticated
646:
615:
602:North Africa
599:
589:
585:
583:
555:
544:
524:
516:
496:
490:January 2024
487:
480:Please help
475:
464:
440:
431:Boran cattle
423:Nguni cattle
389:
333:
331:
326:
322:
320:
293:
291:
264:
263:
256:Sanga cattle
255:
254:
239:
231:
205:
203:
187:
186:
182:Subspecies:
172:
160:
130:Artiodactyla
29:
992:of Tanzania
974:Shorthurn.)
954:Afrikaner,
896:Afar cattle
872:Ghana Sanga
869:Méré cattle
819:Aliab Dinka
742:Kuri cattle
693:Bos indicus
653:Nabta Playa
562:Bir Kiseiba
558:Nabta Playa
484:if you can.
278:zebu cattle
146:Subfamily:
2269:Categories
2125:5547025047
1973:1374884636
1769:5553773601
1640:8674413468
1579:Expression
998:References
964:Hereford,
844:Red Fulani
806:Raya Azebo
697:Bos taurus
579:Wadi Howar
538:which was
395:Tsetse fly
246:, 1860
2221:2076-4022
2133:162307756
2117:0263-0338
2015:1234-5415
2001:: 55–56.
1935:162307756
1894:1 October
1845:117495312
1837:0027-8424
1761:0036-8075
1714:144518526
1706:361174899
1698:0278-4165
1656:221179656
1632:0002-9483
1587:2499-1341
1557:944462988
1517:211732682
1511:: 34–35.
1509:Adoranten
1487:226832881
1457:133766878
1126:222172046
1030:B. taurus
815:Afrikaner
655:, in the
575:Near East
532:Near East
477:theories.
244:Fitzinger
240:Bos sanga
168:Species:
96:Kingdom:
90:Eukaryota
2207:: 1–25.
2182:37995300
2173:10701095
2073:85956858
1785:30291909
1777:11951043
1648:32812238
1449:48360794
1346:23075408
1223:30622640
1157:: 1–25.
1118:32989325
1024:Archived
1014:(2021).
984:Renitelo
942:Bonsmara
573:and the
465:require
223:Synonyms
136:Family:
120:Mammalia
110:Chordata
106:Phylum:
100:Animalia
86:Domain:
1871:7094393
1863:8643540
1815:Bibcode
1741:Bibcode
1733:Science
1385:2 March
1337:3519672
1214:6304694
1193:Bibcode
990:Mpwapwa
969:⁄
959:⁄
949:⁄
618:African
528:aurochs
467:cleanup
437:Origins
403:Nigeria
282:aurochs
156:Genus:
150:Bovinae
140:Bovidae
126:Order:
116:Class:
2280:Cattle
2219:
2180:
2170:
2158:(12).
2131:
2123:
2115:
2071:
2013:
1971:
1961:
1933:
1869:
1861:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1585:
1555:
1545:
1515:
1485:
1455:
1447:
1437:
1344:
1334:
1320:: 87.
1275:23 May
1221:
1211:
1124:
1116:
866:Keteku
863:Borgou
854:Tswana
828:Watusi
825:group
823:Ankole
810:Abigar
803:Anugak
737:N'dama
724:et al.
712:et al.
708:et al.
630:cattle
536:Sahara
419:N'Dama
415:N'Dama
405:, the
381:Traits
294:et al.
260:cattle
2129:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1991:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1931:S2CID
1867:S2CID
1854:39419
1781:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1652:S2CID
1608:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1505:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1475:(PDF)
1453:S2CID
1381:: 1–2
1147:(PDF)
1122:S2CID
875:Diali
839:Nguni
679:from
638:Affad
606:Sudan
571:India
427:KALRO
411:Kenya
315:Sheko
2217:ISSN
2178:PMID
2121:OCLC
2113:ISSN
2011:ISSN
1969:OCLC
1959:ISBN
1896:2024
1859:PMID
1841:OCLC
1833:ISSN
1773:PMID
1765:OCLC
1757:ISSN
1702:OCLC
1694:ISSN
1644:PMID
1636:OCLC
1628:ISSN
1583:ISSN
1553:OCLC
1543:ISBN
1445:OCLC
1435:ISBN
1387:2010
1342:PMID
1277:2019
1219:PMID
1114:PMID
978:Rana
849:Tuli
754:and
677:SNPs
610:Zebu
560:and
409:and
399:ILRI
2209:doi
2168:PMC
2160:doi
2105:doi
2061:doi
2003:doi
1923:doi
1849:PMC
1823:doi
1749:doi
1737:296
1686:doi
1620:doi
1616:173
1332:PMC
1322:doi
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1159:doi
1106:doi
1061:doi
878:Biu
704:BCE
634:Bos
626:MSA
590:Bos
401:in
334:how
161:Bos
2271::
2246:^
2229:^
2215:.
2205:25
2203:.
2199:.
2176:.
2166:.
2156:40
2154:.
2150:.
2127:.
2119:.
2111:.
2099:.
2095:.
2081:^
2067:.
2057:52
2055:.
2051:.
2023:^
2009:.
1999:31
1997:.
1993:.
1967:.
1929:.
1917:.
1913:.
1887:.
1865:.
1857:.
1847:.
1839:.
1831:.
1821:.
1811:93
1809:.
1805:.
1793:^
1779:.
1771:.
1763:.
1755:.
1747:.
1735:.
1731:.
1708:.
1700:.
1692:.
1682:17
1680:.
1676:.
1664:^
1650:.
1642:.
1634:.
1626:.
1614:.
1610:.
1595:^
1577:.
1565:^
1551:.
1537:.
1525:^
1507:.
1477:.
1451:.
1443:.
1429:.
1377:.
1340:.
1330:.
1318:13
1316:.
1312:.
1217:.
1207:.
1199:.
1189:12
1187:.
1183:.
1171:^
1155:25
1153:.
1149:.
1134:^
1120:.
1112:.
1102:52
1100:.
1096:.
1075:^
1057:31
1055:.
1051:.
1037:^
1022:.
1018:.
971:16
961:16
551:BP
433:.
276:,
2257:.
2240:.
2223:.
2211::
2184:.
2162::
2135:.
2107::
2101:9
2075:.
2063::
2017:.
2005::
1975:.
1937:.
1925::
1919:9
1898:.
1873:.
1825::
1817::
1787:.
1751::
1743::
1716:.
1688::
1658:.
1622::
1589:.
1559:.
1519:.
1489:.
1459:.
1389:.
1348:.
1324::
1297:.
1279:.
1239:.
1225:.
1203::
1195::
1165:.
1161::
1128:.
1108::
1069:.
1063::
967:3
957:3
951:8
947:5
632:(
503:)
497:(
492:)
488:(
216:)
212:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
