789:
717:
387:
1122:, in order to resolve Italo-German tensions. This plan, proposed by Frauenfeld, found support with Hitler, who said of the plan, "I think the idea is an excellent one... I think, too, that the Crimea will be both climatically and geographically ideal for the South Tyrolese, and in comparison with their present settlement it will be a real land of milk and honey. Their transfer to the Crimea presents neither physical nor psychological difficulty. All they have to do is to sail down just one German waterway, the Danube, and there they are." However, with partisan activity and the ongoing war impeding the development of a stable, civilian government, this idea, too, never became reality. The third and final proposal, pushed by Frauenfeld and
1202:
70:
864:
56:
106:
362:
645:
851:, and was relatively liberal in regards to its treatment of the indigenous population compared to Koch's brutal "sledge-hammer" policy in regards to non-Germans. During his leadership, Frauenfeld, who held little to no control over Crimea proper, devoted himself to the study of Crimean Goths, creating a photo album and writing a book on Crimea's history. Under Frauenfeld's proposals, Crimea was to become a tourist hotspot for all of post-war Europe, and a new capital was to be built in the
695:, two followers of Seydamet Qırımer were granted visas to enter Turkey. The process of granting visas, done during a period when Germans intended to ethnically cleanse Crimean Tatars in the near future, was deliberate, and the Crimean Tatars were not granted requests to inspect Crimean prisoner of war camps. Nonetheless, following the visit, Rosenberg noted that it would be necessary to ensure Crimean Tatar prisoners of war be treated humanely out of respect for Turkey.
1150:, served as the representative of the Foreign Office in Crimea from autumn 1941 to summer 1942. During this time, he formulated a plan to bring Muslims to rise up against Soviet rule through an extensive propaganda campaign involving radio broadcasts, pamphlets, and the usage of spokespeople. Hentig believed that the campaign would foment solidarity with Germany's war against the Soviet Union in the Islamic world. Another faction in the Foreign Office was headed by
1169:"I don't know about these Georgians. They do not belong to the Turkic peoples... I consider only the Moslems to be reliable... All the others I deem unreliable. For the time being I consider the formation of these battalions of purely Caucasian peoples as very risky, while I don't see any danger in the establishment of purely Moslem units... In spite of all the declarations from Rosenberg and the military, I don't trust the Armenians either."
776:
Tatars, leading Özenbaşlı to remark in 1943, "We have found ourselves between Scylla and
Charybdis." Such sentiment was widespread among nationalist circles, as Germany's unclear attitude and gains by the Red Army led to increased feelings of consternation. Also negatively affecting the German-Tatar relationship was anti-partisan reprisals against Crimean Tatar villages. Özenbaşlı made an unsuccessful effort to effectively rebuild
934:, one of his strongest detractors, to Koch. Four months later, Rosenberg toured Crimea, speaking to soldiers. Both Kleist and Rosenberg regarded the tour as a failure, but for opposing reasons: Kleist because of what he regarded as overly-negative rhetoric and Rosenberg because he perceived the Wehrmacht as having a decidedly more Russophilic approach towards indigenous affairs than himself.
1014:
969:
to be decollectivised. However, the measure lacked teeth, as land reform efforts did not follow the standards set by the German government. Nonetheless, the land reform was used by
Frauenfeld as evidence of greater management in Crimea and Taurida than in Ukraine proper, with particular notice being given to the fact that Crimea had greater production per acre than Ukraine.
1062:, none of which were actually adopted due to the failure of German forces to subdue partisan forces or maintain military control of Crimea. Additionally complicating matters was the matter of German–Turkish relations and Turkish concerns for ethnic Crimean Tatars, which interfered with Germany's intentions for the total colonisation of Crimea.
523:, a Turkic and religiously-Muslim ethnic group, were the eponymous people and a significant portion of the population, tensions existed between them and ethnic Slavs (primarily Russians). These tensions were compounded by Soviet government opposition to expressions of Crimean Tatar national desires, such as a government-backed proposal for
687:
only to be removed in case of absolute necessity. This measure, explicitly outlining the protection of
Crimean Tatars from deportation, demonstrated to the Turkish government Germany's willingness to protect their interests. Turkey, not pleased with the level of autonomy granted, made continuous demands (both subtle and overt) through
766:
725:
preparations also began in earnest for the genocide of Crimea's peoples. On 6 July 1942, in spite of previous protests against the liquidation of Crimea's
Russian population (for economic reasons), officials the Wehrmacht participated in a conference with Schutzstaffel members on resettlement camps, the genocide of "
963:
With
Germany's capture of Crimea, Crimea's peasants anticipated decollectivisation and the return of land, much like in other areas of the Soviet Union under German control. However, the government pursued land reform at a relatively slow pace, a matter which anguished peasants. In accordance with an
899:
7. The agrarian reform is to be carried out with greater dispatch. In 1943 at least 50 per cent of the collectives are to be transformed into communes. In the remaining collectives, the individual plots are to be given to the peasants as tax-free property. In appropriate cases individual farms are to
686:
Even prior to the beginning of
Germany's occupation of Crimea, German leadership had already begun planning for the colonisation of the peninsula. In a directive dating to early July 1941, Hitler called for the immediate expulsion of all Russians from the peninsula, with Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars
1184:
Before Crimea even came under occupation by German forces, efforts were made to establish a partisan network in the peninsula. Beginning in Kerch in early
October, partisan forces existed in all of Crimea by 23 October 1941. In spite of organisational issues, the Crimean resistance managed to pose a
1049:
Following Crimea's recapture by Soviet forces, the German government again sought to give Özenbaşlı the title of mufti, and requested that he travel to Berlin to be officially appointed. Instead, however, Özenbaşlı fled to
Romania in expectation that British troops would take control of the country.
843:
as a whole remained, with Koch calling for
Taurida's autonomous status to be abolished and Frauenfeld making negative remarks about Koch's performance in correspondence with Rosenberg. Frauenfeld and Koch remained enemies until the war's end, with Frauenfeld continuing to promote himself as a better
968:
to appear gracious to Turkey, Hans-Joachim Riecke (Nazi chief of agriculture in
Eastern Europe) hastened the pace of decollectivisation, declaring that 40% of Crimean Tatar land would be returned in the first year of land reform. This was significant compared to 10-12% of land in Ukraine, which was
977:
With Germany's intention to establish Crimea as a leading tourist destination in post-war Europe, numerous infrastructure plans were created in order to make transport to and from Crimea easier. Particularly noted in recent years was a proposal by Hitler to create a bridge across the Kerch Strait.
775:
as their leader, and granted him broad permission to negotiate with the Germans on behalf of the Crimean Tatar people. However, the election of Özenbaşlı as the Muslim Committees' representative was followed only by further hesitation on the part of German authorities when dealing with the Crimean
1045:
from the SS, Özenbaşlı was to be declared as Crimea's mufti. The Wehrmacht was immediately suspicious of Özenbaşlı, regarding the title as a means for him to assert further control over Crimea, and protested. Rosenberg, unable to fight the protestations by the Wehrmacht, gave up on the project.
724:
The end of the Crimean campaign brought little stability to Germany's occupational regime, with the partisan movement only continuing its activities. The groundwork of Crimea's colonisation by German settlers began being laid in early 1942, though it remains unknown exactly when. The same year,
1223:
from the Crimean peninsula to Central Asia and Siberia (primarily Uzbekistan) from 18 to 20 May 1944. The actual reasons for the deportation remain debated, with some arguing that it was to keep minorities out of the Soviet Union's border regions and others stating that it was done as a way of
839:, who instituted an economic blockade of with the support of Hitler and Himmler with the intention of starving out the Crimean Tatar population. After the intervention of the Wehrmacht on Frauenfeld's behalf, the blockade was resolved, but tensions between Taurida and the
1028:
Islam was regarded by German authorities as a method for effective control of the Crimean Tatar population, as well as other Muslim peoples throughout the Soviet Union. This became particularly noteworthy from October 1943, after Soviet authorities established the
2173:
950:, who also shifted the focus away from Germany's occupations. By November 1943, Soviet troops returned to the Kerch Strait. They quickly advanced through the Crimean peninsula, and by May 1944, all of Crimea up to the Isthmus of Perekop had been recaptured.
472:
from the outset of occupation, they failed to establish order to any extent that allowed for colonisation to take place, and lost further support due to the slow pace of land reform programmes and a lack of response to Crimean Tatar nationalist sentiment.
631:, the Crimean People's Republic's Prime Minister. Though Turkish interests also concerned themselves with additional areas of the Soviet Union inhabited by Turkic peoples, Crimea held the most Turkish public and governmental interest of all regions.
1111:. A consistent part of the German message was that Crimea was to be completely cleansed of non-Germans, only occasionally sparing Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians. In their place were to be German settlers, for whom Crimea was to become a "spa".
708:. Another element of collaboration was local-level "Muslim Committees", established as a compromise between pro-Turkic voices and the Wehrmacht, which viewed Crimean Tatars as insignificant in comparison to Crimea's Slavic majority.
2166:
929:
This newfound interest in Crimea was met with strong resistance from the SS, which regarded Kleist's involvement in civilian affairs as unwelcome. In spite of this resistance, however, Kleist refused to change his position, comparing
702:. Manstein declared upon taking command that, "The Jewish-Bolshevik system must be wiped out once and for all." With this began the recruitment of Crimean Tatars to serve as anti-partisan volunteer detachments under the aegis of the
1218:
The German occupation of Crimea had an immediate impact on Crimea following its recapture by Soviet forces. As part of a general process of ethnically cleansing ethnicities Stalin regarded as unreliable, all Crimean Tatars were
746:, noting that Alfred Frauenfeld, Crimea's General Commissioner, was also opposed to deportation during the war. Three weeks later, he was told that the plans for colonisation and deportation had been halted until the war's end.
2159:
1030:
558:
and possibly still existed by the time of the war, though they intermingled with Crimean Tatars much like other ethnic groups. According to the Nazis, these Goths had existed long enough to intermingle with the later
2889:
1087:. At the same time, however, it was to be directly subjugated to German control. The most significant issue of this plan, noted by Rosenberg himself, was the lack of ethnic Ukrainians in Russian-dominated Crimea.
1118:, comprising formerly-Soviet lands which included 140,000 Germans. After the end of the Crimean campaign, however, another plan developed, intending to settle the peninsula with Germans from the Italian region
941:
was placed in charge of inspecting Germany's Turkic military forces, shifting concerns from occupation to maintenance of order. Frauenfeld evacuated Taurida, leaving the area once again under military control.
598:
771:, which served as a central organisational authority for Crimea's Muslim Committees. These committees in late 1942 established a plenum with the intention of representing all Crimean Tatars. They elected
1058:
Plans for Crimea's post-war future remained a topic of debate in the halls of German power until it was ultimately recaptured by Soviet forces. Seven different plans were made by leading Nazi theorist
880:
1. The inhabitants of the occupied Eastern territories in the area of Army Group 'A' are to be treated as allies. Treatment as inferiors strengthens the enemy's will to resist and costs German blood.
468:(the last surviving Gothic peoples), German authorities sought to transform Crimea into a tourist destination, including the deportation and genocide of Crimea's non-German inhabitants. Plagued by
1142:, the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs advocated for a relatively moderate position in regards to Crimea, as part of its generally pro-Turkic position in a bid to attract support from Turkey.
488:, made part of Germany proper, or transformed into an independent state under German suzerainty. Collaboration by some Crimean Tatars during the German occupation served as the basis for the
592:, which was established with the support of German forces during World War I. Following the takeover of Crimea by the Red Army, two German raions were established within the Crimean ASSR;
69:
4178:
4198:
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105:
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The proposal, which never reached far beyond the planning stages due to Soviet advances, was allocated insufficient resources for its completion, but served as the base for the
4193:
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481:
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came to support Crimean independence itself, as part of a larger Georgian-led bloc against the Soviet Union. This proposed Georgian bloc was opposed by Hitler, who stated:
883:
2. The supply of the civilian population with food, especially bread, and also clothes, fuel, and consumer goods, is to be improved within the limits imposed by the war...
3256:
539:
in the late 1930s. These tensions were used by German occupational forces as a method of driving a wedge between Crimean Tatars and other ethnic groups, including Jews.
55:
874:
Following a retreat from the Caucasus, Kleist took a more active role in governing Crimea. In February 1943, he issued a series of 14 points, including the following:
588:
city council. German settlers were permitted to organise local self-government, and were free from paying taxes. German had been one of the official languages of the
1005:
to Crimea. The proposal, which never left the drawing board, would have, in Hitler's words, made it so that one could, "do the whole distance easily in two days."
437:, Crimea proper never actually became part of the Generalbezirk, and was instead subordinate to a military administration. This administration was first headed by
987:
3768:
2923:
492:
in 1944, despite active Crimean Tatar participation in the war effort and the desire by certain sectors of the German government to deport Tatars themselves.
547:
In addition to local conflicts which preceded Germany's occupation of Crimea, the region had historically been home to a significant German population. The
3460:
1130:
to be resettled in Crimea. This idea was rejected by Himmler, who argued for it to be pursued in the spring of 1943 or during "another favourable moment."
716:
667:. Consecutively with the entrance of German troops, structures by Soviet forces for the development of a partisan movement were established in the city of
4163:
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2946:
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96:
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of 1946–1953. Others, still, cast the deportation as an act of Russian nationalism dating back to long before the establishment of the Soviet Union.
4183:
3423:
2958:
2192:
1201:
476:
A matter of significant strategic and ideological importance, Germany's occupation of Crimea remained a matter of hot debate between the Wehrmacht,
659:
Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941, thus drawing the Soviet Union into World War II. By 26 September 1941, German forces, supported by the
4153:
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469:
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1836:
1515:
516:
3001:
757:, and his attitudes towards the North Caucasian peoples served as a basis for later activity he conducted in regards to the Crimean Tatars.
4173:
3111:
937:
Throughout 1943, the remaining pretences of maintaining control over Crimea were dropped as Red Army forces closed in on the area; General
863:
607:. Despite this, however, following the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, over 60,000 ethnic Germans were deported from Crimea to Siberia.
1286:
95:
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3223:
3046:
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692:
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1378:
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1900:
1801:
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1079:. Containing numerous contradictions and undergoing several revisions, it nonetheless became the prevailing plan, and Crimea was
738:
for these plans, individual officers still disputed them, along with resettlement plans, as unhelpful to the war effort. General
3192:
3106:
1235:
Following the war, Crimea was economically and agriculturally devastated as a result of fierce fighting. It was impacted by the
4168:
3453:
3076:
2806:
2786:
2398:
1033:(SADUM). As an attempt to counteract the establishment of SADUM, German officials organised a congress of Muslims from Crimea,
965:
477:
3157:
3031:
1236:
4051:
3261:
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2363:
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as commander of German forces in Crimea. Alongside his position as commander of forces in Crimea, Kleist was involved in the
2811:
3942:
3851:
3197:
3142:
2758:
2646:
2457:
1158:, staunchly opposed to these plans, successfully sought the removal of the Foreign Office from affairs in Eastern Europe.
680:
2766:
616:
457:
3962:
3906:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3202:
3011:
3006:
2981:
2884:
2874:
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1021:
867:
750:
624:
446:
246:
628:
4082:
3972:
3658:
3266:
3177:
2477:
589:
3653:
847:
Frauenfeld's regime has been described as having "limited sympathy" towards the Crimean Tatars by American historian
4068:
3967:
3840:
3510:
3446:
3276:
3271:
3137:
2996:
2628:
2623:
2618:
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2600:
2510:
1240:
1075:
735:
433:
115:
3297:
3116:
3021:
2151:
3957:
3921:
2908:
999:
Another project intended to improve Crimea's connections to the rest of Germany's empire was an expansion of the
761:
524:
896:
6. In principle, 20 per cent of all consumer goods produced are to be distributed among the civilian population.
886:
3. Social services are to be expanded, e.g. supply of hospitals with medicines, and milk for women and children.
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However, he was instead captured by Soviet troops and repatriated to the Soviet Union, where he died in 1958.
593:
938:
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2575:
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1967:
1755:
1190:
992:
75:
1749:
1103:), headed by Rosenberg, took an aggressive position in regards to Crimea's post-war fate. According to the
1017:
772:
2747:
2729:
2580:
2348:
1260:
1229:
1154:, who advocated for Crimean independence, as well as independence for Turkic peoples in the Caucasus. The
1143:
1107:, Crimea was to fall directly under the control of Nazi Germany, rather than being administered through a
1024:, served as the Crimean Tatars' representative, and was to be declared mufti of the Crimean Tatars in 1945
903:
8. As a rule ... the delivery quota for agricultural produce shall not exceed that under the Bolsheviks...
870:, commander of German forces in Crimea from 1942, laid out plans for Germany's governance of the peninsula
754:
604:
161:
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3673:
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442:
333:
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Rosenberg's first plan, simply titled 'Ukraine with the Crimea', called for Crimea to be included into
627:
at the hands of the Red Army, Turkey had become a base for many Crimean Tatar nationalists, among them
1352:
4041:
3916:
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3825:
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3379:
3342:
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2852:
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2505:
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2414:
2388:
2383:
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1945:
1892:
1828:
1793:
1723:
1691:
1652:
1615:
1580:
1548:
1448:
1186:
982:, a post-war construction which existed for less than a year before collapsing in February 1945. The
979:
512:
279:
61:
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1993:
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3613:
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2679:
2590:
2495:
2418:
2283:
2268:
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1127:
931:
570:
134:
4089:
3881:
3871:
3736:
3239:
2836:
2719:
2671:
2555:
2500:
2424:
2308:
2248:
2119:
1989:
804:
699:
660:
581:
528:
438:
239:
169:
3977:
3394:
2684:
2060:
1290:
4075:
4013:
3588:
3347:
2373:
2298:
2253:
2080:
2070:
2041:
2031:
2000:
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1896:
1832:
1797:
1727:
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1656:
1619:
1584:
1552:
1511:
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947:
852:
824:
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704:
691:, Germany's ambassador to Turkey. After much lobbying and the intervention of Turkish general
574:
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222:
89:
3947:
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1715:
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1607:
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1440:
1059:
1038:
943:
848:
664:
655:) was key to relaying Turkey's desire to protect the Crimean Tatars to the German government
652:
623:, primarily involved the protection of the Crimean Tatars. Following the dissolution of the
532:
422:
177:
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during World War II. Turkish interests in Crimea, stretching back to the early days of the
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2689:
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672:
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193:
154:
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Exactly where the colonists were to come from remained debated. Originally was Romania's
2139:"The Soviet Famine of 1946–1947, the Weather and Human Agency in Historical Perspective"
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3721:
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3623:
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1994:"Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"
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significant threat to German activities in Crimea, and was praised by Soviet generals
456:
German interests in Crimea were multifaceted and a matter of great sensitivity due to
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3893:
3793:
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3633:
3563:
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3485:
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2378:
2368:
2338:
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2138:
1147:
1146:, the leading voice of the Foreign Office on Islamic affairs alongside his assistant
548:
465:
1871:
Office of the U.S. Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946).
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1922:
The Horrible Truths of the Great Patriotic War: Partisans Without Sworn Secrecy
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1205:
An abandoned home in Crimea after its residents were expelled in the post-war
1013:
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675:. In the winter of 1941, Soviet forces landed in the Kerch Peninsula over the
585:
144:
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2440:
2273:
2233:
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2020:
To The Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War
464:. Basing their interests in Crimea off of the historical existence of the
3876:
3389:
2333:
795:, Crimea's General Commissioner, was limited to parts of southern Ukraine
780:, the leading party of the Crimean Tatars during the Russian Revolution.
2123:
1228:
strait in Turkey, across the Black Sea from Crimea, as a prelude to the
1918:Страшная правда о Великой Отечественной. Партизаны без грифа «Секретно»
731:", and the establishment of transport facilities for deported peoples.
1031:
Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan
844:
leader even after Crimea and Taurida were retaken by Red Army forces.
27:
1941–1944 military occupation of the Crimean peninsula by Nazi Germany
2821:
1976:
The All-People's Struggle in the Rear of the Nazi Invaders, 1941-1944
923:
14. Religious practice is free and is not to be impeded in any way...
414:
405:
1261:"Antisemitic Docrtine in the Tatar Newspaper Azat Kirim (1942-1944)"
760:
Another noteworthy development in 1942 was the establishment of the
551:, the final living Gothic tribes, survived in Crimea until at least
535:
in 1928, and the mass killings of Crimean Tatar leaders during the
2986:
2102:
Potichnyj, Peter J. (1975). "The Struggle of the Crimean Tatars".
1972:Всенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков 1941—1944
1012:
862:
799:
On 1 September 1942, the Wehrmacht released the five districts of
787:
668:
643:
946:, in charge of Germany's "nationality policy", was replaced with
584:, Crimean Germans made up the local elite, comprising 20% of the
3066:
2004:
831:). Frauenfeld soon found himself embroiled in conflict with the
698:
The first commander of German occupational forces in Crimea was
3442:
2155:
460:, with Turkey serving as the primary champion of the rights of
996:, for having a similar purpose to Hitler's proposed bridge.
1956:] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. pp. 377, 409.
1750:"Medvedev's Planned Bridge to Crimea Has Long History"
1978:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 112–113.
1416:] (in Russian). Paris: YMCA-PRESS. p. 598.
1381:[Germans in Crimea: History and Modernity].
1037:, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, to be overseen by
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1861:. Cambridge, London: Belknap Press. pp. 49–50.
1495:] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. p. 34.
1097:
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
482:
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
401:
329:
319:
314:
300:
290:
275:
261:
230:
216:
199:
150:
140:
125:
34:
1748:
569:of the late 18th century with the support of Tsar
663:, had started fighting for Crimea, beginning the
1041:, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. With the support of
807:to a civilian government which acted as part of
527:in the early 1920s, the arrest and execution of
4179:Military history of Germany during World War II
1508:Where the Iron Crosses Grow: The Crimea 1941–44
1320:. Freiburg im Breisgau: Böhlau Verlag: 156–164.
1289:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
1167:
990:, has been noted by some publications, such as
913:12. The school system is to be promoted widely.
876:
827:, was simply referred to as "Taurida" (German:
615:Matters involving Crimea were a focal point of
577:began arriving from Russia and Ukraine proper.
484:. It was variously proposed to be annexed into
988:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
742:protested to Hermann Göring and field marshal
4199:States and territories disestablished in 1944
3454:
2167:
563:, settlers who began arriving as part of the
302:• Crimea recaptured by the Soviet Union
8:
3237:
2438:
2213:
2205:
507:Crimean Tatars against the Soviet government
36:
4194:States and territories established in 1941
4159:1944 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
4123:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
3810:
3543:
3461:
3447:
3439:
3364:
3246:
2971:
2826:
2754:
2667:
2651:
2596:
2473:
2447:
2223:
2201:
2174:
2160:
2152:
1924:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo.
1314:Saeculum: Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte
417:was subject to military administration by
104:
31:
1887:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1873:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume II
1823:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1788:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1718:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1686:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1647:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1610:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1575:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1443:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1193:as being a vital part of the war effort.
1152:Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg
1408:Obolensky, Vladimir Andreyevich (1988).
1379:"Немцы в Крыму: история и современность"
1312:Schwarz, Ernst (1953). "Die Krimgoten".
1200:
715:
4052:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1476:. New York: Crescent Books. p. 62.
1474:The Times Atlas of the Second World War
1251:
749:In late 1942, Manstein was replaced by
325:27,000 km (10,000 sq mi)
318:
313:
2062:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
1180:Crimean resistance during World War II
3769:Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
1852:
1850:
1848:
1815:
1813:
1780:
1778:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1602:
1600:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1377:Zakharova, Aleksandra (22 May 2018).
299:
289:
274:
270:
229:
215:
211:
7:
1763:from the original on 25 October 2022
1435:
1433:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1285:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum.
517:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
441:in his capacity as commander of the
3999:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
2137:Wheatcroft, Stephen (August 2012).
1351:Verkhovsky, Valery (16 July 2020).
1161:As the tide of the war turned, the
1126:, called for the 2,000 Germans in
25:
4164:1944 disestablishments in Ukraine
2609:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
1353:"Crimean Germans – who are they?"
1268:The Journal of Holocaust Research
1214:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
1207:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
490:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
3097:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
1889:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1825:German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945
1790:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1720:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1688:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1649:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1612:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1577:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1545:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1445:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
811:. This administration, based in
542:
431:, an administrative division of
385:
360:
92:
68:
54:
4184:Nazi colonies in Eastern Europe
3077:Norway (Administrative Council)
2145:: 997 – via ResearchGate.
1747:Torry, Harriet (4 March 2014).
966:NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs
720:German soldiers in Crimea, 1941
478:NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs
4154:1941 establishments in Ukraine
2116:10.1080/00085006.1975.11091411
1510:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 94.
1287:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic"
679:, in what became known as the
1:
4149:1941 establishments in Russia
3943:Bogdanovka concentration camp
3102:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
1489:Непокорённая земля Российская
1333:Die Goten und ihre Geschichte
681:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
552:
421:following the success of the
4189:Soviet Union in World War II
3963:Vapniarka concentration camp
2875:Army Group Rear Area Command
2182:Administrative divisions in
1859:Islam and Nazi Germany's War
1493:The Unconquered Russian Land
1385:(in Russian). Archived from
986:, constructed following the
751:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
519:of the Soviet Union. Though
447:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
247:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
4174:German military occupations
4083:She Paid the Ultimate Price
3973:Janowska concentration camp
3491:Related articles by country
3257:Belgium and Northern France
2880:Belgium and Northern France
1410:Моя жизнь. Мои современники
762:Simferopol Muslim Committee
734:Despite the support of the
590:Crimean Regional Government
204:Military administration of
110:Crimea in 1942 (Dark green)
4220:
4069:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
3968:Pechora concentration camp
3852:Ukrainian People's Militia
3841:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2759:Civil Administration Areas
2364:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
1543:(1957). "People and Pol".
1241:Central Black Earth Region
1239:, along with Moldova, the
1237:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
1211:
1177:
1076:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
1068:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
809:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
801:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
736:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
693:Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet
499:
486:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
434:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
428:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
131:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
116:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
38:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
4113:
3958:Syrets concentration camp
3922:Pripyat Marshes massacres
3476:
2629:North Brabant and Limburg
2624:South Holland and Zeeland
2619:North Holland and Utrecht
2614:Gelderland and Overijssel
1259:Tyaglyy, Mikhail (2011).
1022:Crimean People's Republic
625:Crimean People's Republic
543:Crimea's Germanic peoples
525:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
413:During World War II, the
339:
310:
271:
257:
218:• General Commissar
212:
103:
84:
50:
45:
4128:Transnistria Governorate
4020:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
3846:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
3779:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
3654:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3470:The Holocaust in Ukraine
2867:Military administrations
2399:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
2104:Canadian Slavonic Papers
2028:Cornell University Press
2018:Manley, Rebecca (2012).
1968:Ponomarenko, Panteleimon
1506:Forczyk, Robert (2014).
1331:Wolfram, Herwig (2001).
1243:, and parts of Ukraine.
1116:Transnistria Governorate
617:German–Turkish relations
611:German–Turkish relations
515:, Crimea operated as an
458:German–Turkish relations
4204:Ukraine in World War II
1857:Motadel, David (2014).
1756:The Wall Street Journal
1487:Makarov, N. I. (1976).
1224:securing access to the
1191:Panteleimon Ponomarenko
993:The Wall Street Journal
4169:Crimea in World War II
3238:
2968:Puppet administrations
2772:Carinthia and Carniola
2439:
2214:
2206:
2186:and German occupations
2059:Skutsch, Carl (2013).
1954:The Work of a Lifetime
1230:Turkish straits crisis
1209:
1171:
1144:Werner Otto von Hentig
1134:Potential independence
1025:
927:
871:
828:
796:
755:Battle of the Caucasus
721:
656:
629:Cafer Seydamet Qırımer
37:
4104:Word of the Righteous
3889:Bila Tserkva massacre
3831:Police Regiment South
3674:Hans Graf von Sponeck
2419:Reichsfestung Belgrad
1946:Vasilevsky, Alexander
1916:Polyakov, V. (2009).
1204:
1016:
939:Ernst August Köstring
866:
823:General Commissioner
791:
719:
647:
425:. Officially part of
232:• Field Marshal
151:Common languages
4042:Einsatzgruppen trial
3826:Nachtigall Battalion
3789:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
3644:Walter von Reichenau
3629:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
3421:Strength Through Joy
3380:Weather Station Kurt
3082:Norway (Quisling II)
2329:Munich–Upper Bavaria
2314:March of Brandenburg
1893:Macmillan Publishers
1831:. pp. 253–254.
1829:Macmillan Publishers
1796:. pp. 266–270.
1794:Macmillan Publishers
1724:Macmillan Publishers
1694:. pp. 264–266.
1692:Macmillan Publishers
1655:. pp. 262–264.
1653:Macmillan Publishers
1616:Macmillan Publishers
1581:Macmillan Publishers
1551:. pp. 255–256.
1549:Macmillan Publishers
1451:. pp. 257–258.
1449:Macmillan Publishers
1389:on 21 September 2017
1187:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
980:Kerch railway bridge
513:Operation Barbarossa
280:Operation Barbarossa
4026:Deutsche Volksliste
3907:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3619:Hans von Obstfelder
3614:Gustav Adolf Nosske
3594:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
3240:Reichskommissariats
3072:Norway (Quisling I)
3002:Chechnya-Ingushetia
2662:Bohemia and Moravia
2647:Partial annexations
2458:Danzig–West Prussia
2143:Europe-Asia Studies
1128:Mandatory Palestine
1091:German colonisation
932:Hans-Joachim Riecke
651:(shown here at the
580:By the time of the
571:Catherine the Great
292:• Established
135:military occupation
18:Taurida Subdistrict
4090:The Lemberg Mosaic
3737:Petro Zakhvalynsky
3634:Paul Otto Radomski
2672:General Government
2349:Schleswig-Holstein
1990:Human Rights Watch
1210:
1109:Reichskommissariat
1085:Reichskommissariat
1083:included into the
1026:
1020:, a member of the
872:
841:Reichskommissariat
815:and headed by the
805:Isthmus of Perekop
797:
722:
700:Erich von Manstein
661:Kingdom of Romania
657:
582:Russian Revolution
529:national communist
439:Erich von Manstein
240:Erich von Manstein
4136:
4135:
4076:No Place on Earth
4014:Sonderaktion 1005
3900:Durchgangsstrasse
3860:
3859:
3802:
3801:
3589:Friedrich Jeckeln
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3356:
3355:
3326:Other occupations
3321:
3320:
3232:
3231:
2947:Adriatic Littoral
2940:Operational Zones
2861:
2860:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2708:
2707:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2524:
2523:
2433:
2432:
1999:. New York City.
1885:Dallin, Alexander
1838:978-0-333-21695-8
1821:Dallin, Alexander
1786:Dallin, Alexander
1716:Dallin, Alexander
1684:Dallin, Alexander
1645:Dallin, Alexander
1608:Dallin, Alexander
1573:Dallin, Alexander
1541:Dallin, Alexander
1517:978-1-4728-1678-8
1441:Dallin, Alexander
1414:My Life, My Peers
948:Gerhard von Mende
900:be established...
853:Crimean Mountains
825:Alfred Frauenfeld
793:Alfred Frauenfeld
705:Sicherheitsdienst
671:, in the eastern
594:Büyük Onlar Raion
502:History of Crimea
470:Soviet resistance
415:Crimean Peninsula
411:
410:
397:
396:
393:
392:
373:
372:
223:Alfred Frauenfeld
159:
97:
90:Horst-Wessel-Lied
16:(Redirected from
4211:
4119:
3994:Graebe affidavit
3948:Drohobycz Ghetto
3836:Schutzmannschaft
3811:
3774:Aleksei Glagolev
3727:Hryhoriy Vasiura
3717:Vladimir Katriuk
3712:Anatoliy Kabayda
3707:Feodor Fedorenko
3684:Dieter Wisliceny
3669:Heinrich Seetzen
3584:Günther Herrmann
3569:Hermann Fegelein
3544:
3492:
3482:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3440:
3365:
3247:
3243:
2972:
2959:Alpine Foothills
2827:
2777:Gebiet Bialystok
2755:
2668:
2652:
2597:
2511:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
2474:
2448:
2444:
2389:Westphalia-South
2384:Westphalia-North
2304:Magdeburg-Anhalt
2224:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2110:(2–3): 302–319.
2099:
2093:
2092:
2069:. p. 1188.
2056:
2050:
2049:
2024:Ithaca, New York
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1891:(2nd ed.).
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1827:(2nd ed.).
1817:
1808:
1807:
1792:(2nd ed.).
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1722:(2nd ed.).
1712:
1706:
1705:
1690:(2nd ed.).
1680:
1667:
1666:
1651:(2nd ed.).
1641:
1630:
1629:
1614:(2nd ed.).
1604:
1595:
1594:
1579:(2nd ed.).
1569:
1563:
1562:
1547:(2nd ed.).
1537:
1522:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1447:(2nd ed.).
1437:
1428:
1427:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1256:
1060:Alfred Rosenberg
1039:Amin al-Husseini
944:Georg Leibbrandt
868:Ewald von Kleist
849:Alexander Dallin
770:
665:Crimean campaign
653:Nuremberg trials
602:
557:
554:
449:as commander of
423:Crimean campaign
389:
388:
377:
376:
364:
363:
357:
356:
341:
340:
282:
208:
157:
108:
99:
98:
72:
58:
40:
32:
21:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4117:
4109:
4097:The White Hotel
4056:
4030:
4009:Generalplan Ost
4004:Katzmann Report
3982:
3978:Priest's Grotto
3931:
3917:Odessa massacre
3856:
3798:
3757:
3741:
3732:Petro Voinovsky
3688:
3649:Walter Schimana
3535:
3490:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3437:
3428:
3424:holiday resorts
3404:
3352:
3317:
3281:
3228:
3212:
3126:
2963:
2935:
2857:
2841:
2816:
2749:
2734:
2704:
2666:
2633:
2595:
2520:
2472:
2429:
2403:
2284:Halle-Merseburg
2269:Electoral Hesse
2259:Eastern Hanover
2196:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2150:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2038:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1950:Дело всей жизни
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:. p. 251.
1883:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:. p. 262.
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1663:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1618:. p. 261.
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:. p. 259.
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1538:
1525:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1383:Business Crimea
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1357:Voice of Crimea
1350:
1349:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1293:on 2 March 2007
1284:
1283:
1279:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1216:
1199:
1182:
1176:
1138:Counter to the
1136:
1124:Ulrich Greifelt
1093:
1071:
1066:Inclusion into
1056:
1011:
975:
961:
956:
926:
918:
916:
908:
906:
891:
889:
861:
833:Reichskommissar
786:
764:
714:
689:Franz von Papen
673:Kerch Peninsula
649:Franz von Papen
642:
637:
613:
596:
555:
545:
509:
504:
498:
386:
361:
322:
303:
296:18 October 1941
293:
283:
278:
253:
249:
242:
233:
225:
219:
203:
160:
121:
120:
111:
93:
80:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
59:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3927:Sarny massacre
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Einsatzgruppen
3817:
3815:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3753:Tatiana Markus
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Vasyl Meleshko
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:John Demjanjuk
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Heinz Schubert
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Otto Ohlendorf
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:Fritz Katzmann
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Lothar Fendler
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3122:Zuyev Republic
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Czechoslovakia
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Main Franconia
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Cologne–Aachen
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2199:
2193:Administrative
2189:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2129:
2094:
2075:
2051:
2036:
2030:. p. 40.
2010:
1981:
1959:
1937:
1930:
1908:
1901:
1876:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1809:
1802:
1774:
1739:
1732:
1707:
1700:
1668:
1661:
1631:
1624:
1596:
1589:
1564:
1557:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1479:
1472:Keegan, John.
1464:
1457:
1429:
1422:
1400:
1369:
1338:
1323:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1198:
1195:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1163:Ostministerium
1156:Ostministerium
1140:Ostministerium
1135:
1132:
1105:Ostministerium
1101:Ostministerium
1092:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1043:Gottlob Berger
1018:Amet Özenbaşlı
1010:
1007:
1002:Reichsautobahn
984:Crimean Bridge
974:
973:Infrastructure
971:
964:effort by the
960:
957:
955:
952:
925:
924:
920:
915:
914:
910:
905:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
887:
884:
881:
877:
860:
857:
785:
782:
773:Amet Özenbaşlı
744:Wilhelm Keitel
713:
710:
641:
638:
636:
633:
621:Ottoman Empire
612:
609:
561:Crimea Germans
544:
541:
521:Crimean Tatars
508:
505:
497:
494:
462:Crimean Tatars
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
383:
374:
371:
370:
365:
353:
352:
347:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
262:Historical era
259:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
236:
234:
231:
228:
227:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
186:Mariupol Greek
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
112:
109:
101:
100:
82:
81:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4216:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Kharkov Trial
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Mizocz Ghetto
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:Drobytsky Yar
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:Organizations
3805:
3795:
3794:Yurii Sokolov
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Omelyan Kovch
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3694:Collaborators
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Kurt Eberhard
3562:
3560:
3559:Werner Braune
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3486:The Holocaust
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Russia (KONR)
3181:
3179:
3178:Russia (ODNR)
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:zone réservée
2895:
2894:Atlantic Wall
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Burgundy (SS)
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Upper Silesia
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Lower Silesia
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:9781135193881
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:9780801457760
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1931:9785699366859
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1902:9780333216958
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:9780333216958
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1733:9780333216958
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1701:9780333216958
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:9780333216958
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:9780333216958
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:9780333216958
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1558:9780333216958
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1458:9780333216958
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:9785995008644
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Alimcan Idris
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1003:
997:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
972:
970:
967:
958:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
935:
933:
922:
921:
919:
912:
911:
909:
902:
898:
895:
894:
892:
885:
882:
879:
878:
875:
869:
865:
859:1943 and 1944
858:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:Generalbezirk
814:
810:
806:
803:north of the
802:
794:
790:
783:
781:
779:
774:
768:
763:
758:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
729:
728:untermenschen
718:
711:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
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4061:Books, films
4018:
3912:Lviv pogroms
3899:
3814:Perpetrators
3679:Otto Wächter
3664:Erwin Schulz
3609:Felix Landau
3547:Perpetrators
3481:Main article
3385:Schatzgräber
2807:West Prussia
2787:Lower Styria
2725:Holland (SS)
2496:Upper Danube
2491:Lower Danube
2294:Hesse-Nassau
2264:East Prussia
2234:Baden-Alsace
2197:Nazi Germany
2195:divisions of
2184:Nazi Germany
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2089:Google Books
2087:– via
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1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
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1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1335:. C.H. Beck.
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451:Army Group A
445:and then by
432:
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419:Nazi Germany
412:
381:Russian SFSR
368:Crimean ASSR
350:Succeeded by
349:
344:
321:• Total
286:22 June 1941
266:World War II
206:Nazi Germany
189:
181:
173:
165:
130:
129:District of
114:
85:
29:
3554:Paul Blobel
3262:Netherlands
3062:Netherlands
2802:Sudetenland
2750:occupations
2586:Vistulaland
2463:Sudetenland
2415:Prinz-Eugen
2319:Mecklenburg
1767:25 February
1393:25 February
1362:25 February
1226:Dardanelles
1120:South Tyrol
959:Land reform
765: [
597: [
566:Ostsiedlung
556: 1780
537:Great Purge
345:Preceded by
334:Karbovanets
306:12 May 1944
250:(1942–1944)
243:(1941–1942)
226:(Projected)
4143:Categories
3639:Otto Rasch
3604:Erich Koch
3579:Hans Frank
3395:Bassgeiger
3375:New Swabia
3343:San Marino
3168:Montenegro
3092:Montenegro
2914:Luxembourg
2792:Luxembourg
2576:Vandalland
2541:Beskidland
2468:Wartheland
2441:Reichsgaus
2254:Düsseldorf
1297:6 February
1274:: 172–175.
1247:References
1212:See also:
1174:Resistance
837:Erich Koch
586:Simferopol
575:Mennonites
500:See also:
496:Background
200:Government
158:(official)
145:Simferopol
3882:memorials
3872:Artemivsk
3511:Lithuania
3416:Nordstern
3400:Edelweiss
3308:Turkestan
3298:Don-Volga
3198:Turkestan
3148:Cossackia
3087:Macedonia
3047:Lithuania
2952:Ljubljana
2837:Bialystok
2822:Districts
2486:Carinthia
2379:Weser-Ems
2369:Thuringia
2339:Pomerania
2324:Moselland
2279:Franconia
2085:863823479
2067:Routledge
2046:979968105
1197:Aftermath
1035:Tatarstan
954:Economics
813:Melitopol
573:. Later,
511:Prior to
443:11th Army
170:Ukrainian
113:– Within
46:1941–1944
4118:See also
3987:Evidence
3877:Babi Yar
3762:Rescuers
3409:Proposed
3390:Holzauge
3293:Caucasia
3286:Proposed
3224:Brittany
3217:Proposed
3208:Wallonia
3193:Slovakia
3143:Bulgaria
3117:Wallonia
3107:Slovakia
3022:Flanders
2904:Slovakia
2853:Brussels
2846:Proposed
2812:Zichenau
2782:Lorraine
2730:Lombardy
2713:Proposed
2601:Westland
2591:Wallonia
2571:Nordmark
2566:Gothland
2556:Flanders
2551:Burgundy
2529:Proposed
2501:Salzburg
2408:Proposed
2394:Westmark
2334:NSDAP/AO
2239:Bayreuth
2216:Altreich
2124:40866872
2005:91076226
1992:(1991).
1970:(1986).
1948:(1983).
1761:Archived
1221:deported
1009:Religion
635:Timeline
330:Currency
3746:Victims
3526:Romania
3501:Estonia
3496:Belarus
3368:Founded
3348:Tunisia
3333:Finland
3303:Muscovy
3277:Ukraine
3272:Ostland
3250:Founded
3203:Ukraine
3173:Romania
3163:Hungary
3138:Belarus
3112:Ukraine
3037:Hungary
3017:Denmark
3007:Croatia
2997:Belarus
2992:Austria
2982:Albania
2975:Founded
2885:Croatia
2830:Founded
2680:Galicia
2655:Founded
2561:Galicia
2546:Brabant
2478:Austria
2451:Founded
2425:Holland
2354:Silesia
2289:Hamburg
2227:Founded
1081:de jure
829:Taurien
821:de jure
784:Taurida
531:leader
277:•
178:Russian
141:Capital
86:Anthem:
4035:Trials
3936:Places
3865:Events
3540:People
3531:Russia
3521:Poland
3516:Norway
3506:Latvia
3338:Monaco
3267:Norway
3188:Serbia
3158:Greece
3153:France
3131:Exiled
3032:Greece
3027:France
2924:Serbia
2919:Poland
2909:Greece
2890:France
2767:Alsace
2748:German
2700:Warsaw
2690:Lublin
2685:Kraków
2581:Venice
2516:Vienna
2506:Styria
2359:Swabia
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406:Crimea
194:Karaim
190:·
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182:·
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174:·
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166:·
164:
155:German
133:under
126:Status
88:
76:Emblem
3848:(UPA)
3361:Other
3057:Lokot
3052:Lepel
3042:Italy
2929:Banat
2797:Posen
2695:Radom
2536:Banat
2274:Essen
2120:JSTOR
1997:(PDF)
1974:[
1952:[
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1264:(PDF)
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3313:Ural
3067:Nias
2987:Asch
2208:Gaus
2081:OCLC
2071:ISBN
2042:OCLC
2032:ISBN
2001:LCCN
1926:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1769:2023
1728:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1395:2023
1364:2023
1299:2008
1189:and
1095:The
712:1942
640:1941
603:and
315:Area
62:Flag
2112:doi
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3902:IV
2896:‧
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