20:
237:
695:
1004:
2091:
occur superficially or in shallow pits. These taxa are typically tall shrubs and trees that occur in moist areas; they have unbeaked follicles and soft, short-lived leaves that are in many cases needle-like. The clade includes all eastern taxa of the series
Salicinae and Spicigerae (that is, all taxa
2039:
Most aspects of Thiele and
Ladiges' arrangement were not accepted by George in his 1999 revision. He stated that "the infrageneric classification and systematic sequence presented here are modified from that of George (1981) and take into account new data revealed in the work of Thiele & Ladiges
2172:
The change has been adopted by a number of
Australian herbaria including the Western Australian Herbarium, now headed by Thiele (this has the largest holdings of specimens), and by the Australian Plant Census, a project of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. This is in accordance with
2111:
were defined as those taxa in which the leaf stomata occur in crypts with constricted entrances. These are usually small shrubs that occur on dry, infertile sandplains. They have beaked follicles and thick, tough, long-lived serrated leaves. It includes all other western taxa, plus the eastern
287:
in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr
Solander found in this place". Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named
2161:. Although they did not propose a new taxonomic arrangement, they did consider various options for adjusting the current accepted arrangement to remove the paraphyly. They conclude that the simplest and least disruptive solution would be to merge
1038:
and seed characters, with the criterion that a taxon was considered a distinct species only if it exhibited a "significant and consistent difference in the morphology of flowers and/or fruit". It was the first thorough revision of the taxonomy of
97:, along with secondary characteristics such as leaf structure and growth habit. Increasingly, molecular evidence from DNA is providing important new insights into relationships within the genus and between this and other genera in the Proteaceae.
2181:) are adjusted to achieve a holophyletic naming system. Alex George maintains a firm position against the change, arguing variously that the phylogenetic analyses are flawed and that paraphyly does not necessitate taxonomic changes.
729:
686:, was erected to contain the species that did not belong in the other sections, and was therefore highly heterogeneous. Despite these shortcomings, this arrangement would stand for over 100 years.
2040:(1996)", but none of the four promotions to species rank was accepted, and none of the thirteen infrageneric taxa introduced by Thiele and Ladiges was retained. However, a number of Australian
2735:
Mast, Austin R. (1998) Molecular systematics of subtribe
Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography.
1936:
differed substantially from the current taxonomic arrangement, they published a revised arrangement that accorded better with their results. Four varieties were promoted to species rank:
2975:
1909:
583:
2970:
2624:
Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An
Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)".
3097:
2982:
1090:
for species with hooked styles. These two sections were then divided into nine and three series respectively. The arrangement into series largely followed
Bentham, with series
2965:
142:
is shown to be nested inside, and hence should be included within, Banksia. This interpretation has been controversial in some circles, and is not universally accepted.
2659:
899:
Although the taxonomic legitimacy of tribe
Banksiinae is universally recognised, there has been some debate about the legitimacy of the tribe's resolution into genera
2956:
639:
3102:
657:
126:
book series; this recognises two subgenera, three sections, 13 series, 77 species, 6 subspecies and 18 varieties, and treats the traditionally related genus
2292:
History in the service of systematics : papers from the
Conference to celebrate the centenary of the British Museum (Natural History) 13-16 April, 1981
574:
3029:
2799:
214:
industries. However they are threatened by a number of processes, including land clearing, frequent burning, and disease; and a number of species are
2474:. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251.
2225:
Captain Cook's
Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS
436:
species that the Forsters had collected during Cook's second voyage. However Linnaeus incorrectly attributed the Forsters' specimens to the genus
2269:
Supplementum Plantarum Systema Vegetabilium Editionis Decima Tertia, Generum Plantarum Editionis Fexta, Et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secunda
417:
L.f.". Linnaeus placed the genus in class Tetrandra, order Monogynia of his father's classification, and named it in honour of Banks. The name
1987:
2319:
792:
on a number of grounds of which the most obvious and easily recognised is the occurrence of flowers in condensed heads. The placement of
186:, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody
2574:"Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in Banksia & Dryandra (Proteaceae) Based on Their cpDNA Phylogeny"
2534:
1949:
1959:
570:
375:
2720:
2479:
2431:
2299:
2244:
Salkin, A. I. (1981). "A Short History of the Discovery and Naming of Banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks & Solander".
2173:
majority current taxonomic practice, in which only holophyletic groups are named as taxa, and groups found to be paraphyletic (e.g.
721:
678:
characters, taking the number of sections to five. Three of these sections were fairly well-defined and homogeneous, while another,
2909:
19:
650:
sectional rank, and divided the latter into four series based on leaf properties; these series were all highly heterogeneous.
1973:
2044:
have continued to follow Thiele and Ladiges on some points, for example by recognising the four species that they promoted.
674:
species was reduced to 46, and Meissner's four heterogeneous series were replaced by four sections based on leaf, style and
607:, the "True Banksias". Brown made no attempt to classify the species below the subgenus level. He described another eleven
2792:
1748:
3141:
2263:
1928:
1777:
400:
374:
species were formally published. By this time, a sixth species had been collected; in 1776, during Cook's third voyage,
244:
236:
3019:
2992:
2883:
1812:
1298:
1053:
624:
122:
3007:
1183:
1650:
694:
3092:
2918:
2190:
1633:
1616:
2785:
2021:
2001:
1731:
1600:
1423:
1085:
563:
1148:
748:
because the individual flowers in its inflorescence occur in pairs. On the basis of certain characters of the
737:
2937:
2195:
1859:
1608:
1512:
1376:
1269:
594:
496:
425:
2987:
2895:
2283:
2267:
1723:
1556:
1140:
1019:
405:
249:
207:
117:
2676:
Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin R. (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)".
3024:
3012:
3002:
2876:
2862:
2653:
2011:
1341:
1132:
1124:
1079:
1065:
410:
370:", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the
338:
987:. This has been put into effect in a 2007 paper by Mast & Thiele, in which all existing species of
367:
3121:
1756:
1714:
1676:
1658:
1402:
1396:
1261:
1238:
1197:
1168:
733:
300:
283:. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named
3079:
2930:
2416:
1791:
1564:
1467:
1324:
1162:
666:
231:
77:
3034:
2867:
2855:
2832:
2808:
1871:
1785:
1670:
1641:
1520:
1503:
1479:
1449:
1414:
1361:
821:
589:
385:
306:
219:
2342:
732:". Their arrangement has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by
3073:
2888:
2716:
2693:
2641:
2603:
2595:
2569:
2543:
2475:
2435:
2295:
2142:
1877:
1838:
1803:
1762:
1699:
1624:
1570:
1491:
1485:
1455:
1437:
1367:
1355:
1349:
1318:
1215:
1191:
841:
725:
513:
438:
380:
271:
2685:
2633:
2585:
2508:
2497:"A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera"
2447:
2393:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1664:
1589:
1532:
1390:
1330:
1312:
1252:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1035:
675:
341:
48:
2997:
2923:
2381:
1919:
1883:
1682:
1497:
1306:
1277:
1246:
1156:
1003:
907:. For a number of years this debate centred on similarities between the inflorescences of
809:
447:
326:
321:
294:
266:
60:
25:
3039:
2849:
2451:
2411:
2068:
species, in 2002 and 2005. Their results indicated the presence of two large clades of
2032:
1826:
1797:
1768:
1739:
1547:
1526:
1461:
1408:
1384:
1289:
1283:
834:
815:
762:
745:
653:
195:
105:
2420:. Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562.
3135:
1473:
1443:
1431:
1221:
1174:
631:
600:
551:
509:
429:
312:
280:
2438:(1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".
2223:
2104:) and also the western Spicigerae, Quercinae, Grandes, Abietinae and Dryandroideae.
2377:
1915:
855:
781:
262:
215:
203:
44:
30:
959:
are not especially closely related, but have also provided powerful evidence that
2565:
2169:. This solution was put into effect in a subsequent paper by Mast & Thiele.
2053:
889:
883:
827:
527:
517:
484:
455:
433:
366:
from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "
363:
2218:
1933:
862:
802:
789:
777:
773:
717:
284:
276:
199:
172:
133:
113:
101:
52:
2715:. Kangaroo Press and The Society for Growing Australian Plants (NSW Region).
2697:
2645:
2599:
634:
published his 1856 classification of the Proteaceae, there were 58 described
477:
Koenig was published in 1783, but subsequently determined to be a synonym of
3057:
2824:
2753:
2513:
2496:
2417:
Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory
2041:
1030:. George's arrangement was based on a variety of properties including leaf,
976:
848:
768:
757:
359:
317:
211:
176:
109:
2607:
2294:. London: Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. pp. 53–59.
2222:
2590:
2573:
708:
699:
473:
L.f. has since been challenged a number of times. The later near-homonym
389:
138:
128:
730:
On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family
1116:
871:
501:
463:
352:
198:, they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as
164:
151:
82:
73:
67:
35:
2397:
919:. These similarities led to calls for the genera to be merged, or for
292:
in Banks' honour. Four species were present in this first collection:
2632:(1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88.
1047:, which remains the standard text on the genus, and the treatment of
1031:
939:
were matters of superficial appearance, whereas similarities between
753:
522:
479:
356:
180:
86:
2689:
2637:
2777:
2088:
1014:
on the basis of its hooked styles, which can be seen clearly here.
1002:
951:
analyses led by Austin Mast have confirmed George's position that
693:
235:
187:
183:
168:
160:
90:
18:
2056:
and co-authors published cladistic analyses of genetic data from
749:
467:, a name previously chosen for the genus by Banks and Solander.
191:
94:
2781:
975:. Mast suggested that the least disruptive approach to restore
2057:
948:
2470:
George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.).
190:
to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most
2328:
species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from Western Australia"
1043:
for over a century, and formed the basis for George's 1984
740:
in 2006. Proteaceae is divided into five subfamilies, with
2671:
2669:
1084:
for species with straight or slightly curved styles, and
159:(in the traditional sense, not including Dryandra), is a
116:. The most recent complete revision is that published in
2384:(1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)".
51:, who was present when the genus was first collected at
2000:. Two new series and eleven subseries were introduced;
947:
species were far more important diagnostically. Recent
584:
Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
756:, it is grouped with three other genera in the tribe
516:
was published, but this was later determined by be a
1910:
Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
611:
species in his 1830 supplement, placing them all in
3115:
3065:
3056:
2948:
2841:
2823:
2816:
927:. However, Alex George and other supporters of the
2132:does not appear especially closely related to the
716:The framework for classification of genera within
690:Classification and relationships within Proteaceae
355:in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his
132:as separate but closely related. Recent molecular
2440:Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany
2136:group, which is instead most closely related to
454:L.f. was widely known and accepted, so Gaertner
47:' London artists, based on original drawings by
2764:. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)
2528:
2526:
2524:
2052:Following on from an earlier molecular study,
530:proposed to enforce the right of precedent of
495:Bruce, but the name was rejected in favour of
421:had in fact already been published in 1775 as
2793:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2290:L.f. — a case history in Australian botany".
2239:
2237:
2087:were defined as those taxa in which the leaf
2030:was largely redefined. Six species were left
1105:, as provided by George and published in the
206:, and they are of economic importance to the
8:
2658:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2619:
2617:
2560:
2558:
1922:published a cladistic analysis of the genus
796:in Proteaceae can be summarised as follows:
615:in accordance with his 1810 classification.
603:. All other species were placed in subgenus
599:, in recognition of its unusual dome-shaped
2495:Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006).
2313:
2311:
1101:This conventional taxonomic arrangement of
136:have provided an alternative view in which
3062:
2838:
2820:
2800:
2786:
2778:
682:, was somewhat heterogeneous. The fourth,
194:areas of Australia. As heavy producers of
2589:
2512:
16:Classification of the plant genus Banksia
2762:Australian Plants Online: ANPSA website
2210:
43:species, it was produced by one of Sir
2651:
2318:Olde, Peter; Neil R. Marriott (2002).
1109:series, may be summarised as follows:
1094:remaining somewhat heterogeneous, and
316:(Swamp Banksia). In June the ship was
2221:(1893). William J. L. Wharton (ed.).
1022:published his classic 1981 monograph
931:argued that the similarities between
728:in their influential 1975 monograph "
362:, and artists were employed to paint
7:
2149:Thus, the results presented by Mast
558:L.f. was formally conserved against
442:, and therefore considered the name
333:Every specimen collected during the
550:L.f. This challenge failed, as did
399:was finally described and named by
330:(Tropical Banksia) were collected.
2452:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x
1060:George followed Brown in dividing
772:, both of which occur only in the
534:J.R.Forst & G.Forst, renaming
275:during Lieutenant (later Captain)
14:
3103:Commonly fossilised invertebrates
2060:samples of almost all species of
664:in his landmark 1870 publication
39:. One of the first drawings of a
2157:is paraphyletic with respect to
1098:remaining highly heterogeneous.
963:is paraphyletic with respect to
450:corrected Banks' error in 1788,
72:has traditionally been based on
446:available for use. By the time
2124:, and also appears to include
709:Banksia ser. dryandra sessilis
403:in his April 1782 publication
337:voyage was sketched by Banks'
100:The genus is placed in family
1:
2272:. Brunsvigae: Orphanotrophei.
999:Classical taxonomic treatment
554:'s 1905 challenge. In 1940,
2737:Australian Systematic Botany
2678:Australian Systematic Botany
2626:Australian Systematic Botany
2386:Australian Systematic Botany
2264:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
1929:Australian Systematic Botany
562:J.R.Forst. & G.Forst by
401:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
245:Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
2076:" ("hidden stomates") and "
1074:. He then divided subgenus
670:. The number of recognised
577:of the 31 known species of
573:published descriptions and
520:that referred to the genus
461:J.R.Forst & G.Forst to
310:(Heath-leaved Banksia) and
3158:
2578:American Journal of Botany
2341:(1): 85–99. Archived from
2128:. It is worth noting that
1907:
491:Bruce, later corrected to
247:'s April 1782 publication
229:
149:
120:'s 1999 monograph for the
2533:George, Alex S. (1981). "
2191:Cultivated plant taxonomy
780:, are placed in subtribe
542:, and proposing the name
2754:"You don't have to call
2080:" ("visible stomates").
261:were first collected by
2514:10.7751/telopea20065733
575:a taxonomic arrangement
497:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
378:collected specimens of
279:'s first voyage to the
243:was first described in
179:wildflower and popular
23:A 1770s watercolour of
2153:strongly suggest that
1015:
991:were transferred into
923:to be moved across to
713:
640:Meissner's arrangement
406:Supplementum Plantarum
384:(Silver Banksia) from
254:
250:Supplementum Plantarum
56:
2752:George, Alex (2008).
2711:George, Alex (1996).
2591:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311
1010:is placed in section
1006:
915:species and those of
702:was mereged into the
697:
339:botanical illustrator
324:, where specimens of
269:, naturalists on the
239:
22:
2246:Victorian Naturalist
2072:, which they named "
2020:were discarded; and
1998:B. dolichostyla
1989:B. sphaerocarpa
1970:B. brevidentata
1757:B. sphaerocarpa
1715:B. dryandroides
1677:B. occidentalis
1659:B. verticillata
1403:B. blechnifolia
1397:B. chamaephyton
1198:B. integrifolia
1169:B. oblongifolia
1064:into two subgenera,
1034:, pollen-presenter,
760:. Two small genera,
744:placed in subfamily
505:. In 1820 the name
432:, referring to some
301:B. integrifolia
3142:Taxonomy of Banksia
2414:(1870). "Banksia".
2382:Ladiges, Pauline Y.
2286:(1981). "The genus
2230:. London: E. Stock.
1946:B. penicillata
1792:B. leptophylla
1565:B. quercifolia
1468:B. benthamiana
1325:B. candolleana
1163:B. plagiocarpa
1078:into two sections:
788:is placed subtribe
667:Flora Australiensis
546:Kuntze in place of
232:Timeline of Banksia
2472:Flora of Australia
2064:, along with five
1904:Thiele and Ladiges
1899:Cladistic analyses
1872:B. ilicifolia
1786:B. telmatiaea
1671:B. littoralis
1642:B. ericifolia
1521:B. lemanniana
1504:B. lindleyana
1480:B. lullfitzii
1450:B. pilostylis
1415:B. petiolaris
1362:B. hookeriana
1107:Flora of Australia
1054:Flora of Australia
1016:
1008:B. ericifolia
971:is a sub-group of
822:Symphionematoideae
714:
593:alone in subgenus
590:B. ilicifolia
413:for the genus is "
386:South Bruny Island
368:Banks' Florilegium
307:B. ericifolia
267:Dr Daniel Solander
255:
134:cladistic analyses
123:Flora of Australia
91:fruiting structure
80:properties of the
57:
3129:
3128:
3111:
3110:
3093:Cultivated plants
3088:
3087:
3052:
3051:
2570:Thomas J. Givnish
2539:L.f. (Proteaceae)
2432:Johnson, L. A. S.
2398:10.1071/SB9960661
2143:B. attenuata
1878:B. oligantha
1839:B. pulchella
1804:B. scabrella
1763:B. micrantha
1700:B. tricuspis
1625:B. spinulosa
1571:B. oreophila
1492:B. laevigata
1486:B. elderiana
1456:B. attenuata
1438:B. praemorsa
1368:B. victoriae
1356:B. burdettii
1350:B. prionotes
1319:B. menziesii
1216:B. marginata
1192:B. aquilonia
1028:L.f. (Proteaceae)
979:would be to sink
698:The former genus
625:Stephan Endlicher
381:B. marginata
304:(Coast Banksia),
226:Taxonomic history
3149:
3063:
2839:
2821:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2756:Dryandra Banksia
2749:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2713:The Banksia Book
2708:
2702:
2701:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2584:(8): 1311–1323.
2562:
2553:
2552:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2374:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2215:
1984:B. hiemalis
1975:B. gardneri
1961:B. gardneri
1951:B. conferta
1938:B. conferta
1845:B. meisneri
1833:B. laricina
1821:B. violacea
1665:B. seminuda
1590:B. coccinea
1533:B. aculeata
1391:B. gardneri
1331:B. sceptrum
1313:B. speciosa
1253:B. solandri
1228:B. saxicola
1210:B. paludosa
1204:B. conferta
1045:The Banksia Book
722:L. A. S. Johnson
676:pollen-presenter
350:
342:Sydney Parkinson
263:Sir Joseph Banks
61:flowering plants
49:Sydney Parkinson
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3107:
3084:
3048:
2944:
2911:B. integrifolia
2837:
2812:
2806:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2690:10.1071/SB06016
2675:
2674:
2667:
2650:
2638:10.1071/SB04015
2623:
2622:
2615:
2572:(August 2002).
2566:Mast, Austin R.
2564:
2563:
2556:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2412:Bentham, George
2410:
2409:
2405:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2187:
2138:B. elegans
2114:B. serrata
2094:B. serrata
2085:/Phanerostomata
2078:/Phanerostomata
2050:
1926:in the journal
1920:Pauline Ladiges
1912:
1906:
1901:
1884:B. cuneata
1683:B. brownii
1498:B. elegans
1307:B. baxteri
1278:B. serrata
1247:B. grandis
1157:B. dentata
1001:
810:Bellendenoideae
734:Peter H. Weston
692:
658:his arrangement
448:Joseph Gaertner
348:
327:B. dentata
322:Endeavour River
298:(Saw Banksia),
295:B. serrata
234:
228:
154:
148:
26:Banksia serrata
17:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2744:
2728:
2721:
2703:
2665:
2613:
2554:
2520:
2507:(3): 314–344.
2487:
2480:
2457:
2436:Barbara Briggs
2423:
2403:
2392:(5): 661–733.
2358:
2307:
2300:
2275:
2255:
2233:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2177:not including
2122:B. ornata
2118:B. aemula
2109:/Cryptostomata
2102:B. ornata
2098:B. aemula
2074:/Cryptostomata
2049:
2046:
2033:incertae sedis
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1827:B. incana
1809:
1808:
1807:
1798:B. lanata
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:B. grossa
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:B. nutans
1720:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:B. baueri
1538:
1537:
1536:
1527:B. caleyi
1509:
1508:
1507:
1462:B. ashbyi
1420:
1419:
1418:
1409:B. repens
1385:B. goodii
1373:
1372:
1371:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:B. ornata
1284:B. aemula
1258:
1257:
1256:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1000:
997:
897:
896:
895:
894:
893:
892:
886:
880:
879:
878:
877:
876:
858:
844:
835:Grevilleoideae
830:
824:
818:
816:Persoonioideae
812:
763:Austromuellera
746:Grevilleoideae
726:Barbara Briggs
691:
688:
654:George Bentham
564:Thomas Sprague
227:
224:
147:
144:
106:Grevilleoideae
59:As with other
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Invertebrates
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2722:0-86417-818-2
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:(3): 239–473.
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2481:0-643-06454-0
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2446:(2): 83–182.
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:Thiele, Kevin
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2348:on 2006-09-23
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:0-901843-05-9
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:George, A. S.
2279:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:Sphaerocarpae
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:B. audax
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:B. epica
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:B. media
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:B. canei
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:Integrifoliae
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:B. robur
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
891:
887:
885:
881:
875:
874:
873:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:
851:
850:
845:
843:
839:
838:
837:
836:
831:
829:
825:
823:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
798:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
755:
751:
750:leaf venation
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
710:
705:
701:
696:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Carl Meissner
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:Banksia verae
614:
613:Banksia verae
610:
606:
605:Banksia verae
602:
601:inflorescence
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:James Britten
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
466:
465:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
347:
343:
340:
336:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
314:
313:B. robur
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
286:
282:
281:Pacific Ocean
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
257:Specimens of
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:honey possums
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:of around 80
162:
158:
153:
145:
143:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:and subtribe
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
79:
78:morphological
75:
71:
70:
69:
62:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
27:
21:
3072:
3058:Polyphyletic
3041:Homo sapiens
3040:
3013:
2955:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2877:
2868:
2856:
2848:
2825:Monophyletic
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2684:(1): 63–71.
2681:
2677:
2654:cite journal
2629:
2625:
2581:
2577:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2471:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2415:
2406:
2389:
2385:
2350:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2338:
2334:
2325:
2324:and two new
2321:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2224:
2213:
2197:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2048:DNA analysis
2038:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:dolichostyla
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:brevidentata
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1916:Kevin Thiele
1913:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1779:Leptophyllae
1778:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1713:
1709:Dryandroidae
1708:
1698:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1652:Occidentales
1651:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1588:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1007:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
898:
870:
868:
860:
856:Musgraveinae
846:
832:
800:
793:
785:
782:Musgraveinae
767:
761:
752:, hairs and
741:
738:Nigel Barker
720:was laid by
715:
707:
703:
683:
679:
671:
665:
661:
652:
647:
643:
635:
630:By the time
629:
620:
619:was renamed
616:
612:
608:
604:
595:
588:
587:. He placed
582:
578:
571:Robert Brown
568:
559:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:, In 1891,
521:
506:
500:
492:
488:
478:
474:
470:
469:
462:
458:
451:
443:
437:
422:
418:
414:
409:; hence the
404:
396:
394:
379:
376:David Nelson
371:
364:watercolours
351:s return to
345:
334:
332:
325:
311:
305:
299:
293:
289:
270:
258:
256:
248:
240:
175:. An iconic
156:
155:
137:
127:
121:
104:, subfamily
99:
81:
66:
65:taxonomy of
64:
58:
45:Joseph Banks
40:
34:
31:type species
24:
3030:Vertebrates
3020:Lepidoptera
2993:Brachiopoda
2962:Gastropoda
2939:Pachypodium
2884:Orchidaceae
2219:Cook, James
2054:Austin Mast
2027:Cyrtostylis
1955:penicillata
1942:penicillata
1932:. As their
1814:Longistyles
1694:Tricuspidae
1635:Ericifoliae
1425:Cyrtostylis
1300:Cratistylis
1096:Cyrtostylis
1092:Orthostylis
1020:Alex George
890:Macadamieae
884:Embothrieae
828:Proteoideae
774:rainforests
684:Cyrtostylis
680:Orthostylis
544:Sirmuellera
528:Otto Kuntze
518:nomen nudum
485:James Bruce
483:L. In 1790
434:New Zealand
200:honeyeaters
118:Alex George
3008:Dermaptera
3003:Scorpiones
2897:Adenanthos
2768:2009-12-16
2535:The Genus
2352:2007-01-10
2206:References
2007:Oncostylis
1811:Subseries
1776:Subseries
1747:Subseries
1730:Subseries
1649:Subseries
1632:Subseries
1618:Spinulosae
1615:Subseries
1610:Spicigerae
1602:Oncostylis
1514:Tetragonae
1378:Prostratae
1297:Subseries
1268:Subseries
1182:Subseries
1147:Subseries
1087:Oncostylis
1024:The Genus
1012:Oncostylis
967:(that is,
943:and other
929:status quo
863:Banksiinae
833:Subfamily
826:Subfamily
820:Subfamily
814:Subfamily
808:Subfamily
803:Proteaceae
790:Banksiinae
778:Queensland
718:Proteaceae
712:pictured).
706:in 2007. (
656:published
487:published
395:The genus
285:Botany Bay
277:James Cook
230:See also:
220:endangered
212:cut flower
177:Australian
173:Proteaceae
150:See also:
146:Background
114:Banksiinae
102:Proteaceae
74:anatomical
53:Botany Bay
3035:Lemuridae
3025:Lucanidae
3014:Anopheles
2919:Cactaceae
2878:Narcissus
2863:Liliaceae
2742:: 321–342
2698:1030-1887
2646:1030-1887
2600:0002-9122
2326:Grevillea
2320:"One new
2140:and then
2134:Isostylis
1934:cladogram
1914:In 1996,
1861:Isostylis
1858:Subgenus
1725:Abietinae
1558:Quercinae
1542:Bauerinae
1142:Salicinae
1123:Subgenus
1072:Isostylis
1018:In 1981,
977:monophyly
957:Isostylis
941:Isostylis
933:Isostylis
921:Isostylis
913:Isostylis
861:Subtribe
854:Subtribe
849:Banksieae
769:Musgravea
758:Banksieae
648:Eubanksia
644:Isostylis
638:species.
627:in 1847.
621:Eubanksia
596:Isostylis
569:In 1810,
439:Passerina
426:J.R.Forst
411:full name
360:herbarium
346:Endeavour
344:. On the
335:Endeavour
272:Endeavour
110:Banksieae
3136:Category
3080:Diatomea
3074:Protista
3066:Protists
2988:Bivalvia
2983:Conoidea
2957:Animalia
2890:Triticum
2833:Bacteria
2809:Taxonomy
2608:21665734
2266:(1782).
2196:List of
2185:See also
2179:Dryandra
2163:Dryandra
2159:Dryandra
2130:Dryandra
2126:Dryandra
2112:species
2066:Dryandra
2042:herbaria
2017:Crocinae
1979:hiemalis
1881: –
1875: –
1842: –
1836: –
1830: –
1824: –
1801: –
1795: –
1789: –
1766: –
1760: –
1733:Nutantes
1680: –
1674: –
1668: –
1662: –
1599:Section
1582:Coccinea
1580:Section
1568: –
1530: –
1524: –
1501: –
1495: –
1489: –
1483: –
1477: –
1471: –
1465: –
1459: –
1453: –
1447: –
1441: –
1435: –
1412: –
1406: –
1400: –
1394: –
1388: –
1365: –
1359: –
1353: –
1343:Crocinae
1328: –
1322: –
1316: –
1310: –
1287: –
1281: –
1250: –
1225: –
1219: –
1213: –
1207: –
1201: –
1195: –
1172: –
1166: –
1160: –
1150:Acclives
1131:Section
1057:series.
1036:follicle
989:Dryandra
981:Dryandra
969:Dryandra
965:Dryandra
953:Dryandra
937:Dryandra
925:Dryandra
917:Dryandra
905:Dryandra
842:Roupalae
700:Dryandra
499:'s name
489:Bankesia
390:Tasmania
318:careened
139:Dryandra
129:Dryandra
108:, tribe
3122:Viruses
2998:Araneae
2949:Animals
2932:Drosera
2904:Banksia
2850:Plantae
2544:Nuytsia
2537:Banksia
2501:Telopea
2335:Nuytsia
2322:Banksia
2288:Banksia
2200:species
2198:Banksia
2175:Banksia
2167:Banksia
2155:Banksia
2092:except
2089:stomata
2070:Banksia
2062:Banksia
2023:Banksia
2013:Banksia
2003:Banksia
1953:subsp.
1924:Banksia
1722:Series
1707:Series
1692:Series
1607:Series
1555:Series
1540:Series
1511:Series
1422:Series
1375:Series
1340:Series
1271:Banksia
1263:Banksia
1260:Series
1240:Grandes
1237:Series
1139:Series
1134:Banksia
1126:Banksia
1117:Banksia
1103:Banksia
1081:Banksia
1076:Banksia
1067:Banksia
1062:Banksia
1051:in the
1049:Banksia
1041:Banksia
1026:Banksia
993:Banksia
985:Banksia
973:Banksia
961:Banksia
945:Banksia
909:Banksia
901:Banksia
872:Banksia
801:Family
794:Banksia
786:Banksia
742:Banksia
704:Banksia
672:Banksia
662:Banksia
660:of the
636:Banksia
609:Banksia
581:in his
579:Banksia
560:Banksia
556:Banksia
548:Banksia
540:Banksia
536:Pimelea
532:Banksia
507:Banksia
502:Hagenia
493:Banksia
475:Banksea
471:Banksia
464:Pimelea
459:Banksia
456:renamed
452:Banksia
444:Banksia
430:G.Forst
423:Banksia
419:Banksia
415:Banksia
397:Banksia
372:Banksia
353:England
290:Banksia
259:Banksia
241:Banksia
208:nursery
171:family
167:in the
165:species
157:Banksia
152:Banksia
83:Banksia
68:Banksia
41:Banksia
36:Banksia
2925:Citrus
2869:Tulipa
2857:Allium
2842:Plants
2811:of ...
2719:
2696:
2644:
2606:
2598:
2478:
2298:
2227:
2151:et al.
2005:sect.
1986:; and
1114:Genus
911:subg.
888:Tribe
882:Tribe
869:Genus
847:Tribe
840:Tribe
754:pollen
523:Cuphea
510:Dombey
480:Costus
428:&
357:London
196:nectar
188:shrubs
181:garden
87:flower
63:, the
29:, the
3116:Other
2346:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2165:into
2025:ser.
2015:ser.
1991:var.
1977:var.
1963:var.
1948:(now
1940:var.
1032:style
983:into
642:gave
349:'
184:plant
169:plant
161:genus
2976:1997
2971:2005
2966:2017
2817:Life
2717:ISBN
2694:ISSN
2660:link
2642:ISSN
2604:PMID
2596:ISSN
2476:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2252:(2).
2120:and
2107:The
2100:and
2083:The
2010:and
1918:and
1070:and
955:and
935:and
903:and
766:and
736:and
724:and
646:and
265:and
218:and
216:rare
210:and
202:and
192:arid
95:seed
93:and
76:and
2686:doi
2634:doi
2586:doi
2541:".
2509:doi
2448:doi
2394:doi
2058:DNA
1996:to
1982:to
1968:to
1958:);
1944:to
949:DNA
776:of
623:by
538:to
514:DC.
512:ex
320:at
33:of
3138::
2760:.
2740:11
2692:.
2682:20
2680:.
2668:^
2656:}}
2652:{{
2640:.
2630:18
2628:.
2616:^
2602:.
2594:.
2582:89
2580:.
2576:.
2568:;
2557:^
2547:.
2523:^
2505:11
2503:.
2499:.
2460:^
2444:70
2442:.
2434:;
2388:.
2380:;
2361:^
2339:15
2337:.
2333:.
2310:^
2250:98
2248:.
2236:^
2146:.
2116:,
2096:,
2036:.
1972:;
995:.
784:.
566:.
392:.
388:,
222:.
89:,
2801:e
2794:t
2787:v
2771:.
2758:"
2725:.
2700:.
2688::
2662:)
2648:.
2636::
2610:.
2588::
2549:3
2517:.
2511::
2484:.
2454:.
2450::
2400:.
2396::
2390:9
2355:.
2304:.
253:.
55:.
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