31:
253:
The Song was a period of high economic growth. During Wang Anshi's chancellorship, the government lent money at exorbitant rates and instituted price controls on many commodities. They were repealed after his death. The late Song suffered from high inflation due to government printing money to cover
57:
was especially lucrative and stable. Commercial taxes were generally quite low, except in times of war. Other means of state revenues were inflation, forced labor (the corvee), and the expropriation of rich merchants and landowners. Below is a chart of the sources of state revenue in
Imperial China.
228:
During this period the state practiced the "equal-field system" in which most land was state owned and granted to individual farmers to prevent the formation of large estates. This allowed greater government control over the individual farmers.
179:
Poll taxes; Period of laissez faire policies due to
Confucian influences and because the dynasty was founded with the support of rich landowners and merchants disgusted at government intervention in the late Western Han.
52:
varied greatly over time. The most important source of state revenue was the tax on agriculture, or land tax. During some dynasties, the government also imposed monopolies that became important sources of revenue. The
1698:
2335:
2483:
318:
Prohibition on new mines except to provide employment, restriction on number of merchants, widespread expropriation of
Chinese landowners and re-enserfdom of millions of tenant farmers.
1591:
30:
1935:
1630:
2624:
1738:
1663:
1549:
1554:
1613:
104:
Laws aimed at discrimination of merchants, expropriation and exile of rich landowners and merchants. Heavy poll taxes. Period of interventionist policies due to
2159:
1817:
778:
1054:
1064:
1394:
773:
1733:
1718:
1618:
1475:
1433:
274:
Expropriation of many
Chinese landowners and merchants. Yuan China suffered from high inflation due to government printing money to cover deficits.
2488:
1639:
967:
704:
2695:
2340:
1728:
790:
768:
674:
547:
511:
1975:
1708:
1205:
1703:
1074:
823:
2690:
1603:
1438:
818:
1037:
1448:
1425:
1389:
1245:
1240:
619:
601:
583:
565:
24:
2416:
2411:
2186:
1723:
1379:
785:
2406:
2154:
1898:
1827:
1384:
1112:
1079:
952:
760:
204:. Taxes varied in the North and South because Chinese rule was maintained in the south while barbarian tribes ruled the north.
2463:
2103:
666:
1586:
1576:
1374:
1369:
105:
2700:
2586:
2581:
1993:
1306:
1252:
1220:
1047:
629:
982:
268:
Salt, tea, paper money, iron, alcohol, porcelain, bronze, gold and silver, textiles and "virtually any major industry"
2493:
2371:
2356:
1963:
1920:
1856:
1839:
1235:
745:
156:
1713:
2705:
2008:
1888:
1644:
1598:
1581:
1564:
1311:
1275:
1122:
697:
339:
942:
2611:
2203:
2027:
1908:
1861:
1805:
1270:
1215:
828:
755:
2569:
2198:
2144:
2069:
1680:
1522:
1505:
1483:
1316:
1291:
1230:
1132:
885:
800:
1745:
2619:
2401:
2117:
2003:
1998:
1903:
1878:
1822:
1656:
1608:
1443:
1364:
1359:
1301:
1225:
1210:
1069:
493:
54:
2574:
2381:
2215:
2171:
2149:
1846:
1296:
1200:
1007:
750:
661:
Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002), "Economic developments, 1644–1800", in
Peterson, Willard (ed.),
2564:
2559:
2514:
2450:
2361:
2064:
2013:
1951:
1673:
1510:
1498:
1488:
1257:
890:
690:
542:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 8, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 106–172,
2290:
2238:
2098:
1893:
1868:
1795:
1790:
1625:
1517:
1493:
1351:
833:
538:
Huang, Ray (1998), "The Ming fiscal administration", in
Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (eds.),
2591:
2436:
2330:
2325:
2295:
2253:
2176:
2139:
2059:
2044:
1873:
1834:
1541:
1155:
1059:
810:
2478:
2473:
2458:
2310:
2278:
2273:
2166:
2088:
2076:
1985:
1651:
1571:
1559:
1527:
1182:
1177:
1095:
795:
517:
326:
The Qing state experienced economic decline and fiscal weakness in the 18th and 19th centuries.
2537:
2529:
2243:
2110:
2081:
2039:
1968:
1925:
1883:
1750:
1690:
1462:
1399:
1261:
1042:
1012:
838:
670:
615:
597:
579:
561:
543:
507:
152:
20:
2655:
2648:
2547:
2542:
2468:
2396:
2315:
2230:
2220:
2191:
2127:
2122:
1956:
1930:
1915:
1800:
1778:
1762:
1668:
1117:
1107:
1024:
947:
902:
850:
740:
725:
717:
499:
320:
2263:
2258:
2181:
2132:
2093:
1757:
1339:
1145:
1032:
219:
38:
649:
Zhan, Zhifei (2006), "Changes in the monetary system in the early Han and its effects",
495:
The
Ideological Foundations of Qing Taxation: Belief Systems, Politics, and Institutions
2664:
2596:
2519:
2366:
2320:
2305:
2300:
2283:
2268:
2054:
1409:
1404:
1334:
920:
201:
2684:
2629:
2376:
2210:
2049:
1851:
1172:
1160:
1002:
863:
521:
2669:
2554:
2426:
2391:
997:
992:
987:
977:
972:
962:
880:
875:
42:
2248:
1165:
1150:
957:
915:
910:
858:
294:
The Ming was a period of high economic growth and laissez faire policies due to
143:
2421:
1329:
1140:
868:
244:
641:
2431:
2386:
1324:
1265:
295:
79:
503:
2506:
2499:
1812:
34:
935:
930:
925:
128:
Poll taxes; Period of laissez faire policies due to Taoist influences.
200:
Period of upheaval and division; economy regressed heavily due to the
139:
Heavy taxes on capital and income of merchants; excise tax on alcohol
2601:
713:
29:
682:
686:
288:
Salt (widespread evasion; mostly abandoned by end of dynasty)
669:, vol. 9, Cambridge University Press, pp. 563–647,
309:
2% (early part of dynasty). 2 to 10% (later part of dynasty)
630:"Analysis of the Tang-Song socioeconomic transformation"
614:(in Chinese), Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp,
155:, who intervened systematically in the economy due to
23:. For taxation in the Republic of China (Taiwan), see
596:(in Chinese), vol. 3, Beijing publishing house,
578:(in Chinese), vol. 2, Beijing publishing house,
560:(in Chinese), vol. 1, Beijing publishing house,
225:
20 days a year; could be commuted with silk payments
19:
For taxation in the People's
Republic of China, see
2610:
2528:
2449:
2349:
2229:
2026:
1984:
1944:
1777:
1689:
1540:
1474:
1461:
1424:
1350:
1284:
1193:
1131:
1094:
1023:
901:
849:
809:
733:
724:
243:Salt, some foreign luxuries, tea and alcohol under
324:(goods transportation tax, locally collected).
176:Light; could be commuted with payments of cash
191:Miscellaneous customs taxes, taxes on capital
151:Some expropriaton of merchants occurred under
698:
250:Light; could be commuted with cash payments.
8:
342:, for their use in conveying the grain taxes
410:
386:
16:Tax practices of China in the premodern era
2346:
2032:
1783:
1471:
1467:
1128:
1100:
730:
705:
691:
683:
60:
479:
455:
398:
374:
356:
98:salt, iron, coinage, forests and lakes
1640:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
467:
303:Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911 CE)
259:Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1279-1368 CE)
73:Commercial tax (as % of income)
7:
634:Research on Chinese Economic History
574:Ji, Jianghong; et al. (2005b),
556:Ji, Jianghong; et al. (2005a),
540:The Ming Dynasty, 1 398–1644, Part 2
363:
209:Sui and Tang Dynasties (581-907 CE)
2336:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
592:Ji, Jianghong; et al. (2005),
444:
433:
422:
62:Premodern Chinese taxes by dynasty
14:
1631:Political Consultative Conference
133:Late Western Han (119 BCE- 2 CE)
25:Taxation in the Republic of China
2417:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
2412:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
113:Early Western Han (202-119 BCE)
2407:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
1604:Political parties and movements
968:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
953:Northern and Southern dynasties
218:Iron, salt (starting after the
70:Land tax (as % of income)
667:The Cambridge History of China
498:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
612:5000 years of Chinese history
594:Encyclopedia of China History
576:Encyclopedia of China History
558:Encyclopedia of China History
2696:Government of Imperial China
1709:Ministry of National Defense
1048:Chinese Communist Revolution
237:10% + "numerous surcharges"
2372:Flowers of the Four Seasons
2357:Four Treasures of the Study
1976:Water supply and sanitation
1704:Central Military Commission
1699:Outline of military history
1449:Province-level subdivisions
610:Li, Bo; Zheng, Yin (2001),
279:Ming Dynasty(1368-1644 CE)
234:Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
185:Six Dynasties (220-581 CE)
50:Taxation in premodern China
37:receipts issued during the
2722:
1645:Primary stage of socialism
1587:National People's Congress
1055:People's Republic of China
340:History of canals in China
18:
2691:Economic history of China
2642:
2035:
1786:
1470:
1395:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
1103:
663:The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
164:Eastern Han (25- 220 CE)
119:None (could not collect)
2570:Catholic Church in China
1714:People's Liberation Army
1681:One country, two systems
285:2% (widespread evasion)
2402:Four Pillars of Destiny
2187:Regional discrimination
1609:Chinese Communist Party
247:, paper money, sulfur.
2155:Science and technology
1828:Special economic zones
1080:persecution of Uyghurs
1008:Century of humiliation
148:1 month every 3 years
125:1 month every 3 years
46:
2362:Four Great Inventions
1746:People's Armed Police
504:10.1017/9781108995955
492:Zhang, Taisu (2023).
480:Myers & Wang 2002
142:Salt, iron, coinage,
33:
2341:World Heritage Sites
1869:Foreign aid received
1577:Environmental policy
1375:Environmental policy
1370:Environmental issues
628:Xie, Yuanlu (2005),
312:Salt, foreign trade
2701:History of taxation
2587:History of religion
2582:Freedom of religion
2437:Four Pests campaign
2382:Four Classic Novels
1994:Automotive industry
1874:Foreign aid program
1565:Pro-democratisation
1060:Cultural Revolution
456:Li & Zheng 2001
399:Li & Zheng 2001
375:Li & Zheng 2001
202:Barbarian invasions
89:Qin (221-206 BCE)
63:
2494:Population history
2474:Internal migration
2089:Harmonious Society
1964:Telecommunications
1921:Standard of living
1840:Online advertising
1592:Standing Committee
482:, pp. 563–647
470:, pp. 138–141
61:
47:
2706:Taxation in China
2678:
2677:
2638:
2637:
2445:
2444:
2022:
2021:
2009:Shipping industry
1773:
1772:
1739:Strategic Support
1614:General Secretary
1599:National security
1582:Foreign relations
1536:
1535:
1457:
1456:
1420:
1419:
1123:Natural disasters
1090:
1089:
1043:Chinese Civil War
1038:Republic of China
1013:Taiping Rebellion
886:Spring and Autumn
791:Foreign relations
676:978-0-521-24334-6
549:978-0-521-24333-9
513:978-1-108-99595-5
331:
330:
76:State monopolies
21:Taxation in China
2713:
2658:
2651:
2548:Tibetan Buddhism
2543:Chinese Buddhism
2397:Four Holy Beasts
2347:
2199:Social relations
2128:Standard Chinese
2123:Chinese language
2033:
1818:Economic history
1784:
1763:Maritime Militia
1472:
1468:
1439:Border crossings
1434:Baseline islands
1129:
1101:
1065:Tiananmen Square
948:Sixteen Kingdoms
756:Military history
731:
707:
700:
693:
684:
679:
657:
651:Economic History
645:
640:, archived from
624:
606:
588:
570:
552:
526:
525:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
442:
436:
431:
425:
420:
414:
411:Ji; et al. 2005a
408:
402:
396:
390:
389:, pp. 73–74
387:Ji; et al. 2005a
384:
378:
372:
366:
361:
188:Variable; heavy
64:
55:monopoly on salt
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2634:
2606:
2524:
2484:Life expectancy
2441:
2345:
2225:
2145:Public holidays
2133:Written Chinese
2118:Intellectualism
2070:Sex trafficking
2018:
1980:
1940:
1769:
1685:
1532:
1523:Nationality law
1506:Law enforcement
1484:Judicial system
1453:
1416:
1390:Nature reserves
1380:Protected areas
1346:
1317:Water resources
1280:
1189:
1127:
1086:
1070:Economic reform
1033:1911 Revolution
1019:
983:Jin (1115–1234)
897:
845:
805:
720:
711:
677:
660:
648:
627:
622:
609:
604:
591:
586:
573:
568:
555:
550:
537:
534:
532:General sources
529:
514:
491:
490:
486:
478:
474:
466:
462:
454:
450:
443:
439:
432:
428:
421:
417:
409:
405:
397:
393:
385:
381:
373:
369:
362:
358:
354:
349:
336:
220:Anshi Rebellion
101:1 month a year
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Four Gentlemen
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:Fours of China
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Civil aviation
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1946:
1945:Infrastructure
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Semiconductors
1896:
1891:
1881:
1879:Historical GDP
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:Vice President
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:National parks
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:Climate policy
1362:
1360:Climate change
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Central Plains
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Extreme points
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
921:Three Kingdoms
918:
913:
907:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:
893:
891:Warring States
888:
883:
873:
872:
871:
861:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
821:
815:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
782:
781:
776:
771:
763:
758:
753:
751:Historiography
748:
743:
737:
735:
728:
722:
721:
712:
710:
709:
702:
695:
687:
681:
680:
675:
658:
646:
625:
620:
607:
602:
589:
584:
571:
566:
553:
548:
533:
530:
528:
527:
512:
484:
472:
460:
448:
437:
426:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
335:
332:
329:
328:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
299:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
248:
241:
238:
235:
231:
230:
226:
223:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
198:
195:
194:Coinage, iron
192:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
161:
160:
149:
146:
140:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
110:
109:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
77:
74:
71:
68:
41:period of the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:Protestantism
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Folk religion
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Ethnic groups
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Four Beauties
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Urban society
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:Social issues
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Rural society
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Chinese Dream
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2014:Space program
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:State Council
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Civil service
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:South Central
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Jin (266–420)
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:
848:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Ethnic groups
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
703:
701:
696:
694:
689:
688:
685:
678:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
652:
647:
644:on 2011-07-06
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
621:7-204-04420-7
617:
613:
608:
605:
603:7-900321-54-3
599:
595:
590:
587:
585:7-900321-54-3
581:
577:
572:
569:
567:7-900321-54-3
563:
559:
554:
551:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
523:
519:
515:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
488:
485:
481:
476:
473:
469:
464:
461:
458:, p. 925
457:
452:
449:
446:
441:
438:
435:
430:
427:
424:
419:
416:
413:, p. 105
412:
407:
404:
401:, p. 244
400:
395:
392:
388:
383:
380:
377:, p. 244
376:
371:
368:
365:
360:
357:
351:
346:
341:
338:
337:
333:
327:
323:
322:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
83:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
59:
56:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
2565:Christianity
2555:Confucianism
2515:Urbanization
2451:Demographics
2427:Gang of Four
2392:Four Symbols
2291:Martial arts
2065:Prostitution
1952:Architecture
1806:Central bank
1674:Vice Premier
1626:United front
1555:Constitution
1511:Penal system
1489:Human rights
1426:Subdivisions
1264: /
1260: /
1183:Southwestern
1178:Northwestern
881:Western Zhou
829:Yellow River
779:1949–present
662:
654:
650:
642:the original
637:
633:
611:
593:
575:
557:
539:
494:
487:
475:
463:
451:
440:
429:
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
359:
325:
319:
298:influences.
159:influences.
108:influences.
49:
48:
43:Qing dynasty
2331:Variety art
2326:Tea culture
2254:Calligraphy
2239:Archaeology
2099:Food safety
1894:Gold mining
1796:Aquaculture
1791:Agriculture
1751:Coast Guard
1518:Naming laws
1352:Environment
1340:South China
819:Paleolithic
811:Prehistoric
769:before 1912
144:grain trade
2685:Categories
2592:Irreligion
2489:Statistics
2459:Emigration
2422:Four Wangs
2311:Philosophy
2296:Mass media
2279:Literature
2177:Patriarchy
2140:Propaganda
2060:Corruption
2045:Censorship
1835:E-commerce
1542:Government
1335:East China
1307:Waterfalls
1253:Peninsulas
1221:Grasslands
468:Huang 1998
347:References
315:Abolished
291:Abolished
265:Very high
262:Very high
254:deficits.
245:Wang Anshi
153:Emperor Wu
2479:Languages
2432:Four Olds
2387:Four arts
2274:Libraries
2204:Structure
2167:Sexuality
2104:incidents
2077:Education
1986:Transport
1862:Renewable
1857:Petroleum
1652:President
1619:Politburo
1572:Elections
1560:Democracy
1528:Terrorism
1276:Volcanoes
1258:Northeast
1236:Mountains
1146:Northeast
1096:Geography
1003:High Qing
824:Neolithic
796:Dynasties
774:1912–1949
765:Economic
734:Overviews
522:256566388
364:Zhan 2006
352:Citations
296:Confucian
157:Modernist
2665:Category
2538:Buddhism
2530:Religion
2507:Post-90s
2500:Post-80s
2244:Archives
2111:HIV/AIDS
2082:Literacy
2040:Abortion
1969:Internet
1926:Taxation
1909:Textiles
1889:Chemical
1884:Industry
1813:Currency
1691:Military
1499:in Tibet
1463:Politics
1400:Wildlife
1312:Wetlands
1075:COVID-19
903:Imperial
801:Monarchs
761:Language
746:Timeline
718:articles
445:Xie 2005
434:Xie 2005
423:Xie 2005
334:See also
173:Coinage
106:Legalist
84:Remarks
67:Dynasty
35:Poll tax
2649:Outline
2612:Symbols
2469:Eunuchs
2316:Smoking
2264:Cuisine
2231:Culture
2221:Welfare
2192:Suicide
2160:history
2028:Society
1957:Housing
1931:Tourism
1916:Poverty
1801:Banking
1779:Economy
1758:Militia
1669:Premier
1271:Valleys
1231:Islands
1216:Deserts
1206:Canyons
1194:Terrain
1173:Western
1161:Central
1133:Regions
1118:Geology
1108:Borders
851:Ancient
834:Yangtze
741:History
726:History
116:0–3.3%
39:Guangxu
2670:Portal
2625:Emblem
2620:Anthem
2602:Taoism
2284:Poetry
2259:Cinema
2182:Racism
2094:Health
1847:Energy
1823:Reform
1734:Rocket
1719:Ground
1444:Cities
1330:Yellow
1302:Rivers
1292:Canals
1246:passes
1241:ranges
1025:Modern
716:
673:
618:
600:
582:
564:
546:
520:
510:
271:Heavy
197:Heavy
95:heavy
80:Corvée
2656:Index
2597:Islam
2520:Women
2321:Sport
2306:Names
2301:Music
2269:Dance
2055:Crime
1936:Trade
1904:Steel
1410:Flora
1405:Fauna
1325:Bohai
1321:Seas
1297:Lakes
1285:Water
1262:North
1226:Hills
1211:Caves
1166:South
1151:North
864:Shang
714:China
518:S2CID
321:Likin
306:3-4%
282:3-4%
240:3-4%
215:3.3%
170:None
167:3.3%
136:3.3%
122:None
2630:Flag
2211:Time
2004:Rail
1852:Coal
1724:Navy
1494:LGBT
1201:Bays
1141:East
998:Qing
993:Ming
988:Yuan
978:Song
973:Liao
963:Tang
876:Zhou
869:Late
839:Liao
671:ISBN
616:ISBN
598:ISBN
580:ISBN
562:ISBN
544:ISBN
508:ISBN
212:25%
92:10%
2249:Art
1729:Air
1476:Law
958:Sui
931:Han
926:Wei
916:Han
911:Qin
859:Xia
500:doi
2687::
936:Wu
665:,
653:,
636:,
632:,
516:.
506:.
222:)
2509:"
2505:"
2502:"
2498:"
706:e
699:t
692:v
655:5
638:2
524:.
502::
45:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
