2303:
2000:
127:
312:
2036:
104:
678:
588:
2278:
However, methods were developed to produce the drug semi-synthetically from the leaves of cultivated
European yews. Those can be sustainably harvested without the need to further endanger wild populations, and the Pacific yew is no longer at risk. The more common Canada yew is also being successfully
634:
Yews typically occur in the understory or canopy of moist temperate or tropical mountain forests. Elevation varies by latitude from 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in tropical forests to near sea level in its northernmost populations. Yews are common in landscape architecture, giving rise to widespread
2019:
pollen, which can cause headaches, lethargy, aching joints, itching, and skin rashes; it is also a trigger for asthma. These pollen granules are extremely small, and can easily pass through window screens. Male yews bloom and release abundant amounts of pollen in the spring; completely female yews
2110:
were required to grow yews and, because of the trees' toxic properties, they were grown in the only commonly enclosed area of a village – the churchyard. The yew tree can often be found in church graveyards and is symbolic of sadness. Such a representation appears in Lord Alfred
Tennyson's poem
540:, as did RKF Pilger in 1903, to splitting species by even very small morphological differences, as did R. W. Spjut in 2007 with 25 species and over 50 varieties. Some species have traditionally been recognized by geographic distribution, but Asian species have been more difficult to classify.
2161:
1980:
are able to break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are commonly restricted to cliffs and other steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the
2270:
in 120 countries) stated that "400 medicinal plants are at risk of extinction, from over-collection and deforestation, threatening the discovery of future cures for disease." These included yew trees, whose bark is used for the cancer drug
2850:
Möller M, Liu K, Li Y, Jian-Hua L, Lin-Jiang Y, Mill R, Thomas P, De-Zhu L, Lian-Ming G (2020). "Repeated intercontinental migrations and recurring hybridizations characterise the evolutionary history of yew (Taxus L.)".
2772:
Corneanu, G. C. , M. Corneanu and R. Bercu. 2004. Comparison between some morpho-anatomical features at fossil vegetal species and at their actual correspondent species. Studia
Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, XLIX:
2910:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang (2021).
626:) is also relatively distinct with foliage intermediate between Sumatran yew and the other species. The Florida yew, Mexican yew and Pacific yew are all rare species listed as threatened or endangered.
524:
All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and some botanists treat them all as subspecies or varieties of just one widespread species; under this treatment, the species name used is
1968:
stomach can break down the seed coat and release the toxins into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. Grazing animals, particularly
3247:
322:
They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 2.5–20 m (8.2–65.6 ft), with trunk girth averaging 5 m (16 ft). They have reddish
2015:
All parts of a yew plant are toxic to humans with the exception of the yew berries (which however contain a toxic seed); additionally, male and dioecious yews in this genus release
2408:
Xu, Xiao-Hui; Sun, Bai-Nian; Yan, De-Fei; Wang, Jin; Dong, Chong (May 2015). "A Taxus leafy branch with attached ovules from the Lower
Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, North China".
2090:, where climatic conditions are better for growing the knot-free yew wood required. The yew longbow was the critical weapon used by the English in the defeat of the French
2198:'Fastigiata') is often called the Irish yew, illustrating the difficulties with common names. A few cultivars with yellow leaves are collectively known as golden yews.
480:, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2–3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal.
4570:
4609:
3240:
2263:
2134:, Wales, but this view is contested. Such old trees usually consist of a circular ring of growths of yew, since their heart has long since rotted away.
4518:
3295:
3233:
2074:, the Chalcolithic mummy found in 1991 in the Italian Alps, carried an unfinished bow made of yew wood. Consequently, it is not surprising that in
4583:
4531:
2677:
4658:
374: in) broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.
2988:
3120:
468: in) long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6–9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by
2582:
2291:, and has become another major source of paclitaxel. Other yew species contain similar compounds with similar biochemical activity.
2262:, since the drug was initially extracted from the bark of the yew, the harvesting of which kills the tree. On January 18, 2008, the
2024:
4557:
2027:
allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting".
3198:
2643:
2048:
Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the
4588:
2131:
4596:
3274:
2094:
at the Battle of
Agincourt, 1415. British yews tend to be too gnarly, and thus the wood for English longbows used at the
3300:
3290:
2638:. International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (5th : 1997 : Texas). Wallingford, England: CAB International.
4430:
3146:
2521:
2506:
4671:
692:
4614:
4745:
3205:
2502:
1956:, with some variation in the exact formula of the alkaloid between the species. All parts of the tree except the
4676:
3285:
3042:
937:
Below are cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships between yew species and their global distribution.
636:
2122:
has been considered to be the oldest tree in Europe, at something over 2,000 years old. Tradition has it that
126:
4740:
4505:
581:
2783:
Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno
Formation, Oregon".
917:
4492:
4373:
3225:
2913:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
4645:
4510:
4497:
2488:
2344:
844:
4536:
4624:
4466:
2932:
2924:
2860:
2417:
1636:
1343:
858:
723:
2302:
1660:
1603:
1319:
887:
789:
2095:
1999:
2712:
Kvaček, Z. 1984. Tertiary taxads of NW Bohemia. 1982 Acta Univ. Carol., Geol., Pokorny 4: 471–491.
2691:
4707:
4663:
3280:
3109:
2958:
2892:
2259:
2247:
2112:
121:
4650:
3082:
2572:
4632:
4575:
4443:
4056:
2984:
2950:
2884:
2876:
2649:
2639:
2578:
2433:
2251:
2215:
2087:
1548:
1240:
822:
506:
2023:
Yews in this genus are primarily separate-sexed, and males are extremely allergenic, with an
292:. Yews occur around the globe in temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, northernmost in
4637:
4096:
3257:
3209:
2942:
2868:
2686:
2539:
2425:
2185:
1735:
1467:
1121:
1021:
902:
877:
734:
712:
561:
547:
536:
species appear similar. Attempts at taxonomy vary from describing all yews as subspecies of
510:
440: in) long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red
2126:
slept under it while on duty before 30 AD. Claims for an older tree have been made for the
4242:
4139:
3950:
3570:
3539:
2267:
2255:
2075:
1752:
1677:
1586:
1498:
1286:
1138:
1074:
778:
767:
745:
552:
406:
402:
2928:
2864:
2421:
311:
4735:
4332:
4207:
4132:
2123:
2119:
2064:
word for "bow" and later probably borrowed into the Latin word and now generic name of
1833:
1176:
756:
542:
441:
151:
2160:
2035:
587:
4729:
4325:
4283:
4260:
4235:
4184:
4166:
4076:
3887:
3827:
3813:
3762:
3728:
3454:
3004:
2962:
2912:
2896:
2501:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
2321:
2288:
2239:
2176:
of yews have been named, the vast majority of these being derived from
European yew (
2061:
1993:
1785:
1515:
1193:
1165:
1057:
1046:
872:
800:
701:
592:
526:
469:
323:
297:
243:
237:
221:
112:
61:
3199:"Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species of Oregon. Institute for Natural Resources"
3083:"Bronze Age tree survives wars (and the builders) to be claimed as Britain's oldest"
3056:
2668:
2496:
614:), distinguished by its sparse, sickle-shaped yellow-green leaves. The Mexican yew (
4712:
4448:
4200:
4150:
4116:
4065:
4047:
3986:
3901:
3866:
3859:
3834:
3785:
3719:
3213:
2235:
2169:
2127:
2016:
1809:
1360:
811:
413:
229:
4422:
3030:
2429:
1960:
contain the alkaloid. The arils are edible and sweet, but the seed is dangerously
103:
4435:
4411:
2802:
568:, and subtropical southeast Asia have led to greater confusion, with the species
4699:
4601:
4544:
4405:
4304:
4290:
4193:
4159:
4125:
4025:
4018:
4004:
3959:
3941:
3880:
3852:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3672:
3626:
3579:
3530:
3468:
3447:
3332:
3184:
3170:
3038:
2872:
2316:
2243:
2207:
1986:
1850:
992:
968:
194:
36:
2946:
1976:, are also sometimes found dead near yew trees after eating the leaves, though
4311:
4297:
4214:
4105:
3922:
3908:
3778:
3647:
3633:
3489:
3440:
3386:
3323:
3314:
3261:
2937:
2272:
2227:
2219:
2145:
677:
274:
164:
81:
46:
3110:"Addressing the claim that the Defynnog yews in Powys may be 5,000 years old"
2880:
2437:
4479:
4339:
4318:
4269:
4249:
3894:
3751:
3550:
3475:
3406:
3377:
3368:
3087:
2653:
2292:
2149:
2053:
86:
4689:
4396:
2954:
2888:
2144:
is named after the yew, and sometimes also associated with the "evergreen"
2826:
2164:
Foliage of Irish yew; note the leaves spreading all round the erect shoots
4684:
4390:
4228:
4173:
4085:
3970:
3873:
3737:
3603:
3521:
2827:"Overview of the genus Taxus, Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Ovulate Shoots"
2173:
2086:(Yew Dales). Most longbow wood used in northern Europe was imported from
1953:
686:
665:
ranges in the United States from
California to Montana and Alaska, while
658:
623:
607:
289:
204:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2383:
488:
Taxus is the Latin word for this tree and its wood that is used to make
4523:
4221:
4011:
3744:
3686:
3594:
3512:
3461:
2607:
2280:
2258:
of the
Pacific yew for paclitaxel led to fears that it would become an
2091:
2071:
2049:
1229:
603:
557:
489:
473:
184:
174:
91:
66:
2763:
recognized in Europe based on leaf fossils from late
Tertiary deposits
4549:
3915:
3820:
3619:
3559:
3345:
2284:
2138:
2107:
2083:
2057:
1989:
1969:
1961:
1950:
1947:
619:
521:
meaning bow) because the Scythians used its wood to make their bows.
398:
293:
4562:
4458:
4367:
2452:
2226:) of Eastern and Central North America were the initial sources of
4484:
4276:
3700:
3693:
3679:
3654:
3640:
3482:
3422:
3395:
2301:
2231:
2159:
2034:
1998:
1982:
1973:
1965:
676:
611:
586:
565:
310:
281:
270:
138:
2803:"Eibenhecken :-) Pflanzung, Schnitt, Sorten - Taxus baccata"
2141:
2079:
1977:
1957:
669:
appears in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada.
477:
445:
417:
327:
277:
4371:
3229:
2295:, an analogue of paclitaxel, is derived from the European yew (
303:
The oldest known fossil species are from the Early Cretaceous.
4471:
3212:: Oregon Biodiversity Information Center. 2010. Archived from
3187:. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 16 January 2008.
2315:
The yew tree is a frequent symbol in the Christian poetry of
2246:
treatment and, more recently, in the production of the Taxus
560:
are now generally agreed upon, but overlapping ranges in the
3147:"Medicinal tree used in chemotherapy drug faces extinction"
657:
occurs over much of East Asia, in China, Japan, Korea, and
2453:"The exceptional yew trees of England, Scotland and Wales"
580:
being elucidated only in the 21st century with the aid of
2495:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2194:. A popular fastigiate selection of the European yew (
3145:
Gersmann, Hanna; Aldred, Jessica (10 November 2011).
2056:
people who were part of the police force in ancient
883:
868:
854:
840:
116:(European yew) shoot with mature and immature cones
4380:
4259:
4183:
4149:
4115:
4095:
4075:
4055:
4046:
3996:
3978:
3969:
3949:
3940:
3844:
3770:
3761:
3727:
3718:
3664:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3569:
3549:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3432:
3414:
3405:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3331:
3322:
3313:
2725:Spjut, R. W. (2007). "Taxonomy and nomenclature of
2306:
Oldest Polish specimen of European yew (1200 years)
2168:Yews are widely used in landscaping and ornamental
416:are highly modified, each cone containing a single
2733:(Taxaceae) based on leaf anatomical characters".
653:appears throughout Europe and into western Asia.
492:. The Latin word is probably borrowed, via Greek
300:. Some populations exist in tropical highlands.
2629:
2627:
2983:. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 205.
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
848:– Oligocene, Bohemia, twig-leaves, similar to
639:populations in the United States. There, both
3241:
2692:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42549A2987373.en
513:
405:, but occasional individuals can be variably
8:
2729:(Taxaceae). A phytogeographical analysis of
2720:
2718:
2498:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
16:Genus of conifers in the yew family Taxaceae
2520:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
2184:). The hybrid between these two species is
2098:was imported from Spain or northern Italy.
493:
4368:
4052:
3975:
3946:
3767:
3724:
3608:
3599:
3526:
3517:
3411:
3382:
3373:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3248:
3234:
3226:
2264:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
530:, the first yew described scientifically.
509:word used for "yew" and "bow" (cognate of
102:
20:
2936:
2690:
2634:Garland, Tam; Barr, A. Catherine (1998).
2577:. London : Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 78.
377:The male cones are globose, 3–6 mm (
2974:
2972:
2636:Toxic plants and other natural toxicants
939:
2678:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2566:
2564:
2562:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2333:
2020:only trap pollen while producing none.
598:The most distinct is the Sumatran yew (
2608:"Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum"
2339:
2337:
2039:A replica of Ötzi's yew and copper axe
3126:from the original on 24 December 2018
2853:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2667:Katsuki, T & Luscombe, D (2013).
2574:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2382:Earle, Christopher J. (19 May 2020).
7:
4625:4106abb2-3df4-4b00-9698-73101fdf7f14
2118:The yew can be very long-lived. The
3029:Eichhorn, Markus (September 2010).
2597:Dehk̲h̲udā: Lughat-Nāma. Entry تخش.
2571:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997).
2078:, the abode of the god of the bow,
1825:
1801:
1777:
1727:
1720:
1652:
1628:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1540:
1490:
1483:
1459:
1449:
1335:
1311:
1263:
1256:
1227:
1163:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1044:
1037:
1013:
984:
960:
514:
4677:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30068472-2
3171:"Medical plants 'face extinction'"
2354:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023
1946:All species of yew contain highly
862:– Upper Miocene, leaf, similar to
14:
3185:"'Miracle' Cures Face Extinction"
2759:by loss of stomata and papillae;
2755:thought to evolve from ancestral
2003:Male (pollen-producing) cones of
829:, Wallich yew, East Himalayan yew
695:recognizes 12 confirmed species:
401:in early spring. Yews are mostly
397: in) across, and shed their
774:, Rigid branch yew, Japanese yew
354: in) long and 2–3 mm (
125:
326:, lanceolate, flat, dark-green
3081:David Sanderson (2014-07-08).
2052:. These longbows were used by
647:are common ornamental shrubs.
1:
2457:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
2430:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.12.014
2106:It is suggested that English
2060:. This use was lent into the
3173:. BBC News. 19 January 2008.
2981:The Allergy-Fighting Garden
2873:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106952
2785:Palaeontographica Americana
2544:Online Etymology Dictionary
2507:Harvard University Herbaria
2132:St Cynog's Church, Defynnog
816:(Lemée & H.Lév.) S.Y.Hu
409:, or change sex with time.
4762:
3057:"YEW TREES IN CHURCHYARDS"
2947:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
2528:. Perseus Digital Library.
2352:Plants of the World Online
2218:of North America, and the
719:, Pacific yew, western yew
693:Plants of the World Online
444:-like structure called an
3340:
3309:
3269:
3206:Portland State University
2938:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279
2503:Missouri Botanical Garden
2487:Hils, Matthew H. (1993).
2384:"Taxus (yew) description"
1847:
1830:
1823:
1806:
1799:
1782:
1775:
1749:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1674:
1657:
1650:
1633:
1626:
1600:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1538:
1512:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1464:
1457:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1316:
1309:
1283:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1237:
1225:
1190:
1173:
1161:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1071:
1054:
1042:
1035:
1018:
1011:
989:
982:
965:
949:
942:
896:Commonly reported hybrids
891:– Miocene, northern Idaho
728:L.M.Gao & Mich.Möller
494:
255:
250:
235:
228:
122:Scientific classification
120:
110:
101:
32:Early Cretaceous – Recent
23:
3043:University of Nottingham
2735:J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas
835:Fossil (extinct) species
484:Taxonomy and systematics
296:and southernmost in the
3031:"Yew – The Sacred Tree"
2388:The Gymnosperm Database
582:molecular phylogenetics
2979:Ogren, Thomas (2015).
2546:. Etymonline.com. 2019
2505:, St. Louis, MO &
2307:
2279:harvested in northern
2165:
2040:
2007:
1271:T. Huangshan type
689:
610:north to southernmost
595:
319:
4646:Paleobiology Database
2305:
2163:
2130:in the churchyard of
2038:
2002:
918:Taxus × hunnewelliana
730:, Asian limestone yew
680:
590:
314:
3009:www.iberianature.com
2685:: e.T42549A2987373.
2011:Allergenic potential
1964:; unlike birds, the
763:, West Himalayan yew
618:, native to eastern
2929:2021NatPl...7.1015S
2865:2020MolPE.15306952M
2451:Moir, Andy (2013).
2422:2015CrRes..54..266X
2410:Cretaceous Research
2180:) or Japanese yew (
2096:Battle of Agincourt
2031:Uses and traditions
1992:including the moth
1549:T. wallichiana
1241:T. wallichiana
1232:
1168:
1049:
772:Siebold & Zucc.
673:Species and hybrids
3256:Classification of
2831:Worldbotanical.com
2807:Derkleinegarten.de
2761:T. canadensis
2745:T. brevifolia
2526:A Latin Dictionary
2308:
2260:endangered species
2248:drug eluting stent
2166:
2113:In Memoriam A.H.H.
2041:
2008:
1736:T. canadensis
1468:T. brevifolia
1228:
1164:
1122:T. canadensis
1045:
1022:T. brevifolia
845:Taxus engelhardtii
807:, Mesoamerican yew
690:
596:
320:
4723:
4722:
4633:Open Tree of Life
4374:Taxon identifiers
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4057:Cunninghamioideae
4042:
4041:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3589:
3588:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3117:Ancient Yew Group
2990:978-1-60774-491-7
2319:, especially his
2252:Boston Scientific
2216:Pacific Northwest
2214:), native to the
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1764:
1763:
1753:T. cuspidata
1707:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1678:T. sumatrana
1637:T. calcicola
1615:
1614:
1587:T. chinensis
1527:
1526:
1499:T. floridana
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1344:T. calcicola
1298:
1297:
1287:T. chinensis
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1150:
1149:
1139:T. cuspidata
1086:
1085:
1075:T. floridana
823:Taxus wallichiana
655:T. cuspidata
600:T. sumatrana
578:Taxus wallichiana
262:
261:
224:
4753:
4746:Dioecious plants
4716:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4602:NHMSYS0000464356
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4369:
4097:Athrotaxidoideae
4053:
3976:
3947:
3771:Phyllocladoideae
3768:
3725:
3609:
3600:
3527:
3518:
3412:
3383:
3374:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3296:Acrogymnospermae
3258:Acrogymnospermae
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3210:Portland, Oregon
3203:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:Sacred-texts.com
3053:
3047:
3046:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2940:
2923:(8): 1015–1025.
2907:
2901:
2900:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2742:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2509:, Cambridge, MA.
2484:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2341:
2236:chemotherapeutic
2224:Taxus canadensis
2212:Taxus brevifolia
1834:T. contorta
1826:
1802:
1778:
1728:
1721:
1661:T. phytonii
1653:
1629:
1604:T. florinii
1579:
1572:
1565:
1541:
1491:
1484:
1460:
1450:
1336:
1320:T. phytonii
1312:
1264:
1257:
1233:
1177:T. contorta
1169:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1050:
1038:
1014:
985:
961:
940:
927:Taxus canadensis
885:
878:Clarno Formation
870:
856:
842:
828:
817:
806:
795:
784:
773:
762:
751:
740:
735:Taxus canadensis
729:
718:
713:Taxus brevifolia
707:
667:Taxus canadensis
663:Taxus brevifolia
562:Eastern Himalaya
548:Western Himalaya
517:
516:
497:
496:
467:
466:
462:
457:
456:
452:
448:, 8–15 mm (
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
396:
395:
391:
386:
385:
381:
373:
372:
368:
363:
362:
358:
353:
352:
348:
345:
339:
338:
334:
220:
130:
129:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4376:
4366:
4345:
4255:
4243:Neocallitropsis
4179:
4145:
4111:
4091:
4071:
4038:
3992:
3965:
3951:Sciadopityaceae
3928:
3840:
3757:
3706:
3660:
3585:
3571:Welwitschiaceae
3565:
3545:
3495:
3428:
3401:
3351:
3305:
3286:Marchantiophyta
3265:
3254:
3224:
3216:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3108:Hindson, Toby.
3107:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3005:"Yews in Spain"
3003:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2757:T. globosa
2749:T. globosa
2724:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2671:Taxus cuspidata
2666:
2665:
2661:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2313:
2268:botanic gardens
2256:Over-harvesting
2204:
2182:Taxus cuspidata
2158:
2104:
2082:, had the name
2076:Norse mythology
2046:
2033:
2013:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1786:T. baccata
1765:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1616:
1528:
1516:T. globosa
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1299:
1215:
1206:
1194:T. baccata
1151:
1087:
1058:T. globosa
935:
923:Taxus cuspidata
912:Taxus cuspidata
864:T. baccata
859:Taxus inopinata
832:
826:
815:
804:
793:
783:Nutt. ex Chapm.
782:
779:Taxus floridana
771:
768:Taxus cuspidata
760:
749:
746:Taxus chinensis
738:
727:
724:Taxus calcicola
716:
705:
675:
651:T. baccata
645:Taxus cuspidata
641:T. baccata
632:
570:Taxus chinensis
553:Taxus sumatrana
538:T. baccata
486:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
343:
341:
336:
332:
331:
330:10–40 mm (
309:
246:
241:
219:
124:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4741:Conifer genera
4738:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:wfo-4000037650
4704:
4694:
4681:
4668:
4655:
4642:
4629:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4456:Conifers.org:
4453:
4440:
4427:
4417:
4402:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4333:Hesperocyparis
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4208:Pilgerodendron
4204:
4197:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4133:Sequoiadendron
4129:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3845:Podocarpoideae
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Polypodiophyta
3288:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3219:on 2011-01-28.
3190:
3176:
3162:
3137:
3100:
3073:
3048:
3021:
2996:
2989:
2968:
2902:
2842:
2818:
2794:
2775:
2765:
2714:
2705:
2659:
2644:
2623:
2599:
2590:
2583:
2558:
2531:
2512:
2474:
2443:
2400:
2365:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2312:
2309:
2266:(representing
2203:
2200:
2157:
2154:
2124:Pontius Pilate
2120:Fortingall Yew
2103:
2100:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2012:
2009:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:T. mairei
1805:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:T. mairei
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
964:
959:
956:
955:
948:
934:
931:
930:
929:
914:
893:
892:
888:Taxus schornii
881:
866:
852:
850:T. mairei
831:
830:
819:
808:
797:
790:Taxus florinii
786:
775:
764:
757:Taxus contorta
753:
750:(Pilg.) Rehder
742:
731:
720:
709:
708:, European yew
697:
681:4112 year old
674:
671:
631:
628:
543:Taxus contorta
485:
482:
308:
305:
288:in the family
260:
259:
253:
252:
248:
247:
242:
233:
232:
226:
225:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
155:
154:
149:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:Xanthocyparis
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:Chamaecyparis
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4261:Cupressoideae
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:Widdringtonia
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4185:Callitroideae
4182:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:Glyptostrobus
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4077:Taiwanioideae
4074:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:Cephalotaxeae
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:Falcatifolium
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:Lepidothamnus
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:Lagarostrobos
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Podocarpaceae
3760:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3729:Araucariaceae
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:Encephalartos
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Nature Plants
2914:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:(1): 291–332.
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2613:
2612:Botanicus.org
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2584:1-884964-98-2
2580:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:Four Quartets
2318:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:Taxus baccata
2294:
2290:
2289:New Brunswick
2286:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:drug used in
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2196:Taxus baccata
2193:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2178:Taxus baccata
2175:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:" (2.61–64).
2114:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:Ancient Greek
2059:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2005:Taxus baccata
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:willow beauty
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:T. fuana
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:South Eurasia
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:North Eurasia
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:North America
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
963:
962:
958:
957:
953:
946:
941:
938:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
915:
913:
909:
908:Taxus baccata
905:
904:
903:Taxus × media
900:
899:
898:
897:
890:
889:
882:
880:; Oregon, USA
879:
875:
874:
873:Taxus masonii
867:
865:
861:
860:
853:
851:
847:
846:
839:
838:
837:
836:
825:
824:
820:
814:
813:
809:
803:
802:
801:Taxus globosa
798:
792:
791:
787:
785:, Florida yew
781:
780:
776:
770:
769:
765:
759:
758:
754:
748:
747:
743:
737:
736:
732:
726:
725:
721:
715:
714:
710:
704:
703:
702:Taxus baccata
699:
698:
696:
694:
688:
684:
679:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:Taxus globosa
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
529:
528:
527:Taxus baccata
522:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
447:
443:
420:4–7 mm (
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
375:
329:
325:
318:
317:Taxus baccata
313:
306:
304:
301:
299:
298:South Celebes
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
267:
258:
254:
249:
245:
240:
239:
238:Taxus baccata
234:
231:
227:
223:
218:
217:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:Tracheophytes
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
115:
114:
113:Taxus baccata
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
4381:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4201:Austrocedrus
4199:
4192:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:Taxodioideae
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:Sequoioideae
4104:
4084:
4066:Cunninghamia
4064:
4048:Cupressaceae
4032:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3987:Cephalotaxus
3985:
3958:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3902:Retrophyllum
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3867:Pherosphaera
3865:
3860:Microcachrys
3858:
3851:
3835:Phyllocladus
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3786:Pectinopitys
3784:
3777:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3720:Araucariales
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3578:
3558:
3538:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3421:
3394:
3344:
3301:Angiospermae
3214:the original
3193:
3179:
3165:
3154:. Retrieved
3151:The Guardian
3150:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3116:
3103:
3092:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3034:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2980:
2920:
2916:
2905:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2682:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2635:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:
2602:
2593:
2573:
2548:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2497:
2490:
2465:. Retrieved
2460:
2456:
2446:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2346:
2320:
2314:
2296:
2277:
2223:
2211:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2170:horticulture
2167:
2156:Horticulture
2136:
2128:Defynnog Yew
2117:
2105:
2070:
2065:
2047:
2022:
2014:
2004:
1987:Lepidopteran
1945:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1831:
1808:
1807:
1784:
1783:
1751:
1750:
1734:
1733:
1676:
1675:
1659:
1658:
1635:
1634:
1602:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1547:
1546:
1514:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1359:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1317:
1285:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1239:
1238:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1174:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1073:
1072:
1056:
1055:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1005:
991:
990:
967:
966:
951:
944:
936:
926:
922:
916:
911:
907:
901:
895:
894:
886:
871:
863:
857:
849:
843:
834:
833:
821:
812:Taxus mairei
810:
799:
796:, Florin yew
788:
777:
766:
755:
744:
741:, Canada yew
733:
722:
711:
700:
691:
682:
666:
662:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
633:
630:Distribution
615:
602:, native to
599:
597:
577:
574:Taxus mairei
573:
569:
551:
541:
537:
533:
532:
525:
523:
518:
502:
498:
487:
411:
376:
321:
316:
302:
285:
265:
264:
263:
256:
236:
230:Type species
215:
214:
165:Gymnospermae
158:
145:
111:
24:
18:
4545:iNaturalist
4406:Wikispecies
4305:Platycladus
4291:Tetraclinis
4194:Papuacedrus
4160:Cryptomeria
4126:Metasequoia
4026:Pseudotaxus
4019:Austrotaxus
4005:Amentotaxus
3960:Sciadopitys
3942:Cupressales
3881:Dacrycarpus
3853:Saxegothaea
3807:Parasitaxus
3800:Prumnopitys
3793:Sundacarpus
3673:Pseudotsuga
3627:Pseudolarix
3612:Abietoideae
3580:Welwitschia
3531:Ephedraceae
3469:Ceratozamia
3448:Lepidozamia
3333:Ginkgoaceae
3273:Supergroup
3262:Gymnosperms
3130:5 September
3039:Brady Haran
2550:January 18,
2463:(2013): 187
2416:: 266–282.
2317:T. S. Eliot
2244:lung cancer
2208:Pacific yew
2172:. Over 400
2102:Cultivation
993:Pseudotaxus
969:Austrotaxus
818:, Maire yew
752:, China yew
637:naturalized
593:Mexican yew
591:Foliage of
195:Cupressales
4730:Categories
4563:30068472-2
4312:Calocedrus
4298:Microbiota
4215:Libocedrus
4106:Athrotaxis
3923:Podocarpus
3909:Afrocarpus
3779:Halocarpus
3648:Keteleeria
3634:Nothotsuga
3490:Microcycas
3441:Macrozamia
3433:Zamioideae
3387:Cycadaceae
3324:Ginkgoales
3315:Ginkgoidae
3156:2017-02-15
3094:2016-11-17
2859:: 106952.
2836:2016-11-17
2812:2016-11-17
2698:16 October
2645:0851992633
2617:2016-11-17
2393:16 October
2329:References
2311:In culture
2273:paclitaxel
2228:paclitaxel
2220:Canada yew
2146:world tree
476:and other
414:seed cones
407:monoecious
307:Morphology
275:coniferous
171:Division:
4340:Juniperus
4319:Cupressus
4270:Thujopsis
4250:Callitris
3997:Taxoideae
3895:Dacrydium
3752:Araucaria
3665:Pinoideae
3551:Gnetaceae
3476:Stangeria
3415:Diooideae
3407:Zamiaceae
3378:Cycadales
3369:Cycadidae
3281:Bryophyta
3088:The Times
3035:Test Tube
2963:232282918
2897:221503980
2881:1055-7903
2753:floridana
2743:203–289.
2438:0195-6671
2358:29 August
2293:Docetaxel
2202:Chemistry
2174:cultivars
2150:Yggdrasil
2017:cytotoxic
1962:poisonous
1954:alkaloids
1948:poisonous
933:Phylogeny
876:– Eocene
622:south to
403:dioecious
315:Seeds of
284:known as
257:See text
185:Pinopsida
175:Pinophyta
135:Kingdom:
4697:VASCAN:
4690:40010517
4685:Tropicos
4391:Wikidata
4229:Fitzroya
4174:Taxodium
4086:Taiwania
3971:Taxaceae
3874:Acmopyle
3738:Wollemia
3604:Pinaceae
3522:Gnetales
3260:(living
3121:Archived
3066:8 August
3041:for the
2955:34282286
2889:32889136
2791:: 30–31.
2654:39013798
2540:"Taxine"
2108:parishes
2054:Scythian
1985:of some
1942:Toxicity
805:Schltdl.
739:Marshall
687:Anatolia
659:Sakhalin
624:Honduras
507:Scythian
490:javelins
474:waxwings
470:thrushes
290:Taxaceae
251:Species
205:Taxaceae
201:Family:
4576:1095231
4524:2684902
4222:Diselma
4140:Sequoia
4012:Torreya
3745:Agathis
3687:Cathaya
3595:Pinales
3540:Ephedra
3513:Pinidae
3462:Bowenia
3014:2 April
2933:bioRxiv
2925:Bibcode
2861:Bibcode
2522:"taxus"
2467:19 July
2418:Bibcode
2281:Ontario
2092:cavalry
2050:longbow
1990:insects
954:, 2021
947:, 2020
943:Möller
608:Celebes
604:Sumatra
558:Malesia
546:in the
511:Persian
501:, from
463:⁄
453:⁄
435:⁄
425:⁄
392:⁄
382:⁄
369:⁄
359:⁄
349:⁄
335:⁄
211:Genus:
191:Order:
181:Class:
139:Plantae
4659:PLANTS
4651:434997
4638:684213
4622:NZOR:
4589:194882
4511:132355
4498:132355
4423:195336
4420:APDB:
4397:Q27355
3916:Nageia
3821:Manoao
3620:Cedrus
3560:Gnetum
3346:Ginkgo
2987:
2961:
2953:
2935:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2773:77–84.
2652:
2642:
2581:
2436:
2285:Quebec
2240:breast
2139:Eihwaz
2088:Iberia
2084:Ydalir
2058:Athens
1983:larvae
1974:horses
1970:cattle
1951:taxine
952:et al.
950:Stull
945:et al.
761:Griff.
620:Mexico
576:, and
505:, the
399:pollen
328:leaves
294:Norway
282:shrubs
4736:Taxus
4664:TAXUS
4615:25628
4571:IRMNG
4550:47555
4537:11900
4485:1TAXG
4472:15111
4459:Taxus
4449:63TKC
4436:81508
4412:Taxus
4382:Taxus
4277:Thuja
4033:Taxus
3701:Pinus
3694:Picea
3680:Larix
3655:Abies
3641:Tsuga
3483:Zamia
3423:Dioon
3396:Cycas
3275:Plant
3217:(PDF)
3202:(PDF)
3124:(PDF)
3113:(PDF)
2959:S2CID
2893:S2CID
2751:var.
2731:Taxus
2727:Taxus
2491:Taxus
2347:Taxus
2232:Taxol
2191:media
2187:Taxus
2066:Taxus
2025:OPALS
1966:human
1958:arils
1454:Taxus
1007:Taxus
827:Zucc.
794:Spjut
717:Nutt.
683:Taxus
612:China
566:China
534:Taxus
503:taxša
499:tóxon
495:τόξον
478:birds
442:berry
278:trees
271:genus
269:is a
266:Taxus
216:Taxus
159:Clade
146:Clade
25:Taxus
4700:1741
4672:POWO
4610:NCBI
4584:ITIS
4558:IPNI
4532:GRIN
4519:GBIF
4480:EPPO
4431:APNI
3132:2023
3068:2011
3016:2018
2985:ISBN
2951:PMID
2885:PMID
2877:ISSN
2747:and
2700:2021
2683:2013
2650:OCLC
2640:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2552:2019
2469:2014
2461:2013
2434:ISSN
2395:2021
2360:2023
2287:and
2242:and
2234:, a
2206:The
2142:rune
2137:The
2080:Ullr
2072:Ötzi
2044:Bows
1978:deer
1972:and
643:and
606:and
550:and
519:Taxš
446:aril
418:seed
412:The
324:bark
286:yews
37:PreꞒ
4708:WFO
4597:NBN
4506:FoC
4493:FNA
4467:EoL
4444:CoL
2943:doi
2869:doi
2857:153
2687:doi
2426:doi
2349:L."
2299:).
2250:by
2230:or
685:in
556:in
515:تخش
280:or
273:of
4732::
4710::
4687::
4674::
4661::
4648::
4635::
4612::
4599::
4586::
4573::
4560::
4547::
4534::
4521::
4508::
4495::
4482::
4469::
4446::
4433::
4408::
4393::
3208:,
3204:.
3149:.
3119:.
3115:.
3085:.
3059:.
3037:.
3033:.
3007:.
2971:^
2957:.
2949:.
2941:.
2931:.
2919:.
2915:.
2891:.
2883:.
2875:.
2867:.
2855:.
2829:.
2805:.
2789:58
2787:.
2737:.
2717:^
2681:.
2675:.
2648:.
2626:^
2610:.
2561:^
2542:.
2524:.
2477:^
2459:.
2455:.
2432:.
2424:.
2414:54
2412:.
2386:.
2368:^
2336:^
2325:.
2283:,
2275:.
2254:.
2189:×
2152:.
2148:,
2068:.
1996:.
925:×
921:=
910:×
906:=
706:L.
661:.
584:.
572:,
564:,
472:,
465:32
461:19
455:16
437:32
427:32
361:32
244:L.
222:L.
161::
148::
87:Pg
3277::
3264:)
3249:e
3242:t
3235:v
3159:.
3134:.
3097:.
3070:.
3045:.
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2993:.
2965:.
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2927::
2921:7
2899:.
2871::
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2739:1
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2689::
2673:"
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2656:.
2620:.
2587:.
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2554:.
2493:"
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2471:.
2440:.
2428::
2420::
2397:.
2362:.
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2222:(
2210:(
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884:†
869:†
855:†
841:†
458:–
451:5
433:9
430:–
423:5
394:4
390:1
387:–
384:8
380:1
371:8
367:1
364:–
357:3
351:2
347:1
344:+
342:1
340:–
337:2
333:1
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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