540:. Among these people was Nikolay Borisovich Jacobi, Senior Procurator to the Senate in the 1890s. Jacobi's widow, Elizaveta Karlovna, reportedly told Voitrov in 1913 that a Duke Stenbok-Fermor was disturbed by the attention which Tchaikovsky was paying to his young nephew. Stenbok-Fernor wrote a letter of accusation to the Tsar in the autumn of 1893 and gave the letter to Jacobi to deliver. Jacobi wanted to avoid a public scandal. He therefore invited all of Tchaikovsky's former schoolmates that he could locate in St. Petersburg—eight people altogether—to serve in a "court of honor" to discuss the charge. This meeting, held in Jacobi's study, lasted almost five hours. At the end of that time, Tchaikovsky rushed out, pale and agitated, without saying a word. Once everyone else had left, Jacobi told his wife that they had decided that Tchaikovsky should kill himself. Within a day or two of this meeting, news of the composer's illness was circulating in St. Petersburg.
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effect. While cholera actually attacked all levels of
Russian society, it was considered a disease of the lower classes. The resulting stigma from such a demise for a personage as famous as Tchaikovsky was considerable, to the point where its possibility was inconceivable for many people. The accuracy of the medical reports from the two physicians who had treated Tchaikovsky was questioned. The handling of Tchaikovsky's corpse was also scrutinised as it was reportedly not in accordance with official regulations for victims of cholera. This was remarked upon by, among others,
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had read in textbooks and medical journals. Poznansky cites Vasily
Bertenson as later admitting that he "had not had occasion to witness an actual case of cholera", despite saying the composer had contracted a "classic case" of the disease. Holden also questions whether Lev Bertenson's description of Tchaikovsky's condition came from his observation of the patient or from what he had once read. If the latter, it would mean he could have used the terminology in the wrong sequence in describing Tchaikovsky's diagnosis.
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223:. During the meal, Tchaikovsky ordered a glass of water. Due to an outbreak of cholera in the city, health regulations required water served in restaurants to be boiled before being served. Tchaikovsky was told by the waiter that no boiled water was then available. He then reportedly requested cold unboiled water, which was brought. Warned by others in his party not to drink it, the composer said he did not fear contracting cholera and drank the water anyway.
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composer's deathbed. It was exactly this circle of intimates, however, that Drigo accused of concealing the "truth", demanding false testimonies from authorities, physicians and priests. Only by swearing
Glazunov to the strictest secrecy would anyone in this circle have revealed the "truth". That Glazunov would then share this information with Mooser, Poznansky concludes, is virtually inconceivable since it would have compromised Glazunov entirely.
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educated families because they observed the medical protocols forbidding the use or drinking of unboiled water. Moreover, this epidemic had begun waning with the arrival of the cold autumn weather. On 13 October, 200 cases of cholera were reported. By 6 November, the day of
Tchaikovsky's death, this number had been reduced to 68 cases, accompanied by "a sharp decline in mortality". Though these figures were taken from
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760:, who attended both performances, attributed the public's change in opinion to "the composer's sudden death ... stories about his presentiments of approaching demise (to which mankind is so prone), and a tendency to link these presentiments with the gloomy mood of the last movement of this splendid ... famed, even fashionable work." Diaghilev adds that NápravnĂk wept throughout the performance.
607:. According to their scenario, the composer had seduced the son of the caretaker of his brother Modest's apartment block. The plausibility of this story for many people was that Glazunov reportedly confirmed it. Mooser considered Glazunov a reliable witness, stressing his "upright moral character, veneration for the composer and friendship with Tchaikovsky." More recently the French scholar
472:. "There exists, as far as we can recollect, a binding decree that commercial establishments, eating houses, restaurants, etc., should have boiled water". Poznansky suggests the same lack of credibility holds true for Modest's story. It was also well known that Tchaikovsky preferred to drink mineral water. "Are we to suppose that Leiner's had run out of both mineral and boiled water?"
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strings, and a rather quiet, harmonised chorale emerges in the trombones. The trombone theme bears no relation to the music that either precedes or follows it. Calvin Dotsey with the
Houston Symphony states: "The brass intone a quotation of the Russian Orthodox chant “With thy saints, O Christ, give peace to the soul of thy servant,” a traditional prayer for the dead."
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Modest's apartment during lunch on
Thursday. If so, what was a pitcher of unboiled water doing on the table? "t was right in the middle of our conversation about the medication he had taken that he poured a glass of water and took a sip from it. The water was unboiled. We were all frightened: he alone was indifferent to it and told us not to worry."
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569:." He suggested that people would have known that acute diarrhoea, dehydration and kidney failure resembled the manifestations of cholera. This would help bolster a potential illusion of the death as a case of cholera. The conclusion reached in the documentary leaned largely in favor of the "court of honor" theory.
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as intensely autobiographical. According to this theory, Tchaikovsky realised the full extent of his feelings for Bob, plus the unlikelihood of their physical fulfillment. He supposedly poured his misery onto this one last great work as a conscious prelude to suicide, then drank unboiled water in the
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recalls: "Various myths soon sprang up about the death of
Tchaikovsky. Some said he caught cholera by drinking a glass of tap water at the Restaurant Leiner. Certainly, we used to see Pyotr Ilyich eating there almost every day, but nobody at that time drank unboiled water, and it seemed inconceivable
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True to its reputed form, the cholera outbreak that had begun in the summer of 1893 in St. Petersburg had been confined primarily to the city's slums, where the poor "lived in crowded, insanitary conditions without observing elementary medical conditions." The disease did not affect more affluent and
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volunteered to pay the costs of the composer's funeral himself and instructed the
Directorate of the Imperial Theatres to organise the event. According to Poznansky, this action showed the exceptional regard with which the Tsar regarded the composer. Only twice before had a Russian monarch shown such
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Poznansky counters Brown's views by saying that, despite Rimsky-Korsakov's comment, there was nothing odd about what went on. He writes that, despite lingering prejudice, the prevailing medical opinion was that cholera was less contagious than previously supposed. Though public gatherings for cholera
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In despair I rushed out of the house, and although I realized
Tchaikovsky had died of cholera I made straight for Malaya Morskaya, where he lived. The doors were wide open and there was no one to be found.... I heard voices from another room, and on entering I saw Pyotr Ilyich in a black morning coat
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and would not have needed an intermediary to deliver a letter to his own employer. As for the supposed threat to the reputation of the St
Petersburg School of Jurisprudence represented by Tchaikovsky's homosexual affairs, Poznansky depicts the school as a hotbed of all-male debauchery which even had
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Tchaikovsky biographer David Brown argues that, even before the doctors' accounts on the composer's death had appeared, what happened at his brother Modest's flat had been totally inconsistent with standard procedures for a death from cholera. Regulations stipulated the corpse was to be removed from
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of London by its then veteran medical specialist, Dr. Thomas Stuttaford. While Holden admits no further evidence supports this theory, he asserts that had it actually been the case, Tchaikovsky and Modest would have both gone to great pains to conceal the truth. They could have staged Tchaikovsky's
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Holden maintains that, since cholera was rarely encountered in the upper echelons in which they practiced, it is possible that physicians Vasily and Lev Bertenson had never treated or even seen a case of cholera previous to the composer's case. All they might have known of the disease was what they
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as his own requiem, many others, notably Milton Cross, David Ewen and Michael Paul Smith, accord it credence. The musical clues include one in the development section of the first movement, where the rapidly progressing evolution of the transformed first theme suddenly "shifts into neutral" in the
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Roland John Wiley writes, "The polemics over death have reached an impasse ... Rumor attached to the famous die hard ... As for illness, problems of evidence offer little hope of satisfactory resolution: the state of diagnosis; the confusion of witnesses; disregard of long-term effects of smoking
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Orlova suggests this court of honor could have been convened on 31 October. This is the only day during which nothing is known about Tchaikovsky's activities until evening. Brown suggests that perhaps it is significant that Modest records his brother's last days from that evening, when Tchaikovsky
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drinking unboiled water at Leiner's by mutual agreement for the sake of family, friends, admirers and posterity. Since Tchaikovsky was an almost sacred national figure by this time in his life, Holden suggests the doctors involved with the composer's case might have gone along with this deception.
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If Tchaikovsky did contract cholera, it is unknown precisely when or how he became infected. Newspapers printed accounts given by confused relatives of Tchaikovsky's drinking a glass of unboiled water at Leiner's restaurant. Modest, by contrast, suggests that his brother drank the fateful glass at
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Another factor Pozansky mentions is that Tchaikovsky, already in gastric distress Thursday morning, drank a glass of the alkaline mineral water "Hunyadi János" in an attempt to ease his stomach. The alkaline in the mineral water would have neutralised the acid in Tchaikovsky's stomach. This would
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Poznansky does not rule out Tchaikovsky's contracting cholera from drinking contaminated water. He ventures that Tchaikovsky could have possibly drunk it before the Wednesday supper at Leiner's, as the composer habitually drank cold water at meals. On this point, he and Holden concur. Holden adds
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reported that the composer was scrupulous in his personal hygiene. In the hope of avoiding doctors, Laroche writes, "he relied above all on hygiene, of which he seemed (to my layman's view) to be a true master". The media noted this as they questioned the composer's death. "How could Tchaikovsky,
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Tchaikovsky began conducting with the baton held tightly in his fist ... in his usual manner. But when the final sounds of the symphony had died away and Tchaikovsky slowly lowered the baton, there was dead silence in the audience. Instead of applause, stifled sobs came from various parts of the
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However, Poznansky counters, Glazunov could not have confirmed the suicide story unless he were absolutely certain of its truth. The only way that could have been possible, though, was if he had been told by someone in Tchaikovsky's innermost circle—in other words, someone who was present at the
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to no avail. Three days later, he developed signs of cholera. His condition worsened, but he still refused to see a doctor. A doctor was finally sent for but was not home, so another one was called. The diagnosis of cholera was finally made by Dr. Lev Bertenson. In the meantime, Tchaikovsky
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The incubation period for cholera is between one and three days according to some authorities, and from two hours to five days according to others. Tchaikovsky reportedly started showing symptoms early Thursday morning. If the one-to-three-day interval is taken as 24 to 72 hours, the latest the
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stated that Tchaikovsky had died from a subsequent blood infection, not from the disease itself. (The disease had reportedly been arrested on Friday, 3 November, three days before the composer's passing.) According to Poznansky, with the added precaution of constant disinfectant to the lips and
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The timeline between Tchaikovsky's drinking unboiled water and the emergence of symptoms was brought into question, as well as the composer's procurement of unboiled water, in a reputable restaurant (according to one account), in the midst of a cholera epidemic with strict health regulations in
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This would seem to contradict descriptions of this event by other biographers. Holden, for example, writes that the work had been greeted with respectful applause for its composer but general bewilderment about the work itself. However, Diaghilev apparently confirms Volkov's account. Though he
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Other well-respected studies of the composer have challenged Orlova's statements in detail and concluded that the composer's death was due to natural causes. Among other challenges to Orlova's thesis, Poznansky revealed that there was no Duke Stenbok-Fermor, but there was a count of that name.
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Even with these numbers, the attribution of Tchaikovsky's death to cholera was as surprising to many as the suddenness of his demise. While cholera touched all levels of society, it was largely considered a disease of the poor. This stigma made cholera a vulgar and socially demeaning manner of
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Without strong evidence for any of these cases, it is possible that no definite conclusion may be drawn and that the true nature of the composer's end may never be known. Conclusive evidence, Holden suggests, would mean exhuming Tchaikovsky's corpse for tests to determine the presence of
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Holden adds that, according to contemporary Russian medical records, the specific epidemic which claimed Tchaikovsky's life began on 14 May 1892 and ended on 11 February 1896. During this time, 504,924 people contracted cholera. From that number, 226,940 (44.9 percent) died from it.
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Referencing cholera specialist Dr. Valentin Pokovsky, Holden mentions another way Tchaikovsky could have contracted cholera—the "faecal-oral route", from less-than-hygienic sexual practices with male prostitutes in St. Petersburg. This theory was advanced separately in
125:, most probably contracted through drinking contaminated water several days earlier. This explanation was accepted by many biographers of the composer. However, even at the time of Tchaikovsky's death, there were many questions about this diagnosis.
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in the 19th century, and information sources used in the article sometimes report dates as old style rather than new style. Dates in the article are taken verbatim from the source and therefore are in the same style as the source from which they
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Tchaikovsky's funeral took place on 9 November 1893 in St. Petersburg. Kazan Cathedral holds 6,000 people, but 60,000 people applied for tickets to attend the service. Finally, 8,000 people were crammed in. The composer was interred in
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victims had previously been discouraged, the Central Medical Council in the spring of 1893 specifically allowed public services and rituals in connection with the funerals of cholera victims. Also, the medical opinion printed by the
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Another theory was first broached publicly by Russian musicologist Alexandra Orlova in 1979 when she emigrated to the West. The key witness for Orlova's account was Alexander Voitrov, a pupil at the School of Jurisprudence before
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The next morning, at Modest's apartment, Pyotr was not in the sitting room drinking tea as usual, but in bed complaining of diarrhea and an upset stomach. Modest asked about calling a doctor. Tchaikovsky refused, instead taking
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were arranging a table to put him on. We lifted the body of Tchaikovsky, myself holding the feet, and laid it on the table. The three of us were alone in the flat, for after Tchaikovsky's death the whole household had
279:, was at that time a university student in St. Petersburg and had met and occasionally conversed with the composer, to whom he was distantly related by marriage. On hearing of Tchaikovsky's death, Diaghilev recalls,
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the scene of death immediately in a closed coffin. Instead, Tchaikovsky's body was displayed in Modest's flat, and the flat freely opened to visitors wishing to pay their last respects. Among the guests, composer
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hope of contracting cholera. In this way, as with his wading into the Moscow river in 1877 in frustration over his marriage, Tchaikovsky could commit suicide without bringing disgrace upon his family.
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Poznansky also says that the cholera bacillus was more prevalent in the St. Petersburg water supply than anyone had imagined before Tchaikovsky's death. Weeks after the composer's passing, both the
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has confirmed Glazunov's confession. Lischke's father was a student of the composer in Petrograd in the 1920s. Glazunov confided the story to Lischke's father, who in turn passed it to his son.
561:, which investigated various theories regarding Tchaikovsky's death. Among those interviewed were Orlova, Brown and Poznansky, along with various experts on Russian history. Dr John Henry of
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Diaghilev's step-mother's sister, the soprano Aleksandra Panayeva-Kartsova, married Georgy Kartsov, the son of Tchaikovsky's first cousin Aleksandra Petrovna Kartsova née Tchaikovskaya.
565:, an expert witness working in the British National Poison Unit at the time, concluded in the documentary that all the reported symptoms of Tchaikovsky's illness "fit very closely with
1708: – The passage discussed in last paragraph of the "Pathetique as a Requiem" section can be found shortly after rehearsal mark "K" in the score, or at 10:25 in the audio recording.
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noted, "veryone is astounded by the uncommon occurrence of the lightning-fast infection with Asiatic cholera of a man so very temperate, modest, and austere in his daily habits."
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Another version holds that Tchaikovsky had been undergoing a severe personal crisis. This crisis was precipitated, according to some accounts, by his infatuation for his nephew,
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was seemingly bewildered by what he saw: "How strange that, although death had resulted from cholera, still admission to the Mass for the dead was free to all! I remember how
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composer could have been infected would have been Wednesday morning, earlier than either the dinner at Leiner's that evening or lunch at Modest's the following afternoon.
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were found to be contaminated, and a special sanitary commission discovered that some restaurants mixed boiled and unboiled water to cool it more quickly for patrons.
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As cited in Norton, Rictor, "Gay Love-Letters from Tchaikovsky to his Nephew Bob Davidof", The Great Queens of History, 19 October 2002, updated 5 November 2005 <
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The possibility of unboiled water available at a restaurant such as Leiner's was a surprise to some. "We find it extremely strange that a good restaurant could have
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in 1888. By 1892, Russia was by far the worst hit of the 21 countries affected. In 1893, no fewer than 70 regions and provinces were combatting epidemics.
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had hit the continent in 1818. Three others had followed and a fifth, which had begun in 1881, was raging. The disease had been imported by pilgrims from
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Norton, Rictor, "Gay Love-Letters from Tchaikovsky to his Nephew Bob Davidof", The Great Queens of History, 19 October 2002, updated 5 November 2005 <
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Theories that Tchaikovsky's death was a suicide soon began to surface. Postulations ranged from reckless action on the composer's part to orders from
717:, was heard by at least some as the composer's artistic farewell to this world. After the last rehearsal of the symphony under its composer's baton,
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demise. The fact Tchaikovsky died from such a cause appeared to degrade his reputation among the upper classes and struck many as inconceivable.
268:, totally drunk ... kept kissing the deceased man's head and face." This passage was edited out of some later version of Rimsky-Korsakov's book.
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One other theory regarding Tchaikovsky's death is that it was ordered by Tsar Alexander III himself. This story was told by Swiss musicologist
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Regardless of its initial reception, two weeks after Tchaikovsky's death, on 18 November 1893, the composer's longtime friend, conductor
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having just arrived in Petersburg and living in excellent hygienic conditions, have contracted the infection?" asked a reporter for the
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1474:"'I No Longer Feel Sorry for the Fact': Homosexuality and Identity Commitment in the Writings and Speeches of Claude Vivier"
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mentions "At the rehearsal opinions were greatly divided....", he adds: "The concert's success was naturally overwhelming."
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on the eve of his burial. Moreover, Alexander III gave special permission for Tchaikovsky's memorial service to be held at
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Kornhauser, Pavle (April 1, 2010). ""The cause of P.I. Tchaikovsky's (1840-1893) death: cholera, suicide, or both?"".
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would seem to improve but then would regress and get much worse. His kidneys began to fail. A priest was called from
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that Tchaikovsky may have even known he had contracted cholera before the dinner at Leiner's Wednesday night.
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have stimulated any cholera bacillus present by giving it a more favorable environment in which to flourish.
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nostrils of the body, even the drunken cellist kissing the face of the deceased had little cause for worry.
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thought the proceedings immediately following Tchaikovsky's death to be strange for a victim of cholera.
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following the poet's fatal duel. Nicholas also came personally to pay his final respects to historian
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147:. Since 1979, one variation of the theory has gained some ground—a sentence of suicide imposed in a "
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Though some modern musicologists, such as David Brown, dispute the view that Tchaikovsky wrote the
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Rimsky-Korsakov's own comments, however, would seem to conflict with his actions as later told by
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Henry, Dr. John, "Pride or Prejudice?" BBC Radio 3, 5 November 1993. As quoted in Holden, 399.
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Orlova, Alexandra, "Tchaikovsky: The Last Chapter", 128. As quoted in Holden, Anthony,
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hall. The audience was stunned and Tchaikovsky stood there, motionless, his head bowed.
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had arrived in Europe less than a century before Tchaikovsky's death. An initial
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and alcohol. We do not know how Tchaikovsky died. We may never find out...."
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275:. Diaghilev, who would become known as the founder and impresario of the
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Diaghilev, Sergei, Memoirs (unpublished). As quoted in Buckle, Richard,
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20 October] (Wednesday) Tchaikovsky had gone to the theatre to see
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Newspaper reporters were not the only ones questioning these accounts.
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unboiled water during an epidemic", wrote a reporter for the newspaper
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at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, near the graves of fellow-composers
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in a 1983 homophobic hate crime before the opera could be completed.
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1032:(St. Petersburg, 1903), vol. 37a, 507–151. As quoted in Holden, 359.
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who had reportedly amassed much about the history and people of his
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Secrets, Rumors, and Lies: Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 6, Pathétique
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The first reported cases in Russia from this pandemic occurred in
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in his autobiography, though some editions censored this section.
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music organizations and had begun writing a libretto, but
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to the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, and the composer
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International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians
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Volkov writes that even before Tchaikovsky's death, his
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Theory of attempted suicide by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
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In November 1993 the BBC aired a documentary entitled
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25 October], nine days after the premiere of his
1484:(1). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 27–41.
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its own song hymning the delights of homosexuality.
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favor toward a fallen artistic or scholarly figure.
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stretched on a sofa. Rimsky-Korsakov and the singer
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Orlova, 128, footnote 12. As quoted in Holden, 387.
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1516:. Stanford Universities Libraries. March 29, 1995
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867:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991), 481.
699:(1995), about Tchaikovsky's last days and death.
1680:(St. Petersburg, 1909), published in English as
953:, 26 October 1893. As quoted in Poznansky, 592.
2529:Infectious disease deaths in the Russian Empire
2165:Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem
1514:"Opening Night! Opera & Oratorio Premieres"
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480:to us that Tchaikovsky should have done so".
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1631:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991).
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724:As for the première itself, Volkov writes:
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207:, and other friends to a restaurant named
58:. Please do not remove this message until
1706:International Music Score Library Project
1537:"Music: A few well-rounded suicide notes"
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1324:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2007), 434–435.
1193:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
1053:
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78:Learn how and when to remove this message
1664:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1429:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1279:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1253:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1224:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1180:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1167:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1138:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1122:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1043:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
852:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
839:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
151:" by Tchaikovsky's fellow alumni of the
54:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1629:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893
1416:Tchaikovsky: The Story of the Inner Man
1081:Tchaikovsky's Suicide: Myth and Reality
865:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893
811:
788:
672:had begun working on an opera entitled
195:. Afterwards, he went with his brother
2519:Deaths by person in the Russian Empire
1684:(New York: Knopf, 1925, 3rd ed. 1942).
1657:http://rictornorton.co.uk/tchaikov.htm
1570:(New York: The Free Press, 1995), 115.
1348:http://rictornorton.co.uk/tchaikov.htm
1277:, 84:200–201. As quoted in Poznansky,
975:(New York: The Free Press, 1995), 128.
668:In the early 1980s, Canadian composer
2463:International Tchaikovsky Competition
2448:Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory
1535:Williams, Nicholas (March 30, 1995).
827:(1): 145–172 – via EBSCO, DOAJ.
821:Acta medico-historica adriatica: AMHA
719:Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich
183:writes that on 1 November 1893 [
7:
1614:. Houston Symphony. January 3, 2020.
1601:(London: Faber & Faber, 1993) xv
1061:(New York: Random House, 1995), 387.
1030:Encyclopedia of Brogkauz & Efron
741:, led the second performance of the
651:, as has been done with the body of
527:Suicide ordered by "court of honor"
1689:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
1568:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
1322:Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music
973:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
745:Symphony at a memorial concert in
310:had written a letter to the dying
25:
2193:Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major
2188:Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major
2183:Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major
2178:Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor
1691:(New York: The Free Press, 1995).
906:(New York: Athenum, 1979), 17–18.
346:would be buried nearby, as well.
342:; eventually Rimsky-Korsakov and
155:, as a censure of the composer's
2492:
2483:
2482:
1666:(New York: Schirmer Books, 1991)
1638:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2007).
153:Imperial School of Jurisprudence
33:
2275:String Quartet No. 2 in F major
2270:String Quartet No. 1 in D major
2013:Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major
1678:Letopis Moyey Muzykalnoy Zhizni
1652:(New York: Random House, 1995).
2453:Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra
2438:Tchaikovsky State House-Museum
1239:(New York: Athenum, 1979), 24.
1235:As quoted in Buckle, Richard,
678:Tchaikovsky, a Russian Requiem
573:However, he was an equerry to
1:
2443:Tchaikovsky Museum (Votkinsk)
2344:Grand Piano Sonata in G major
2220:Liturgy of St John Chrysostom
1350:>. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
1195:, 15th ed. (New York, 1987);
1014:: History: Origin and spread.
674:Tchaïkovski, un réquiem Russe
2063:Variations on a Rococo Theme
1335:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
1318:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
999:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
986:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
878:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
754:Russkaya Muzykal'naya Gazeta
501:and the water supply of the
1149:As cited in Poznansky, 581.
585:Suicide ordered by the Tsar
452:The glass of unboiled water
426:Also, Tchaikovsky's friend
421:Novosti i Birzhevaya Gazeta
60:conditions to do so are met
2555:
2303:String Sextet in D minor (
2057:Violin Concerto in D major
1676:Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai,
1645:(New York: Athenum, 1979).
1384:. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
1382:"How did Tchaikovsky die?"
1275:Polnoe sobranie sochinenli
1197:Entsiklopedicheskii slovar
619:Suicide by reckless action
489:Cholera from tainted water
234:St. Isaac's Cathedral
171:One of the last photos of
96:Alexander Nevsky Monastery
94:Tchaikovsky's tomb at the
2539:Unsolved deaths in Russia
2478:
2398:Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky
2280:String Quartet No. 3 in E
2172:Festival Coronation March
2018:Piano Concerto No. 3 in E
2002:Piano Concerto No. 1 in B
1749:
1472:Rhéaume, Martine (2021).
1393:As quoted in Holden, 374.
1320:, 483–484; Brown, David,
1108:As quoted in Holden, 360.
365:bringing the cholera, in
101:On 6 November 1893 [
2534:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1743:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1650:Tchaikovsky: A Biography
1588:As quoted in Holden, 371
1178:As quoted in Poznansky,
1059:Tchaikovsky: A Biography
929:As quoted in Buckle, 23.
695:composed a short opera,
513:Cholera from other means
173:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
115:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
18:Tchaikovsky's death
2349:Piano Sonata No. 2 in C
2292:Souvenir d'un lieu cher
1671:Tchaikovsky's Last Days
1363:by Alexander Poznansky.
1361:Tchaikovsky's Last Days
1209:WHO Fact Sheet: Cholera
795:Russia was still using
758:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
262:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
253:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
141:Alexander III of Russia
131:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1669:Poznansky, Alexander,
1599:Tchaikovsky Remembered
731:
372:
291:
256:
201:Vladimir "Bob" Davydov
176:
98:
2298:Piano Trio in A minor
2259:Quartet Movement in B
2044:Sérénade mélancolique
1662:Poznansky, Alexander
1636:The Man and His Music
1118:Peterburgskaia gazeta
470:Son of the Fatherland
357:
251:
170:
93:
2458:Chaikovskij (crater)
2305:Souvenir de Florence
2203:Serenade for Strings
1754:List of compositions
1191:ed. Berkow, Robert,
951:Petersburgaia gazeta
443:Doctors not prepared
2524:Deaths from cholera
2121:Francesca da Rimini
1952:Symphony in B minor
1893:The Sleeping Beauty
1861:The Queen of Spades
1840:Mazepa (or Mazeppa)
1833:The Maid of Orleans
1377:The Daily Telegraph
1028:"Asiatic Cholera",
664:Depictions in media
591:Robert-Aloys Mooser
189:Alexander Ostrovsky
181:Alexander Poznansky
47:of this article is
2410:Antonina Miliukova
2331:Souvenir de Hapsal
2324:Scherzo Ă la russe
2037:Andante and Finale
653:Napoleon Bonaparte
642:No strong evidence
605:Alexander Glazunov
559:Pride or Prejudice
433:Petersburg Gazette
373:
296:Petersburg Gazette
257:
205:Alexander Glazunov
177:
145:Alexander Glazunov
99:
2506:
2505:
2416:Nadezhda von Meck
2114:Capriccio Italien
2070:Pezzo capriccioso
1987:
1687:Volkov, Solomon,
1648:Holden, Anthony,
1641:Buckle, Richard,
1566:Volkov, Solomon,
1491:10.7202/1076403ar
971:Volkov, Solomon,
889:Rimsky-Korsakov,
691:English composer
567:arsenic poisoning
350:Cholera in Russia
340:Modest Mussorgsky
332:Alexander Borodin
312:Alexander Pushkin
88:
87:
80:
16:(Redirected from
2546:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2433:In popular media
2404:Vladimir Davydov
2380:The Music Lovers
2354:
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2285:
2284:
2264:
2263:
2093:Romeo and Juliet
2085:Orchestral works
2030:Concert Fantasia
2023:
2022:
2007:
2006:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1967:No. 6 in B minor
1962:No. 5 in E minor
1947:No. 4 in F minor
1937:No. 3 in D major
1927:No. 2 in C minor
1921:Winter Daydreams
1917:No. 1 in G minor
1819:Vakula the Smith
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625:Vladimir Davydov
546:Anton Rubinstein
368:Le Petit Journal
328:Tikhvin Cemetery
316:Nikolay Karamzin
273:Sergei Diaghilev
221:Saint Petersburg
193:The Ardent Heart
119:Saint Petersburg
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435:. A writer for
428:Hermann Laroche
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410:A social stigma
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320:Kazan Cathedral
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244:After the death
217:Nevsky Prospekt
203:, the composer
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1273:Tolstoi, L.,
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697:Shameful Vice
694:
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670:Claude Vivier
663:
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612:
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609:André Lischke
606:
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600:kapellmeister
596:
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584:
582:
579:
578:Alexander III
576:
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551:Die Maccabäer
547:
541:
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300:
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213:Kotomin House
211:, located in
210:
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157:homosexuality
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2241:Six Romances
2239:
2232:
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2218:
2196:
2170:
2163:
2158:Marche slave
2156:
2149:
2144:The Voyevoda
2142:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2042:
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2029:
1986:(unfinished)
1970:
1955:
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1891:
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1866:
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1798:The Voyevoda
1796:
1780:
1702:6th symphony
1688:
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1557:Volkov, 115.
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1508:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1445:
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1428:
1423:
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1410:
1405:Holden, 374.
1389:
1375:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
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1312:
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1274:
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1264:Holden, 391.
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1099:Holden, 360.
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657:Musicologist
645:
632:
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571:
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437:Russian Life
436:
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379:writes that
374:
366:
324:
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135:
127:
110:
100:
74:
65:
43:
26:
2383:(1971 film)
2375:(1970 film)
2372:Tchaikovsky
2338:The Seasons
2316:Piano music
2212:Vocal music
2100:The Tempest
1995:Concertante
1847:Cherevichki
1579:Holden, 371
1427:Polyansky,
1414:Poznansky,
1359:See, e.g.,
1307:Holden, 391
1293:Holden, 390
1251:Poznansky,
1165:Poznansky,
1079:Poznansky,
1041:Poznansky,
850:Poznansky,
837:Poznansky,
534:World War I
400:Vladivostok
375:Biographer
179:Biographer
2513:Categories
2364:Portrayals
2197:Mozartiana
1971:Pathétique
1910:Symphonies
1764:Symphonies
1045:, 596–597.
854:, 579–589.
807:References
765:Pathétique
743:Pathétique
714:Pathetique
706:as Requiem
704:Pathétique
634:Pathétique
538:alma mater
499:Neva River
308:Nicholas I
238:last rites
163:Final days
111:Pathétique
45:neutrality
2400:(brother)
2128:The Storm
1886:Swan Lake
1643:Diaghilev
1543:March 31,
1520:March 31,
1500:236686971
1462:, 25:169.
1237:Diaghilev
904:Diaghilev
548:'s opera
544:attended
520:The Times
477:Diaghilev
68:July 2024
56:talk page
2488:Category
2418:(patron)
2406:(nephew)
2352:♯
2283:♭
2262:♭
2244:(Op. 38)
2021:♭
2005:♭
1980:♭
1771:The Five
772:See also
484:Theories
385:pandemic
289:fled....
209:Leiner's
191:'s play
117:died in
49:disputed
2426:Related
1956:Manfred
1878:Ballets
1868:Iolanta
1622:Sources
1458:Wiley,
1333:Brown,
1316:Brown,
1012:cholera
997:Brown,
984:Brown,
876:Brown,
649:arsenic
381:cholera
359:Drawing
123:cholera
2412:(wife)
2391:People
2234:Moscow
2107:Hamlet
1941:Polish
1805:Undina
1790:Operas
1498:
1478:Circut
1431:, 333.
1418:, 606.
1337:, 484.
1281:, 583.
1255:, 583.
1226:, 597.
1182:, 582.
1169:, 582.
1140:, 597.
1124:, 597.
1001:, 487.
988:, 486.
893:, 340.
880:, 481.
841:, 579.
682:UNESCO
676:(lit.
466:served
393:Arabia
389:Bombay
197:Modest
109:, the
2498:Audio
2355:minor
2286:minor
2265:major
2136:Fatum
2024:major
2008:minor
1983:major
1781:Death
1659:>.
1496:S2CID
800:come.
784:Notes
363:Death
1545:2017
1522:2017
1010:See
575:Tsar
338:and
185:O.S.
138:Tsar
103:O.S.
42:The
1486:doi
391:to
361:of
215:at
2515::
1494:.
1482:31
1480:.
1476:.
1398:^
1380::
1368:^
1298:^
1286:^
1244:^
1154:^
1088:^
1050:^
1019:^
934:^
920:^
823:.
756:.
554:.
334:,
322:.
219:,
113:,
2307:)
2199:)
2195:(
1973:)
1969:(
1958:)
1954:(
1943:)
1939:(
1933:)
1929:(
1923:)
1919:(
1735:e
1728:t
1721:v
1673:.
1547:.
1524:.
1502:.
1488::
825:8
371:.
175:.
81:)
75:(
70:)
66:(
62:.
52:.
20:)
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