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archaeological site of Lixus by highlighting the characteristics of the site and promoting the destination on the regional, national and international tourist map to contribute to local economic and social development. In 2019, the
Ministry spent 11.8 million dirhams on a new visitor's center and other new tourist facilities, 15 million dirhams on a restoration program, 6.75 million dirhams towards the restoration and maintenance of the site, 4.6 million dirhams on improving the site's surrounding infrastructure, and 2.2 million dirhams towards archeological research and training.
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1237:"Reflexiones sobre el origen de Lixus y su Delubrum Herculis en el contexto de la empresa colonial fenicia". In Lixus: actes du colloque organisé par l'Institut des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine de Rabat avec le concours de l'Ecolle Française de Rome, Larache, 8–11 novembre 1989 (Collection de l'E´ cole Française de Rome 166): 85–101. Rome, E ´ cole Franc¸ aise de Rome
476:, and it was the largest and the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Fishing and viticulture were the city's main economic resources, which can be inferred from the bunches of grapes and tuna which adorned their coins. The port of Lixus played an important role in Atlantic trade as the hill of Tchoummich corresponds perfectly to the conditions sought by the
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1118:"Elementos artısticos y decorativos de la epoca de Juba II en Lixus (Marruecos)". In E. La Rocca, P. Leon and C. Parisi (eds), Le due patrie acquisite. Studi di archeologia dedicati a Walter Trillmich (Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, Supplementi 18): 41–50. Rome, LErmadi Bretschneider
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The archaeological site of Lixus is located in
Morocco northeast of Larache city (70 km (43 mi) south of Tangier) on the right bank of the Loukkos river, 4 km (2.5 mi) from the coast. Lixus was built on a hill of 80 metres (260 ft) above sea level, and covers 70 hectares (170
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The row of small temples (C, A, D, and B) faced east., had survived until the final days of ancient Lixus, they had behind them a large open area extended to the end of the western wall of the city. A row of rooms bordered the space to the west, with some internal subdivisions that were built on the
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area of the site (165 m east–west by 250 m north–south). Thanks to excavations undertaken from 1999 to 2001 by a
Moroccan-French team it was possible to reconsider the evolution of the "Temples quarter"., even if the excavated zones constitute approximately only 20% of the total surface of the site.
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Lixus has been a subject of excavations since 1948. This archaeological site was composed of complex quarters with entangled buildings from various periods, whose study allows for the examination of the evolution and chronology of the city. One example is the area of temples, the largest excavated
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The ‘Palace of Juba II’, was on the upper slope of the south side of the «Choumich» hill,., it took full advantage of the panoramic possibilities of its position, it used architectural elements such as apses or semicircular porticoes, in combination with large windows and triple doors. It shows a
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The excavations have identified two rooms, E, elongated of a few m located in the south-east of the sector. They have doors on the west side, leaving space for a passageway behind the walls. The rooms are preceded by a vestibule and a staircase of building D. The chambers were built gradually, in
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and a forum from that period. The city would retain this status until the beginning of the 5th century. With the arrival of the Romans, the city acquired new administrative, social, religious, and economic structures. During the Roman period, the city maintained its commercial vitality, thanks to
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reports several «fabulous tales»: «Here was the royal palace of
Antaeus, his fight with Hercules and the gardens of the Hesperides were here ..... Hercules had to enter to this garden to steal the golden apples; the entrance was guarded by a dragon....» Pliny saw in this dragon an allegory of the
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Phase 1: is characterized by the emergence of a real neighborhood probably composed of houses, a cistern, and buildings K, E, B, and C. East–west oriented, this set of structures was surrounded by an enclosure. Surveys carried out in those different buildings allow us to date this phase from the
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Building A orientated east–west, obliterated by later constructions, retains only a few sections of regular walls made of quadrangular stones and megalithic blocks. The excavations, undertaken in the immediate vicinity, have revealed synchronous archaeological material dating from the
Phoenician
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Lixus reached its maximum extent of more than 60 hectares between 50 and 150 AD, and became the largest city of
Tingitane. According to the first excavators, this prosperity appears to have waned from the second half of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, the agglomeration folded in on itself.
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As part of the implementation of the High Royal
Guidelines aimed at rehabilitating the national cultural heritage, the Ministry of Culture and Communication has launched a vast program of restoration and rehabilitation of historic sites through the national territory of Morocco, involving the
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under building G contain fragments of Attic ceramics and amphoric material which attest that the area was occupied by locals during this period. In the west, the excavations located in building E, have allowed the obtainment of a fragment, dating from the second half of the 1st century BC
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on its bank. The cartography does not highlight the existence of any tower or strategic installation in the place. In the 1st century AD, The "Temples quarter" was adorned with public buildings including thermal baths, outbuildings, and buildings with an undetermined function.
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The city of Lixus in the 14th century was an urban center more densely populated than neighboring villages such as
Larache, and it certainly remained inhabited even after the Arab-Islamic conquest, bearing the name of Tochoummis. Ruins of houses and a mosque built in the
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Complexes F, G, and H were built at the same time. Building H was identified as a temple when it was discovered, it surrounded an interior garden with an ornamental feature, Building F was a large temple. This opinion was shared by later authors.
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in the southern wall. This is an example of the general refurbishment and maintenance work of an urban project at the complex. Before the 1st century BC the city had an open space covering up to 4,000m², arranged on three terraces with a double
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The quarter had become the northern end of the city which has extended to the salt factories, after the withdrawal of the Roman administration in the south of the province and the relocation of Roman in the northern border of
Loukkos river .
325:, used on the city's autonomous currency issues from the 2nd century BC, the name of the site appears on coins in Punic as the triliteral LKS, and in Latin as LIX and LIXS (The Lixus / Lixos form is consecrated by the Greco-Latin tradition).
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in the ceiling to provide overhead lighting, the third and fourth doors have connected one of the cubicles with building F. Finally, the fifth door has connected the U-shaped peristyle G to the large peristyle F via a short passage.
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which was the most important room in the whole of the western area. It was a huge T-shaped hall (14 m (46 ft) long, 12 m (39 ft) wide) adjoining a sophisticated chamber adorned with canopies resting on 7 small
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in the center. On the ground floor, there are remains of a storage space, and an area with a garden closed off by a wing. It is probable that this sanctuary was
Phoenician in origin. In the South-west of the quarter, under the
297:. In a 2019 press release, the Ministry of Culture stated that it was implementing a cultural and economic development strategy, with the intent on working towards Lixus being officially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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decorating the terraced gardens, which lead to the hypothesis that this whole area was a large urban sanctuary, including a variety of buildings laid out on different levels: some storage buildings, a temple surrounded by a
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M, which served as the antechamber to a rectangular court decorated, and continued to the entrance in the eastern wall, where a great door has led into the large hall G which marked the northern end of the western wing.
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and that the movement between them was fluent thanks to various doors. The religious buildings in the east of the site were probably temples and they remained in use even after the Augustan renovation of the quarter.
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Under the portico of building F, there is a cistern (9.5m long and 3m deep) that dates to after the annexation of Mauretania in 43 AD. It may have been related to a channel located slightly to the southern side
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with marble. Their location, in the upper part of the urban area, and with an open area in front of them, supports the proposal that they were temples without substantial buildings laid out behind them.
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Based on several references, the evolutionary scheme of this quarter can be divided into 5 major phases, which correspond to 5 historical periods each marked by special and distinctive architectural features:
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acres), it dominates the Atlantic shore and the valley formed by the Loukkos. It is surrounded by marshy plains to the south and southwest, in which salt factories have been created. It was added to the
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Remains of the L structure have a rectangular shape; they were discovered in 2000 under building K. The corresponding artifacts, including a large amount of modeled ceramic associated with red slip
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were said to have been here. By its vestiges the archaeological site reminds us of a long phase of the ancient history of the country, it also reminds us of thousands years old legends about
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This Roman phase corresponds also to a notable change in the urban landscape. In the northern sector of the "Temples quarter", there were structures that take up the space between
1381:"Les maisons de Volubilis. Le palais de Gordien et la maison de la mosaıque de Venus (Publications du Service d'Archeologie du Maroc XII)". Rabat, Service des Antiquites du Maroc
1322:«Lixus-2 Ladera sur excavaciones arqueologicas Marroco-espanolas en la colonia Fenicia campanas 2000-2003». INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE L'ARCHÉOLOGIE ET DU PATRIMOINE
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616:, western Mauretania was ruled by kings and the role and importance of fish products from the straits in international trade increased. The numerous fragments of
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several stages during the pre-Augustan period; they would have supported an upper story, and they were then incorporated into the new early Augustan complex
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810:. Continuing northwards, a row of four cubicles (The largest of them measures 4*7 m) interconnected with each other have large doors opening onto a U-shaped
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579:(40 m (130 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide) with a central axis with columns supporting an upper platform. These remains could be a
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1002:" Lixus, Historia de la Ciudad. Guía de las ruinas y de la sección de Lixus del Museo Arqueológico de Tetuán, Instituto Muley El-Hasan, Tetuan. "
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of the «annexes» of building F, an archaeological survey showed a level of Phoenician ceramics characterized by a strong presence of red slip,
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Phase 2: Saw the addition of the building commonly called H and the pre-thermal building J, dating back to the time of Augustus or Juba II.
114:
2900:
635:’. Changes in the internal layout of those buildings were made around 30 BC. This included the opening of new windows and doors with
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Based on this interpretation, building F, situated in the middle of the garden and surrounded by porticoes, would be the principal
265:. Its distinguishing feature is that it was continuously occupied from antiquity to the Islamic Era, and has ruins dating to the
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period have survived from this period. Apparently, Lixus was abandoned when the city of Larache was fortified and consolidated.
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Indeed, The area with the sanctuary, gardens, and some storehouses, which was built in the Mauretanian phase, was replaced by a
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There are some peculiarities of the palace in Lixus: The designer extended the spaces intended for clients. The court with the
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The Punico-Mauritanian phase is stratigraphically represented by residual furniture dating from the 4th to 3rd century BC.
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1637:
1396:" Lixus : Informations archéologiques ", dans ANRW, 2 10.2, W. de Gruyter, Ber- lin ; New York, p. 817-860
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surrounding the building F. The first leads into the south of the peristyle, the second leads into a room with a
779:, and it is clear that the so-called "Temples quarter" suffered from major destruction that may be attributed to
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In recent excavation campaigns, researchers discovered the existence of levels that could be ascribed to late
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with a rectangular floor plan (C, A, D, B). Building C (12.7 m × 10.5 m ) has a podium in
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fishing and salt factories. This economic development fueled an important urban and architectural evolution.
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783:'s revolt. After this critical period which can be dated to between 40 and 50 AD, the palace was repaired
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In the north, researchers have found an L-shaped structure dating from the pre-Augustan period, it is a
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of Lixus's palace. This great Triclinium would have been the venue for important official events, as an
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620:, intended specifically for packaging fish products, indicate that the city exported much of its catch.
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1459:"Lixus: le quartier des temples. Etude préliminaire, Etudes et Travaux d'Archéologie Marocaine", Rabat
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1164:"Lixus, de l'époque phénicienne à la période médiévale: le quartier dit «des temples" ". In . Vol. 4
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splendid use of ambiguity between covered spaces (halls and exedrae), porticoes, gardens, and the
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of Mauretania covering 7,000 m (75,000 sq ft). This residence was larger than the ‘
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first settled in Lixus in the 8th or 7th centuries BC and the city had become part of a chain of
261: : ⵍⵓⴽⵓⵙ) is an ancient city founded by Phoenicians (8th–7th century BC) before the city of
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1551:
1351:"Album grafico de las exploraciones de Lixus (manuscript). Larache", Junta Central de Monumentos
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822:. The principal floor of the western wing contained a room with five doors that lead into the
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Ruins on the hill of Lixus show a rectangular religious building, hammâm, and a mighty
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1426:"Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Princeton", Princeton University Press
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2011:
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1193:"Prospections archéologiques dans la région de Lixus. Résultats préliminaires ", no 2
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In the eastern sector, researchers have found buildings that might be interpreted as
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Researchers have found that the Mauritanian phase can be subdivided into two phases:
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and an almost square cella with double doors, building D has superimposed floors in
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The first Phoenician structures of the sector correspond to two structures A and L:
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1960:
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Brouquier-Reddé, Véronique, Abdelaziz El Khayari, and Abdelfattah Ichkhakh (2004).
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1222:" L'archéologie marocaine en 1964–1965. Bulletin d'Archéologie Marocaine 6: 540 "
818:, adorned with ionic capitals, and opened through a door onto the gallery of the
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on July 1, 1995, by the Ministry of Culture of Morocco, on the basis of three
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1366:"Documents d'architecture maurétanienne au Maroc", dans BAM, VII, p. 263-368
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1996:
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coast of ancient Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are
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The southwestern side of the so-called "Temples quarter" is known as the ‘
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sailors, whose economic activities were closely linked to the sea .
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1411:"A propos du quartier des temples de Lixus. Revue Archéologique "1: 123-8
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H and building G. The hall complex was interpreted as beginning with a
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1284:"Lixus (Morocco): From a Mauretanian sanctuary to an Augustan palace "
968: – Berber, Carthaginian, and Roman river port in Kenitra, Morocco
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281:(AD 50–6th century AD) and Islamic (12th–15th centuries AD) periods.
1138:"Histoire naturelle, publication complète Les Belles Lettres", Paris
1088:"Morocco wants Lixus being listed on the UNESCO World Heritage list"
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preexisting walls dating from the eighth to seventh century. The
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962: – Ancient Berber city and Roman military camp in Morocco
601:
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Phoenician period (8th-first half-century to 7th century BC)
730:, which covered only 4,554 m (49,020 sq ft)
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around 40 AD. From then on, Lixus would become part of the
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Lixus retained its strategic importance, especially under
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tentative list on July 1, 1995, in the cultural category.
472:. Its industrial complex was created during the reign of
608:
Punic-Mauritanian period (4th century to 3rd century BC)
1049:" Les édifices de spectacle des Maurétanies romaines "
494:
The last of the Moorish kings was assassinated by the
1252:" Lixus, du Bas-Empire à l'Islam, 'Lixus'," p. 379-86
838:
Next to the rooms mentioned above, there was a large
437:, Lixus, Chellah, and Mogador became outposts of the
1441:"The annexation of Mauritania. Historia " 20: 467–87
377:, and about Hercules separating Africa from Europe.
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1979:
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892:podium had been built by the early second century
744:is the equivalent of the doorway to a conventional
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3598:Populated places established in the 7th century BC
651:Mauritanian period (3rd century to 2nd century BC)
506:. By the third century, Lixus became almost fully
1191:Akkeraz, Aomar, and Abdelaziz El Khayari (1998).
1082:
1080:
1282:Aranegui Gascó, Carmen, and Ricardo Mar (2009).
974: – Ancient Roman town near Tangier, Morocco
3588:Roman towns and cities in Mauretania Tingitana
1320:Aranegui Gasco, Carmen, and M. Habibi (2005).
863:Medieval period (12th century to 14th century)
752:, and it was a kind of gallery for displaying
564:period (8th-first half of the 7th century BC).
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1653:
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1481:Ville de Lixus – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
771:Roman period (40 ِAD to early 5th century AD)
8:
1493:(photos from a variety of areas of the site)
1334:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1296:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
956: – Ancient Berber-Roman city in Morocco
850:. Researchers have also found a rectangular
748:, and the hall in complex G is an oversized
456:of Lixus showing ruins, salt factories, and
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30:
806:was built against the northern wall of the
767:for feasting while enjoying the landscape.
702:Buildings F, G, and H were structures with
2806:Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa
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1491:Lixus Manar al-Athar digital photo archive
29:
3523:Christianity in the Roman Africa province
1017:"Géographie, Les Belles Lettres", Paris,
3508:North Africa during classical antiquity
2813:Sorted by contemporary national borders
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675:was found at the western limit of the ‘
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510:and there are even now the ruins of a
333:Such a far-away place was subject of
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895:Researchers suggest the presence of
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38:
802:complex probably belonging to the
546:Evolution of the "Temples quarter"
382:river described by many meanders.
27:Roman/Berber/Punic city in Morocco
25:
3593:Roman towns and cities in Morocco
660:first half of the 1st century BC.
502:, more precisely the province of
2899:
1668:
938:
55:
3578:Archaeological sites in Morocco
3573:World Heritage Sites in Morocco
3540:Roman colonies in Berber Africa
3487:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
2302:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
978:Roman colonies in Berber Africa
285:Tentative World Heritage Status
1674:Phoenician cities and colonies
1220:El Khatib-Boujibar, N (1966).
1065:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1:
3568:Phoenician colonies in Africa
720:palatial residence of Juba II
398:showing the location of Lixus
205:Archaeological site of Lixus
74:Choumis / Tchoumis / Choumich
3056:Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)
520:Lixus became a colony under
1424:Wallace-Hadrill, A (1994).
604:of the Cruz de Negro type.
489:Roman amphitheater in Lixus
295:cultural selection criteria
289:Lixus was submitted to the
3619:
2654:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
1116:Aranegui Gasco, C (2008).
524:(50 AD) and it retains an
321:The official language was
195:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3548:
2897:
2866:Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)
2811:
2407:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
1971:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
1532:
908:, and a relatively large
361:, the legendary fight of
248:
244:
91:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
65:Lixus location on the map
63:
54:
35:
2153:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
1527:Former cities in Morocco
1047:Adeline, Pichot (2010).
339:garden of the Hesperides
277:(2nd century BC–AD 50),
273:(5th–3rd centuries BC),
269:(8th–6th centuries BC),
3442:Mauretania Caesariensis
1349:Montalban, C.L (1927).
1250:Akkeraz, Aomar (1992).
1235:Lopez Pardo, F (1992).
229:Added to Tentative List
2851:Iulia Campestris Babba
2841:Iulia Constantia Zilil
1572:Iulia Campestris Babba
1562:Iulia Constantia Zilil
583:structure, or a large
496:Roman emperor Caligula
491:
461:
399:
345:of and the palace of
2846:Iulia Valentia Banasa
1997:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
1567:Iulia Valentia Banasa
1379:Thouvenot, R (1958).
1000:Tarradell, M (1959).
954:Iulia Valentia Banasa
504:Mauretania Tingitania
486:
470:Ptolemy of Mauretania
451:
393:
353:the Roman ocean god,
291:UNESCO World Heritage
71:Alternative name
3583:Mauretania Tingitana
3528:Early African Church
3437:Mauretania Tingitana
2956:Castellum Tingitanum
2674:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
2512:Carthage (Cartagena)
1900:Callista (Santorini)
1838:Tipasa in Mauretania
1798:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
1486:Lixus the Roman city
1439:Fishwick, D (1971).
1409:Rebuffat, R (1985).
625:Stratigraphic layers
443:Mauretania Tingitana
396:Mauretania Tingitana
240:North African States
130:35.20083°N 6.09861°W
3492:Exarchate of Africa
2411:Olissipona (Lisbon)
1457:Ponsich, M (1981).
1394:Ponsich, M (1982).
1092:arkeolojikhaber.com
946:Ancient Rome portal
724:Palace of Gordianus
454:archaeological site
421:by the Romans) and
126: /
32:
3533:Church of Carthage
3518:Limes Tripolitanus
3457:Creta et Cyrenaica
2971:Civitas Popthensis
2583:Balanaea (Baniyas)
1813:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
633:Montalban chambers
492:
462:
400:
135:35.20083; -6.09861
3555:
3554:
3467:Diocese of Africa
2991:Diana Veteranorum
2951:Castellum Dimmidi
2773:
2772:
2403:Portus Hannibalis
2292:Arambys (Mogador)
2177:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
2158:Porphyreon (Jieh)
2027:Kapara (Soluntum)
1843:Tipasa in Numidia
1793:Rusicade (Skikda)
1635:
1634:
1476:Lexicorient entry
1364:Boube, J (1967).
1136:Pline, l’Ancien.
854:with two rows of
852:Corinthian atrium
792:Corinthian Atrium
684:places of worship
612:After the Second
427:Carthage's empire
409:cities along the
252:
251:
16:(Redirected from
3610:
3501:Related articles
3347:Turris Tamalleni
3242:Hippo Diarrhytus
2981:Cohors Breucorum
2903:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2542:Tagilit (Tíjola)
2317:Shalat (Chellah)
2287:Azama (Azemmour)
1672:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1063:"Ville de Lixus"
1059:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1021:
1020:
1015:Strabon (2003).
1012:
1006:
1005:
997:
948:
943:
942:
941:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
87:Larache Province
59:
49:
41:
40:
33:
21:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3513:African Romance
3496:
3424:
3418:
3397:
3371:
3190:
2904:
2895:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2738:
2629:Aspis (Kelibia)
2617:
2561:
2430:
2416:Ossonoba (Faro)
2391:
2275:
2222:
2186:
2123:Athar (Tripoli)
2096:
1975:
1919:
1888:
1852:
1728:Iol (Cherchell)
1676:
1666:
1636:
1631:
1528:
1525:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
998:
991:
986:
944:
939:
937:
934:
865:
814:decorated with
773:
765:Oecus Cyzicenus
677:"Sacred gardens
653:
610:
557:
548:
539:
452:Picture of the
388:
379:Pliny the Elder
331:
319:
303:
287:
197:
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
66:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Vandal Kingdom
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Thuburbo Majus
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Quiza Xenitana
3078:
3073:
3071:Portus Divinus
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2699:Sicca (El Kef)
2696:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2397:
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2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2266:Ras il-Wardija
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Gebal (Byblos)
2145:
2143:Botrys (Teros)
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2022:Heraclea Minoa
2019:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
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1876:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:Kissi (Djinet)
1750:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1667:
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1471:
1470:External links
1468:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1303:
1257:
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1227:
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1123:
1105:
1094:. 15 July 2019
1076:
1054:
1022:
1007:
988:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
969:
963:
957:
950:
949:
933:
930:
906:cryptoporticus
889:opus quadratum
886:pavements and
864:
861:
820:Cryptoporticus
804:Flavian period
772:
769:
689:opus quadratum
671:A Mauretanian
665:
664:
661:
652:
649:
609:
606:
577:Cryptoporticus
573:
572:
565:
556:
553:
547:
544:
538:
535:
512:Paleochristian
460:the background
387:
384:
357:and the three
330:
327:
318:
315:
311:World Heritage
302:
299:
286:
283:
250:
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246:
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242:
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168:
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163:
162:7th century BC
160:
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110:
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102:
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80:
76:
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68:
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64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
36:
26:
24:
18:Tchemmich Hill
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
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3584:
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3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:and provinces
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Pheradi Majus
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Unica Colonia
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Portus Magnus
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Aquae Calidae
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
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2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
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2669:
2665:
2662:
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2640:
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2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Marat (Amrit)
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2530:
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2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Gadir (Cadiz)
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2426:
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2414:
2412:
2409:
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2400:
2398:
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2383:
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2365:
2363:
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2342:
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2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Caricus Murus
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Gaulos (Gozo)
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2092:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
983:
979:
976:
973:
972:Ancient Cotta
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
947:
936:
931:
929:
925:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
891:
890:
885:
884:
883:opus signinum
877:
873:
870:
862:
860:
857:
853:
849:
846:
841:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
709:
705:
700:
697:
696:
695:opus signinum
691:
690:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
662:
658:
657:
656:
650:
648:
646:
641:
638:
634:
629:
626:
621:
619:
615:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
561:
560:
554:
552:
545:
543:
536:
534:
530:
527:
523:
518:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
455:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
392:
385:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:golden apples
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:golden apples
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
316:
314:
312:
309:
300:
298:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
243:
239:
231:
223:
215:
208:
204:
202:Official name
196:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
139:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
62:
58:
53:
47:
34:
19:
3452:Roman Africa
3252:Leptis Parva
3006:Hippo Regius
2855:
2382:Thymiaterium
2306:
2256:Għajn Qajjet
2081:Sant'Antioco
1703:Hippo Regius
1617:Thymiaterium
1587:Sala Colonia
1576:
1458:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1321:
1283:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1192:
1186:
1163:
1137:
1117:
1098:10 September
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1069:10 September
1067:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1016:
1010:
1001:
926:
914:
894:
887:
881:
878:
874:
866:
837:
833:
785:
774:
758:
739:
732:
717:
713:
701:
693:
687:
681:
670:
666:
654:
630:
622:
611:
574:
558:
549:
540:
531:
526:amphitheater
519:
500:Roman Empire
493:
468:and his son
463:
419:Sala Colonia
401:
373:slaying the
332:
320:
304:
288:
254:
253:
206:
3462:Roman Egypt
3207:Bulla Regia
3136:Thubursicum
2961:Castra Nova
2634:Bulla Regia
2182:Umm al-Amad
2067:Pantelleria
1936:Akka (Acre)
1822:Aïn Oulmene
1803:Rusubbicari
1787:Tamentfoust
1747:Constantine
845:cylindrical
777:Roman times
537:Excavations
433:during the
403:Phoenicians
275:Mauretanian
224:ii, iii, iv
207:(Tentative)
179:Mauretanian
133: /
109:Coordinates
3562:Categories
3432:Mauretania
3367:Zama Regia
3337:Thuburnica
3237:Hadrumetum
3202:Althiburos
3046:Mesarfelta
2644:Hadrumetum
2462:Akra Leuka
2341:Casablanca
2173:Sur (Tyre)
1552:El Mazamma
984:References
761:Triclinium
673:storehouse
478:Phoenician
458:Larache in
435:Punic Wars
407:Phoenician
267:Phoenician
171:Phoenician
149:Settlement
121:06°05′55″W
3472:Zeugitana
3292:Simitthus
3156:Tubusuctu
3146:Tingartia
3121:Thamugadi
3096:Rusucurru
3091:Rusguniae
3061:Parthenia
3031:Lambaesis
2946:Cartennas
2891:Volubilis
2881:Thamusida
2765:Tahpanhes
2760:Gibraltar
2755:Phoenicus
2750:Myriandus
2659:Kerkouane
2536:Almunecar
2347:Volubilis
2218:Tsabratan
2072:Selinunte
2042:Lilybaeum
1809:El Bahri)
1783:Rusguniae
1758:Macomades
1693:Cartennae
1627:Volubilis
1612:Thamusida
1597:Tagmadert
1592:Sijilmasa
1330:cite book
1292:cite book
1201:cite book
1172:cite book
966:Thamusida
824:peristyle
812:peristyle
796:pilasters
794:with six
736:landscape
728:Volubilis
704:porticoes
614:Punic War
594:courtyard
587:, with a
585:sanctuary
508:Christian
341:with the
301:Geography
118:35°12′3″N
3477:Byzacena
3423:Kingdoms
3342:Thysdrus
3317:Thabraca
3307:Taparura
3297:Sufetula
3282:Scillium
3257:Mactaris
3217:Carthago
3186:Zuccabar
3131:Thibilis
3126:Theveste
3116:Thagaste
3036:Madauros
3016:Igilgili
2996:Gemellae
2941:Caesarea
2836:Exilissa
2724:Thysdrus
2668:Monastir
2639:Carthage
2547:Toscanos
2527:Saguntum
2517:Rushadir
2466:Alicante
2396:Portugal
2362:Oualidia
2322:Tamusida
2271:Tas-Silġ
2235:Cospicua
2233:Maleth (
2052:Neapolis
2036:Cagliari
2002:Drepanum
1961:Shikmona
1879:Lapathus
1807:Zemmouri
1777:Azeffoun
1768:Rachgoun
1718:Igilgili
1688:Camarata
1602:Tamdoult
932:See also
901:pergolas
869:fountain
828:skylight
746:Tablinum
637:voussoir
618:amphorae
522:Claudius
439:province
429:fell to
417:(called
411:Atlantic
375:Minotaur
363:Hercules
355:Hercules
263:Carthage
221:Criteria
216:Cultural
79:Location
3603:Larache
3447:Numidia
3414:Rusadir
3393:Farafra
3327:Thapsus
3302:Tacapae
3247:Kelibia
3232:Gightis
3222:Cillium
3195:Tunisia
3176:Vescera
3171:Uzinaza
3161:Tubunae
3106:Setifis
3086:Rapidum
3066:Pomaria
3051:Milevum
3041:Mascula
3026:Lamasba
3021:Iomnium
3011:Icosium
3001:Gunugus
2921:Albulae
2909:Algeria
2861:Mogador
2819:Morocco
2728:El Djem
2719:Thapsus
2709:Tayinat
2704:Tabarka
2694:Ruspina
2622:Tunisia
2557:Tyreche
2521:Melilla
2482:Iboshim
2387:Rusibis
2357:Rusadir
2352:Mogador
2331:Tangier
2311:Larache
2280:Morocco
2212:Tripoli
2163:Sarepta
2128:Baalbek
2101:Lebanon
2087:Tharros
2006:Trapani
1873:Larnaca
1828:Thagora
1773:Rusazus
1737:Tigzirt
1733:Iomnium
1712:Algiers
1708:Icosium
1681:Algeria
922:Marinid
918:Almohad
910:cistern
897:arcades
856:plinths
848:columns
816:columns
781:Aedemon
754:statues
742:plinths
645:cistern
569:ceramic
474:Juba II
466:Juba II
425:. When
423:Mogador
415:Chellah
394:Map of
386:History
371:Theseus
367:Antaeus
351:Okeanus
347:Antaeus
329:Legends
167:Periods
159:Founded
154:History
104:Morocco
95:Morocco
83:Larache
3409:Septem
3357:Uthina
3322:Thanae
3277:Ruspae
3272:Rucuma
3267:Pupput
3227:Dougga
3151:Tipasa
3141:Tiddis
3101:Saldae
2986:Cuicul
2936:Calama
2926:Altava
2886:Tingis
2876:Tamuda
2683:Djerba
2679:Meninx
2664:Lepcis
2648:Sousse
2613:Ugarit
2603:Shuksi
2598:Safita
2593:Paltus
2501:Málaga
2497:Malake
2442:Abdera
2425:Tavira
2307:Likush
2261:Mtarfa
2198:Lepcis
2137:Beirut
2032:Karaly
1956:Reshef
1946:Michal
1931:Achzib
1924:Israel
1910:Rhodes
1893:Greece
1884:Marion
1869:Kition
1857:Cyprus
1848:Timici
1832:Taoura
1763:Malaca
1622:Vobrix
1607:Tamuda
1557:Herpis
1537:Aghmat
960:Tamuda
808:Atrium
788:exedra
640:arches
600:, and
598:Pithoi
589:temple
581:piazza
515:church
337:, the
308:UNESCO
259:Berber
237:Region
101:Region
46:Arabic
42:
39:ليكسوس
3402:Spain
3376:Egypt
3352:Utica
3312:Sufes
3287:Sicca
3212:Capsa
3181:Zaraï
2976:Collo
2966:Cirta
2931:Auzia
2856:Lixus
2831:Cotta
2743:Other
2734:Utica
2713:Thyna
2689:Ruspe
2608:Sumur
2588:Carne
2573:Arwad
2566:Syria
2551:Velez
2507:Onoba
2492:Mahón
2486:Ibiza
2477:Herna
2456:Ceuta
2452:Abyla
2435:Spain
2421:Balsa
2372:Gadir
2367:Zilil
2327:Tinga
2245:Mdina
2227:Malta
2202:Khoms
2191:Libya
2168:Sidon
2133:Birut
2077:Sulci
2062:Olbia
2047:Motya
2016:Erice
1987:Bitan
1980:Italy
1965:Haifa
1951:Jaffa
1915:Delos
1864:Dhali
1818:Sarai
1743:Cirta
1722:Jijel
1697:Tenes
1582:Rirha
1577:Lixus
1547:Gilda
1542:Cotta
840:Oecus
750:Oecus
726:’ in
708:apses
335:myths
323:Punic
279:Roman
271:Punic
255:Lixus
183:Roman
175:Punic
31:Lixus
3388:Qara
3383:Siwa
3362:Vaga
3111:Siga
2871:Sala
2826:Anfa
2532:Sexi
2446:Adra
2377:Sala
2337:Anfa
2208:Oyat
2118:Arqa
2113:Ampi
2108:Amia
2057:Nora
2012:Eryx
1991:Chia
1941:Dora
1905:Paxi
1336:link
1298:link
1207:link
1178:link
1100:2022
1071:2022
899:and
800:bath
798:. A
706:and
602:jugs
487:The
431:Rome
365:and
317:Name
232:1995
213:Type
146:Type
2241:Ann
920:or
441:of
3564::
2175:,
1449:^
1332:}}
1328:{{
1306:^
1294:}}
1290:{{
1260:^
1203:}}
1199:{{
1174:}}
1170:{{
1146:^
1126:^
1108:^
1090:.
1079:^
1025:^
992:^
912:.
756:.
445:.
369:,
181:,
173:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
2799:e
2792:t
2785:v
2730:)
2726:(
2715:)
2711:(
2685:)
2681:(
2670:)
2666:(
2650:)
2646:(
2553:)
2549:(
2538:)
2534:(
2523:)
2519:(
2503:)
2499:(
2488:)
2484:(
2468:)
2464:(
2458:)
2454:(
2448:)
2444:(
2427:)
2423:(
2343:)
2339:(
2333:)
2329:(
2313:)
2309:(
2247:)
2243:(
2237:)
2214:)
2210:(
2204:)
2200:(
2139:)
2135:(
2083:)
2079:(
2038:)
2034:(
2018:)
2014:(
2008:)
2004:(
1993:)
1989:(
1967:)
1963:(
1875:)
1871:(
1834:)
1830:(
1824:)
1820:(
1805:(
1789:)
1785:(
1779:)
1775:(
1749:)
1745:(
1739:)
1735:(
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1720:(
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1461:.
1443:.
1428:.
1413:.
1398:.
1383:.
1368:.
1353:.
1338:)
1324:.
1300:)
1286:.
1254:.
1239:.
1224:.
1209:)
1195:.
1180:)
1166:.
1140:.
1120:.
1102:.
1073:.
1051:.
1019:.
1004:.
257:(
177:-
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
