Science education - Knowledge

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through activities, rather than textbook-based learning. Thus, it is argued that science is better learned through experiential activities. Additionally, it has reported that students, specifically those with learning disabilities, prefer and feel that they learn more effectively through activity-based learning. Information like this can help inform the way science is taught and how it can be taught most effectively for students of all abilities. The laboratory is a foundational example of hands-on, activity-based learning. In the laboratory, students use materials to observe scientific concepts and phenomena. The laboratory in science education can include multiple different phases. These phases include planning and design, performance, and analysis and interpretation. It is believed by many educators that laboratory work promotes their students' scientific thinking, problem solving skills, and cognitive development. Since 1960, instructional strategies for science education have taken into account

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observe results. This dimension highlights the empirical methods of science. The dimension entitled "crosscutting concepts" emphasizes the understanding of key themes within the field of science. The "crosscutting concepts" are themes that are consistently relevant throughout many different scientific disciplines, such as the flow of energy/matter, cause/effect, systems/system practices, patterns, the relationship between structure and function, and stability/change. The purpose of outlining these key themes relates to generalized learning, meaning that the effectiveness of these themes could lie in the fact that these concepts are important throughout all of the scientific disciplines. The intention is that by learning them, students will create a broad understanding of science. The dimension entitled "disciplinary core ideas" outlines a set of key ideas for each scientific field. For example, physical science has a certain set of core ideas laid out by the framework.

1038:-oriented research on teaching and learning science in 2005, about 64 percent of studies documented are carried out in the domain of physics, 21 percent in the domain of biology, and 15 percent in chemistry. The major reason for this dominance of physics in the research on teaching and learning appears to be that understanding physics includes difficulties due to the particular nature of physics. Research on students' conceptions has shown that most pre-instructional (everyday) ideas that students bring to physics instruction are in stark contrast to the physics concepts and principles to be achieved – from kindergarten to the tertiary level. Quite often students' ideas are incompatible with physics views. This also holds true for students' more general patterns of thinking and reasoning. 65: 1294:(NGSS) which were released in April 2013. The purpose of the NGSS is to establish a standardized Kindergarten to 12th Grade science curriculum. These standards were instituted in hopes that they would reform the past science education system, and foster higher student achievement through improved curriculum and teacher development. The Next Generation Science Standards are made up of three components listed as follows: disciplinary core ideas, science and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts.These are referred to as the three dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards. Within these standards, there is emphasis on alignment with K-12 2752: 1188:"The Standards call for more than 'science as process,' in which students learn such skills as observing, inferring, and experimenting. Inquiry is central to science learning. When engaging in inquiry, students describe objects and events, ask questions, construct explanations, test those explanations against current scientific knowledge, and communicate their ideas to others. They identify their assumptions, use critical and logical thinking, and consider alternative explanations. In this way, students actively develop their understanding of science by combining scientific knowledge with reasoning and thinking skills." 1266:, are intended to "combat widespread scientific ignorance, to standardize teaching among states, and to raise the number of high school graduates who choose scientific and technical majors in college...." Included are guidelines for teaching students about topics such as climate change and evolution. An emphasis is teaching the scientific process so that students have a better understanding of the methods of science and can critically evaluate scientific evidence. Organizations that contributed to developing the standards include the 949:" learning environment is an example of applying the scientific teaching approach. In practice, scientific teaching employs a "backward design" approach. The instructor first decides what the students should know and be able to do (learning goals), then determines what would be evidence of student achievement of the learning goals, then designs assessments to measure this achievement. Finally, the instructor plans the learning activities, which should facilitate student learning through scientific discovery. 1353:- a combination of the canonical and youth-centered perspectives. Although activities involving hands-on inquiry and computational tools may be authentic, some have contended that inquiry tasks commonly used in schools are not authentic enough, but often rely on simple "cookbook" experiments. Authentic science learning experiences can be implemented in various forms. For example: hand on inquiry, preferably involving an open ended investigation; student-teacher-scientist partnership (STSP) or 1116:

the opportunity to study a separate science program as part of their GCSEs, which results in them taking 6 papers at the end of Year 11; this usually fills one of their option 'blocks' and requires more science lessons than those who choose not to partake in separate science or are not invited. Other students who choose not to follow the compulsory additional science course, which results in them taking 4 papers resulting in 2 GCSEs, opposed to the 3 GCSEs given by taking separate science.

1382: 1361:; using web-based environments used by scientists (using bioinformatics tools like genes or proteins databases, alignment tools etc.), and; learning with adapted primary literature (APL), which exposes students also to the way the scientific community communicates knowledge. These examples and more can be applied to various domains of science taught in schools (as well as undergraduate education), and comply with the calls to include scientific practices in science curricula. 809: 1241:, the publication promotes standardizing K-12 science education in the United States. It emphasizes science educators to focus on a "limited number of disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts, be designed so that students continually build on and revise their knowledge and abilities over multiple years, and support the integration of such knowledge and abilities with the practices needed to engage in scientific inquiry and engineering design." 1125: 84: 1370: 643:

leading secondary and college educators in Florida, the National Education Association appointed a Committee of Ten in 1892, which had authority to organize future meetings and appoint subject matter committees of the major subjects taught in secondary schools. The committee was composed of ten educators and chaired by Charles Eliot of Harvard University. The Committee of Ten appointed nine conferences committees:

7787: 6943: 5956: 7762: 5966: 5178: 780:, is a curriculum in which 9th grade students take an introductory physics course. The purpose is to enrich students' understanding of physics, and allow for more detail to be taught in subsequent high school biology and chemistry classes. It also aims to increase the number of students who go on to take 12th grade physics or AP Physics, which are generally elective courses in American high schools. 1337:

use of computational tools and simulations. Through the use of computational tools, students participate in computational thinking, a cognitive process in which interacting with computational tools such as computers is a key aspect. As computational thinking becomes increasingly relevant in science, it becomes an increasingly important aspect of learning for science educators to act on.

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himself, to experience in his own mind some of those flashes of insight which have lightened its path. . . . The traditional method of confronting the student not with the problem but with the finished solution, means depriving him of all excitement, off the creative impulse, the adventure of mankind to a dusty heap of theorems.

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The report says that in the 21st century Americans need science education in order to engage in and "systematically investigate issues related to their personal and community priorities," as well as to reason scientifically and know how to apply science knowledge. The committee that designed this new

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Students will benefit from thinking about their thinking and their learning. They must be taught ways of evaluating their knowledge and what they do not know, evaluating their methods of thinking, and evaluating their conclusions. Some educators and others have practiced and advocated for discussions

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fields as a result of the advancement of technology, has been shown to support science learning. The learning of computational science in the classroom is becoming foundational to students' learning of modern science concepts. In fact, the Next Generation Science Standards specifically reference the

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state standards. The dimension entitled "science and engineering practices" focuses on students' learning of the scientific method. This means that this dimension centers around practicing science in a hands-on manner, giving students the opportunity to observe scientific processes, hypothesize, and

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As in many other countries, the science curriculum includes sequenced courses in physics, chemistry, and biology. Science education is given high priority and is driven by textbooks composed by committees of scientists and teachers. Science education in China places great emphasis on memorization,

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Nature of Science education refers to the study of how science is a human initiative, how it interacts with society, what scientists do, how scientific knowledge is built up and exchanged, how it evolves, how it is used. It stresses the empirical nature and the different methods used in science. The

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Furthermore, in the recent National Curriculum Survey conducted by ACT, researchers uncovered a possible disconnect among science educators. "Both middle school/junior high school teachers and post secondary science instructors rate(d) process/inquiry skills as more important than advanced science

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In 2011, it was reported that a major problem that has befallen science education in Australia over the last decade is a falling interest in science. Fewer year 10 students are choosing to study science for year 11, which is problematic as these are the years where students form attitudes to pursue

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Educational technologies are being refined to meet the specific needs of science teachers. One research study examining how cellphones are being used in post-secondary science teaching settings showed that mobile technologies can increase student engagement and motivation in the science classroom.

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have called for more emphasis on science education, saying the United States risks losing its economic edge. To this end, Tapping America's Potential is an organization aimed at getting more students to graduate with science, technology, engineering and mathematics degrees. Public opinion surveys,

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option in UK schools, designed to "give all 14 to 16-year-old's a worthwhile and inspiring experience of science". In November 2013, Ofsted's survey of science in schools revealed that practical science teaching was not considered important enough. At the majority of English schools, students have

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education standards emphasize on reading, writing, and communication skills. The purpose of these standards for English and Mathematics was to create measurable goals for student learning that are aligned with the standards in place in other nations, such that students in the United States become

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As in England and Wales, science education in Australia is compulsory up until year 11, where students can choose to study one or more of the branches mentioned above. If they wish to no longer study science, they can choose none of the branches. The science stream is one course up until year 11,

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is growing and being implemented more broadly in the late 20th century. Reports by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), including Project 2061, and by the National Committee on Science Education Standards and Assessment detail goals for science education that link classroom

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In the United States, science education was a scatter of subjects prior to its standardization in the 1890s. The development of a science curriculum emerged gradually after extended debate between two ideologies, citizen science and pre-professional training. As a result of a conference of thirty

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is a resource book that shows how current research on learning science across informal science settings can guide the thinking, the work, and the discussions among informal science practitioners. This book makes valuable research accessible to those working in informal science: educators, museum

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Evidence suggests, however, that students learn science more effectively under hands-on, activity and inquiry based learning, rather than learning from a textbook. It has been seen that students, in particular those with learning disabilities, perform better on unit tests after learning science

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According to a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the fields of science, technology, and education hold a paramount place in the modern world, but there are not enough workers in the United States entering the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. In 2012 the

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Depending on the country and education level, there are many approaches to teaching biology. In the United States, there is a growing emphasis on the ability to investigate and analyze biology related questions over an extended period of time. Current biological education standards are based on

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To derive pleasure from the art of discovery, as from the other arts, the consumer—in this case the student—must be made to re-live, to some extent, the creative process. In other words, he must be induced, with proper aid and guidance, to make some of the fundamental discoveries of science by

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has been informed by an extensive research programme into student thinking and learning in science, and in particular exploring how teachers can facilitate conceptual change towards canonical scientific thinking. Constructivism emphasises the active role of the learner, and the significance of

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Prior ideas about how things work are remarkably tenacious and an educator must explicitly address a students' specific misconceptions if the student is to reconfigure his misconception in favour of another explanation. Therefore, it is essential that educators know how to learn about student

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The branch of science education known as "chemistry must be taught in a relevant context in order to promote full understanding of current sustainability issues." As this source states chemistry is a very important subject in school as it teaches students to understand issues in the world. As

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Physics education in high schools in the United States has suffered the last twenty years because many states now only require three sciences, which can be satisfied by earth/physical science, chemistry, and biology. The fact that many students do not take physics in high school makes it more

1104:). However, the government has since expressed its desire that those pupils who achieve well at the age of 14 should be offered the opportunity to study the three separate sciences from September 2008. In Scotland the subjects split into chemistry, physics and biology at the age of 13–15 for 1056:(2009) stated that "The science curriculum will be organised around three interrelated strands: science understanding; science inquiry skills; and science as a human endeavour." These strands give teachers and educators the framework of how they should be instructing their students. 686:

This committee supported the citizen science approach focused on mental training and withheld performance in science studies from consideration for college entrance. The BAAS encouraged their longer standing model in the UK. The US adopted a curriculum was characterized as follows:

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Educational quality in China suffers because a typical classroom contains 50 to 70 students. With over 200 million students, China has the largest educational system in the world. However, only 20% percent of students complete the rigorous ten-year program of formal schooling.

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prepared to succeed at a global level. It is meant to set standards for academics that are rigorous in nature and prepare students for higher education. It is also outlined that students with disabilities must be properly accommodated for under Common Core standards via an

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Biology education is characterized by the study of structure, function, heredity, and evolution of all living organisms. Biology itself is the study of living organisms, through different fields including morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

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National Academy of Sciences Committee on a Conceptual Framework for New K-12 Science Education Standards developed a guiding framework to standardize K-12 science education with the goal of organizing science education systematically across the K-12 years. Titled

994:, borrowed from many branches of science and engineering such as computer science, cognitive science, cognitive psychology and anthropology. Science education research aims to define or characterize what constitutes learning in science and how it is brought about. 675:; physics, astronomy, and chemistry; natural history; and geography. Each committee was composed of ten leading specialists from colleges, normal schools, and secondary schools. Committee reports were submitted to the Committee of Ten, which met for four days in 940:: The breadth of differences that make each student unique, each cohort of students unique, and each teaching experience unique. Diversity includes everything in the classroom: the students, the instructors, the content, the teaching methods, and the context. 1397:

has created a position statement on Informal Science Education to define and encourage science learning in many contexts and throughout the lifespan. Research in informal science education is funded in the United States by the National Science Foundation. The

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In order to become truly literate in an area of science, students must, "(a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge, (b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and (c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and

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Science is a universal subject that spans the branch of knowledge that examines the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Science education is most commonly broken down into the following three fields:

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goals of Nature of Science education are stated to be to help students evaluate scientific and pseudo scientific statements, to motivate them to study science and to better prepare them for a career in science or in a field that interacts with science.

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In English and Welsh schools, science is a compulsory subject in the National Curriculum. All pupils from 5 to 16 years of age must study science. It is generally taught as a single subject science until sixth form, then splits into subject-specific

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without having developed complex problem solving skills. Although at the college level American science education tends to be less regulated, it is actually more rigorous, with teachers and professors fitting more content into the same time period.

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In addition to the importance of the laboratory in learning and teaching science, there has been an increase in the importance of learning using computational tools. The use of computational tools, which have become extremely prevalent in

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decisions made by the Committee of Ten, who aimed to standardize pre-college learning in 1892. The Committee emphasized the importance of learning natural history (biology) first, focusing on observation through laboratory work.

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In 2013 a new standards for science education were released that update the national standards released in 1996. Developed by 26 state governments and national organizations of scientists and science teachers, the guidelines, called the

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According to the Committee of Ten, the goal of high school was to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to their well-being and the good of society. Another goal was to prepare some students to succeed in college.

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Another strategy, that may include both hands-on activities and using computational tools, is creating authentic science learning experiences. Several perspectives of authentic science education have been suggested, including:

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Bugingo, Jean Bosco; Yadav, Lakhan Lal; Mugisha, Innocent Sebasaza; Mashood, K. K. (2022). "Improving Teachers' and Students' Views on Nature of Science Through Active Instructional Approaches: a Review of the Literature".

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magazine, "scientific teaching involves active learning strategies to engage students in the process of science and teaching methods that have been systematically tested and shown to reach diverse students."

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movement supported the ideology of mental training through the sciences. BAAS emphasized separate pre-professional training in secondary science education. In this way, future BAAS members could be prepared.

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content topics; high school teachers rate them in exactly the opposite order." Perhaps more communication among educators at the different grade levels in necessary to ensure common goals for students.

791:-related projects to spark non-physics majors' interest in learning physics has been shown to be successful. This is a potential opportunity to forge the connection between physics and social benefit. 825:

teachers can attract interest in turn educating the students further. The subject of chemistry is a very practical based subject meaning most of class time is spent working or completing experiments.

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National Education Association (1894). Report of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies with the Reports of the Conferences Arranged by The Committee. New York: The American Book Company

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Informal science education is the science teaching and learning that occurs outside of the formal school curriculum in places such as museums, the media, and community-based programs. The

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Jo Handelsman, Diane Ebert-May, Robert Beichner, Peter Bruns, Amy Chang, Robert DeHaan, Jim Gentile, Sarah Lauffer, James Stewart, Shirley M. Tilghman, and William B. Wood. (2004). "

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Chemistry education is characterized by the study of science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and the transformations that they undergo.

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The practice of science education has been increasingly informed by research into science teaching and learning. Research in science education relies on a wide variety of

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The format of shared mental training and pre-professional training consistently dominated the curriculum from its inception to now. However, the movement to incorporate a

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Jegstad, Kirsti Marie; Sinnes, Astrid Tonette (4 March 2015). "Chemistry Teaching for the Future: A model for secondary chemistry education for sustainable development".

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in 1870, which discussed the school curriculum; another was the initiation of courses to supply the country with trained science teachers. In both cases the influence of

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Hurt, Timothy; Greenwald, Eric; Allan, Sara; Cannady, Matthew A.; Krakowski, Ari; Brodsky, Lauren; Collins, Melissa A.; Montgomery, Ryan; Dorph, Rena (5 January 2023).

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developmental model, and therefore started introducing concrete materials and laboratory settings, which required students to actively participate in their learning.

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of what content is to be taught to which age groups. This often leads teachers to rush to "cover" the material, without truly "teaching" it. In addition, the

6982: 1462:, such as "Dr. Posin's Universe", "The Universe Around Us", "On the Shoulders of Giants", and "Out of This World". Examples of community-based programs are 1192:

Concern about science education and science standards has often been driven by worries that American students, and even teachers, lag behind their peers in

928:: A process in which students are actively engaged in learning. It may include inquiry-based learning, cooperative learning, or student-centered learning. 5426: 2727: 7122: 6772: 6589: 5266: 3019:

TIMSS 2003 International Mathematics Report: Findings from IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study at the Fourth and Eighth Grades

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however, indicate most U.S. parents are complacent about science education and that their level of concern has actually declined in recent years.

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current knowledge and understanding in mediating learning, and the importance of teaching that provides an optimal level of guidance to learners.

881: 564:. The standards for science education provide expectations for the development of understanding for students through the entire course of their 6904: 5286: 1637:

Bernard Leary, 'Sharp, William (1805–1896)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2005

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in these subjects, and there is also a combined science standard grade qualification which students can sit, provided their school offers it.

5845: 3996: 3973: 3950: 3757: 3722: 3566: 3027: 2959: 2564: 2302: 1872: 1559: 1394: 1315:(IEP). Under these standards, the comprehension of scientific writing has become an important skill for students to learn through textbooks. 1267: 1216: 3676: 627:

The initial development of science teaching was slowed by the lack of qualified teachers. One key development was the founding of the first

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in 1850 after establishing science to the curriculum. Sharp is said to have established a model for science to be taught throughout the

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is the teaching and learning of science to school children, college students, or adults within the general public. The field of science

5511: 7747: 6459: 3898: 3066: 2589: 2443: 1817: 1659: 817: 525: 5921: 3394:"The computational thinking for science (CT-S) framework: operationalizing CT-S for K–12 science education researchers and educators" 3172: 7192: 7185: 7168: 7047: 7037: 7019: 6894: 6777: 6641: 4130: 3816: 2365:. Madison, WI; Englewood, CO; and New York: The Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching, Roberts & Company, and W.H. Freeman. 2331: 1291: 1263: 1161: 616: 257: 191: 6564: 1706:

Del Giorno, B.J. (April 1969). "The impact of changing scientific knowledge on science education in the United States since 1850".

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and gives far less attention to problem solving, application of principles to novel situations, interpretations, and predictions.

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of facts and methods, remains controversial. Some research suggests that it is more effective as a model for teaching science.

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Elementary science should focus on simple natural phenomena (nature study) by means of experiments carried out "in-the-field."

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Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. The Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children

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Azmat, R. (2013). "Manufacturing of High Quality Teachers for Chemistry Education at Higher Secondary Level in Current Era".

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Progressing Science Education: Constructing the Scientific Research Programme into the Contingent Nature of Learning Science

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Wandersee, J.H.; Mintzes, J.J.; Novak, J.D. (1994). "Research on alternative conceptions in science". In Gabel, D. (ed.).

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professionals, university faculty, youth leaders, media specialists, publishers, broadcast journalists, and many others.

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Inter-Divisional Teaching Commission (IDTC) of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS)

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philosophy of science, argued that the traditional method of teaching in the natural sciences tends to produce a rigid

679:, to create a comprehensive report. In 1894, the NEA published the results of the work of these conference committees. 6727: 4731: 4285: 4280: 3063:"Citing "Critical Situation" in Science and Math, Business Groups Urge Approval of New National Agenda for Innovation" 1584: 1374: 770:

Physics education is characterized by the study of science that deals with matter and energy, and their interactions.

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offers a critique of contemporary science education and proposes its replacement with the guided-discovery approach:

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Chemistry is the study of chemicals and the elements and their effects and attributes. Students in chemistry learn

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as a way to understand what it is to think scientifically and to address the problems introduced by pseudoscience.

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perspective - making science education as similar as possible to the way science is practiced in the real world;

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Layton, D. (1981). "The schooling of science in England, 1854–1939". In MacLeod, R.M.; Collins, P.D.B. (eds.).

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Young students use a microscope for the first time, as they examine bacteria a "Discovery Day" organized by

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Secondary science should focus on laboratory work and the committee's prepared lists of specific experiments

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science careers. This issue is not unique in Australia, but is happening in countries all over the world.

788: 324: 314: 299: 1278:, and Achieve, a nonprofit organization that was also involved in developing math and English standards. 7737: 7705: 7680: 7565: 7518: 7414: 7392: 7382: 7367: 7307: 7294: 7267: 7132: 7097: 7054: 6861: 6851: 6836: 6636: 6499: 6434: 6404: 6379: 6311: 6210: 6205: 6180: 6038: 5830: 5785: 5765: 5755: 5655: 5541: 5491: 5466: 5316: 5311: 5291: 5256: 5241: 4806: 4786: 4625: 4530: 4500: 4400: 4375: 3681: 2890: 1579: 1574: 1549: 1504: 1358: 1173: 1105: 1053: 1035: 620: 609: 461: 415: 380: 250: 199: 165: 129: 119: 6296: 4864: 2977:"Preparation and Motivation of High School Students Who Want to Become Science or Mathematics Teachers" 565: 4183: 3490:"Epistemologically authentic inquiry in schools: A theoretical framework for evaluating inquiry tasks" 2347: 7652: 7595: 7498: 7478: 7436: 7352: 7347: 7322: 7247: 7014: 6866: 6841: 6821: 6782: 6686: 6509: 6439: 6419: 6235: 6185: 6145: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6043: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5855: 5770: 5750: 5635: 5625: 5476: 5446: 5431: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5361: 5356: 5306: 5251: 5226: 5114: 5104: 4831: 4643: 4615: 4605: 4565: 4435: 4430: 4410: 4370: 4290: 3843: 3501: 3454: 3234: 2692: 2657: 2614: 2556: 2550: 2257: 2158: 1947: 1715: 1614: 1524: 1448: 1137: 1052:

meaning students learn in all of the branches giving them a broad idea of what science is all about.

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Scruggs, Thomas E.; Mastropieri, Margo A.; Bakken, Jeffrey P.; Brigham, Frederick J. (April 1993).

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In September 2006 a new science program of study known as 21st Century Science was introduced as a

1089: 800: 726: 632: 628: 354: 142: 7761: 5965: 5177: 4080: 3200: 7690: 7560: 7362: 7262: 7257: 7042: 6946: 6831: 6676: 6666: 6656: 6646: 6504: 6429: 6215: 6140: 6110: 5941: 5860: 5820: 5795: 5775: 5710: 5685: 5675: 5660: 5461: 5411: 5366: 5351: 5331: 5321: 5296: 5236: 4931: 4719: 4570: 4520: 4470: 4415: 4360: 4272: 4230: 3869: 3547:"How Might Authentic Scientific Experiences Promote an Understanding of Genetics in High School?" 3527: 3423: 3374: 3327: 3258: 2998: 2488: 2320:"Constructivism as educational theory: Contingency in learning, and optimally guided instruction" 2273: 2174: 1971: 1790: 1519: 1421: 1246: 1181: 966: 466: 410: 405: 385: 294: 289: 214: 114: 94: 1443: 808: 3890: 3882: 1428:

are the oldest of this type of museum in the United States. Media include TV programs such as

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Jenkins, E. (1985). "History of science education". In Husén, T.; Postlethwaite, T.N. (eds.).

1688: 1665: 1655: 1569: 1471: 1386: 1197: 1153: 1149: 1145: 997: 906: 765: 745: 672: 553: 359: 339: 318: 124: 3924: 3299: 2196: 867:, science education in recent history also generally concentrates on the teaching of science 7695: 7670: 7570: 7431: 7426: 7207: 5181: 5097: 5038: 4801: 4796: 4766: 4653: 4648: 4610: 4515: 4490: 4395: 4213: 4027: 4019: 3851: 3745: 3710: 3554: 3509: 3462: 3405: 3358: 3346: 3311: 3242: 2988: 2947: 2941: 2700: 2665: 2622: 2265: 2261: 2245: 2166: 2162: 2120: 2104: 2066: 1998: 1955: 1782: 1773:

Hurd, P.D. (1991). "Closing the educational gaps between science, technology, and society".

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These elements should underlie educational and pedagogical decisions in the classroom. The "

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Since the 1980s, science education has been strongly influenced by constructivist thinking.

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Committee on Learning Science in Informal Environments, National Research Council (2009).

3111: 1544: 1459: 1406: 1354: 1000:, et al., summarized massive research into student thinking as having three key findings: 970: 924: 886: 652: 476: 364: 177: 155: 3964:

The Unfinished Quest: The Plight of Progressive Science Education in the Age of Standards

2753:"Students' views of science: A comparison between tertiary and secondary school students" 2319: 3847: 3609: 3505: 3458: 3442: 3238: 3161:

A Framework For K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas

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A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas

7768: 7720: 7675: 7468: 7404: 7317: 7277: 7117: 7077: 6935: 4981: 4874: 4694: 4065: 4032: 4007: 3985: 3962: 3443:"Creating contextually authentic science in a "low-performing" urban elementary school" 3105: 3044: 2774: 2422:"Science exercises and instructional materials: Teaching science as if minds mattered!" 2125: 2092: 1913: 1841: 648: 557: 219: 172: 150: 88: 1369: 812:

Children mix different chemicals in test tubes as part of a science education program.

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Dorfman, Bat-Shahar; Yarden, Anat (2021), Haskel-Ittah, Michal; Yarden, Anat (eds.),

3427: 3378: 3331: 3281:"Common Core Science Standards: Implications for Students With Learning Disabilities" 3262: 3002: 2277: 2178: 1888: 1794: 1287: 1023: 962: 773: 676: 585: 581: 577: 491: 224: 4207: 3588: 3531: 1975: 7540: 7399: 7337: 7072: 4954: 4746: 2789: 2464: 2191: 1534: 1454: 1201: 709: 636: 605: 573: 83: 17: 3049:

Reflecting on Sputnik: Linking the Past, Present, and Future of Educational Reform

2993: 2976: 2421: 1959: 1458:. Early examples of science education on American television included programs by 6967: 4070: 3936: 3739: 3704: 2292: 2226: 2211: 1759: 7575: 7272: 7242: 7227: 7092: 7087: 5969: 4736: 3558: 2532:"Bibliography—STCSE (Students' and Teachers' Conceptions and Science Education)" 1325: 1307: 1295: 1250: 991: 876: 863:

While the public image of science education may be one of simply learning facts

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The first person credited with being employed as a science teacher in a British

486: 456: 4171: 3410: 3393: 3347:"The Role of the Laboratory in Science Teaching: Neglected Aspects of Research" 3315: 2360: 2170: 1638: 7508: 7503: 7448: 7112: 7082: 7064: 4859: 4709: 3546: 3362: 3246: 2269: 2002: 1786: 1220: 958: 4060: 3523: 3474: 3419: 3370: 3323: 3254: 2712: 2634: 2246:"Introductory Comments on Philosophy and Constructivism in Science Education" 2212:

Naturalism and social science: a post-empiricist philosophy of social science

2116: 1967: 1692: 7685: 7152: 7127: 7006: 4947: 4869: 4510: 4253: 4199: 3222: 2531: 2375: 1538: 1208: 1097: 934:: Tools for measuring progress toward and achievement of the learning goals. 822: 737: 549: 229: 27:

Teaching and learning of science to non-scientists within the general public

4884: 4194: 4041: 4023: 3865: 2134: 2108: 2041: 1727: 1669: 4879: 4140: 3925:"National and European Initiatives to promote science education in Europe" 4385: 4195:

National Academies Summer Institute on Undergraduate Education in Biology

4075: 3910:"Public-private partnerships for maths, science and technology education" 3279:

Scruggs, Thomas E.; Brigham, Frederick J.; Mastropieri, Margo A. (2013).

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National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences (December 1995).

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Borgo, Alejandro (2018). "Why Pseudscience Should Be Taught in College".

2434:

M. Suzanne Donovan, John D. Bransford, and James W. Pellegrino, Editors;

2093:"High School Biology Today: What the Committee of Ten Did Not Anticipate" 1564: 1402:(CAISE) provides resources for the informal science education community. 1249:

to the diverse set of schoolchildren. Getting more diverse students into

946: 705: 561: 3016:

Mullis, I.V.S.; Martin, M.O.; Gonzalez, E.J.; Chrostowski, S.J. (2004).

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Arons, Arnoldl B. (1984). "Student patterns of thinking and reasoning".

833: 7029: 4580: 3741:

Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits

2605:

Arons, Arnold B. (1983). "Student patterns of thinking and reasoning".

1483:

Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits

1205: 1101: 1093: 890: 868: 864: 741: 733: 664: 51: 4166: 3514: 3489: 3466: 2704: 2669: 2626: 1211:

in 1957. The first and most prominent of these reforms was led by the

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Fenichel, M.; Schweingruber, H.A.; National Research Council (2010).

2819: 1172:, which is available online for free in multiple forms. Its focus on 4008:"High School Biology Today: What the Committee of Ten Actually Said" 3856: 3831: 875:

that learners may hold regarding science concepts or other content.

784:

difficult for those students to take scientific courses in college.

3749: 3714: 2842:"Maintaining curiosity: a survey into science education in schools" 1865:

Nature of Science in Science Instruction: Rationales and Strategies

1834:"science | Definition of science in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 1152:, is often overlooked. This emphasis can produce students who pass 568:

and beyond. The traditional subjects included in the standards are

4116: 4091:

Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education

3621: 3610:

National Science Foundation funding for informal science education

3065:(Press release). Business Roundtable. 27 July 2005. Archived from 2951: 1380: 1368: 1123: 832: 807: 755: 644: 2648:

Arons, A. (1984). "Student patterns of thinking and reasoning".

2232:

Constructivism: A Paradigm for the Practice of Science Education

1479:

Surrounded by Science: Learning Science in Informal Environments

1405:

Examples of informal science education include science centers,

1333: 1133: 1112: 982:

Specific hands-on illustrations of this approach are available.

6971: 6800: 6607: 6355: 5982: 5602: 5210: 5199: 4901: 4264: 4226: 3092: 2613:(9). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT): 576–581. 1219:. In recent years, business leaders such as Microsoft Chairman 3773: 3622:"Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education (CAISE)" 2975:

Fuchs, T; Sonnert, G; Scott, S; Sadler, P; Chen, Chen (2021).

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preconceptions and make this a regular part of their planning.

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The European Learning Laboratory for the Life Sciences (ELLS)

4055: 3551:

Genetics Education: Current Challenges and Possible Solutions

3124:"National Research Leader in College and Workforce Readiness" 2691:(2). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT): 88–93. 2508: 748:, which is slowly being adopted into the national curricula. 717:

science to practical applications and societal implications.

4222: 4157:

International History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Group

3173:"New Guidelines Call for Broad Changes in Science Education" 4145: 4141:

National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science (NCCSTS)

2359:

Jo Handelsman, Sarah Miller, and Christine Pfund. (2007).

1349:- solving problems that are of interest to young students; 4095: 639:

was also influential in the teaching of physical science.

4136:

Scientix: portal on science and maths education in Europe

4090: 3987:

Science Education: How We Learn Science Outside of School

3677:"Thing-of-the-Month Club will provide remarkable objects" 3650:"NASA and Afterschool Programs: Connecting to the Future" 1654:. Northwood, England: Science Reviews. pp. 188–210. 4124: 2891:"Does Waldorf Offer a Viable Form of Science Education?" 2513:

Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching

1253:

is a matter of social justice as seen by the committee.

4208:

CBE Life Science Education interview with Jo Handlesman

4161: 1530:

Environmental groups and resources serving K–12 schools

552:

includes work in science content, science process (the

4085: 2946:. Science Teaching Standards. National Academy Press. 1600:

Science, Technology, Society and Environment Education

714:

science, technology, society and environment education

4135: 3589:"NSTA Position Statement: Informal Science Education" 2582:

Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning

4156: 2457:"Teaching the Nature of Science using Pseudoscience" 1400:

Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education

7661: 7447: 7216: 7151: 7063: 7028: 7005: 6880: 6807: 6718: 6695: 6614: 6488: 6362: 6335: 6287: 6249: 5991: 5909: 5869: 5611: 5525: 5500: 5219: 4847: 4677: 4624: 4446: 4299: 4271: 3887:

STS education: International perspectives on reform

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The practice of constructivism in science education

1272:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3984: 3961: 3223:"NGSS and the Next Generation of Science Teachers" 4162:Center for Scientific Teaching at Yale University 3488:Chinn, Clark A.; Malhotra, Betina A. (May 2002). 2865:"We cannot afford to get science education wrong" 2775:"Science Curriculum- A Global Perspective: China" 2436:How People Learn: Bridging Research and Practice. 918:lists three major tenets of scientific teaching: 821:children are interested by the world around them 3345:Hofstein, Avi; Lunetta, Vincent N. (June 1982). 3022:. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center. 2463:. University of Colorado Boulder. Archived from 1481:, based on the National Research Council study, 3744:. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. 3709:. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. 1373:Young women participate in a conference at the 1128:A university chemistry lab in the United States 3706:Surrounded by Science in Informal Environments 2545:Duit, R.; Niedderer, H.; Schecker, H. (2007). 1245:framework sees this imperative as a matter of 617:British Academy for the Advancement of Science 6983: 4238: 4086:The Association for Science Teacher Education 3889:. New York: Teachers College Press. pp. 2728:"Shape of the Australian Curriculum: Science" 1685:T.H. Huxley: scientist, humanist and educator 1418:Association of Science and Technology Centers 526: 251: 8: 6906:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1136:educators must adhere to rigid standards or 4096:Science videos for use in Science Education 3636:"Association of Science-Technology Centers" 2461:Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy 1812:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 4453–6. 1389:, a literacy and education project in Laos. 1144:of science, including such elements as the 6990: 6976: 6968: 6797: 6604: 6352: 5979: 5599: 5207: 5196: 5127: 5122: 5093: 5088: 5052: 5047: 5034: 5029: 4995: 4990: 4977: 4972: 4943: 4938: 4912: 4898: 4261: 4245: 4231: 4223: 4117:Making Scientific Practices Matter in the 3885:. In Solomon, J.; Aikenhead, G.S. (eds.). 1940:International Journal of Science Education 1054:The National Curriculum Board of Australia 533: 519: 271: 258: 244: 38: 4167:Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching 4031: 3855: 3817:Learn how and when to remove this message 3513: 3409: 2992: 2909: 2907: 2816:"Welcome to Twenty First Century Science" 2552:Handbook of Research on Science Education 2124: 1477:In 2010, the National Academies released 1409:, and new digital learning environments ( 4076:National Institute for Science Education 3917:Proceedings of Discovery Days conference 2350:." Science 304(5670, 23 April), 521-522. 1500:Center for Informal Learning and Schools 778:American Association of Physics Teachers 708:approach, such as inclusion of the arts 4071:Electronic Journal of Science Education 4056:ERIC: Education related articles online 3675:Othman, Frederick C. (7 October 1947). 3591:. National Science Teachers Association 3447:Journal of Research in Science Teaching 3398:International Journal of STEM Education 3287:. 28(1), 49–57 C – via EBSCOhost. 2394:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 265–266. 1810:International encyclopedia of education 1630: 882:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 787:At the university/college level, using 448: 372: 281: 274: 50: 4066:The importance of scientific education 3274: 3272: 3151:A Framework For K-12 Science Education 2197:Witchcraft confessions and accusations 2067:"National Science Education Standards" 1257:2013 Next Generation Science Standards 1196:. One notable example was the wave of 837:Picture of a Biology lab taking place. 3195: 3193: 3146: 3144: 2768: 2766: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1560:National Science Teachers Association 1395:National Science Teachers Association 1268:National Science Teachers Association 7: 4061:National Science Education Standards 3652:. NASA. 3 April 2006. Archived from 3227:Journal of Science Teacher Education 2981:Journal of Science Teacher Education 2943:National Science Education Standards 2017:"Major to Career: Biology Education" 1555:National Science Education Standards 1416:), many of which are members of the 1286:Science education curriculum in the 1170:National Science Education Standards 904:According to a 2004 Policy Forum in 7484:Digital media use and mental health 7198:Sociology of the history of science 6952: 4006:Sheppard, K.; Robbins D.M. (2007). 3201:"Next Generation Science Standards" 2790:"'Poor lacking' choice of sciences" 2788:Kim Catcheside (15 February 2008). 1515:Discipline-based education research 1510:Constructivism in science education 898:Constructivism in science education 3441:Buxton, Cory A. (September 2006). 3075:"Gates: Get U.S. schools in order" 2796:. British Broadcasting Corporation 2726:National Curriculum Board (2009). 2374:D. Ebert-May and J. Hodder. (2008) 25: 7193:Sociology of scientific ignorance 7038:History and philosophy of science 7020:Economics of scientific knowledge 4131:Science Communication Observatory 3968:. Charlotte NC: Information Age. 3221:Bybee, Rodger W. (8 April 2014). 2914:Glavin, Chris (6 February 2014). 2863:Holman, John (22 November 2013). 1863:McComas, William F., ed. (2020). 1303:Science Education and Common Core 1292:Next Generation Science Standards 1282:Next Generation Science Standards 1264:Next Generation Science Standards 1162:U.S. National Academy of Sciences 7786: 7785: 7760: 6951: 6942: 6941: 6929: 6470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5964: 5955: 5954: 5512:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5282:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5176: 3778: 3304:The Journal of Special Education 1232:2012 science education framework 1213:Physical Science Study Committee 697:Teaching of facts and principles 82: 63: 4201:Pathways to Scientific Teaching 4081:Benchmarks for Science Literacy 3938:The Myth of Scientific Literacy 3935:Shamos, Morris Herbert (1995). 3908:Dumitru, P.; Joyce, A. (2007). 3832:"Is science only for the rich?" 3171:Gillis, Justin (9 April 2013). 3051:. National Academy of Sciences. 3045:"Sputnik and Science Education" 2916:"United States | K12 Academics" 2377:Pathways to Scientific Teaching 1034:According to a bibliography on 6999:Science and technology studies 6627:Federated States of Micronesia 5922:British Indian Ocean Territory 4148:—free science education videos 3991:. New York: Teachers College. 3351:Review of Educational Research 30:For the academic journal, see 1: 4106:Science Class Back in the Day 3801:and help improve the section. 3093:"Tapping America's Potential" 2994:10.1080/1046560X.2021.1908658 2244:Matthews, Michael R. (1997). 1991:Pakistan Journal of Chemistry 1960:10.1080/09500693.2014.1003988 1838:Oxford Dictionaries | English 1760:"The N.E.A. Committee of Ten" 1313:Individualized Education Plan 7546:Normalization process theory 7103:Philosophy of social science 6595:United States Virgin Islands 4012:CBE: Life Sciences Education 2555:. Lawrence Erlbaum. p. 2230:. Psychology Press, preface 2097:CBE: Life Sciences Education 1620:Science education on YouTube 1595:Science education in England 1466:Youth Development programs, 1319:Science Education Strategies 1083:Science education in England 776:, a program endorsed by the 6357:Education in North America 4189:by Handelsman et al. (2004) 3930:. European Schoolnet. 2007. 3559:10.1007/978-3-030-86051-6_6 2042:"the definition of biology" 1585:Public awareness of science 1375:Argonne National Laboratory 1359:design-based learning (DBL) 850:Nature of Science education 721:Fields of science education 32:Science Education (journal) 7845: 7169:construction of technology 6802:Education in South America 3411:10.1186/s40594-022-00391-7 3316:10.1177/002246699302700101 3073:Borland, J. (2 May 2005). 2844:. Ofsted. 21 November 2013 2380:. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2322:. In J. Hassaskhah (ed.). 2171:10.1007/s11191-022-00382-8 1590:School science technicians 1426:Museum of Science (Boston) 1365:Informal science education 1080: 798: 763: 724: 29: 7756: 7701:Politicization of science 6923: 6570:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5950: 5206: 5195: 5171: 5125: 5091: 5050: 5032: 4993: 4975: 4941: 4917:Early childhood education 4910: 4897: 4260: 3960:Berube, Clair T. (2008). 3363:10.3102/00346543052002201 3247:10.1007/s10972-014-9381-4 3043:Rutherford, F.J. (1997). 2390:Koestler, Arthur (1964). 2003:10.15228/2013.v03.i03.p08 1914:"Definition of CHEMISTRY" 1787:10.1080/00405849109543509 1652:The parliament of science 1468:Hands On Science Outreach 1276:National Research Council 1176:, based on the theory of 953:Guided-discovery approach 7108:Philosophy of technology 6773:Northern Mariana Islands 6590:Turks and Caicos Islands 5671:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5267:Central African Republic 3943:Rutgers University Press 3881:Aikenhead, G.S. (1994). 2291:Taber, Keith S. (2009). 1440:Bill Nye the Science Guy 1424:in Philadelphia and the 760:Demonstrates a free body 6738:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5932:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4219:by Miller et al. (2008) 4204:by Ebert-May and Hodder 4119:Classroom...and Beyond! 3883:"What is STS teaching?" 3842:(7621): 466–470. 2016. 2889:Jelinek, David (2003). 2733:. ACARA. Archived from 2584:. New York: Macmillan. 2507:Tremblay, Eric (2010). 2270:10.1023/A:1008650823980 2262:1997Sc&Ed...6....5M 2250:Science & Education 2163:2022Sc&Ed..33...29B 2151:Science & Education 1889:"Definition of PHYSICS" 1541:and how we know things) 1166:U.S. National Academies 885:greatly influenced the 502:Participant observation 497:Multivariate statistics 330:International education 7181:Sociology of knowledge 6520:British Virgin Islands 6034:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4127:(Scientific Animation) 4024:10.1187/cbe.07-03-0013 3983:Falk, John H. (2001). 2751:Hassan, Ghali (2011). 2109:10.1187/cbe.05-07-0087 2091:Vázquez, José (2006). 1728:10.1002/sce.3730530304 1474:subscription service. 1414:Global Challenge Award 1390: 1378: 1200:implemented after the 1194:international rankings 1190: 1129: 1011:Knowledge organization 980: 943: 838: 813: 789:appropriate technology 761: 604:, who left the job at 7748:Transition management 7738:Technology assessment 7706:Regulation of science 7681:Evidence-based policy 7566:Sociotechnical system 7415:Traditional knowledge 7295:Psychology of science 7268:Mapping controversies 7174:shaping of technology 7133:Social constructivism 7098:Philosophy of science 7055:History of technology 6721:and other territories 6460:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5427:São Tomé and Príncipe 5287:Republic of the Congo 3682:San Jose Evening News 2405:Carleton University. 2224:Tobin, K. G. (1993). 2215:, p.174. 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Routledge, p.xxii 1952:2015IJSEd..37..655J 1918:merriam-webster.com 1893:merriam-webster.com 1720:1969SciEd..53..191G 1605:Scientific literacy 1290:is outlined by the 916:Scientific Teaching 818:the periodic table. 801:Chemistry education 795:Chemistry education 727:Branches of science 700:College preparation 633:Thomas Henry Huxley 629:London School Board 355:Religious education 18:Teaching of science 7774:History of science 7691:Funding of science 7561:Skunkworks project 7258:Double hermeneutic 7043:History of science 6936:Schools portal 6410:Dominican Republic 5605:Education in Asia 4932:Tertiary education 4870:Learning resources 4361:Education sciences 3656:on 27 October 2011 3177:The New York Times 2547:"Teaching Physics" 2489:Skeptical Inquirer 2324:Educational Theory 1867:. Cham: Springer. 1520:Discovery learning 1422:Franklin Institute 1391: 1379: 1247:educational equity 1182:direct instruction 1154:standardized tests 1130: 879:, whose 1962 book 839: 814: 762: 467:Discourse analysis 373:Curricular domains 295:Education sciences 290:Curriculum studies 89:Science portal 7829:Science education 7816: 7815: 7743:Technology policy 7474:Dematerialization 7283:black swan events 6965: 6964: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6887:other territories 6796: 6795: 6788:Wallis and Futuna 6696:Associated states 6603: 6602: 6492:other territories 6351: 6350: 5978: 5977: 5915:other territories 5598: 5597: 5529:other territories 5302:Equatorial Guinea 5191: 5190: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5011: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4922:Primary education 4893: 4892: 4782:Dialogic learning 4752:Teacher retention 4705:Critical thinking 4700:Class arrangement 4669:Special education 4344:Standardized test 4327:Course evaluation 3998:978-0-8077-4064-4 3975:978-1-59311-928-7 3952:978-0-8135-2196-1 3827: 3826: 3819: 3759:978-0-309-11955-9 3724:978-0-309-13674-7 3568:978-3-030-86051-6 3515:10.1002/sce.10001 3494:Science Education 3467:10.1002/tea.20105 3029:978-1-8899-3834-9 2961:978-0-309-05326-6 2822:on 1 January 2007 2773:Price, Ronald F. 2705:10.1119/1.2341474 2670:10.1119/1.2341444 2627:10.1119/1.2341417 2566:978-0-8058-4713-0 2530:Duit, R. (2006). 2455:Duncan, Douglas. 2304:978-90-481-2431-2 1874:978-3-030-57239-6 1708:Science Education 1687:. London: Watts. 1570:Physics education 1472:Things of Science 1387:Big Brother Mouse 1198:education reforms 1150:critical thinking 1146:scientific method 998:John D. Bransford 829:Biology education 766:Physics education 752:Physics education 746:Nature of Science 673:Political Economy 554:scientific method 546:Science education 543: 542: 360:Teacher education 340:Special education 335:School counseling 268: 267: 16:(Redirected from 7836: 7789: 7788: 7764: 7716:Right to science 7696:Horizon scanning 7671:Academic freedom 7571:Technical change 7432:Women in science 7427:Unity of science 7208:Strong programme 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6955: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6907: 6895:Falkland Islands 6809:Sovereign states 6798: 6778:Pitcairn Islands 6748:French Polynesia 6733:Christmas Island 6662:Papua New Guinea 6642:Marshall Islands 6615:Sovereign states 6605: 6560:Saint Barthélemy 6490:Dependencies and 6363:Sovereign states 6353: 6288:Dependencies and 5992:Sovereign states 5980: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5927:Christmas Island 5613:Sovereign states 5600: 5590: 5589:(United Kingdom) 5585:Tristan da Cunha 5581:Ascension Island 5573: 5560: 5551: 5527:Dependencies and 5220:Sovereign states 5208: 5197: 5180: 5128: 5123: 5098:Higher education 5094: 5089: 5053: 5048: 5039:Secondary school 5035: 5030: 4996: 4991: 4978: 4973: 4944: 4939: 4913: 4899: 4827:Student-centered 4812:Phenomenon-based 4802:Peer instruction 4767:Blended learning 4690:Bloom's taxonomy 4654:Gifted education 4649:Education reform 4481:Computer science 4262: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4045: 4035: 4002: 3990: 3979: 3967: 3956: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3904: 3877: 3859: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3797:Please read the 3793:may need cleanup 3782: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3517: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3413: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3114: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2920:k12academics.com 2911: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2869:The Conversation 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2818:. Archived from 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2794:BBC News website 2785: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2757:Science Educator 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2452: 2446: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2241: 2235: 2222: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1840:. Archived from 1830: 1824: 1823: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1732: 1731: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1610:Science outreach 914:The 2007 volume 669:Civil Government 657:Modern Languages 535: 528: 521: 391:Computer science 350:Female education 345:Gifted education 272: 260: 253: 246: 91: 87: 86: 67: 39: 21: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7752: 7711:Research ethics 7657: 7556:Reverse salient 7450: 7443: 7219: 7212: 7203:Sociotechnology 7147: 7059: 7024: 7001: 6996: 6966: 6961: 6930: 6928: 6911: 6905: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6803: 6792: 6720: 6714: 6697: 6691: 6672:Solomon Islands 6610: 6599: 6493: 6491: 6484: 6358: 6347: 6331: 6289: 6283: 6269:Northern Cyprus 6251: 6245: 6166:North Macedonia 5987: 5974: 5946: 5914: 5905: 5886:Northern Cyprus 5872: 5865: 5607: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5571: 5558: 5549: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5215: 5202: 5187: 5186: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5141: 5134: 5112: 5100: 5081: 5072: 5064: 5059: 5041: 5022: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4984: 4965: 4957: 4950: 4906: 4889: 4843: 4762:Active learning 4757:Teaching method 4732:Learning theory 4673: 4639:Autodidacticism 4634:Adult education 4620: 4561:Performing arts 4442: 4349:Teacher quality 4339:Standards-based 4295: 4267: 4256: 4251: 4217:Education Forum 4108:– slideshow by 4052: 4005: 3999: 3982: 3976: 3959: 3953: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3880: 3857:10.1038/537466a 3830: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3796: 3789:Further reading 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770:Further reading 3767: 3760: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3112:Wayback Machine 3104: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2740:on 28 May 2016. 2737: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2650:Physics Teacher 2647: 2646: 2642: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2467:on 18 June 2018 2454: 2453: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2420:Nissani, Moti. 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392:Act of Creation 2389: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2194:(Ed.). 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Posin 1444:Beakman's World 1407:science museums 1367: 1355:citizen science 1321: 1305: 1284: 1259: 1234: 1180:rather than on 1122: 1085: 1079: 1066: 1049: 1044: 988: 971:Arthur Koestler 955: 925:Active learning 887:post-positivist 871:and addressing 861: 852: 831: 803: 797: 768: 754: 729: 723: 594: 539: 477:Factor analysis 421:Performing arts 396:Early childhood 365:Teaching method 264: 235: 234: 195: 194: 183: 182: 146: 145: 134: 105:Article indexes 81: 80: 72: 71: 70: 69: 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7842: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7721:Science policy 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Digital divide 7673: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7592:Technological 7590: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 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5603: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5574: 5561: 5552: 5538:Canary Islands 5534: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5126: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4982:Primary school 4976: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Cognitive load 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4366:Evidence-based 4363: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4300:By perspective 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4227: 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2033: 2008: 1997:(3): 140–141. 1981: 1946:(4): 655–683. 1930: 1905: 1880: 1873: 1855: 1844:on 15 May 2017 1825: 1819:978-0080281193 1818: 1800: 1765: 1750: 1733: 1698: 1675: 1661:978-0905927664 1660: 1642: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537:(the study of 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1436:Newton's Apple 1366: 1363: 1347:youth-centered 1320: 1317: 1304: 1301: 1283: 1280: 1258: 1255: 1251:STEM education 1233: 1230: 1178:constructivism 1121: 1118: 1078: 1077:United Kingdom 1075: 1065: 1062: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1036:constructivist 1028: 1027: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004:Preconceptions 987: 984: 954: 951: 942: 941: 935: 929: 873:misconceptions 860: 857: 851: 848: 830: 827: 799:Main article: 796: 793: 764:Main article: 753: 750: 722: 719: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 593: 590: 586:human sciences 566:K-12 education 558:social science 541: 540: 538: 537: 530: 523: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 472:Evidence-based 469: 464: 459: 451: 450: 446: 445: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431:Social science 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 375: 374: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 284: 283: 279: 278: 266: 265: 263: 262: 255: 248: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 190: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 169: 168: 163: 153: 147: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 77: 74: 73: 62: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7841: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7581:Technoscience 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551:Media studies 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:Early adopter 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:Co-production 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308:communication 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Pseudoscience 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238:Boundary-work 7236: 7234: 7233:Bibliometrics 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7143:Transhumanism 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6958: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6908: 6903: 6901: 6900:French Guiana 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6763:New Caledonia 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6743:Easter Island 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6480:United States 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6302:Faroe Islands 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:South Ossetia 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Liechtenstein 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:South Ossetia 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Guinea-Bissau 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5132:Undergraduate 5130: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057:Middle school 5055: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5028: 5009: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4961: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822:Project-based 4820: 4818: 4817:Problem-based 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:Demonstration 4775: 4773: 4772:Contemplative 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659:Homeschooling 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Environmental 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4431:Instructional 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4334:Psychometrics 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4111:Life magazine 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3818: 3810: 3800: 3799:editing guide 3794: 3790: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3696: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2952:10.17226/4962 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2519:(2): 217–227. 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2479: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2333:9781613245804 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1856: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1326:Jean Piaget's 1318: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:United States 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1204:launched its 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:produced the 1167: 1163: 1160:In 1996, the 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1120:United States 1119: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1106:National 4/5s 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1025: 1024:pseudoscience 1020: 1018:Metacognition 1017: 1015:application." 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 999: 995: 993: 992:methodologies 985: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 963:Jerome Bruner 960: 952: 950: 948: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 921: 919: 917: 912: 909: 908: 902: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 856: 849: 847: 843: 835: 828: 826: 824: 819: 810: 806: 802: 794: 792: 790: 785: 781: 779: 775: 774:Physics First 771: 767: 758: 751: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 720: 718: 715: 711: 707: 699: 696: 693: 690: 689: 688: 684: 680: 678: 677:New York City 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 638: 634: 630: 625: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 602:William Sharp 599: 598:public school 591: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 536: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 516: 514: 513: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 492:Meta-analysis 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 453: 452: 447: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 371: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 277: 273: 270: 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 242: 241: 239: 238: 231: 228: 226: 225:Pseudoscience 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Communication 198: 197: 193: 187: 186: 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