1128:
reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century. The pharaoh
Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak; see SHESHONQ I–VI) mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century. In the ninth century, Israelite kings, and possibly a Judaean king, are mentioned in several sources: the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan, inscriptions of Shalmaneser III of Assyria, and the stela of Mesha of Moab. From the early eighth century onward, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources, and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra-biblical texts on the other.
1107:, pp. 46, 62: "No other inscription from Palestine, or from Transjordan in the Iron Age, has so far provided any specific reference to Israel. ... The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions, one from Egypt, another separated by at least 250 years from the first, in Transjordan. A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan – if it is genuine, a question not yet settled. The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel, Ahab, in a spurious rendering of the name".
1513:, p. 218: The crux for interpreting the lexeme ... lies in the fact that there is no word divider between the seeming two parts, .... This suggests that the lexeme incorporates only one idea rather than two separate ideas, and is to be understood as a single concept or entity. This is confirmed by the fact that elsewhere in the Tel Dan Inscription, construct expressions are used to denote two or more concepts that are both individually exclusive, yet connected genitivally in the given context.
42:
1159:
whatever their origin. In the mid—14th century, the Amarna letters mention no Israël, nor any of the biblical tribes, while the
Merneptah stele places someone called Israël in hill-country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. The language and material culture of emergent Israël show strong local continuity, in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture.
347:
1055:, Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the
1561:, p. 225: Although we cannot be perfectly certain that FIX was intended as a reference to Jerusalem during a time when the city was called FIX, we can be confident that FIX was indeed a toponym. The flow of the immediately surrounding context makes the proposed interpretation of FIX as a reference to Jerusalem most likely.
1407:, pp. 233–234; "Except for some extremely late datings, most scholars date the text to the second half of the 9th century. The late datings come mainly from the Copenhagen scholars N. P. Lemche, T. L. Thompson and the late F. H. Cryer. A not so late dating is argued by Athas, dating the inscription to around 796 BC."
729:, analyzed the cracks and chisel marks around the fragment and also the lettering towards the edges of the fragments. From this they concluded that the text was in fact a modern forgery. Most scholars have ignored or rejected these judgments because the artifacts were recovered during controlled excavations.
222:
At that time, King Hazael of Aram came up and attacked Gath and captured it; and Hazael proceeded to march on
Jerusalem. Thereupon King Joash of Judah took all the objects that had been consecrated by his predecessors, Kings Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, and Ahaziah of Judah, and by himself, and all the gold
776:
Matthew
Suriano has defended the "seventy" reading, arguing that it is a symbolic trope in ancient near eastern military language, representing the defeat of all other claimants to power. Noting that Hazael was himself a usurper to the throne of Aram-Damascus, he argues that ancient Syria would have
1181:
from Aphis near Aleppo. The narrow links between the Tel Dan inscription and these two inscriptions are of a kind that has persuaded at least one major specialist into believing that the inscription is a forgery. This cannot be left out of consideration in advance, because some of the circumstances
827:
the presence or absence of word dividers is normally inconsequential for interpretation. Word dividers as well as compound words are used elsewhere in the inscription and generally in West
Semitic languages, so it is possible that the phrase was treated as a compound word combining a personal name
1158:
The
Assyrian royal annals, along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions, show a thriving northern state called Israël in the mid—9th century, and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population,
819:
could be a place-name and Athas that it refers to
Jerusalem (so that the author might be claiming to have killed the son of the king of Jerusalem, rather than the son of the king from the "house of David"). R.G. Lehmann and M. Reichel proposes interpreting the phrase as a reference to the name or
772:
proposed that the line should be read as Hazael slew "mighty kings". According to
Lemaire, "the reading 'seventy' is based only on a very small fragment of a letter which is interpreted as part of an 'ayin but could also be part of another letter". He proposed that the inscription should instead
683:
The stele was found in three fragments, called A, B1 and B2. There is widespread agreement that all three belong to the same inscription, and that B1 and B2 belong together. There is less agreement over the fit between A and the combined B1/B2: Biran and Naveh placed B1/B2 to the left of A (the
1127:
The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the
Egyptian king MERENPTAH, his well-known "Israel Stela" (ca. 1210 BCE); recently, a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II (see RAMESES I–XI). Thereafter, no
1247:
Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical
1509:, p. 86: However, though the reference to a "king of Israel" is fairly secure, the rendering of the phrase bytdwd as "House of David" is disputed, not least because it occurs without the expected word dividers, which are employed elsewhere throughout the inscription.;
1173:, p. 41: "The inscription is kept in a kind of "pidgin" Aramaic, sometimes looking more like a kind of mixed language in which Aramaic and Phoenician linguistic elements are jumbled together, in its phraseology nevertheless closely resembling especially the
866:
states that even if the inscription refers to a "House of David" it testifies neither to the historicity of David nor to the existence of a 9th-century BCE Judahite kingdom. Garfinkel argues that, combined with archaeological evidence unearthed at
704:
put the earliest possible date at about 870 BCE, whilst the latest possible date is "less clear", although according to
Lawrence J. Mykytiuk it could "hardly have been much later than 750". However, some scholars (mainly associated with the
665:
then made him king and marched with him against Israel. The author then reports that he defeated seventy kings with thousands of chariots and horses (more on this below). In the very last line there is a suggestion of a siege, possibly of
795:. Its significance for the biblical version of Israel's past lies particularly in lines 8 and 9, which mention a "king of Israel" and possibly a "house of David". The latter reading is accepted by a majority of scholars, but not all.
337:
The Tel Dan inscription generated considerable debate and a flurry of articles, debating its age, authorship, and authenticity; however, the stele is generally accepted by scholars as genuine and a reference to the house of David.
942:"Stone Tablet Offers 1st Physical Evidence of Biblical King David : Archeology: Researchers say 13 lines of Aramaic script confirm the battle for Tel Dan recounted in the Bible, marking a victory by Asa of the House of David"
1182:
surrounding its discovery may speak against its being genuine. Other examples of forgeries of this kind are well known, and clever forgers have cheated even respectable scholars into accepting something that is obviously false".
1059:, or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar."
1213:
The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of
322:, and other translations have been proposed. The Tel Dan stele is one of only four known extra-biblical inscriptions made during a roughly 400-year period (1200–800 BCE) containing the name "Israel", the others being the
773:
grammatically be read as "two kings" were slain, in line with the subsequent description of the inscription of only having defeated two kings. Other scholars have followed and further developed Lemaire's reading.
814:
as "David" is complicated since the word can also mean "uncle" (dōd) (a word with a rather wider meaning in ancient times than it has today), "beloved", or "kettle" (dūd). Lemche and Athas suggests that
354:
The following is the transcription. Dots separate words (as in the original), empty square brackets indicate damaged/missing text, and text inside square brackets is reconstructed by Biran and Naveh:
650:
The author of the inscription mentions conflict with the kings of Israel and the 'House of David'. The names of the two enemy kings are only partially legible. Biran and Naveh reconstructed them as
2032:
Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2022). "Don't Pave the Way for Circular Reasoning! A Better Way to Identify the Two Deceased Hebrew Kings in the Tel Dan Stele". In Lubetski, Meir; Lubetski, Edith (eds.).
777:
posited a number of other rivals for the throne and that Hazael's claim to have slain "seventy kings" is a reference to him defeating his rivals in succession to the throne of Aram-Damascus.
658:
of the House of David. Scholars seem to be evenly divided on these identifications. It is dependent on a particular arrangement of the fragments, and not all scholars agree on this.
1493:
in line A9 of the Tel Dan inscription is the construct phrase "House of David", and this interpretation has garnered the assent of the majority of scholars familiar with the text.;
2125:
745:
of Damascus (c. 842 – 806 BCE) as the author, although his name is not mentioned. Other proposals regarding the author have been made: George Athas has argued for Hazael's son
223:
that there was in the treasuries of the Temple of GOD and in the royal palace, and he sent them to King Hazael of Aram, who then turned back from his march on Jerusalem.
635:
In the second half of the 9th century BCE (the most widely accepted date for the stele), the kingdom of Aram-Damascus, under its ruler Hazael, was a major power in the
627:
The main differences are on line 6 and 7; Lemaire suggests that two kings, rather than seventy, were killed and that they possessed two thousand chariots and horsemen.
768:
While the original translators proposed that line 6 of the inscription refers to the slaying of "seventy kings", later epigraphers have offered alternative readings.
871:, the inscription's reference to a "king of the house of David" constitutes primary evidence that David was a historical figure and the founder of a centralized
2254:
791:
Since 1993–1994, when the first fragment was discovered and published, the Tel Dan stele has been the object of great interest and debate among epigraphers and
180:
1315:
Knapp, Andrew (2014). "The Dispute over the Land of Qedem at the Onset of the Aram-Israel Conflict: A Reanalysis of Lines 3–4 of the Tel Dan Inscription".
967:
889:
647:
remains do not appear until the 8th century BCE, and apparently Dan was already in the orbit of Damascus even before Hazael became king in c. 843 BCE.
2269:
2234:
2043:
1847:
1461:
Ghantous, Hadi. The Elisha-Hazael paradigm and the kingdom of Israel: the politics of God in ancient Syria-Palestine. Routledge, 2014, pg. 61
1240:
1206:
798:
Dissenting scholars note that word dividers are employed elsewhere throughout the inscription, and one would expect to find one between
159:. Its pieces were used to construct an ancient stone wall that survived into modern times. The stele contains several lines of ancient
2079:
140:
2239:
2144:
2102:
2022:
2001:
1943:
1920:
1868:
1826:
1784:
1763:
1702:
1269:. "Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine."
2156:
1646:
832:
has been vocally critical of alternate translations, characterizing them as "suggestions that now seem ridiculous: The Hebrew
2229:
2224:
2284:
2244:
706:
2055:
1896:
1799:
265:
244:", but in its "secondary use". The fragments were published by Biran and his colleague Joseph Naveh in 1993 and 1995.
2185:
Wesselius, Jan-Wim (1999). "The first royal inscription from ancient Israel: The tel dan inscription reconsidered".
2154:
Suriano, Matthew J. (2007). "The Apology of Hazael: A Literary and Historical Analysis of the Tel Dan Inscription".
1452:
Na'aman, Nadav. "Three Notes on the Aramaic Inscription from Tel Dan", Israel Exploration Journal (2000), pp. 92–104
661:
In the reconstructed text, the author tells how Israel had invaded his country in his father's day, and how the god
2116:
1731:
1683:
1485:, p. 126: is best translated as "the house of david," meaning the dynasty of David or the territory it ruled;
264:, an important regional figure in the late 9th century BCE. The unnamed king boasts of his victories over the
1537:, p. 69: In the Bible DWD can mean 'beloved' or 'uncle', and in one place (1 Samual 2-14), it means 'kettle'.
2249:
273:
1879:
863:
971:
179:, is currently on exhibition in the United States at Armstrong Auditorium in Edmond, Oklahoma. It is known as
2264:
2259:
2114:
and Bruce Zuckerman, "A Possible Reconstruction of the Name of Hazael's Father in the Tel Dan Inscription,"
1877:
Finkelstein, Israel. "State Formation in Israel and Judah: A Contrast in Context, a Contrast in Trajectory"
143:
which dates to the 9th century BCE. It is the earliest known extra-biblical archaeological reference to the
583:
Other scholars have presented alternate translations. For example, Andre Lemaire's 1998 translation reads;
2289:
667:
241:
1670:
941:
2279:
2274:
1714:
An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan, Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2/3 (1993), pp. 81-98
2111:
1660:
685:
643:, would almost certainly have come under its sway. This is borne out by the archaeological evidence:
240:
in northern Israel. Fragments B1 and B2 were found in June 1994. The stele was not excavated in its "
94:
2053:
Rainey, Anson F. (November 1994). "The 'House of David' and the House of the Deconstructionists".
994:
1978:
1740:
1717:
1149:
726:
714:
710:
237:
148:
828:
with a relational noun. Mykytiuk argues that readings other than "House of David" are unlikely.
41:
152:
2202:
2173:
2140:
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2090:
2075:
2039:
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1997:
1970:
1939:
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1916:
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1780:
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1236:
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164:
1837:
1774:
1681:
Athas, George, "Setting the Record Straight: What Are We Making of the Tel Dan Inscription?”
1416:
1230:
252:
The Tel Dan stele consists of several fragments making up part of a triumphal inscription in
2194:
2165:
1962:
1812:
1794:
1753:
1324:
792:
769:
655:
296:
172:
122:
1797:(July–August 1994). "'House of David' Built on Sand: The Sins of the Biblical Maximizers".
749:, which would date the inscription to around 796 BCE, and Jan-Wim Wesselius has argued for
1887:
1178:
868:
829:
331:
323:
160:
202:. The likely candidate for having erected the stele, according to the Hebrew Bible, is
191:
1140:
Fleming, Daniel E. (1 January 1998). "Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory".
2218:
1982:
1891:
746:
689:
261:
233:
207:
176:
156:
47:
1665:
1019:
2123:
Schniedewind, William M., "Tel Dan Stela: New Light on Aramaic and Jehu's Revolt."
824:
786:
346:
311:
300:
269:
187:
144:
64:
52:
17:
2134:
2069:
2033:
2014:
Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.
2012:
1991:
1910:
1858:
1816:
1729:
Biran, Avraham; Naveh, Joseph (1995). "The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment".
1692:
692:
placing B above A rather than beside it, and George Athas fitting it well below.
310:
A minority of scholars has disputed the reference to David, due to the lack of a
175:, a king of the house of David. The stele, which is ordinarily on display at the
1174:
872:
327:
304:
253:
211:
90:
1966:
1953:
Lemaire, André (1998). "The Tel Dan Stela as a Piece of Royal Historiography".
2198:
701:
644:
350:
The Tel Dan Stele: Fragment A is to the right, Fragments B1 and B2 to the left
215:
2206:
2177:
1974:
1336:
913:
810:
too if the intended reading was "House of David". They contend that reading
195:
684:
photograph at the top of this article). A few scholars have disputed this,
670:, the capital of the kings of Israel. This reading is, however, disputed.
640:
1744:
1721:
1153:
738:
291:). It is considered the earliest widely accepted reference to the name
199:
1387:
1385:
845:
742:
636:
257:
203:
80:
2091:"Neo-Assyrian and Syro-Palestinian Texts I: the Tel Dan Inscription"
357:
232:
Fragment A of the stele was discovered in July 1993 by Gila Cook of
194:
mentions that Jehoram is the son of an Israelite king, Ahab, by his
2169:
1328:
1118:
1052:
596:
rael penetrated into my father's land Hadad made me - myself - king
884:
662:
345:
292:
136:
67:
61:
552:
rael entered previously in my father's land, Hadad made me king,
750:
168:
55:
1694:
The Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation
602:
of my kings. And I killed two power kin, who harnessed two thou
307:
contains several possible references with varying acceptance.
1857:
Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007).
1489:, p. 180: The most straightforward reading of the phrase
284:
163:. The surviving inscription details that an individual killed
58:
1936:
Current Issues in the Analysis of Semitic Grammar and Lexicon
1818:
What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?
218::17-18 as having conquered Israel-Samaria but not Jerusalem:
593:
And my father lay down, he went to his . And the kings of I
2074:. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge.
555:
And Hadad went in front of me, I departed from the seven
549:
and my father lay down, he went to his . And the king of I
1348:
1346:
2095:
The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation
1839:
Rethinking Biblical Scholarship: Changing Perspectives 4
1092:
717:, and F. H. Cryer – have proposed still later datings.
561:
riots and thousands of horsemen (or: horses). ram son
2126:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1198:
Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty
1035:
1033:
558:
s of my kingdom, and I slew nty kin, who harnessed th
599:
And Hadad went in front of me I departed from ....
27:
Fragmentary stele containing a Canaanite inscription
117:
109:
101:
86:
76:
34:
688:proposing some minor adjustments to the same fit,
386:𐤀𐤍𐤄.𐤅𐤉𐤄𐤊.𐤄𐤃𐤃.𐤒𐤃𐤌𐤉𐤀𐤐𐤒.𐤌𐤍.𐤔𐤁𐤏
374:𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤊𐤁.𐤀𐤁𐤉.𐤉𐤄𐤊.𐤀𐤋𐤄.𐤅𐤉𐤏𐤋.𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤉
1932:"Philological Issues in the Tel Dan Inscription"
737:The language of the inscription is a dialect of
1232:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction
1142:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
220:
1618:
1506:
970:. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from
639:. Dan, just 70 miles from Hazael's capital of
380:𐤓𐤀𐤋.𐤒𐤃𐤌.𐤁𐤀𐤓𐤒.𐤀𐤁𐤉𐤄𐤌𐤋𐤊.𐤄𐤃𐤃𐤀
2071:David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History
1883:, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Mar. 1999), pp. 35–52.
968:"Samuel and Saidye Bronfman Archaeology Wing"
186:These writings corroborate passages from the
8:
1915:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
1892:"The birth and death of Biblical minimalism"
1697:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
605:riots and two thousand horsemen. ram son of
155:, a member of an archaeological team led by
844:, in parallel to the well-known place-name
392:𐤉.𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤉.𐤅𐤀𐤒𐤕𐤋.𐤌𐤋𐤏𐤍.𐤀𐤎𐤓𐤉.𐤀
1955:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
1278:
890:List of artifacts significant to the Bible
40:
31:
2187:Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
1630:
1606:
1428:
1125:. New York: Blackwell. pp. 3523–27.
608:king of Israel, and I killed yahu son of
1594:
1482:
1391:
1262:
1068:
848:. Other minimalist suggestions included
564:king of Israel, and killed iahu son of
1993:The Israelites in History and Tradition
1494:
1470:
1440:
1404:
1376:
1352:
1290:
901:
590:my father went up ighting at/against Ab
1934:. In Edzard, Lutz; Retso, Jan (eds.).
1836:Davies, Philip R. (3 September 2014).
1712:Biran, Avraham; Naveh, Joseph (1993).
1582:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1486:
1170:
1104:
1053:Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions
1039:
268:and his apparent ally the king of the
147:. The stele was discovered in 1993 in
2035:Epigraphy, Iconography, and the Bible
1570:
1558:
1510:
1364:
1302:
1258:
1256:
1224:
1222:
1190:
1188:
1093:Finkelstein, Mazar & Schmidt 2007
1080:
1057:inscription of King Achish from Ekron
539:The 1995 translation by Biran reads;
404:𐤌𐤋𐤊.𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋.𐤅𐤒𐤕𐤋𐤉𐤄𐤅.𐤁𐤓
50:. Highlighted in white: the sequence
7:
2255:Archaeological discoveries in Israel
1229:Cline, Eric H. (28 September 2009).
936:
934:
907:
905:
277:
2093:. In Chavalas, Mark William (ed.).
1860:The Quest for the Historical Israel
1195:Grabbe, Lester L. (28 April 2007).
1123:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
567:g of the House of David, and I set
2133:Stavrakopoulou, Francesca (2004).
1863:. Society of Biblical Literature.
25:
2136:King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice
1755:Saul and the Monarchy: A New Look
758: c. 845 – 818 BCE
725:Two biblical scholars, Cryer and
611:of the House of David. And I set
398:𐤊𐤁.𐤅𐤀𐤋𐤐𐤉.𐤐𐤓𐤔.𐤓𐤌.𐤁𐤓.
210:, whose language would have been
2017:Society of Biblical Literature.
918:Center for Online Judaic Studies
2270:Collection of the Israel Museum
2235:1993 archaeological discoveries
2157:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1996:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1317:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
912:Hovee, Eric (14 January 2009).
755:
165:Jehoram, King of Israel-Samaria
2011:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004).
1752:Brooks, Simcha Shalom (2005).
1716:. Israel Exploration Society.
546:my father went up e fought at
1:
1201:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
995:"King David Comes to America"
368:.𐤀𐤁𐤉.𐤉𐤎𐤒𐤕𐤋𐤇𐤌𐤄.𐤁𐤀
1990:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998).
1938:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1671:Resources in other libraries
285:
2056:Biblical Archaeology Review
2038:. Sheffield Phoenix Press.
1897:Biblical Archaeology Review
1800:Biblical Archaeology Review
1394:, pp. 115, 117 fn. 52.
1235:. Oxford University Press.
674:Interpretation and disputes
2306:
2117:Israel Exploration Journal
2089:Schmidt, Brian B. (2006).
1967:10.1177/030908929802308101
1930:Hagelia, Hallvard (2005).
1909:Grabbe, Lester L. (2007).
1732:Israel Exploration Journal
1684:Journal of Semitic Studies
784:
358:
2199:10.1080/09018329908585153
2097:. John Wiley & Sons.
1773:Collins, John J. (2005).
1666:Resources in your library
741:. Most scholars identify
434:
427:
421:
415:
410:𐤊.𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃.𐤅𐤀𐤔𐤌.
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
360:
236:'s team who was studying
228:Discovery and description
39:
2240:Ancient Near East steles
2112:Schniedewind, William M.
1880:Near Eastern Archaeology
1842:. Taylor & Francis.
864:Francesca Stavrakopoulou
356:
256:, left most probably by
2068:Pioske, Daniel (2015).
1117:Maeir, Aren M. (2013).
840:, but as a place named
1758:. Ashgate Publishing.
1691:Athas, George (2003).
1419:, Lemche, 2004, p. 61.
1279:Biran & Naveh 1995
999:ArmstrongInstitute.org
836:should be read not as
721:Cracks and inscription
654:, King of Israel, and
351:
299:polity outside of the
225:
121:Armstrong Auditorium (
2230:8th-century BC steles
2225:9th-century BC steles
2139:. Walter de Gruyter.
1776:The Bible After Babel
1051:Aaron Demsky (2007),
656:Ahaziah, son of Joram
349:
303:, though the earlier
214:. He is mentioned in
2285:Biblical archaeology
2245:Aramaic inscriptions
885:Historicity of David
820:epithet of a deity.
686:William Schniedewind
295:as the founder of a
192:Second Book of Kings
1687:51 (2006): 241–256.
1619:Stavrakopoulou 2004
1597:, pp. 121–128.
1573:, pp. 219–220.
1507:Stavrakopoulou 2004
1473:, pp. 163–176.
1379:, pp. 232–233.
1367:, pp. 259–308.
1305:, pp. 255–257.
1071:, pp. 128–131.
1020:"II Kings 12:18-19"
700:Archaeologists and
416:𐤉𐤕.𐤀𐤓𐤒.𐤄𐤌.𐤋
141:Aramaic inscription
95:Phoenician alphabet
18:Tel Dan Inscription
2129:302 (1996): 75–90.
1179:Zakkur inscription
1119:"Israel and Judah"
838:the House of David
715:Thomas L. Thompson
711:Niels Peter Lemche
652:Joram, son of Ahab
352:
2120:51 (2001): 88–91.
2045:978-1-914490-02-6
1890:(May–June 2011).
1849:978-1-317-54443-2
1813:Dever, William G.
1795:Davies, Philip R.
1647:Library resources
1621:, pp. 86–87.
1242:978-0-19-971162-8
1208:978-0-567-25171-8
1175:Mesha inscription
974:on 12 August 2011
946:Los Angeles Times
793:biblical scholars
707:Copenhagen school
482:ʾnh.wyhk.hdd.qdmy
283:
135:is a fragmentary
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
2297:
2250:KAI inscriptions
2210:
2181:
2150:
2108:
2085:
2064:
2049:
2028:
2007:
1986:
1949:
1926:
1905:
1888:Garfinkel, Yosef
1874:
1853:
1832:
1808:
1790:
1769:
1748:
1725:
1708:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1192:
1183:
1177:and the Aramaic
1168:
1162:
1161:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
993:Flurry, Gerald.
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
948:. 14 August 1993
938:
929:
928:
926:
924:
909:
858:House of Beloved
781:"House of David"
759:
757:
570:their land into
471:rʾl.qdm.bʾrq.ʾby
463:wyškb.ʾby.yhk.ʾl
439:
438:
436:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
362:
290:
288:
282:romanized:
281:
279:
274:Imperial Aramaic
270:"House of David"
173:Ahaziah of Judah
123:Edmond, Oklahoma
118:Present location
44:
32:
21:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2184:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2105:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1952:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1811:
1793:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1728:
1711:
1705:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1024:www.sefaria.org
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
940:
939:
932:
922:
920:
914:"Tel Dan Stele"
911:
910:
903:
898:
881:
869:Khirbet Qeiyafa
854:House of Kettle
830:Yosef Garfinkel
789:
783:
766:
764:"Seventy kings"
754:
735:
723:
698:
681:
676:
633:
490:y.mlky.wʾqtl.ml
440:
431:
425:
422:𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤍.𐤅𐤋𐤄
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
364:
361:𐤌𐤓.𐤏𐤅𐤂𐤆𐤓
344:
332:Kurkh Monoliths
324:Merneptah Stele
286:
250:
242:primary context
230:
72:
46:Tel Dan Stele,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Victory steles
2262:
2260:Land of Israel
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2193:(2): 163–186.
2182:
2170:10.1086/521754
2151:
2145:
2130:
2121:
2109:
2103:
2086:
2081:978-1317548911
2080:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1950:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1912:Ahab Agonistes
1906:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1749:
1726:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:Garfinkel 2011
1623:
1611:
1607:Garfinkel 2011
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1525:, p. 180.
1515:
1499:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 164.
1429:Wesselius 1999
1421:
1417:House of David
1409:
1405:Hagelia (2005)
1396:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1355:, p. 235.
1342:
1329:10.1086/675307
1323:(1): 105–116.
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1252:
1241:
1218:
1207:
1184:
1163:
1132:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1083:, p. 217.
1073:
1061:
1044:
1029:
1011:
985:
959:
930:
900:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
887:
880:
877:
850:House of Uncle
782:
779:
765:
762:
734:
731:
722:
719:
697:
694:
680:
677:
675:
672:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:k.bytdwd.wʾšm.
511:
506:mlk.yśrʾl.wqtl
503:
495:
487:
479:
468:
460:
452:
428:𐤋𐤊.𐤏𐤋.𐤉𐤔
343:
340:
266:king of Israel
249:
246:
229:
226:
145:house of David
139:containing an
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2290:Aram-Damascus
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:(3): 163–76.
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2146:9783110179941
2142:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2104:9780631235804
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2024:9781589830622
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2003:9780664227272
1999:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:9783447052689
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1922:9780567251718
1918:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:9781589832770
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1828:9780802821263
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1786:9780802828927
1782:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1765:9780754652045
1761:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:9780567040435
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:Tel Dan Stele
1648:
1640:
1633:, p. 51.
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 47.
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:Mykytiuk 2004
1591:
1588:
1585:, p. 47.
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1549:, p. 43.
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:, p. 315
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Mykytiuk 2004
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:Mykytiuk 2004
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:Mykytiuk 2004
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:, p. 14.
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:Mykytiuk 2022
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
973:
969:
963:
960:
947:
943:
937:
935:
931:
919:
915:
908:
906:
902:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:According to
821:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
788:
780:
778:
774:
771:
770:Nadav Na'aman
763:
761:
752:
748:
747:Ben-Hadad III
744:
740:
732:
730:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
703:
695:
693:
691:
690:Gershon Galil
687:
679:Configuration
678:
673:
671:
669:
664:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
584:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:kb.wʾlpy.prš.
496:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
444:
443:
432:
355:
348:
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Aram-Damascus
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:Avraham Biran
227:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:Aram-Damascus
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:Israel Museum
174:
170:
167:, the son of
166:
162:
158:
157:Avraham Biran
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:Tel Dan Stele
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
49:
48:Israel Museum
43:
38:
35:Tel Dan Stele
33:
30:
19:
2280:Tribe of Dan
2275:Davidic line
2190:
2186:
2161:
2155:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2094:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2034:
2013:
1992:
1961:(81): 3–14.
1958:
1954:
1935:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1878:
1859:
1838:
1821:. Eerdmans.
1817:
1804:
1798:
1779:. Eerdmans.
1775:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1693:
1682:
1661:Online books
1651:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1502:
1495:Schmidt 2006
1490:
1478:
1471:Suriano 2007
1466:
1457:
1448:
1443:, p. 8.
1441:Lemaire 1998
1436:
1424:
1412:
1399:
1377:Hagelia 2005
1372:
1360:
1353:Hagelia 2005
1320:
1316:
1310:
1298:
1293:, p. 4.
1291:Lemaire 1998
1286:
1274:
1246:
1231:
1212:
1197:
1166:
1157:
1148:(1): 41–78.
1145:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1047:
1042:, p. 2.
1023:
1014:
1004:21 September
1002:. Retrieved
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
962:
952:23 September
950:. Retrieved
945:
923:23 September
921:. Retrieved
917:
862:
857:
853:
849:
841:
837:
833:
825:Anson Rainey
822:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
797:
790:
787:Davidic line
775:
767:
736:
724:
699:
682:
660:
649:
634:
626:
582:
543:... and cut
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
505:
500:
497:
492:
489:
484:
481:
476:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
365:
353:
336:
319:
315:
312:word divider
309:
301:Hebrew Bible
278:𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃
251:
231:
221:
188:Hebrew Bible
185:
132:
130:
51:
29:
1904:(3): 46–53.
1807:(4): 54–55.
1739:(1): 1–18.
1583:Rainey 1994
1547:Lemche 1998
1535:Davies 2014
1523:Pioske 2015
1487:Pioske 2015
1171:Lemche 1998
1105:Lemche 1998
1040:Brooks 2005
873:Iron Age II
753:of Israel (
702:epigraphers
623:siege upon
620:led over Is
614:their land
587:.. and cut
579:siege upon
576:led over Is
519:yt.ʾrq.hm.l
466:h.wyʿl.mlky
442:Romanized:
328:Mesha Stele
305:Mesha Stele
254:Old Aramaic
212:Old Aramaic
105:870–750 BCE
91:Old Aramaic
2219:Categories
1571:Athas 2003
1559:Athas 2003
1511:Athas 2003
1365:Athas 2003
1303:Athas 2003
1265:, p.
1081:Athas 2003
896:References
785:See also:
733:Authorship
485:ʾpq.mn.šbʿ
330:, and the
216:2 Kings 12
206:, king of
196:Phoenician
110:Discovered
2207:0901-8328
2178:0022-2968
1983:170552898
1975:0309-0892
1403:Compare:
1337:0022-2968
1214:Damascus.
978:26 August
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