804:
routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $ 2,500 to $ 3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available across the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.
597:
and
Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.
223:-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
823:
see Liquid
Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the
800:. Pricing ranged from $ 150 to $ 300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.
2041:
176:, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include
4178:
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429:(UPU) in 2012 and began participating again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involved the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016.
667:: 163,185 in 2014 (156th in the world) or 1.51% of the population (156th in the world). According to Global Internet, one of the largest Internet providers in central and southern Somalia, unofficial estimates on local Internet usage are higher, with 2.0% of the population estimated to have Internet access as of 2011.
30:
749:
Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $ 10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $ 0.005 per minute for
Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $ 50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks
79:
operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. In 2012, a
National Communications
744:
The Somali
Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and
822:
connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between
Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will
748:
As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in
Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various
740:
According to the World Bank, the number of internet users in
Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 1.8% of the population in 2015, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile cellular subscriptions rose much faster, from 1.1 per 100 people in 2000 to 52.5 per 100 people in
596:
In the early 2000s, print media in
Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada
239:
This Act had a very long way in coming, as its drafting had already started in 2005. It was already approved by the Somali
Cabinet in 2012. The new law paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications Regulatory Commission in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill
827:
cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu.
736:
Somalia established its first ISP in 1999. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the
424:
began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the
803:
As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dial up or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium
235:
Somalia's telecommunication sector is governed by the National Communications Law (also called the Telecoms Act) that was signed into law by president Abdullahi Farmajo on 2 October 2017, after passing the Cabinet and the two Houses of Parliament (Senate and House of the People). It entered into
548:
is the principal national public service broadcaster. On 18 March 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on 4 April 2011. SNTV
693:) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched in November 2010 by the .SO Registry. Regulated by the national Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, the registrar offers several domain name spaces geared toward specific communities and interest groups:
208:. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $ 40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
226:
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.
80:
Act was also approved by Cabinet members, and 2 October 2017, the president of Somalia Finally signed the National Communications Law, and became the official Law that regulated the ICT industry. Under that Law,
432:
International postal services for Somalia officially resumed in late 2013, with the assistance of the UPU in developing capacity, providing technical assistance, and furnishing basic mail processing equipment.
1086:
113:
companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and
244:, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.
241:
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service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.
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858:
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494:(RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.
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The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.
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The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the
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According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic
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was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the
84:(NCA) of the federal Republic of Somalia has been established, with board of directors and a general manager. Somalia currently is ranked first in
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761:, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern
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in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The
1190:, Presentation to the U.P.U., Berne, Somali Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications, 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1124:
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establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. Somali authorities re-established Somalia's membership with the
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1996:
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471:. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the
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81:
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1111:
943:"Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people"
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580:, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel,
475:. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali,
1989:
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2016:
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broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.
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regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was
5095:
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989:
490:, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation,
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1933:
1595:. African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST) and the Centre for Law and Democracy. December 2012
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and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct
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375:
282:
181:
1563:
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Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as
679:: 10,240 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 1.0 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
1723:
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1918:
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332:
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There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period,
357:
267:
262:
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4257:
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2317:
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1815:
362:
4212:
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Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include radio Dalsan, Mustaqbal Media corporation and the
393:
was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including
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5014:
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4585:
4262:
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2504:
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1943:
1938:
1923:
1868:
1699:
1540:
758:
297:
193:
110:
52:
1510:
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or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.
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4783:
4753:
4718:
4025:
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3844:
3807:
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2650:
2620:
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2535:
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1471:
878:
730:
561:
389:' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the
352:
307:
17:
4030:
3990:
3970:
3937:
3866:
3824:
3738:
3593:
3578:
3553:
3528:
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3182:
2677:
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2635:
2592:
1984:
1971:
1903:
1893:
1351:
853:
754:
686:
480:
456:
442:
337:
272:
201:
106:
3658:
3513:
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2251:
2236:
2080:
1913:
1819:
1536:
1517:
1278:
1175:
1169:
Emirates Post and Somali Post sign agreement to establish money transfer and mail services
1156:
808:
750:
524:
As of 2007, transmissions for two internationally based broadcasters were also available.
506:
452:
448:
302:
292:
197:
185:
169:
72:
34:
3256:
3856:
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2146:
1966:
1898:
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402:
1520:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
604:, Wardheernews, Horseedmedia, Calannka, Jowhar, Hiiraan, Boramanews, Somali Posts and
463:
assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali,
5120:
4005:
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3768:
3683:
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2181:
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605:
601:
165:
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130:
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services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from
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activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
4088:
3795:
3493:
3402:
3358:
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3306:
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2100:
1953:
835:
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518:
212:
138:
68:
64:
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3538:
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2117:
1883:
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38:
2698:
1458:"Somalia - Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband - Market Insights and Statistics"
156:
at the 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) in
655:
As of the end of 2013, over 52% of Somalia's population used a cellphone.
382:. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.
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4058:
3975:
3800:
3623:
2294:
2284:
2269:
2246:
2176:
2105:
789:
762:
552:
Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including
498:
317:
220:
189:
114:
89:
56:
4063:
4048:
2274:
1856:
797:
793:
774:
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510:
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173:
48:
1074:"Guest Post: Could Tiny Somaliland Become the First Cashless Society?"
1049:"Paving the Way for a Cashless Society: Somaliland and Mobile Banking"
148:
4093:
4053:
3375:
3167:
3120:
2206:
2171:
1125:"Somali government to establish communications regulatory commission"
785:
577:
476:
460:
414:
406:
342:
216:
177:
126:
85:
1168:
252:
Companies providing telecommunications services in Somalia include:
1825:
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region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.
164:
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as
29:
4078:
4015:
3323:
2226:
2166:
2090:
1550:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
824:
690:
531:
514:
394:
157:
147:
118:
60:
28:
1316:"Press Freedom Prize goes to Somali radio station Radio Shabelle"
4020:
2375:
2201:
2196:
1686:. 30 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013
1377:
After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station
879:"Somalia leads Africa's giants in affordable mobile data prices"
676:
142:
4216:
3124:
2702:
1829:
3266:
1624:"Somalia's civil war hides steady growth of internet services"
1290:
925:
Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy
682:
565:
1567:
1114:, Garowe Online, 2 October 2017. Accessed on 3 October 2017.
1401:"Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia"
812:
505:, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug.
1776:"Somalia: Mogadishu Gets International Fiber Connectivity"
1204:"International mail services officially resume in Somalia"
1149:
129:, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable
4429:
1159:, Government of Somalia, 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1812:
501:
region has around six private radio stations, including
47:
encompasses the communications services and capacity of
1291:"Radio Dalsan FM 91.5 MHz | Warar Sugan | Somalia News"
1178:, AMEinfo.com, 30 June 2003. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
1087:"Hormuud, Somtel, Nationlink sign interconnection deal"
969:
After war: the political economy of exporting democracy
1012:"International Association of Money Transfer Networks"
745:
234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.
509:, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from
1150:
Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications
1486:"Internet accessibility growing steadily in Somalia"
378:(Somali Post) is the national postal service of the
242:
Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication
5083:
4857:
4646:
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4250:
4102:
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3757:
3466:
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2734:
2601:
2522:
2443:
2316:
2260:
2157:
2048:
2009:
1876:
1867:
1746:"Somalia gets first fiber optic link to the world"
622:To call in Somalia, the following format is used:
1809:Media and Telecommunications Lansdcape in Somalia
859:Terrestrial fibre optic cable projects in Somalia
1358:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency
4244:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
1112:Somali President signs telecommunications bill
4228:
3136:
2714:
1841:
1089:. TeleGeography. 23 July 2014. Archived from
818:In November 2013, Somalia received its first
600:Online news outlets covering Somalia include
8:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
971:, (Stanford University Press, 2008), p. 154.
4151:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
894:"Somalia has Africa's cheapest data prices"
4235:
4221:
4213:
4187:
3143:
3129:
3121:
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2528:
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2058:
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1826:
979:
977:
1259:"SOMALIA: TNG launches "Radio Mogadishu""
920:
918:
916:
914:
673:: 186 hosts in 2012 (202nd in the world).
1991:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
1722:. Somali Technology News. Archived from
1558:
1556:
1235:, (Billboard Publications., 1955), p.77.
536:News show on the Somali private channel
152:Minister of Post and Telecommunications
870:
451:initially broadcast news items in both
1720:"Internet Usage Statistics for Africa"
1697:
1590:"Somalia: Media Law and Policy Review"
988:. Africanexecutive.com. Archived from
986:"Somalia: The Resilience of a People"
7:
4197:
1350:Central Intelligence Agency (2011).
1076:, TechCrunch.com (5 September 2010).
560:. Two such TV stations re-broadcast
88:for most affordable mobile data per
737:quickest growing local businesses.
1752:. 12 November 2013. Archived from
1472:"Internet Users by Country (2014)"
945:. Forbescustom.com. Archived from
459:. The station was modernized with
25:
1399:Ahmed, Majid (11 December 2012).
1210:. 1 November 2013. Archived from
82:National Communications Authority
4196:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4165:
3786:Free-space optical communication
3027:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2797:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2682:
2673:
2672:
2039:
1680:"Somalia gets 3G mobile service"
838:
473:Transitional National Government
1959:Somaliland War of Independence
1782:. Balancing Act. Archived from
1780:Issue no 681 15th November 2013
1630:. Balancing Act. Archived from
422:Transitional Federal Government
1654:"World Development Indicators"
1188:Reconstruction of Somalia Post
1:
1949:Trust Territory of Somaliland
1426:"Somalia (country code +252)"
1244:Thomas Lucien Vincent Blair,
443:Media in Somalia § Radio
380:Federal Government of Somalia
215:acquired a majority stake in
137:(such as through the popular
18:Telecommunications in Somalia
4172:Telecommunication portal
3953:Telecommunications equipment
1388:Somalia launches national TV
1318:. En.rsf.org. Archived from
651:- Calls from outside Somalia
618:Telephone numbers in Somalia
517:province. Additionally, the
3689:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1822:guide, January 2012, 92 pp.
1548:Central Intelligence Agency
391:Dubai International Airport
5143:
3393:Telecommunications history
717:– Non-profit organizations
615:
570:Eastern Television Network
546:Somali National Television
440:
5127:Communications in Somalia
4160:
4001:Public Switched Telephone
3813:telecommunication circuit
3774:Fiber-optic communication
3519:Francis Blake (telephone)
3314:Optical telecommunication
2668:
2531:
2452:
2329:
2325:
2061:
2057:
2037:
1704:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1248:, (Praeger: 1965), p.126.
492:Reporters Without Borders
420:Concurrently, the Somali
45:Communications in Somalia
4288:Central African Republic
3912:Orbital angular-momentum
3349:Satellite communications
3188:Communications satellite
2782:Central African Republic
2729:Communications in Africa
1818:28 December 2011 at the
1246:Africa: a market profile
705:– Commercial enterprises
4774:Palestinian territories
3791:Molecular communication
3614:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3443:Undersea telegraph line
3178:Cable protection system
1909:Sultanate of the Geledi
1233:World radio TV handbook
984:The African Executive.
930:The Wall Street Journal
278:Global Internet Company
105:After the start of the
4944:YouTube video blocking
4895:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3933:Communication protocol
3719:Charles Sumner Tainter
3534:Walter Houser Brattain
3479:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3287:Information revolution
1684:Shabelle Media Network
1535:4 October 2018 at the
1208:Universal Postal Union
967:Christopher J. Coyne,
811:launched its Tri-Band
637:- Calls within Somalia
586:Somaliland National TV
541:
488:Shabelle Media Network
427:Universal Postal Union
288:Haatif Telecom Somalia
161:
92:and 7th in the world.
41:
3907:Polarization-division
3639:Narinder Singh Kapany
3604:Erna Schneider Hoover
3524:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3504:Alexander Graham Bell
3235:online video platform
2942:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2802:Republic of the Congo
1431:. ITU. Archived from
773:in the northeast and
771:Golis Telecom Somalia
723:– Government agencies
582:Puntland TV and Radio
554:Horn Cable Television
538:Horn Cable Television
535:
513:in the north-central
376:Somali Postal Service
348:Telenet International
313:Sahal Telecom Somalia
283:Golis Telecom Somalia
151:
32:
4834:United Arab Emirates
3749:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3709:Almon Brown Strowger
3679:Charles Grafton Page
3334:Prepaid mobile phone
3262:Electrical telegraph
1998:(2009–present)
1929:Warsangali Sultanate
1919:Majeerteen Sultanate
544:The Mogadishu-based
387:United Arab Emirates
328:Somali Telecom Group
236:effect immediately.
206:Somali Telecom Group
154:Mohamud Ibrihim Adan
4616:Trinidad and Tobago
3699:Johann Philipp Reis
3458:Wireless revolution
3420:The Telephone Cases
3277:Hydraulic telegraph
3017:States with limited
1438:on 12 November 2012
1295:www.radiodalsan.com
323:Somali Data Network
258:AirSom Comm Somalia
182:Golis Telecom Group
4541:Dominican Republic
3897:Frequency-division
3874:Telephone exchange
3744:Charles Wheatstone
3674:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3649:Innocenzo Manzetti
3584:Reginald Fessenden
3319:Optical telegraphy
3152:Telecommunications
2300:South West Somalia
1944:British Somaliland
1939:Italian Somaliland
1924:Sultanate of Hobyo
1786:on 1 February 2014
1756:on 3 February 2014
1726:on 1 February 2014
1634:on 17 January 2014
1570:on 31 October 2014
1541:The World Factbook
1516:2009-05-13 at the
1356:The World Factbook
1277:2010-11-27 at the
1272:Radio Muqdisho.net
1214:on 9 November 2013
1174:2008-12-26 at the
1155:2013-06-03 at the
807:In December 2012,
777:in the northwest.
542:
298:NationLink Telecom
162:
111:telecommunications
96:Telecommunications
77:federal government
53:Telecommunications
42:
5114:
5113:
4210:
4209:
3948:Store and forward
3943:Data transmission
3857:Network switching
3808:Transmission line
3654:Guglielmo Marconi
3619:Internet pioneers
3484:Mohamed M. Atalla
3453:Whistled language
3118:
3117:
3044:other territories
2817:Equatorial Guinea
2696:
2695:
2664:
2663:
2518:
2517:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2403:Political parties
2393:Political history
2349:Foreign relations
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2086:Guardafui Channel
2035:
2034:
1974:(1986–1992)
1961:(1981–1991)
1492:. 15 October 2012
1018:on 9 October 2011
949:on 6 January 2012
898:Connecting Africa
881:. 25 August 2020.
731:internet blocking
497:The northeastern
16:(Redirected from
5134:
5106:Papua New Guinea
4390:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4041:Notable networks
4031:Wireless network
3971:Cellular network
3963:Types of network
3938:Computer network
3825:Network topology
3739:Thomas A. Watson
3594:Oliver Heaviside
3579:Philo Farnsworth
3554:Daniel Davis Jr.
3529:Charles Bourseul
3489:John Logie Baird
3198:Data compression
3193:Computer network
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3105:
3104:(United Kingdom)
3100:Tristan da Cunha
3096:Ascension Island
3088:
3075:
3066:
3042:Dependencies and
2735:Sovereign states
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2529:
2495:
2482:Mineral industry
2472:Economic history
2450:
2383:
2327:
2323:
2059:
2055:
2043:
1999:
1992:
1975:
1962:
1934:Dervish movement
1894:Walashma dynasty
1874:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:. The World Bank
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1560:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1462:
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1454:
1448:
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1445:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
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1385:
1379:
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1368:
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1363:
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1327:
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1301:
1287:
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1263:
1262:
1255:
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1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1166:
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1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1014:. Archived from
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
981:
972:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
922:
909:
908:
906:
904:
892:Gilbert, Paula.
889:
883:
882:
875:
854:Media of Somalia
848:
843:
842:
841:
687:top-level domain
685:is the Internet
649:+252 yyy xxx xxx
588:, respectively.
213:Dahabshiil Group
21:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5079:
5010:North Macedonia
4853:
4642:
4474:
4386:
4246:
4241:
4211:
4206:
4166:
4164:
4156:
4098:
4035:
3957:
3921:
3878:
3827:
3819:
3760:
3753:
3659:Robert Metcalfe
3514:Tim Berners-Lee
3462:
3282:Information Age
3154:
3149:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3086:
3073:
3064:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3018:
3011:
2730:
2727:
2697:
2692:
2660:
2597:
2588:Public holidays
2514:
2493:
2431:
2377:
2304:
2256:
2252:Woqooyi Galbeed
2237:Middle Shebelle
2153:
2113:Mountain ranges
2081:Greater Somalia
2044:
2031:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1973:
1960:
1914:Isaaq Sultanate
1863:
1854:
1820:Wayback Machine
1805:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1537:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1518:Wayback Machine
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:on 3 March 2016
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:Wayback Machine
1270:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1176:Wayback Machine
1167:
1163:
1157:Wayback Machine
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1131:. 23 March 2012
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
992:on 26 June 2015
983:
982:
975:
966:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
923:
912:
902:
900:
891:
890:
886:
877:
876:
872:
867:
844:
839:
837:
834:
809:Hormuud Telecom
751:Hormuud Telecom
699:– General usage
661:
645:+252 yy xxx xxx
620:
614:
594:
530:
507:Radio Gaalkacyo
449:Radio Mogadishu
445:
439:
372:
367:
333:Somlink Telecom
293:Hormuud Telecom
250:
233:
186:Hormuud Telecom
135:money transfers
103:
98:
73:postal services
35:Hormuud Telecom
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5075:United Kingdom
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4915:Czech Republic
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4388:Western Sahara
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Space-division
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:Camille Tissot
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Claude Shannon
3701:
3696:
3694:Tivadar Puskás
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Antonio Meucci
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Charles K. Kao
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Harold Hopkins
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Emile Berliner
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Videotelephony
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3344:Radiotelephone
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Internet video
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:Western Sahara
3106:
3089:
3076:
3067:
3053:Canary Islands
3049:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Child marriage
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
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2500:Communications
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2147:Bajuni Islands
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217:Somtel Network
178:Somtel Network
109:, various new
107:long civil war
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4338:Guinea-Bissau
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4326:
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3828:and switching
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3779:optical fiber
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3769:Coaxial cable
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3684:Radia Perlman
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3569:Thomas Edison
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3388:Smoke signals
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3366:Semiconductor
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2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
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2860:
2858:
2857:Guinea-Bissau
2855:
2853:
2850:
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2843:
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2828:
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2571:Mental health
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1904:Ajuran Empire
1902:
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1750:Garowe Online
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1564:"SO Registry"
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1545:United States
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3884:Multiplexing
3759:Transmission
3724:Nikola Tesla
3714:Henry Sutton
3669:Samuel Morse
3599:Robert Hooke
3564:Amos Dolbear
3499:John Bardeen
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3398:Telautograph
3302:Mobile phone
3257:Edholm's law
3240:social media
3173:Broadcasting
3092:Saint Helena
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2957:Sierra Leone
2762:Burkina Faso
2611:Architecture
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5101:New Zealand
5060:Switzerland
5005:Netherlands
4799:South Korea
4779:Philippines
4759:North Korea
4654:Afghanistan
4626:Puerto Rico
4551:El Salvador
4343:Ivory Coast
4084:NPL network
3796:Radio waves
3734:Alfred Vail
3644:Hedy Lamarr
3629:Dawon Kahng
3589:Elisha Gray
3549:Yogen Dalal
3474:Nasir Ahmed
3408:Teleprinter
3272:Heliographs
3019:recognition
2972:South Sudan
2862:Ivory Coast
2457:Agriculture
2364:LGBT rights
2280:Hirshabelle
2217:Middle Juba
1690:31 December
1410:21 December
1135:25 December
1022:11 December
996:30 December
820:fiber optic
635:yyy xxx xxx
411:Switzerland
399:Netherlands
5000:Montenegro
4980:Kazakhstan
4880:Azerbaijan
4839:Uzbekistan
4819:Tajikistan
4734:Kyrgyzstan
4684:East Timor
4664:Bangladesh
4531:Costa Rica
4395:Mozambique
4378:Mauritania
4368:Madagascar
4130:Antarctica
4089:Toasternet
4011:Television
3494:Paul Baran
3426:Television
3410:(teletype)
3403:Telegraphy
3381:transistor
3359:Phryctoria
3329:Photophone
3307:Smartphone
3297:Mass media
3074:(Portugal)
3032:Somaliland
2952:Seychelles
2917:Mozambique
2902:Mauritania
2887:Madagascar
2842:The Gambia
2777:Cape Verde
2631:Literature
2494:(currency)
2398:Parliament
2354:Government
2290:Somaliland
2222:Lower Juba
2123:Buur Dhaab
2101:Iskushuban
2096:Waterfalls
1972:Rebellion
1954:Ogaden War
1877:Chronology
1790:17 January
1760:17 January
1730:17 January
1638:17 January
1599:18 January
1574:31 October
1530:Population
1496:17 January
1300:11 October
1218:7 November
1097:12 October
1053:TechChange
865:References
767:Somaliland
759:Nationlink
711:– Networks
631:yy xxx xxx
616:See also:
562:Al-Jazeera
528:Television
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4699:Indonesia
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3436:streaming
3414:Telephone
3354:Semaphore
3245:streaming
2907:Mauritius
2656:Languages
2561:Education
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2467:Companies
2408:President
2371:Judiciary
2344:Elections
2192:Galguduud
2130:Mountains
2118:Cal Madow
2050:Geography
1985:Civil War
1884:Laas Geel
1813:infoasaid
1700:cite news
1362:5 October
1352:"Somalia"
782:Mogadishu
612:Telephone
576:air from
211:In 2008,
39:Mogadishu
5121:Category
5045:Slovenia
5040:Slovakia
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4900:Bulgaria
4824:Thailand
4769:Pakistan
4744:Mongolia
4739:Malaysia
4674:Cambodia
4611:Suriname
4601:Paraguay
4576:Honduras
4526:Colombia
4496:Barbados
4479:Americas
4470:Zimbabwe
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4303:Congo RO
4298:Congo DR
4283:Cameroon
4268:Botswana
4182:Category
4069:Internet
4059:CYCLADES
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2646:Religion
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2556:Diaspora
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2247:Togdheer
2177:Banaadir
2106:Lamadaya
2076:Wildlife
2022:Military
2017:Maritime
2010:By topic
1861:articles
1816:Archived
1658:DataBank
1533:Archived
1514:Archived
1275:Archived
1172:Archived
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832:See also
790:Hargeisa
763:Puntland
659:Internet
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499:Puntland
318:Somafone
221:Hargeisa
190:Somafone
115:internet
90:gigabyte
57:internet
5084:Oceania
5070:Ukraine
5025:Romania
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4970:Ireland
4965:Iceland
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4950:Georgia
4940:Germany
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4925:Estonia
4920:Denmark
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4844:Vietnam
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4633:Uruguay
4581:Jamaica
4546:Ecuador
4506:Bolivia
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4420:Senegal
4410:Nigeria
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4383:Morocco
4358:Liberia
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4192:Outline
4145:Oceania
4064:FidoNet
4049:ARPANET
3862:circuit
3431:digital
3160:History
3083:RĂ©union
3079:Mayotte
3070:Madeira
3065:(Spain)
3061:Melilla
2992:Tunisia
2962:Somalia
2947:Senegal
2932:Nigeria
2922:Namibia
2912:Morocco
2877:Liberia
2872:Lesotho
2822:Eritrea
2792:Comoros
2767:Burundi
2742:Algeria
2626:Cuisine
2603:Culture
2524:Society
2505:Tourism
2445:Economy
2334:Cabinet
2275:Khatumo
2159:Regions
2071:Climate
1869:History
1857:Somalia
1442:10 June
1326:12 June
1058:16 July
953:27 June
798:Kismayo
794:Galkayo
775:Telesom
511:Galkayo
481:English
465:Amharic
461:Russian
457:Italian
353:Vizocom
308:OnkoTel
174:Telenor
143:banking
101:General
49:Somalia
5065:Turkey
5055:Sweden
5035:Serbia
5030:Russia
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4985:Latvia
4955:Greece
4935:France
4910:Cyprus
4858:Europe
4814:Taiwan
4729:Kuwait
4724:Jordan
4714:Israel
4669:Bhutan
4596:Panama
4586:Mexico
4566:Guyana
4516:Canada
4511:Brazil
4501:Belize
4465:Zambia
4415:Rwanda
4373:Malawi
4333:Guinea
4323:Gambia
4263:Angola
4251:Africa
4140:Europe
4110:Africa
4094:Usenet
4054:BITNET
3991:Mobile
3867:packet
3376:MOSFET
3371:device
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2566:Health
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2262:States
2207:Sanaag
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2142:Island
2135:Bahaya
2066:Cities
2027:Postal
1980:Piracy
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1664:19 May
1490:Sabahi
1405:Sabahi
1129:Sabahi
903:18 May
786:Bosaso
741:2015.
721:gov.so
715:org.so
709:net.so
703:com.so
578:Bosaso
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477:Arabic
453:Somali
415:Canada
407:Sweden
401:, the
397:, the
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338:Somnet
273:Galkom
202:Telcom
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86:Africa
5050:Spain
4975:Italy
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4809:Syria
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4754:Nepal
4719:Japan
4694:India
4679:China
4571:Haiti
4521:Chile
4440:Sudan
4405:Niger
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4348:Kenya
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4308:Egypt
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4118:North
4079:JANET
4016:Telex
4006:Radio
3845:Nodes
3840:Links
3761:media
3339:Radio
3324:Pager
3252:Drums
3218:video
3213:image
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3057:Ceuta
2977:Sudan
2927:Niger
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2867:Kenya
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2837:Gabon
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2641:Music
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2227:Mudug
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2167:Awdal
2091:Hafun
1593:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
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4293:Chad
4135:Asia
4021:UUCP
3981:ISDN
2987:Togo
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2425:List
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2202:Sool
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