722:"violated the False Claims Act by facilitating and seeking federal payment for IP Relay calls by international callers who were ineligible for the service and sought to use it for fraudulent purposes. The complaint alleges that, out of fears that fraudulent call volume would drop after the registration deadline, AT&T knowingly adopted a non-compliant registration system that did not verify whether the user was located within the United States. The complaint further contends that AT&T continued to employ this system even with the knowledge that it facilitated use of IP Relay by fraudulent foreign callers, which accounted for up to 95 percent of AT&T’s call volume. The government’s complaint alleges that AT&T improperly billed the TRS Fund for reimbursement of these calls and received millions of dollars in federal payments as a result."
702:," where neither user requires the service and the caller is just attempting to have fun with a novel mode of communication. In December 2006, NBC ran another story where former operators alleged that "85 to 90 percent" of calls were scams. Since it is illegal for relay service companies to keep records, fraudulent users can operate with impunity. Fraudulent calls of both types have been cited as reasons for further relay regulation, and as causes for long hold times that must be endured by many legitimate users. Most businesses legally cannot have relay calls
356:(agent)), and vice versa. This allows callers who are unable to use a regular telephone to be able to place calls to people who use a regular telephone and vice versa. When the person who is hearing is ready for a response, it is customary to say "go ahead" or "GA" to indicate that it is the TTY (teletypewriter) user's turn to talk and "stop keying", "SK", or "ready to hang up" when ending the call and vice versa. This mode of communication has largely been superseded by other modes of communications, including the utilization of IP relay, VPs, VRS, and VRI.
70:
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to maintain "transparency", which is the belief that the operator and the mechanics of relay should generally go as unnoticed as possible in the call. This requires that TRS be as easy to use as normal telephones, which do not require their users to verify anything. Leaders in the deaf community defend this decision and generally retain strong support among service users with hearing and speech disabilities.
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the call. 2–Line captioned telephone can also be used with other relay services. For example, STS can be used with a 2–Line captioned telephone, for captioned telephone users with speech disabilities. 2–Line captioned telephone is only available to people in states that have 2–Line captioned telephone as part of their relay service or federal employees/contractors and
American Indians.
398:(HCO). HCO allows a person who is speech-disabled but can hear to use their hearing while sending responses to a person who is hearing via the HCO user's typed text. The operator voices the HCO user's typed messages, and then the HCO users picks up the handset and listens to the other voice user's response. There are many variations of HCO, including two-line HCO and HCO with privacy.
29:
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services can thus place their calls anonymously, which cannot certify that the user in question really needs operator assistance or not. Furthermore, fraudulent calls of any nature cost millions to the
American people yearly (based on the $ 1.293 per minute fee that is being paid for completed IP-based relay) to various relay providers for successfully completed calls.
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STS enables people with speech disabilities to call others (able-bodied speakers and other people with speech disabilities). It also enables people without speech disabilities to call people with speech disabilities. Anyone can call 711 in the U.S. and ask for Speech to Speech. STS is also available in
Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.
416:
is frequently used by people who are Speech-Disabled and like to use some of their residual speech as well not having to type "GA". With 2–Line HCO, the HCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other. HCO with
Privacy cannot be used with 2–Line HCO, because the operator, HCO user, and hearing person are on a three–way call.
386:
people who are hard of hearing and like to use some of their residual hearing as well not having to say "go ahead". With two-line VCO, the VCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other. VCO with
Privacy cannot be used with two-line VCO, because the operator, VCO user, and hearing person are on a three-way call.
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due to the need for legitimate users to be accommodated, although businesses that are repeatedly victimized by pranks and/or scams often stop trusting relay calls or hang up on them because it is difficult to distinguish legitimate users from illegitimate ones; this is another way that the abusers of
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Anyone can use 711; it is not limited to those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired. As such, it has been used by those without hearing or speech disabilities to make long-distance calls free of charge with TRS providers who do not bill for them. Providers defend this as a necessary evil
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Video Remote
Interpreting (VRI) allows deaf or hard-of-hearing people who use sign language to communicate with hearing people in the same room. VRI addresses one limitation to VRS, which is that VRS cannot be used if the hearing person is in the same room with the deaf or hard-of-hearing person. VRI
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Many other call type variations are possible, including VCO to VCO, HCO to HCO, HCO to TTY, and VCO to TTY. Fundamentally, relay services have the ability to connect any two callers with different abilities over the telephone network. Voice callers in the United States can now access the service with
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Speech to speech (STS) exists for people who have speech disabilities. A specially–trained STS TRS operator revoices what the person with a speech disability says. STS is often used in combination with VCO for people who are deaf and have somewhat understandable speech, as well as two–Line HCO users.
714:
Starting in
November 2009, to help counter the problem of fraudulent use, the FCC began requiring all users of IP Relay to register their screen names with a default IP Relay provider. This, along with many IP Relay providers working to educate hearing users of the risks of fraudulent users (making
415:
Similar to 2-line VCO, 2-line HCO allows an HCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the HCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a three-way call with the hearing person. This method
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Two-line VCO allows a VCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the VCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a three-way call with the hearing person. This method is frequently used by
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Web-based captioned telephone enables telephone calls to be placed with captions, by utilizing the World Wide Web browser window of a computer or smart phone. It is similar to a traditional captioned phone call except the user's own telephone equipment is used, whilst the captions are viewed online
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Captioned telephone can also be used with two lines. This is especially useful for users who prefer to give out their home phone number alone, instead of both the captioning service number and the toll-free captioning service number or for users who prefer to turn captions on and off anytime during
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Captions are created by a communications assistant using a computer with voice recognition software. The communications assistant listens to and revoices the hearing party's side of the conversation into the microphone of a headset. A voice recognition program creates the captions and they are sent
483:
that displays real-time captions of what the hearing party speaks during a conversation. The captions are displayed on a screen embedded in the telephone base. A captioned telephone can also function exactly like a VCO when the user switches the device to VCO mode to do things like communicate with
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The operator will not hear the voice user's voiced messages and the voice user does not need to voice GA. The operator will voice for the person who is Speech-Disabled, and the person who is Speech–Disabled must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the voice user's turn. The voice user
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In 2006, the FCC launched a campaign to gather feedback from the various
Internet Protocol relay-certified companies operating within the United States to fight the wave of relay scams and pranks being made over the service. As brought up in the FCC's released document, users on the IP-based relay
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or LVD (Large Visual
Display). A relay call of a user who is deafblind is directly related to a relay call of a TTY user, however, the text transmission speed is often reduced to increase the ability of the user who is deafblind to comprehend the moving braille on the braille TTY or large print on
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The operator will not hear the VCO user's voiced messages and the VCO user does not need to voice GA. The operator will hear the person who is hearing, and the person who is hearing must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the VCO user's turn. The VCO user does not need to voice GA,
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IP CTS Requires an internet connection to deliver the captions to the user. Most also rely on their regular land-line telephone for the audio portion of the call, but some configurations of IP CTS allow the use of VOIP to carry the call audio. IP CTS has allowed captioned telephone service to be
460:
the LVD. Telebraille relay operators must be familiar with
Braille contractions that users who are deafblind may use. Due to its implementation of a smaller keyboard, some TTY users with mobile disabilities may prefer to use a Telebraille, regardless of a sight disability or lack thereof.
698:, ran stories of reported abuse of the relay system, such as users from international locations calling businesses in the United States to fraudulently purchase goods. This has also generated numerous complaints, particularly by those who were employed as relay operators, that so-called "
439:(AAC.) AAC users can set their device next to a speakerphone. They ask the STS CA set up the call, negotiate the menu, introduce the call explaining AAC and then go into the background. This enables AAC users to communicate independently once the other party is on the line.
368:, VCO. This allows a person who is hard of hearing or deaf but can speak to use their voice while receiving responses from a person who is hearing via the operator's typed text. There are many variations of VCO, including two-line VCO and VCO with privacy.
339:
Once the most common type of TRS call, TTY calls involve a call from a deaf or hard-of-hearing person who utilizes a TTY to a hearing person. In this type of call, typed messages are relayed as voice messages by a TRS operator, (also known as
248:
619:) uses a webcam or videophone to voice the deaf, hard-of-hearing or, speech-disabled person's signs to a hearing person and sign the hearing person's words to the deaf, hard-of-hearing or speech-impaired person.
434:
Many STS users have Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, ALS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy or stroke. Other users stutter or have had a laryngectomy. STS also helps speech synthesizer users, users of
554:, the relay operator will ask for the street address, city, and state from which the call is originating. If this information is not provided, the relay operator will be unable to complete the emergency call.
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it less lucrative for fraudulent users who no longer have an uneducated population to target), and other efforts has greatly reduced the amount of fraudulent use of the IP Relay system.
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Prior to 2005, captioned telephone service was only available to people in states that had captioned telephone service as part of their state relay program. In 2005, the
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an HCO user directly, without relay. Captioned telephone services can be provided in traditional telephone environments as well as in VOIP environments.
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has proven to be useful for deaf or hard-of-hearing people in business meetings, doctor appointments, minor surgical procedures, and court proceedings.
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relay services. Instead of using telephone lines and TDD/TTY devices, they use an Internet connection and software running on computers or smartphones.
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The open structure of relay services has led to a number of complaints regarding its use as a vehicle for fraud. In 2004, news outlets, such as
581:(ToIP). Support for these technologies has enabled many Internet-connected devices to be used with relay services, including desktop and laptop
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Depending on the technical and physical abilities and physical environments of users, different call types are possible via relay services.
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a universal number: 711. After the number is dialled, the caller will receive instructions to complete the call to reach deaf callers.
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In March 2012, the United States federal government announced a lawsuit against AT&T. The specific accusations state that
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1128:"After News Reports Reveal Widespread Fraud by Users of IP Relay Systems for the Deaf, Companies Mull Changes to the System"
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because the VCO user types it or presses the "VCO GA" button on the VCO phone when it's the voice user's turn to talk.
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users via a keyboard or assistive device. Originally, relay services were designed to be connected through a
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the service ultimately victimize the legitimate users, in addition to tying up the service from them.
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IP relay services, called Web-based text relay services in Europe, provide functionality similar to
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in 1964. The first relay service was established in 1974 by Converse Communications of Connecticut.
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299:(TTY) or other assistive telephone device. Services gradually have expanded to include almost any
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1029:"FCC Mandates Nationwide Implementation of 711 Access to Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS)"
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does not need to voice GA, because the HCO user can hear when the voice user finishes talking.
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1280:"United States Files Lawsuit Against AT&T in Telecommunications Relay Services Fraud Case"
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995:. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014
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271:, or Web-based relay service, is an operator service that allows people who are
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is a hybrid communication method that enables people who are hard of hearing,
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Myers, Lisa; Sandler, Tim; NBC News Investigative Unit (December 5, 2006).
772:. Federal Communications Commission. 2015-01-28. p. 1. Archived from
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319:, and many other devices. The first TTY was invented by deaf scientist
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to speak directly to another party on a telephone call. Typically, a
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out to the captioned telephone where they are read by the user.
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1130:. City Paper. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012
861:. New Zealand Relay. 2006-05-28. p. 1. Archived from
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When using an IP relay service for an emergency call like
1295:
1055:"Disability Access Requirements Extend to VOIP Services"
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made IP CTS a part of the federally mandated services.
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instead of in the captioned telephone display screen.
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is required to connect persons who dial 711 to a TRS
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1358:
1306:"How to purchase a CapTel phone" - February 9, 2009
157:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
654:is used for the Telecommunications Relay Service.
1234:. Federal Communications Commission. May 8, 2006
1093:. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012
934:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007
833:. Verizon. 2006-08-24. p. 1. Archived from
607:Video relay service (VRS) allows people who use
16:"7‒1‒1" redirects here. For other topics, see
1336:
1170:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013
77:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
770:Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS) Guide
2351:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1085:"Thieves exploit phone system for the deaf"
896:"Authorized Users of Federal Relay Service"
669:ruled that the 711 requirement extended to
447:Telebraille also exists for people who are
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2387:
1343:
1329:
1321:
989:"711 for Telecommunications Relay Service"
885:Verizon information brochure GT016707SS-WS
437:Augmentative and Alternative Communication
665:from a working number. In July 2007, the
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
692:, and several newspapers, including the
1311:"Hamilton WebCapTel" - February 9, 2009
1229:"Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking"
801:. 2006-11-16. p. 1. Archived from
795:"Hamilton Relay - TTY (Text Telephone)"
766:"Telecommunication Relay Service (TRS)"
757:
1181:
1141:
1104:
1006:
970:. Ultratec, Inc. 2006-05-08. p. 1
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742:Telecommunications device for the deaf
1316:"Sprint WebCapTel" - February 9, 2009
504:provided on smartphones and tablets.
7:
2397:
1126:Erickson Jr., Edward (May 5, 2004).
901:U.S. General Services Administration
684:Fraudulent uses in the United States
251:A typical relay service conversation
155:adding citations to reliable sources
1208:Federal Communiacations Commission
928:"CapTel - The Captioned Telephone"
732:Communication assistance in Israel
615:instead of typing. The VI (video
166:"Telecommunications relay service"
14:
1258:Federal Communications Commission
1164:"The IP relay-scam on television"
1062:Federal Communications Commission
1033:Federal Communications Commission
667:Federal Communications Commission
38:This article has multiple issues.
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1986:Free-space optical communication
257:telecommunications relay service
131:
68:
27:
557:Most IP relay services support
142:needs additional citations for
46:or discuss these issues on the
1:
831:Verizon Global Relay Services
517:Web-based captioned telephone
451:with the use of a TTY with a
303:capable technology such as a
2372:Telecommunication portal
2153:Telecommunications equipment
814:Communication Assistant (CA)
508:Two–line captioned telephone
1889:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1254:"2012 TRS History Document"
535:IP/web-based relay services
457:refreshable braille display
394:A less common call type is
327:Types of services available
287:to place calls to standard
91:, discuss the issue on the
2454:
2433:Telecommunication services
1593:Telecommunications history
626:
600:
455:or regular keyboard and a
423:
15:
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2201:Public Switched Telephone
2013:telecommunication circuit
1974:Fiber-optic communication
1719:Francis Blake (telephone)
1514:Optical telecommunication
1188:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1148:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1111:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1013:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
952:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
629:Video Remote Interpreting
623:Video remote interpreting
364:A common type of call is
335:TTY to voice/voice to TTY
2112:Orbital angular-momentum
1549:Satellite communications
1388:Communications satellite
827:"Verizon Relay Services"
611:to place phone calls by
1991:Molecular communication
1814:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1643:Undersea telegraph line
1378:Cable protection system
650:, the telephone number
342:Communication Assistant
2133:Communication protocol
1919:Charles Sumner Tainter
1734:Walter Houser Brattain
1679:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1487:Information revolution
737:Relay (disambiguation)
252:
2107:Polarization-division
1839:Narinder Singh Kapany
1804:Erna Schneider Hoover
1724:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1704:Alexander Graham Bell
1435:online video platform
250:
2423:Assistive technology
1949:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1909:Almon Brown Strowger
1879:Charles Grafton Page
1534:Prepaid mobile phone
1462:Electrical telegraph
968:"CapTel - WebCapTel"
874:Relay Assistant (RA)
695:Baltimore City Paper
151:improve this article
97:create a new article
89:improve this article
18:711 (disambiguation)
1899:Johann Philipp Reis
1658:Wireless revolution
1620:The Telephone Cases
1477:Hydraulic telegraph
859:"New Zealand Relay"
846:Relay Operator (RO)
657:In the U.S., every
603:Video Relay Service
597:Video relay service
469:Captioned telephone
464:Captioned telephone
443:Deafblind variation
2438:Telephone services
2097:Frequency-division
2074:Telephone exchange
1944:Charles Wheatstone
1874:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1849:Innocenzo Manzetti
1784:Reginald Fessenden
1519:Optical telegraphy
1352:Telecommunications
1301:FCC Consumer Facts
932:CapTel by Ultratec
908:on August 13, 2007
583:personal computers
396:hearing carry over
390:Hearing carry over
253:
2410:
2409:
2148:Store and forward
2143:Data transmission
2057:Network switching
2008:Transmission line
1854:Guglielmo Marconi
1819:Internet pioneers
1684:Mohamed M. Atalla
1653:Whistled language
575:instant messaging
563:mobile phone apps
321:Robert Weitbrecht
305:personal computer
245:
244:
237:
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125:
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99:, as appropriate.
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2241:Notable networks
2231:Wireless network
2171:Cellular network
2163:Types of network
2138:Computer network
2025:Network topology
1939:Thomas A. Watson
1794:Oliver Heaviside
1779:Philo Farnsworth
1754:Daniel Davis Jr.
1729:Charles Bourseul
1689:John Logie Baird
1398:Data compression
1393:Computer network
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1282:. 22 March 2012.
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1204:"IP Relay Fraud"
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526:Other variations
420:Speech to speech
402:HCO with privacy
372:VCO with privacy
366:voice carry over
360:Voice carry over
259:, also known as
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1482:Information Age
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168: –
167:
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162:Find sources:
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140:This article
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34:
25:
24:
19:
2084:Multiplexing
1959:Transmission
1924:Nikola Tesla
1914:Henry Sutton
1869:Samuel Morse
1799:Robert Hooke
1764:Amos Dolbear
1699:John Bardeen
1618:
1598:Telautograph
1502:Mobile phone
1457:Edholm's law
1440:social media
1373:Broadcasting
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1132:. Retrieved
1121:
1095:. Retrieved
1088:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1023:
997:. Retrieved
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
962:
936:. Retrieved
931:
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
899:
890:
881:
873:
867:. Retrieved
863:the original
853:
845:
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
830:
821:
813:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
798:
789:
778:. Retrieved
774:the original
769:
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687:
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651:
641:
632:
606:
579:Text over IP
559:Web browsers
556:
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381:Two-line VCO
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313:mobile phone
283:, or have a
268:
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149:Please help
144:verification
141:
111:
102:
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
2284:NPL network
1996:Radio waves
1934:Alfred Vail
1844:Hedy Lamarr
1829:Dawon Kahng
1789:Elisha Gray
1749:Yogen Dalal
1674:Nasir Ahmed
1608:Teleprinter
1472:Heliographs
999:22 February
747:Text-to-911
700:prank calls
663:call center
617:interpreter
354:relay agent
2417:Categories
2330:Antarctica
2289:Toasternet
2211:Television
1694:Paul Baran
1626:Television
1610:(teletype)
1603:Telegraphy
1581:transistor
1559:Phryctoria
1529:Photophone
1507:Smartphone
1497:Mass media
1264:January 6,
1238:January 6,
1213:January 6,
1174:January 6,
1134:January 6,
1097:January 6,
974:2007-01-29
938:January 6,
912:January 6,
869:2007-02-01
841:2007-02-01
809:2007-02-01
780:2015-02-01
753:References
411:2-line HCO
207:April 2018
177:newspapers
43:improve it
2314:Americas
2303:Locations
2274:Internet2
2035:Bandwidth
1739:Vint Cerf
1636:streaming
1614:Telephone
1554:Semaphore
1445:streaming
1144:cite news
674:telephony
481:telephone
473:oral deaf
449:deafblind
426:STS Relay
352:(RA), or
289:telephone
281:deafblind
93:talk page
49:talk page
2428:Deafness
2382:Category
2269:Internet
2259:CYCLADES
2176:Ethernet
2126:Concepts
2050:terminal
2001:wireless
1824:Bob Kahn
1667:Pioneers
1492:Internet
1383:Cable TV
1184:cite web
1107:cite web
1090:NBC News
1009:cite web
948:cite web
726:See also
720:AT&T
646:and the
269:IP-relay
87:You may
2402:Commons
2392:Outline
2345:Oceania
2264:FidoNet
2249:ARPANET
2062:circuit
1631:digital
1360:History
1060:. U.S.
1031:. U.S.
993:fcc.gov
704:blocked
613:signing
541:TDD/TTY
453:braille
191:scholar
2340:Europe
2310:Africa
2294:Usenet
2254:BITNET
2191:Mobile
2067:packet
1576:MOSFET
1571:device
1368:Beacon
1296:CapTel
1260:. 2012
1068:May 1,
1039:May 1,
644:Canada
589:, and
577:, and
492:IP CTS
348:(RO),
344:(CA),
309:laptop
193:
186:
179:
172:
164:
2323:South
2318:North
2279:JANET
2216:Telex
2206:Radio
2045:Nodes
2040:Links
1961:media
1539:Radio
1524:Pager
1452:Drums
1418:video
1413:image
1403:audio
1232:(DOC)
1058:(PDF)
690:MSNBC
267:, or
198:JSTOR
184:books
95:, or
2335:Asia
2221:UUCP
2181:ISDN
1266:2024
1240:2024
1215:2024
1190:link
1176:2024
1150:link
1136:2024
1113:link
1099:2024
1070:2012
1041:2012
1015:link
1001:2015
954:link
940:2024
914:2024
671:VOIP
591:PDAs
273:deaf
170:news
2226:WAN
2196:NGN
2186:LAN
1467:Fax
1408:DCT
652:711
642:In
571:WAP
552:112
550:or
548:911
498:FCC
475:or
317:PDA
293:TDD
261:TRS
153:by
2419::
1256:.
1206:.
1186:}}
1182:{{
1166:.
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103:(
85:.
59:)
55:(
20:.
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