632:
322:
38:
675:. The new capital had only been founded on August 30, 1836 and the land was still being surveyed at the time of its elevation to capital. Houston and Columbia were separated by 50 miles (80 km) of boggy river bottoms. It was very difficult to transport large loads overland, so publishers made arrangements to ship the printing press via boat. On April 16, 1837, the press arrived in Houston, on the same boat as the executive departments of the Republic of Texas. The first issue to be printed in Houston appeared on May 2, 1837.
480:
United States, would have been a rashness to which others as well as ourselves might have fallen victim." Borden further noted that "It has never been the objective of this paper to forestall public opinion and to crowd upon the people our own views in a matter so important as that touching a change in government." Nine days later, Baker joined the army. Gail Borden, Jr and two other printers were drafted for the army on
February 29 but were excused from service so that the press could continue to operate.
692:
355:. In an editorial, the owners explained that the paper's original name had been chosen when "the engrossing object was the accumulating of wealth and consequent aggrandizement of the country. Since that time affairs have assumed an entirely different aspect, and the all-absorbing question is how to protect ourselves, and what we already possess." The newspaper was therefore renamed to reflect their new goal of serving as "a faithful register of passing events".
222:. The first issue was printed on October 10, 1835, days after the outbreak of the Texas Revolution. Later, when John Pettit Borden left to join the Texas Revolution, brother Thomas Borden stepped in to take his place. Gail served as the editor and Tom served as the business manager. As the war for independence intensified, however, Thomas Borden and Joseph Baker joined as soldiers, and left Gail to run the paper alone.
538:
344:, would be "a tool to no party, but would fearlessly expose crime and critical error wherever met with". The advertisement also vowed that the new newspaper would "be ready to advocate such principles and measures as have a tendency to promote union between Texas and the Mexican Confederation, as well as to oppose everything tending to dissolve or weaken the connexion between them."
1885:
648:
provide Burnet with funds. He instead mortgaged his land and used the money to buy a new printing press in
Cincinnati. The Bordens had intended to reopen their printing business in whichever city became the new capital of the republic. Although Burnet did not officially name a new capital, on July 23, Burnet called for elections for the
291:, occasionally printing on wallpaper when newsprint was scarce. Following the war, the paper went through a series of owners and gradually declined until it was shuttered at the end of 1873. In March 1874 it was resurrected and briefly held the largest circulation any newspaper in Houston had ever received. It closed permanently in 1877.
668:. The editorial concluded: "Notwithstanding so many embarrassments and difficulties, we announce to the citizens of Texas, that we are again prepared to do their printing, and are ready once more to defend the cause of our country." By the end of the year, over 500 readers had subscribed to the newspaper.
840:
Moore included many articles explaining and justifying the Texas
Revolution and the very existence of the Republic. At the same time, as early as 1837, the newspaper advocated annexation to the United States, even publishing a series of articles explaining that Texas should have been considered part
824:
Shortly after the newspaper launched, Borden set out his philosophy that "to render the press useful it should never be prostituted to misrepresentation, slander, and vituperation." Borden used language he described as "decorous" and tried to avoid covering issues that would divide his audience. He
718:
Many of the paper's articles were aimed at attracting immigrants to Texas, or retaining those who had recently arrived. Articles emphasized the good character of recent settlers (as opposed to the widespread belief that residents of Texas were scoundrels) and the advantages of living in the country.
683:
The newspaper was in financial difficulty, as bills were rarely paid. Settlers moved often as they rebuilt their lives after the war and often did not pay their subscription fee. The government also provided very little toward their debt. The
Bordens soon decided to leave the newspaper business.
647:
Lacking funds to replace his equipment, in May Gail Borden asked Burnet for governmental assistance in forming another newspaper. Burnet sent Borden a draft and instructed him to visit Texas agents in New
Orleans to receive payment. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the agents were unable to
787:
who were still unhappy that they had lost the war, resented the advice, and the newspaper began to lose readership. Cushing sold the paper to a syndicate, which put C.C. Gillespie in charge. Gillespie's editorials reflected a very different political leaning than
Cushing's but the paper continued
533:
which had sympathy for Texas independence. The March 12 issue also printed the letter Travis wrote to the
Convention shortly before the Alamo was attacked. The original letter was misplaced or destroyed during the confusion, and the only record of it is from the newspaper edition and the thousand
398:
The paper's first issue was late, despite long hours worked by the printers. By the time the second issue was printed, the printers did not know where to deliver many of the subscriptions, as the subscribers had left their homes to join the army. The papers' expenses were approximately $ 250 each
390:
to form an army. John Borden joined them, and his brother Thomas took his place in the newspaper partnership. Gail Borden wrote to Austin on
October 10 that both his brother Thomas and Joseph Baker also wanted to join the army. All were worried that they would be castigated for not joining, and
373:
Readers could purchase six- or twelve-month subscriptions. Those who paid in advance were charged only $ 5 per year. An extra dollar was added if the subscription was paid at the end of the first six months, and the price was increased to $ 7 if the subscription was paid at the end of the year.
369:
The newspaper was published weekly. Each issue contained eight pages, with three columns of text. In earlier issues, the first page generally contained poetry and an article reprinted from another newspaper. Later issues usually had advertisements printed on the front page. The second page was
479:
The paper at first stopped short of endorsing a full split from Mexico. The editorial in the
February 20, 1836 issue stated that: "To have advocated a declaration of independence, before understanding the true situation of the Mexican government, and without any assurance of assistance from the
318:, a community which had long been at the center of Texas politics, and he could read Spanish well. Because San Felipe was centrally located among the colonies in eastern Texas, the group chose that location for their newspaper enterprise, hoping it would be easier to gather and distribute news.
702:
Under Moore's leadership, the newspaper became "the most influential news organ of the
Republic of Texas". Most newspapers of this time period were primarily vehicles for the editor to express his views. Editors generally made little effort to gather and report news, as the information would
881:. This collection has been invaluable to researchers, especially genealogists, as there are no widespread censuses available for the Republic of Texas. Researcher Kevin Ladd compiled much of the biographical information available in the early years of the newspaper's existence into the book
707:
participated in newspaper exchange. The Republic of Texas followed the example of the United States and allowed newspaper editors to exchange papers with each other without paying postage, allowing for the quicker dissemination of information. Texas also allowed each editor to send up to 30
503:
immediately offered their services to the interim government, pledging that they were "prepared to execute any order, either at night or day". The March 5 issue noted the declaration of independence in a small blurb at the bottom of the back page. More prominently displayed was the letter
491:
was set to meet. He scrapped those plans when another group announced plans to establish a press there. The competing publisher never formed, and Borden remained the official printer of the interim government, but at a disadvantage as he was 20 miles (32 km) from the proceedings.
408:
consisted of only four pages rather than eight. Gail asked his brother Thomas to travel to New Orleans to purchase more supplies, but Thomas refused to leave the army. The paper missed an edition in mid-December due to lack of paper. New supplies towards the end of 1836 allowed the
366:, translations of several Mexican documents, and reports from the Committees of Correspondance and Safety in several other communities. As editor, Gail Borden strived to be somewhat objective, avoiding blatantly biased or partisan opinions unless a counterpart was also provided.
374:
Advertisements were limited to 8 lines. The first time the advertisement appeared in the paper, advertisers were charged $ 1. Each subsequent insertion was worth 50 cents. By November 1, they had collected less than $ 75, although their expenses were about $ 250 per month.
403:
to print items for the interim government. By November 24, they had incurred $ 593.75 in costs, but the cash-strapped government was unable to provide reimbursement. The frequent public document printings caused the press to run low on newsprint, and by mid-December the
806:
was resurrected by Allen C. Gray. For a time, it received the largest circulation any newspaper in Houston had ever received. The revival lasted less than three years, however. Unable to satisfy impatient creditors, on February 11, 1877 Gray ceased publication of the
782:
After the war ended, Cushing travelled to the northern United States to purchase new equipment. When he returned to Houston his editorials began to "counsel acquiescence" as he related some of the attitudes he had seen in the north. Many Texans, staunch
370:
miscellaneous news, while the third contained an editorial. The remaining pages were filled with ads, articles from other newspapers, and local news. Occasionally, the first two pages would contain reprints of recently released official documents.
610:
and a proclamation from Burnet calling all men to arms. Only six issues were printed. Shortly after the sixth sheet was printed on April 14, Mexican soldiers arrived in Harrisburg and seized the press. The soldiers threw the
719:
Through much of 1837, Moore wrote a series of articles describing the natural resources of Texas and the geography of various regions of the nations. Moore's series on the geography of Texas was in 1840 compiled into a book
703:
already be widely known by the time the paper was printed. In many cases, local news was given cursory treatment, as the editor did not want to anger any of his subscribers by appearing to pick a side in a local feud. The
663:
was published in Columbia on August 2, 1836. The first page was devoted to the new Constitution, which few Texans had seen. An editorial on the second page described the events in San Felipe and Harrisburg during the
307:
to publish a newspaper. Although none of the three had any previous printing experience, Baker was considered "one of the best informed men in the colony on the Texas-Mexican situation". He was the secretary of the
869:
was "an influential molder of public opinion", which "has become an essential source to the understanding of the early history of American Texas and the construction of the identity of the people who lived in it".
520:
was decisively for independence, praising Consultation delegates for their "unparalleled" speed, as "the alarming situation of our country admitted of no delay". That issue also reprinted articles from the
568:–the only newspaper in Texas still operating–printed its twenty-first issue on March 24. This contained the first list of names of Texians who died at the Alamo. Borden refused to join the
795:
Declining sales led Hutchins to sell the paper in 1867 to William G. Webb. Webb again reversed the newspaper's political leanings, yet he was unable to make the newspaper a success. In 1873 the
283:
Moore purchased Cruger's shares in 1851, then sold the entire newspaper in 1854. The new owner transformed it into a tri-weekly instead of a weekly. When the paper was sold again in 1856,
688:, who took over as chief editor. Three months later, Gail Borden transferred his shares to Jacob W. Cruger. The new partnership continued until April 1851, when Moore bought out Cruger.
413:
to resume service, but by February newsprint again ran low. Borden attributed this to a larger-than-expected subscriber list and frequent opportunities to publish other documents.
505:
877:"is an invaluable repository of public documents during the" Texas Revolution. All but six issues printed between its inauguration and the end of 1845 have been preserved at the
2301:
1924:
914:
In this era, printers set as much of the type in advance as possible, generally leaving only a small area on an inside or back page for breaking news. Sibley (1983), p. 10.
752:
In 1854, Moore sold the newspaper to Harvey H. Allen, who retained it for less than two years. During that time, he expanded the newspaper to a thrice-weekly printing.
2261:
556:
on March 6, the Mexican Army began moving east into the colonies. The Texian Army, in disarray after losing so many men, began to retreat east. The newspapers in
865:
was the second permanent newspaper in Texas. It introduced printing to three towns: Harrisburg, Columbia, and Houston. According to historian Andrea Kökény, the
2266:
2321:
2316:
2311:
606:
was named the official paper of the Republic of Texas. The following day they began printing the first issue in Harrisburg. It contained extracts from the
476:
sparked a panic among Texas settlers. For the next few weeks, the paper primarily featured official documents and letters, with little editorial comment.
1764:
Kökény, Andrea (Summer 2004), "The Construction of Anglo-American Identity in the Republic of Texas, as Reflected in the "Telegraph and Texas Register"",
420:
was the most important newspaper in Texas during the Texas Revolution and was "one of the foremost papers devoted to the revolutionary cause". Historian
272:
and Jacob Cruger in 1837. Under Moore's leadership, the newspaper became "the most influential news organ of the Republic of Texas". In 1846, following
1999:
779:
to gather and forward news from the battlefronts. He published so many extra editions that on February 6, 1864 the newspaper officially became a daily.
2296:
837:
once referred to Moore as that "'lying scribbler of the Telegraph, whose one arm could write more malicious falsehoods than any man with two arms'".
763:(1861–1865). There were no paper mills in Texas, and most Texas newspapers received newsprint from mills in the northeastern United States. A
2276:
1917:
2306:
206:, the newspaper was renamed shortly before it began publication, to reflect its new mission to be "a faithful register of passing events". Owners
583:
On March 27, the Texas Army reached San Felipe with word that the Mexican advance guard was approaching. According to a later editorial in the
2291:
2286:
708:
newspapers to editors of papers in foreign countries, which included the United States. Until 1842, the United States mirrored this practice.
767:
blockade of the Gulf Coast made newsprint even scarcer, and Cushing was forced to print the newspaper on wallpaper and wrapping paper. After
2281:
2256:
1889:
1868:
1843:
1646:
607:
233:
through the end of March 1836. As the Mexican Army approached the colonies in eastern Texas, most residents fled eastward. The owners of the
1910:
619:
and arrested the printers. The Texas Revolution ended one week later, when Santa Anna was captured following the Mexican defeat at the
391:
Gail explained that he thought the newspaper was "of more importance than their services can be in the camp." Thomas Borden joined the
1825:
218:, a community long at the center of Texas politics. The first issue was printed on October 10, 1835, days after the outbreak of the
756:
became the chief editor in 1856, when Allen sold it to a corporation. Cushing later acquired all stock and became the sole owner.
631:
1985:
2063:
2013:
484:
2233:
2109:
1933:
878:
784:
424:
describes the paper as "an invaluable repository of public documents during this critical period of the state's history".
513:
602:, where the interim government had fled. The Bordens successfully set up the press in Harrisburg, and on April 13 the
473:
691:
37:
395:
and on November 5, Gail Borden again refused to allow Baker to join the army because he was their only translator.
671:
Although Burnet had expected the 1st Congress to name Columbia the capital, they instead chose a brand-new city,
925:
2089:
1962:
825:
did not write about the quarrels between the War and Peace factions as the region moved towards independence.
729:
529:
2271:
2214:
2006:
753:
523:
304:
211:
2125:
2027:
902:
685:
649:
620:
591:
was dismantled, and the Bordens brought it with them as they evacuated with the rear guard on March 30.
269:
257:
80:
284:
947:
It took almost twelve years for the government to completely repay the Bordens. Kökény (2004), p. 289.
464:
2049:
458:
From early December 1835 until early March 1836, there was little political stability in Texas. The
400:
167:
2082:
2042:
1655:
789:
741:
553:
546:
428:
399:
month, while it collected about $ 75 in its first month of operations. Borden contracted with the
162:
1789:
1710:
2096:
1746:
1691:
1619:
842:
760:
488:
383:
288:
1896:
537:
2056:
1955:
1948:
1864:
1839:
1821:
1642:
1393:
983:
772:
509:
496:
452:
432:
359:
242:
230:
184:
156:
17:
2154:
2020:
957:
883:
Gone to Texas: Genealogical Abstracts from the Telegraph and Texas Register, 1835–1841
846:
421:
348:
273:
219:
125:
595:
561:
557:
435:, leader of the Texian Army until December 1835, sent news directly from the Siege to the
387:
1388:
2195:
2173:
1814:
665:
599:
588:
569:
392:
315:
215:
727:. The articles were widely quoted in other newspapers and journals; an 1843 issue of
468:, began printing more circumspect stories about the war after a January report in the
2250:
2118:
2034:
1976:
616:
612:
268:
was relocated to Houston. Faced with financial losses, the Bordens sold the paper to
246:
2103:
1969:
776:
653:
444:
310:
253:
439:
s editors. Borden received news directly from other military leaders, including
1778:
695:
Scan of the front page of the newspaper from April 8, 1846 showing its new name,
1992:
969:
When the capital was relocated, Moore and Cruger established another newspaper,
853:, as they explained, "to designate the plotical tenets that we shall advocate".
834:
672:
656:
on the first Monday in October. The Bordens promptly relocated to Columbia.
448:
363:
325:
300:
261:
238:
207:
106:
75:
1816:
Eighteen minutes: the battle of San Jacinto and the Texas independence campaign
923:
The components were later retrieved from the river, cleaned, and used to print
495:
On March 3, 1836 the Convention officially declared independence, creating the
768:
764:
712:
287:
became chief editor. He guided the newspaper through the difficulties of the
245:. On April 14, Mexican soldiers captured the printing press and threw it into
1902:
512:
had written begging for reinforcements and supplies for his garrison at the
440:
386:
had occurred on October 2. Over the next few weeks, men began gathering at
336:
They announced their venture in an advertisement in the March 15 edition of
1884:
237:
and their printing press evacuated on March 30 with the rear guard of the
1750:
1734:
1695:
1679:
1623:
1607:
427:
Editorials in the newspaper often compared the fighting in Texas to the
321:
640:
172:
929:, the first daily paper of the Republic of Texas. Lee (1917), p. 216.
1863:, Southwestern Studies Series No. 109, El Paso: Texas Western Press,
431:, even publishing extracts from United States documents of that era.
1861:
Imagining Texas: pre-Revolutionary Texas newspapers, 1829–1836
1836:
Lone Stars and State Gazettes: Texas Newspapers Before the Civil War
684:
In March 1837, Thomas Borden sold his interest in the enterprise to
982:
Despite his opinion of Moore's reporting, in 1860 Houston–now
986:–appointed Moore the State Geologist. Geiser (1944), p. 421.
536:
483:
In February 1836, Borden seriously considered moving the press to
320:
199:
229:
continued to report news of the war and the formation of the new
833:
His reporting did not necessarily please politicians. Governor
1906:
623:. For the next few months, there were no newspapers in Texas.
347:
The first issue was published October 10, 1835, days after the
938:
Burnet did not have the authority to do so. Kemp (1944), p. 3.
956:
Gail Borden returned to the United States, where he founded
775:, making transportation more difficult, Cushing relied on a
534:
broadsheets the Bordens printed on order of the Convention.
744:. The new press was powered by cranks turned by workmen.
587:, the publishers were "the last to consent to move". The
545:
which contained the first list of defenders killed at the
462:, along with the other major newspaper in the region, the
351:
began. By this time, the owners had changed the name to
849:, Moore and Cruger changed the name of the newspaper to
276:
to the United States, the newspaper changed its name to
198:(1835–1877) was the second permanent newspaper in
572:, asserting that "so long as a paper should be printed
506:
To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World
1800:(3), Texas State Historical Association: 173–193
1721:(4), Texas State Historical Association: 419–425
740:
In 1838, the company purchased a printing press from
541:
A partial scan of the March 24, 1836 edition of the
2225:
2206:
2187:
2165:
2146:
2074:
1940:
179:
151:
131:
121:
113:
102:
63:
51:
1813:
1690:(2), Texas State Historical Association: 130–143,
1666:(1), Texas State Historical Association, July 1994
1608:"Notes on Early Texas Newspapers, 1819–1836"
788:to decline. The syndicate soon sold the paper to
759:The newspaper continued to publish throughout the
252:The newspaper was reestablished in August 1836 in
594:The interim president of the Republic of Texas,
472:on a rumored counterinvasion by Mexican General
1899:contains scans of many issues of the newspaper.
1291:
1289:
1745:(1), Texas State Historical Association: 3–9,
1148:
1146:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1918:
1711:"Note on Dr. Francis Moore (1808–1864)"
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1063:
358:The inaugural edition contained letters from
27:Defunct American newspaper published in Texas
8:
1963:Bellaire/Memorial/River Oaks/West U Examiner
1568:
1566:
1538:
1536:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
715:in 1840, the newspaper remained in Houston.
30:
2302:1877 disestablishments in the United States
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1279:
1277:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1136:
1134:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
598:, requested that Borden bring the press to
2162:
2071:
2000:The Collegian (Houston Baptist University)
1925:
1911:
1903:
1454:
1452:
29:
1186:
1184:
1182:
241:. The press was quickly reestablished in
78:, Thomas Borden, Joseph Baker (1835–1837)
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
690:
630:
998:
894:
851:Democratic Telegraph and Texas Register
697:Democratic Telegraph and Texas Register
278:Democratic Telegraph and Texas Register
73:
2262:Defunct newspapers published in Mexico
1788:McMurtrie, Douglas C. (January 1932),
416:According to historian James Lee, the
2267:Defunct newspapers published in Texas
1794:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1678:Franklin, Ethel Mary (October 1932),
723:. The book was reprinted in 1844 as
639:, publishers explained their move to
608:Constitution of the Republic of Texas
447:, and political heavyweights such as
362:, a report on the development of the
264:the new capital of the Republic, the
7:
2322:Weekly newspapers published in Texas
1397:, Texas State Historical Association
792:, who retained Gillespie as editor.
299:In February 1835, brothers John and
2317:Daily newspapers published in Texas
2312:Publications disestablished in 1877
1641:, Dallas: Republic of Texas Press,
1322:quoted in McMurtrie (1932), p. 184.
1838:, Texas A&M University Press,
1783:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
1606:Barker, Eugene C. (October 1917),
1012:quoted in Franklin (1932), p. 135.
635:In the May 2, 1837 edition of the
109:, John Pettit Borden, Joseph Baker
25:
1739:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1715:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1684:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1660:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1612:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
85:Francis W. Moore, Jr. (1851–1854)
2297:1870s disestablishments in Texas
1986:African-American News and Issues
1883:
1834:Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (2000),
1530:quoted in Geiser (1944), p. 421.
1128:quoted in Barker (1917), p. 142.
1090:quoted in Barker (1917), p. 141.
382:The small skirmish known as the
340:, promising that the new paper,
36:
2277:Newspapers published in Houston
2064:Village News and Southwest News
1521:quoted in Sibley (1983), p. 70.
516:. By the following issue, the
328:was one of the founders of the
2307:Newspapers established in 1835
1780:History of American Journalism
1389:"Telegraph and Texas Register"
721:Maps and Descriptions of Texas
711:Although the capital moved to
659:The twenty-third issue of the
332:and served as its first editor
202:. Originally conceived as the
18:Telegraph & Texas Register
1:
2292:1830s establishments in Texas
2287:1835 establishments in Mexico
1735:"The Capitol (?) at Columbia"
1637:Chariton, Wallace O. (1990),
879:University of Texas at Austin
748:Ownership changes and decline
580:of it would not take alarm."
83:, Jacob W. Cruger (1837–1851)
2282:1835 establishments in Texas
2257:Telegraph and Texas Register
2133:Telegraph and Texas Register
1890:Telegraph and Texas Register
564:soon stopped printing. The
353:Telegraph and Texas Register
195:Telegraph and Texas Register
139:; 147 years ago
46:, published October 10, 1835
44:Telegraph and Texas Register
31:Telegraph and Texas Register
1820:, Republic of Texas Press,
1790:"Pioneer Printing in Texas"
1709:Geiser, S.W. (April 1944),
1639:Exploring the Alamo Legends
845:. In 1846, not long after
552:After their victory at the
474:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
342:Telegraph and Texas Planter
303:entered a partnership with
204:Telegraph and Texas Planter
93:William G. Webb (1867–1873)
87:Harvey H. Allen (1854–1856)
2338:
1934:Greater Houston newspapers
1812:Moore, Stephen L. (2004),
1777:Lee, James Melvin (1917),
905:. Franklin (1932), p. 136.
901:Baker later served in the
576:of the Brazos, the people
210:, John Pettit Borden, and
95:Allen C. Gray (1874–1877)
1859:Clark, Carol Lea (2002),
1581:McMurtrie (1932), p. 186.
1423:McMurtrie (1932), p. 182.
1295:McMurtrie (1932), p. 184.
1021:Sibley (1983), pp. 66–68.
873:According to Barker, the
652:, which would convene in
508:, which Texian commander
499:. The publishers of the
42:Inaugural edition of the
35:
2014:Houston Business Journal
1766:Journal of the Southwest
1733:Kemp, L.W. (July 1944),
1304:Chariton (1990), p. 180.
1152:Franklin (1932), p. 136.
1081:Franklin (1932), p. 134.
1069:Franklin (1932), p. 133.
485:Washington-on-the-Brazos
1897:Portal to Texas History
799:suspended publication.
274:the annexation of Texas
185:Portal to Texas History
1572:Kökény (2004), p. 283.
1560:Kökény (2004), p. 305.
1551:Kökény (2004), p. 298.
1542:Kökény (2004), p. 292.
1503:Geiser (1944), p. 422.
1494:Kökény (2004), p. 294.
1446:Geiser (1944), p. 421.
1356:Barker (1917), p. 143.
1253:Kökény (2004), p. 287.
1199:Kökény (2004), p. 286.
1119:Barker (1917), p. 142.
1099:Kökény (2004), p. 285.
1057:Kökény (2004), p. 284.
1037:Kökény (2004), p. 289.
754:Edward Hopkins Cushing
730:Southern Agriculturist
699:
644:
549:
333:
57:Tri-weekly (1854–1864)
2028:Houston Forward Times
1313:Sibley (1983), p. 76.
1283:Sibley (1983), p. 75.
1262:Sibley (1983), p. 72.
1225:Sibley (1983), p. 71.
1211:Sibley (1983), p. 70.
1176:Sibley (1983), p. 69.
1164:Sibley (1983), p. 68.
1140:Sibley (1983), p. 67.
903:Battle of San Jacinto
694:
686:Francis W. Moore, Jr.
679:Moore era (1837–1854)
634:
621:Battle of San Jacinto
540:
530:New York Evening Star
324:
270:Francis W. Moore, Jr.
214:founded the paper in
81:Francis W. Moore, Jr.
1892:at Wikimedia Commons
1512:Sibley (1983), p. 5.
1476:Sibley (1983), p. 8.
1467:Sibley (1983), p. 7.
1458:Sibley (1983), p. 6.
1271:Moore (2004), p. 33.
742:R. Hoe & Company
733:copied at least one
725:Description of Texas
524:New Orleans Bulletin
338:The Texas Republican
316:San Felipe de Austin
216:San Felipe de Austin
180:Free online archives
2043:Jewish Herald-Voice
1485:Lee (1917), p. 217.
1190:Lee (1917), p. 216.
958:Borden Milk Company
802:In March 1874, the
790:William J. Hutchins
554:Battle of the Alamo
547:Battle of the Alamo
429:American Revolution
91:William J. Hutchins
32:
2097:Free Press Houston
1772:(2): 283–308
1432:Kemp (1944), p. 7.
1414:Kemp (1944), p. 4.
1365:Kemp (1944), p. 3.
1340:Kemp (1944), p. 6.
971:The Texas Sentinel
843:Louisiana Purchase
815:Editorial leanings
771:forces closed the
761:American Civil War
737:article in whole.
700:
650:1st Texas Congress
645:
550:
489:Convention of 1836
384:Battle of Gonzales
334:
289:American Civil War
258:1st Texas Congress
133:Ceased publication
55:Weekly (1835–1854)
2244:
2243:
2226:Montgomery County
2183:
2182:
2142:
2141:
2057:The Rice Thresher
1956:La Voz de Houston
1949:Houston Chronicle
1888:Media related to
1870:978-0-87404-284-9
1845:978-1-58544-022-1
1648:978-1-55622-255-9
1394:Handbook of Texas
984:Governor of Texas
857:Legacy and impact
847:Texas was annexed
773:Mississippi River
510:William B. Travis
497:Republic of Texas
453:Lorenzo de Zavala
433:Stephen F. Austin
360:Stephen F. Austin
285:Edward H. Cushing
231:Republic of Texas
191:
190:
163:Harrisburg, Texas
157:San Felipe, Texas
89:Edward H. Cushing
59:Daily (1864–1877)
16:(Redirected from
2329:
2207:Galveston County
2188:Fort Bend County
2163:
2155:Brazosport Facts
2113:(Scripps Howard)
2072:
2021:Houston Defender
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1887:
1873:
1848:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1784:
1773:
1760:
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1726:
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1702:
1674:
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1120:
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1097:
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1079:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
987:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
926:The Morning Star
921:
915:
912:
906:
899:
465:Texas Republican
422:Eugene C. Barker
378:Texas Revolution
349:Texas Revolution
220:Texas Revolution
187:
160:
147:
145:
140:
134:
40:
33:
21:
2337:
2336:
2332:
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2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2221:
2202:
2179:
2161:
2147:Brazoria County
2138:
2070:
1936:
1931:
1880:
1871:
1858:
1855:
1853:Further reading
1846:
1833:
1828:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1776:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1649:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:(1994), p. 134.
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
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1355:
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1303:
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1203:
1198:
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1139:
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1127:
1123:
1118:
1103:
1098:
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1089:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1041:
1036:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
981:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
922:
918:
913:
909:
900:
896:
891:
859:
831:
822:
817:
750:
681:
629:
627:Reestablishment
615:and press into
596:David G. Burnet
380:
297:
183:
171:
168:Columbia, Texas
166:
161:
155:
143:
141:
138:
132:
98:
94:
92:
90:
88:
86:
84:
79:
72:
71:
58:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2335:
2333:
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2314:
2309:
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2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:The Daily News
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:Fort Bend Star
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2174:Angleton Times
2169:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
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2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1878:External links
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1831:
1826:
1809:
1785:
1774:
1761:
1730:
1706:
1680:"Joseph Baker"
1675:
1656:"Dust Jackets"
1652:
1647:
1634:
1618:(2): 127–144,
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1574:
1562:
1553:
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893:
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890:
887:
858:
855:
830:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
749:
746:
680:
677:
666:Runaway Scrape
628:
625:
589:printing press
570:Runaway Scrape
393:Siege of Bexar
379:
376:
296:
293:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
153:
149:
148:
135:
129:
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26:
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10:
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2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Mexican Texas
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
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2209:
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2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:Houston Voice
2116:
2114:
2112:
2111:Houston Press
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
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2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:(online only)
2037:
2036:
2035:Houston Press
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:The Potpourri
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:Harris County
1939:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1827:1-58907-009-7
1823:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1752:
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1736:
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1720:
1716:
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1697:
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1676:
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1657:
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1617:
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1592:
1587:
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1569:
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1548:
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1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
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1470:
1464:
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1455:
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1449:
1443:
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1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
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1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
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1319:
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1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
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1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
985:
979:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
928:
927:
920:
917:
911:
908:
904:
898:
895:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
828:
826:
819:
814:
812:
810:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
747:
745:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
716:
714:
709:
706:
698:
693:
689:
687:
678:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
657:
655:
651:
642:
638:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
617:Buffalo Bayou
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
544:
539:
535:
532:
531:
526:
525:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
490:
486:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
396:
394:
389:
385:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
312:
306:
302:
295:Establishment
294:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
247:Buffalo Bayou
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
158:
154:
150:
136:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
82:
77:
74:
66:
62:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
19:
2232:
2213:
2194:
2172:
2153:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2104:Houston Post
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1970:The Katy Sun
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1860:
1835:
1815:
1804:December 30,
1802:, retrieved
1797:
1793:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1756:February 16,
1754:, retrieved
1742:
1738:
1725:December 30,
1723:, retrieved
1718:
1714:
1701:February 16,
1699:, retrieved
1687:
1683:
1670:December 30,
1668:, retrieved
1663:
1659:
1638:
1629:February 16,
1627:, retrieved
1615:
1611:
1591:Dust Jackets
1590:
1586:
1577:
1556:
1547:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1399:, retrieved
1392:
1361:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1267:
1258:
1195:
1124:
1095:
1086:
1017:
978:
973:, in Austin.
970:
965:
952:
943:
934:
924:
919:
910:
897:
882:
874:
872:
866:
862:
860:
850:
839:
832:
823:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
785:Confederates
781:
777:pony express
758:
751:
739:
734:
728:
724:
720:
717:
710:
704:
701:
696:
682:
670:
660:
658:
646:
636:
603:
593:
584:
582:
577:
573:
565:
551:
542:
528:
522:
517:
500:
494:
487:, where the
482:
478:
469:
463:
459:
457:
445:James Fannin
436:
426:
417:
415:
410:
405:
401:Consultation
397:
381:
372:
368:
357:
352:
346:
341:
337:
335:
329:
311:ayuntamiento
309:
305:Joseph Baker
298:
282:
277:
265:
256:. When the
251:
234:
226:
224:
212:Joseph Baker
203:
194:
193:
192:
152:Headquarters
43:
2234:The Courier
2218:(Galveston)
2126:Public News
1993:Baytown Sun
1401:January 13,
835:Sam Houston
562:Nacogdoches
449:Sam Houston
364:Texian Army
326:Gail Borden
301:Gail Borden
239:Texian Army
208:Gail Borden
175:(1837–1877)
170:(1836–1837)
159:(1835–1836)
117:August 1835
107:Gail Borden
76:Gail Borden
2251:Categories
2199:(Stafford)
2067:(Bellaire)
2050:The Leader
2007:The Cougar
994:References
600:Harrisburg
437:Telegraph'
243:Harrisburg
103:Founder(s)
875:Telegraph
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441:Jim Bowie
418:Telegraph
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2237:(Conroe)
2090:El Rumbo
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654:Columbia
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527:and the
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254:Columbia
122:Language
64:Owner(s)
2158:(Clute)
1600:Sources
841:of the
673:Houston
641:Houston
262:Houston
173:Houston
142: (
126:English
114:Founded
2166:Closed
2083:El Día
2075:Closed
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820:Borden
713:Austin
260:named
165:(1836)
1747:JSTOR
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1620:JSTOR
889:Notes
829:Moore
769:Union
765:Union
514:Alamo
200:Texas
1895:The
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1840:ISBN
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1727:2009
1703:2024
1672:2009
1643:ISBN
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861:The
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574:west
560:and
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225:The
144:1877
137:1877
70:List
52:Type
314:of
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