635:
telephone-pole beetle larvae. Local mate competition selects for female-biased sex ratios when male siblings compete to fertilize their female siblings, but this is unlikely in this species which females tend to avoid mating with siblings. Local resource competition selects for biased sex ratios but typically involves competition between females for resources and thus selects for male-biased ratios. Lastly, local resource enhancement can select for biased sex ratios if the offspring of one sex increases the fitness of parents. However, because female offspring feed on the mother, there is more likely competition between female larvae, contradicting this explanation. As such, the cause of sex ratio deviation remains unclear.
705:
ignore these males because they originate from the same log. The males would need to take a short flight to a neighboring log for female mates. Females also perform a 'kin dance' involving shaking of their abdomens and beating of their wing, which is thought to be a deterring signal to related males. Such rejection behaviors demonstrate that sex roles are not fixed because females can also display choosy behavior. The rejection behavior also supports that the female-biased sex ratio is not due to local mate competition.
134:
553:
116:
102:
2009:
1997:
1005:
long,' he said. 'I saw a lot of things in homes that I had never seen in the wild before, things we've previously tried to trap. There is a weird species of beetle, called telephone pole beetles, where the babies can produce babies. And tiny crickets called ant-loving ants because they are found near ant nests. I've never seen one of those before.'
576:, and paedogenesis. The life cycle is also highly unusual because the larvae rarely mature into adults in both sexes. Haplodiploidy is another notable feature of this species; haploid males are hatched from eggs within the mother's body via haploid parthenogenesis, and diploid females are birthed live via diploid parthenogenesis.
1004:
Matthew
Bertone, an entomologist at North Carolina State University, said he was amazed at the variety of species found in what he stressed were 'clean and normal' homes in Raleigh, North Carolina. 'We were pretty surprised with what we found, such as the smallest wasp in the world, which is just 1mm
713:
Females initiated more interactions by actively mounting males, further supporting that female compete for male mates. In cases where several females pile on top of a male, a female may try to dislodge the others with her mandible. Female-female mounting can also occur, and the frequency of this does
677:
have resulted in conflicting observational conclusions, particularly regarding the beetle's reproduction, in the existing literature. Pollock & Normack reported the existence of reproductive adult males, but this was based on the incorrect conclusions by Barber. However, all existing experimental
843:
Telephone-pole beetle larvae infest timber by burrowing into the wood, where they feed and develop. They tunnel through the timber, creating galleries as they consume the wood fibers. This activity weakens the structural integrity of the timber, leading to decay and potential collapse. Additionally,
704:
Adult female beetles exhibit rejection behavior to avoid inbreeding with related males, which are adult male beetles that are located on the same natal log. Right after pupating, males expose their reproductive organs as a mate-seeking gesture. Despite tending to compete for male mates, females will
695:
The study revealed sex-role reversal, meaning that females face more competition for mates compared to males. This was demonstrated by greater initiative by females to mate and increased fighting between females in the presence of unrelated males. Female also display more aggressive mating behavior,
869:
species, are all susceptible to infestation, particularly in conditions with ample moisture. Heavy infestations were noted in aged timbers within poorly ventilated shafts, especially in environments with temperatures ranging from 88 to 93 °F. The presence of stagnant or running water may cause
584:
Upon being birthed live, the larva emerges as a minute white creature with long, slender legs that resemble the carabid type. This stage is primarily focused on migration, with the young larvae crawling away from the location of their birth to find new areas within their habitat. During this phase,
479:
and abdomen lacks pigmentation. The body is characterized by its slender, elongated form, maintaining parallel sides and cylindrical shape, featuring dorsal and ventral ampullae along with lateral bulges on numerous segments. The thorax is shorter than the combined length of abdominal segments I to
647:
Since adults do not have a role in reproduction, they are not a physiological part of the life cycle. Thus, the rarity of adult development in the natural world may be an evolutionary response to the lack of their reproductive role. In laboratory settings, development into adults can be induced by
601:
Depending on circumstances, the larvae may either pupate (though this is described as rare) or undergo another molt, ultimately revealing the paedogenetic form, in which they can produce young. Paedogenesis is the process by larvae reproduce by giving birth to more larvae without the production of
589:
beetles. This stage is characterized by the development of an inconspicuous anal armature. Additional molts occur in this form, likely to accommodate head growth and overall body development. The larvae continue to bore through wood, packing their galleries with dust as they progress. The color of
466:
larva is the smallest in length, measuring about 1.26mm. The body is white, distinct lateral bulges are present, and the legs are well-developed. The second instar and subsequent instars have similar morphologies, with the head and body size and width increasing with each subsequent instar. The
686:
A 2016 experimental study used heating to generate substantial numbers of adults to simulate the now non-functional adult reproductive behavior. Due to parthenogenetic reproduction in telephone-pole beetles, information on the sexual mating system of this beetle was previously lost, but recent
634:
In naturally occurring paedogenetic larvae, the sex ratio is strongly biased toward females. None of the three canonical explanations for biased sex ratios, local mate competition, local resource competition, and local resource enhancement, are likely explanations for the biased sex ratio in
585:
they may consume the remains of their mother before migration. After a period of wandering, the larvae begin to burrow into wood or other suitable substrates again. They feed minimally during this time and undergo their first molt, transforming into a legless form that resembles the larva of
602:
adults and is a process exclusive to females. Once the paedogenetic form emerges, it typically takes around two weeks for the new generation to be born. The young larvae are born tail-first and begin the cycle anew, continuing the species' life cycle.
1578:
Yan, Evgeny
Viktorovich; Beutel, Rolf Georg; Lawrence, John Francis; Yavorskaya, Margarita Igorevna; Hörnschemeyer, Thomas; Pohl, Hans; Vassilenko, Dmitry Vladimirovich; Bashkuev, Alexey Semenovich; Ponomarenko, Alexander Georgievich (2020-09-13).
400:. A recent survey found that the species had spread to every continent except Australia. With finds in South Africa, Hong Kong, Belize, Cuba, Brazil, Japan, Hawaii, Italy and Austria, the dispersal is likely connected to the timber trade.
643:
Adult telephone-pole beetles are unable to copulate, and adult females do not have the physiological mechanisms to reproduce because they are unable to lay eggs or produce live progeny, either sexually or by parthenogenesis.
594:. As the larvae near maturity, the eggs in the ovaries of what will become the paedogenetic form become visible. At this stage, the larvae reverse their position in the gallery, construct a cell, and enter an
738:. A close relationship between Ommatidae and Micromalthidae is supported by several morphological characters, including those of the mandibles and male genitalia. A close relationship to the enigmatic family
1422:
McKenna, Duane D.; Shin, Seunggwan; Ahrens, Dirk; Balke, Michael; Beza-Beza, Cristian; Clarke, Dave J.; Donath, Alexander; Escalona, Hermes E.; Friedrich, Frank; Letsch, Harald; Liu, Shanlin (2019-12-03).
496:
The penultimate instar of the male-producing larva is vaguely described as having a dense white color due to much fat. The body is cylindrically shaped and marked by segmented constrictions.
544:
logs. Telephone-pole beetle larvae infest timber by burrowing into the wood, where they feed and develop. They tunnel through the timber, creating galleries as they consume the wood fibers.
610:
Male larvae are hatched from a single, large egg that adheres to the male-producing larva's body for 8–10 days. The larvae feed on the mother's body and will grow rapidly. The male rarely
372:. The rare adult is sometimes referred to as a 'ghost adult' due to its vestigial existence. They have an unusual reproductive system involving asexually reproducing (
687:
research is working to uncover this information. Both adult female and adult male modern telephone-pole beetles are sterile, but they still exhibit mating behavior.
2447:
2212:
480:
III. In later instars, the body is slightly flatter, broader, and shorter. Legs are not present in second and older instars which is considered a trait unique to
2473:
2251:
350:
larvae. Larvae bore into moist, decaying chestnut and oak logs, creating galleries as they consume wood fibers. Adult beetles are dark brown to blackish with
2542:
1635:
648:
high temperatures, but this also results in high mortality because only one out of hundreds of heat-treated larvae will survive and pupate into an adult.
1851:"The extant telephone-pole beetle genus Micromalthus discovered in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Micromalthidae)"
1017:
Philips, T. Keith (2001). "A Record of
Micromalthus debilis (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae) from Central America and a Discussion of Its Distribution".
2421:
2186:
2460:
2225:
659:
remnants of a time when the life cycle involved sexual reproduction. The loss of sexual reproduction is likely associated with its infection by
335:
of the beetle live in decaying wood and can be pests to wooden structures, lending them their common name, the 'telephone-pole beetle.'
2537:
2147:
1537:
Li, Yan-Da; Tihelka, Erik; Yamamoto, Shûhei; Newton, Alfred F.; Xia, Fang-Yuan; Liu, Ye; Huang, Di-Ying; Cai, Chen-Yang (2023-08-22).
986:
392:
Reports of the species are infrequent and it is unknown whether they are rare, or common and unrecognized. A recent study by
Bertone
2532:
354:
reproductive organs. Mating behavior includes sex-role reversal, with females exhibiting more aggression and competition for mates.
1804:"New Archostemata (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the French Paleocene and Early Eocene, with a note on the composition of the suborder"
2001:
2465:
2230:
1693:
365:. Their larvae infest timber, weakening structures and attracting fungi, as seen in South African gold mines in the 1930s.
133:
2343:
2095:
1581:"Archaeomalthus -(Coleoptera, Archostemata) a 'ghost adult' of Micromalthidae from Upper Permian deposits of Siberia?"
1492:"The species-level phylogeny of archostematan beetles-where do Micromalthus debilis and Crowsoniella relicta belong?"
2400:
2165:
2478:
2256:
1145:
476:
2413:
2178:
598:
phase. During aestivation, their bodies gradually turn white as they consume all available food in their system.
396:(2016) found telephone-pole beetles in a survey of the indoor arthropod fauna in 50 houses located in and around
2073:
2013:
892:"How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera)"
847:
In the 1930s, telephone-pole beetle larvae were reported as the perpetrators of a gold mine infestation in the
1062:"Micromalthus debilis LeConte, 1878 (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae), an American wood-boring beetle new to Italy"
524:, with large eyes protruding from either side. According to H.S. Barber, the adult female is responsible for
397:
2035:
1146:"Larval morphology and phylogenetic position of Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Coleoptera: Micromalthidae)"
651:
The adult females live for about six days and males only live for around 12 hours, with a strongly biased
591:
2348:
2100:
756:
including an only weakly sclerotised body. Several other fossil genera of the family are known including
504:
Unlike female larvae, which resemble the carabid type when first hatched, male larvae resemble that of a
467:
larvae measure between 2.7 to 3.3 millimeters in length. The head displays a light brown hue and notable
2527:
2499:
2277:
835:
is known from
Burmese amber, but the poor preservation of the specimen makes the assignment tentantive.
413:
248:
232:
1491:
2382:
2134:
2082:
1917:
1862:
1850:
1760:
1705:
1647:
1592:
1580:
1503:
1436:
1370:
1157:
744:
1114:
848:
472:
2243:
1962:
772:
758:
1886:
1831:
1784:
1729:
1671:
1616:
1519:
1227:
1097:
1042:
569:
432:. However, characteristics of larvae, wings, and male genitalia show that it is in the suborder
286:
128:
2504:
2282:
777:
516:
The adult beetle is elongated and a dark brown to blackish color, with brownish-yellow legs and
368:
The telephone-pole beetle used to have reproducing adults, but has evolved to become obligately
2334:
2217:
2486:
2452:
2369:
2264:
2121:
1943:
1935:
1878:
1823:
1776:
1721:
1663:
1608:
1560:
1472:
1454:
1404:
1386:
1306:
1282:
1219:
1173:
1118:
1089:
1081:
1034:
967:
517:
2087:
1636:"Overview of and taphonomic bias in Archostemata (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Cretaceous amber"
1061:
752:
of Russia around 252 million years old, which is morphologically similar in many respects to
2292:
1974:
1925:
1870:
1815:
1768:
1713:
1655:
1600:
1550:
1511:
1462:
1444:
1394:
1378:
1298:
1211:
1165:
1123:
1073:
1026:
957:
947:
916:
903:
803:(adults and larvae, which were found to not be distinguishable from the living species) and
325:
115:
2491:
2269:
936:"Arthropods of the great indoors: characterizing diversity inside urban and suburban homes"
934:
Bertone, MA; Leong, M; Bayless, KM; Malow, TL; Dunn, RR; Trautwein, MD (19 January 2016).
800:
739:
573:
552:
373:
361:
s evolutionary history dates back millions of years, with fossil records found in various
1694:"A new genus and species of Micromalthidae from Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Archostemata)"
1539:"Mesozoic Notocupes revealed as the sister group of Cupedidae (Coleoptera: Archostemata)"
844:
their presence can attract fungi, further contributing to the degradation of the timber.
1921:
1866:
1764:
1749:"A new species of Micromalthidae (Coleoptera) from the Rovno amber: 1. Adult morphology"
1709:
1651:
1596:
1507:
1440:
1374:
1161:
2408:
2395:
2173:
2160:
1978:
1467:
1424:
1399:
1358:
962:
935:
767:
468:
328:
195:
2521:
1890:
1748:
1733:
1675:
1515:
1169:
1101:
920:
908:
891:
804:
785:
749:
623:
377:
321:
59:
1835:
1803:
1788:
1620:
1523:
101:
2126:
2024:
1819:
991:
735:
656:
586:
433:
429:
425:
369:
351:
2374:
1874:
1634:
Song, Zhenyu; Zhao, Xianye; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Xiao, Chuantao (2022-09-01).
1604:
2319:
2434:
2328:
2238:
2199:
2067:
812:
595:
489:
421:
34:
2008:
1659:
1077:
987:"Hundreds of tiny spiders, lice and more crawling through US homes, study says"
2019:
1930:
1905:
1802:
Kirejtshuk, Alexander G.; Nel, André; Collomb, François-Marie (January 2010).
1772:
1717:
1698:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1555:
1538:
859:
824:
781:
565:
381:
79:
44:
2152:
2058:
1939:
1882:
1827:
1780:
1725:
1667:
1612:
1564:
1458:
1390:
1310:
1223:
1177:
1085:
1038:
564:
is one of the most complicated life cycles among beetles because it involves
412:
was historically controversial and unsettled. The species, first reported by
1449:
1302:
763:
731:
727:
661:
652:
619:
451:
417:
165:
145:
84:
1963:"A Contribution to the Knowledge of Micromalthus debilis LeC. (Coleoptera)"
1947:
1476:
1408:
1093:
971:
742:
has been suggested by some sources. The oldest record of
Micromalthidae is
1996:
2356:
2313:
2108:
2052:
1260:"The remarkable life-history of a new family (Micromalthidae) of beetles"
820:
537:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2361:
2113:
1231:
1199:
2426:
2191:
1215:
1046:
952:
890:
Hörnschemeyer, Thomas; Wedmann, Sonja; Poinar, George (February 2010).
796:
459:
347:
89:
64:
2439:
2204:
1382:
1259:
851:
in South Africa. The primary timbers employed in the mines, including
618:, and will often die as a larva. While males adults only develop from
1357:
Perotti, M. Alejandra; Young, Daniel K.; Braig, Henk R. (June 2016).
853:
808:
533:
521:
505:
463:
317:
185:
175:
155:
2029:
1359:"The ghost sex-life of the paedogenetic beetle Micromalthus debilis"
1030:
870:
even further decay, sometimes resulting in complete pulverization.
346:
start as tiny white creatures with well-developed legs, resembling
865:
615:
551:
362:
339:
332:
324:
and the only known living representative of the otherwise extinct
590:
their bodies may darken due to the accumulation of food in their
885:
883:
611:
380:
species, the telephone-pole beetle is an interesting subject of
2139:
2033:
696:
as they may grasp the male genitalia with their own genitalia.
2387:
655:
towards females. The adults of both sexes are sterile and are
541:
1692:
Tihelka, Erik; Huang, Diying; Cai, Chenyang (March 2020).
714:
not change depending on the presence or absence of males.
1967:
1283:"Haploidy and aberrant spermatogenesis in a coleopteran,
622:
paedogenetic females, adult females only develop from
1425:"The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity"
508:. The body is short and stubby with stump-like legs.
2303:
2042:
1264:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
1204:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Morphologie und Ă–kologie der Tiere
376:) female larvae. Being one of few parthenogenetic
762:, known from a larva found in Early Cretaceous (
536:are wood-borers that feed on moist and decaying
1429:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1144:Beutel, R. G.; Hörnschemeyer, T. (April 2002).
1808:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1060:Ruzzier, Enrico; Colla, Andrea (2019-06-26).
8:
678:literature states that adults are fertile.
2030:
2020:Tree of Life page, with pictures and video
114:
100:
20:
1929:
1554:
1466:
1448:
1398:
961:
951:
907:
896:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
458:The thelytokous female larva resembles a
673:Limited observations and experiments on
416:in 1878, was long considered one of the
1281:Scott, Allan Charles (September 1936).
879:
436:, where it has been placed since 1999.
2025:The life cycle of Micromalthus debilis
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
384:reproductive behavior and physiology.
1961:Pringle, J. A. (September 27, 1938).
1687:
1685:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
7:
2414:8f35bb0e-1ebd-45b0-9a0c-84f86c569a54
2179:ac76f5b8-5a2c-42e8-97de-a3c5d20b7fe9
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
462:larva when first hatched. The first
2543:Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte
1490:Hörnschemeyer, Thomas (July 2009).
269:Kirejtshuk, Nel & Collomb, 2010
1979:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1938.tb00088.x
1543:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
985:Milman, Oliver (19 January 2016).
14:
1981:– via CABI Digital Library.
2007:
1995:
1516:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00476.x
1200:"Paedogenesis in the Coleoptera"
1170:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2002.00172.x
921:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00702.x
909:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00549.x
132:
1849:Yamamoto, Shûhei (2021-07-03).
1820:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697661
520:. The head is larger than the
471:. In almost all segments, the
1:
1904:Normark, Benjamin B. (2013).
1875:10.1080/08912963.2019.1670174
1747:Perkovsky, E. E. (May 2016).
1640:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
1605:10.1080/08912963.2018.1561672
1198:Scott, Allan Charles (1938).
722:Genetic studies have placed
428:, or as a family within the
726:as more closely related to
2559:
1127:(CRC Press, 2001), chap. 2
1078:10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.12
831:). A possible specimen of
2538:Beetles described in 1878
1931:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.045
1773:10.1134/S0031030116030047
1718:10.1017/S1755691019000185
1556:10.3389/fevo.2023.1015627
819:), and the early Eocene (
776:from the mid-Cretaceous (
292:
285:
261:
256:
238:
231:
129:Scientific classification
127:
122:
113:
108:
99:
23:
2533:Beetles of North America
1019:The Florida Entomologist
817:Micromalthus priabonicus
614:and transforms into the
275:Micromalthus priabonicus
1753:Paleontological Journal
1450:10.1073/pnas.1909655116
1303:10.1002/jmor.1050590305
398:Raleigh, North Carolina
1906:"Micromalthus debilis"
1660:10.1127/pala/2022/0131
1258:Barber, H. S. (1913).
829:Micromalthus eocenicus
626:paedogenetic females.
557:
320:native to the eastern
266:Micromalthus eocenicus
2500:Paleobiology Database
2278:Paleobiology Database
1496:Systematic Entomology
1291:Journal of Morphology
1150:Systematic Entomology
556:Diagram of life cycle
555:
414:John Lawrence LeConte
308:telephone-pole beetle
24:Telephone-pole beetle
2409:Fauna Europaea (new)
2174:Fauna Europaea (new)
2088:Micromalthus_debilis
2074:Micromalthus debilis
2044:Micromalthus debilis
2014:Micromalthus debilis
2004:at Wikimedia Commons
2002:Micromalthus debilis
1285:Micromalthus debilis
718:Evolutionary history
420:, and placed in the
344:Micromalthus debilis
313:Micromalthus debilis
242:Micromalthus debilis
109:"Ghost adult" stage
1922:2013CBio...23.R430N
1867:2021HBio...33..941Y
1765:2016PalJ...50..293P
1710:2020EESTR.111...39T
1652:2022PalAA.323..119S
1597:2020HBio...32.1019Y
1508:2009SysEn..34..533H
1441:2019PNAS..11624729M
1435:(49): 24729–24737.
1375:2016NatSR...627364P
1162:2002SysEn..27..169B
1115:Ross H. Arnett, Jr.
849:Witwatersrand Basin
807:(larvae), the late
795:are known from the
295:Micromalthus anansi
1855:Historical Biology
1585:Historical Biology
1363:Scientific Reports
1216:10.1007/BF00407571
953:10.7717/peerj.1582
700:Rejection behavior
570:hypermetamorphosis
560:The life cycle of
558:
450:Female-producing (
408:Classification of
2515:
2514:
2487:Open Tree of Life
2265:Open Tree of Life
2036:Taxon identifiers
2000:Media related to
1916:(10): R430–R431.
1383:10.1038/srep27364
1119:Michael C. Thomas
691:Sex role reversal
304:
303:
213:
16:Species of beetle
2550:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2031:
2012:Data related to
2011:
1999:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1814:(1–2): 216–227.
1799:
1793:
1792:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1646:(4–6): 119–137.
1631:
1625:
1624:
1591:(8): 1019–1027.
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1452:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1354:
1315:
1314:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1255:
1236:
1235:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1141:
1128:
1124:American Beetles
1112:
1106:
1105:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
982:
976:
975:
965:
955:
931:
925:
924:
913:
911:
887:
630:Larval sex ratio
592:alimentary tract
488:Male-producing (
360:
299:
279:
270:
244:
211:
137:
136:
118:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2038:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1973:(12): 271–286.
1960:
1959:
1955:
1910:Current Biology
1903:
1902:
1898:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1356:
1355:
1318:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1257:
1256:
1239:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1113:
1109:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1031:10.2307/3496680
1016:
1015:
1011:
997:
995:
984:
983:
979:
933:
932:
928:
915:(Erratum:
914:
889:
888:
881:
876:
841:
801:Dominican amber
740:Crowsoniellidae
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
682:Mating behavior
671:
641:
632:
608:
582:
574:parthenogenesis
550:
530:
514:
492:) female larvae
454:) female larvae
447:
442:
406:
390:
374:parthenogenetic
358:
298:Perkovsky, 2008
297:
278:Perkovsky, 2016
277:
268:
252:
246:
240:
227:
224:M. debilis
210:
131:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Miocene–Present
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2396:Fauna Europaea
2392:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2325:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2161:Fauna Europaea
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2064:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:at Wikispecies
2005:
1991:
1990:External links
1988:
1985:
1984:
1953:
1896:
1861:(7): 941–948.
1841:
1794:
1759:(3): 293–296.
1739:
1681:
1626:
1570:
1529:
1502:(3): 533–558.
1482:
1414:
1316:
1297:(3): 485–515.
1273:
1237:
1210:(4): 633–653.
1183:
1156:(2): 169–190.
1129:
1107:
1072:(3): 589–594.
1052:
1025:(1): 159–160.
1009:
977:
926:
902:(2): 300–311.
878:
877:
875:
872:
840:
837:
768:Lebanese amber
745:Archaeomalthus
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
670:
667:
640:
637:
631:
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581:
578:
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529:
526:
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510:
469:sclerotization
446:
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402:
389:
386:
329:Micromalthidae
302:
301:
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257:Other species
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2026:
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2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
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1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
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1837:
1833:
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1821:
1817:
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1571:
1566:
1562:
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1544:
1540:
1533:
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1505:
1501:
1497:
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1478:
1474:
1469:
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1460:
1456:
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1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
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1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
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1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
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1337:
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1323:
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1317:
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1277:
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1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
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1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
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1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
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1125:
1120:
1116:
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1103:
1099:
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1087:
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1079:
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1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1006:
994:
993:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
880:
873:
871:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Mexican amber
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
786:Burmese amber
783:
779:
775:
774:
770:, as well as
769:
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
750:Upper Permian
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
715:
708:
706:
699:
697:
690:
688:
681:
679:
676:
668:
666:
664:
663:
658:
654:
649:
645:
638:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:uni-oviparous
617:
613:
605:
603:
599:
597:
593:
588:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
511:
509:
507:
502:
501:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:arrhenotokous
485:
483:
478:
475:covering the
474:
470:
465:
461:
456:
455:
453:
444:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
327:
323:
322:United States
319:
315:
314:
309:
300:
296:
291:
288:
284:
276:
272:
267:
263:
262:
260:
255:
250:
245:
243:
237:
234:
233:Binomial name
230:
226:
225:
220:
217:
216:
212:LeConte, 1878
209:
208:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
123:Larval stage
121:
117:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2528:Archostemata
2335:Micromalthus
2305:Micromalthus
2304:
2043:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1704:(1): 39–46.
1701:
1697:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1369:(1): 27364.
1366:
1362:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1207:
1203:
1153:
1149:
1122:
1110:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1003:
996:. Retrieved
992:The Guardian
990:
980:
943:
939:
929:
899:
895:
864:
858:
852:
846:
842:
833:Micromalthus
832:
828:
816:
815:of Ukraine (
793:Micromalthus
792:
790:
788:of Myanmar.
773:Protomalthus
771:
759:Cretomalthus
757:
754:Micromalthus
753:
743:
736:Archostemata
724:Micromalthus
723:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
674:
672:
660:
650:
646:
642:
633:
609:
600:
583:
561:
559:
531:
515:
503:
499:
498:
495:
487:
486:
481:
457:
449:
448:
434:Archostemata
430:Cantharoidea
426:Telegeusidae
409:
407:
393:
391:
388:Distribution
378:haplodiploid
370:paedogenetic
367:
356:Micromalthus
355:
343:
337:
312:
311:
307:
305:
294:
293:
274:
265:
241:
239:
223:
222:
207:Micromalthus
206:
205:
18:
2435:iNaturalist
2329:Wikispecies
2239:NatureServe
2200:iNaturalist
2068:Wikispecies
827:of France (
813:Rovno amber
791:Fossils of
624:cerambycoid
596:aestivation
500:Male larvae
452:thelytokous
440:Description
422:Lymexylidae
382:coleopteran
2522:Categories
1270:: 185–190.
998:19 January
874:References
860:Eucalyptus
839:Wood pests
825:Oise amber
782:Cenomanian
675:M. debilis
669:Literature
665:bacteria.
587:cerambycid
566:viviparity
562:M. debilis
548:Life cycle
482:M. debilis
410:M. debilis
186:Coleoptera
166:Arthropoda
2320:Q18115396
1940:0960-9822
1891:208560568
1883:0891-2963
1828:0037-9271
1781:0031-0301
1734:210267382
1726:1755-6910
1676:250394641
1668:0375-0442
1613:0891-2963
1565:2296-701X
1459:0027-8424
1391:2045-2322
1311:0362-2525
1224:0372-9389
1178:0307-6970
1102:198251566
1086:1175-5334
1039:0015-4040
946:: e1582.
764:Barremian
748:from the
732:Cupedidae
728:Ommatidae
662:Wolbachia
657:vestigial
653:sex ratio
639:Adulthood
418:Polyphaga
352:vestigial
218:Species:
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
2357:BugGuide
2314:Wikidata
2244:2.919486
2218:10196192
2109:BugGuide
2053:Wikidata
1948:23701680
1836:55400656
1789:89095000
1621:91721262
1524:84795808
1477:31740605
1409:27270667
1287:LeConte"
1232:43261706
1094:31716256
972:26819844
821:Ypresian
730:than to
709:Mounting
538:chestnut
518:antennae
404:Taxonomy
287:Synonyms
192:Family:
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
2453:1355569
2427:1033863
2192:1033864
2059:Q132978
1918:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1810:. N.S.
1761:Bibcode
1706:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1593:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1468:6900523
1437:Bibcode
1400:4895236
1371:Bibcode
1158:Bibcode
1066:Zootaxa
1047:3496680
963:4727974
823:) aged
797:Miocene
734:within
612:pupates
580:Females
528:Feeding
473:cuticle
460:carabid
348:carabid
316:) is a
249:LeConte
202:Genus:
182:Order:
176:Insecta
172:Class:
2505:153533
2479:292447
2466:109224
2440:416401
2401:124162
2362:166440
2349:313933
2293:359858
2290:uBio:
2283:260537
2257:292448
2231:109225
2205:367128
2166:124163
2153:133564
2140:312008
2114:166441
2101:313934
1946:
1938:
1889:
1881:
1834:
1826:
1787:
1779:
1732:
1724:
1674:
1666:
1619:
1611:
1563:
1522:
1475:
1465:
1457:
1407:
1397:
1389:
1309:
1230:
1222:
1176:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1045:
1037:
970:
960:
863:, and
854:Acacia
809:Eocene
778:Albian
534:larvae
522:thorax
512:Adults
506:weevil
477:thorax
464:instar
445:Larvae
394:et al.
363:ambers
340:larvae
333:Larvae
326:family
318:beetle
251:, 1878
2492:67162
2448:IRMNG
2388:39538
2270:67149
2213:IRMNG
2148:EUNIS
2127:42YL9
1887:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1785:S2CID
1730:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1617:S2CID
1520:S2CID
1228:JSTOR
1098:S2CID
1043:JSTOR
940:PeerJ
866:Pinus
811:aged
799:aged
616:imago
606:Males
359:'
2474:NCBI
2461:ITIS
2422:GBIF
2375:5RZ5
2344:BOLD
2252:NCBI
2226:ITIS
2187:GBIF
2096:BOLD
1944:PMID
1936:ISSN
1879:ISSN
1824:ISSN
1777:ISSN
1722:ISSN
1664:ISSN
1609:ISSN
1561:ISSN
1473:PMID
1455:ISSN
1405:PMID
1387:ISSN
1307:ISSN
1220:ISSN
1174:ISSN
1117:and
1090:PMID
1082:ISSN
1070:4623
1035:ISSN
1000:2016
968:PMID
540:and
532:The
338:The
306:The
35:Preęž’
2383:EoL
2370:CoL
2135:EoL
2122:CoL
2083:ADW
1975:doi
1926:doi
1871:doi
1816:doi
1769:doi
1714:doi
1702:111
1656:doi
1644:323
1601:doi
1551:doi
1512:doi
1463:PMC
1445:doi
1433:116
1395:PMC
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