927:"Grapevine radio" was the commonly used name for approximately ten community networks established in rural upstate South Carolina. They were in operation from the early 1930s to the mid-1940s, and each served a few hundred local homes. The programming was distributed from a central site, using equipment in a location such as the back room of a general store, and normally consisted of programs picked up from radio stations which were re-transmitted over the facility's wire network. Local programming was also provided, originating from a studio at the distribution site, or relayed from a local church or other gathering place. The locally produced programming included announcements and emergency messages, commercials and live performances.
920:
154:, which went into operation in Paris, France in 1890. This system evolved from Clément Ader's demonstration at the 1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition by Compagnie du Théâtrophone of MM. Marinovitch and Szarvady. Although the service received most of its programming from lines run to local theaters, it also included regular five-minute news summaries. Home listeners could connect to the service, with an 1893 report stating that the system had grown to over 1,300 subscribers. The company also established coin-operated receivers, in locations such as hotels, charging 50 centimes for five minutes of listening, and one franc for twice as long.
39:
810:
794:. (Later reports state that the company also held the rights for Canada and Great Britain.) The parent company, announced in October 1909, was organized by Manley M. Gillam, and initially operated under a New York state charter as the "Telephone Newspaper Company of America". This was reorganized as the "United States Telephone Herald Company" in March 1910, now operating under a Delaware corporation charter. An initial transmission demonstration was given at the company headquarters, located at 110 West Thirty-fourth Street in New York City, in early September 1910.
56:
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877:. In the summer of 1912 the company began demonstrations in Portland, Oregon, under the name Multa Musola, and in the spring of the next year, advertisements for the Oregon Enunciator Company entertainment system appeared, promoting both home and business service. However, there is no evidence that the Portland Multa Musola service ever began operation, and later that year the state of Oregon, acting under its "Blue Sky" law, prohibited the Oregon Enunciator Company from doing business, due to concerns about its financial viability.
779:
to as the "telectrophone".) At least a dozen associate companies were chartered, with publicity for these services commonly stating that subscriptions would cost 5 cents a day, but only two systems ever went into commercial operation — one based in Newark, New Jersey (New Jersey
Telephone Herald, 1911-1912) and the other in Portland, Oregon (Oregon Telephone Herald, 1912-1913). Moreover, both of these systems were shut down after operating for only a short time, due to economic and technical issues.
109:, built their own one-way transmission lines, others, including the Electrophone, used the existing commercial telephone lines, which allowed subscribers to talk to operators in order to select programs. Programming often originated from the system's own studios, although outside sources were also used, including local theaters and church services, where special telephone lines carried the transmissions to the distributing equipment. In two cases, the
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with a capitalization of $ 10,000, was incorporated in the state of
Delaware by "a number of Baltimorians", and the service began operation in Wilmington the next year, with George Webb as the company president, and J. J. Comer the general manager. The charge was three cents for each requested standard tune, and seven cents for grand opera. Subscribers were required to guarantee purchases totaling $ 18 per year.
806:
operations were suspended in late
February 1912. A fresh source of funding resulted in a temporary revival in late May, with C. S. Atkinson renewing his editor functions. However, continuing problems resulted in the transmissions permanently ceasing by December 1912. Following the termination of operations, the New Jersey Telephone Herald's business charter was declared null and void on January 18, 1916.
881:
1914 report reviewed the
Chicago Musolaphone's daily schedule, which began daily at 8:00 a.m., and included news, weather reports, and the exact time at noon, followed by musical programs, "a running description of ball games of the home team and scores by innings of other teams in both leagues during the baseball season", and the "announcement of special bargain sales at the leading stores".
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934:. The grapevine systems soon became unneeded, because they primarily served homes that did not have electricity. Once a community received electric service the local grapevine system would close down, as the subscribers switched to radio receivers that could receive a wide selection of programs, instead of the single program heard by all the subscribers over the grapevine systems.
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the band concerts on Belle Isle, race track, club houses, hotels, library, political headquarters, court rooms, in short, wherever the public wishes to go". Also planned was the option to connect to special services, such as ballgames and speeches. Subscription costs were estimated to be around $ 2 a month, with service provided to private homes, businesses, hotels, and hospitals.
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offering. Because this tied-up the subscriber's line, incoming calls could not be received while listening to the
Electrophone, although operators were instructed to break-in in case of emergency. The rare home that had two telephone lines could use one to receive the Electrophone service, and the other to call the operators to change their selection.
783:
802:, was launched to a reported fifty receivers located in a department store waiting room, plus five hundred Newark homes. The company's central offices, studio, and switch rooms were located in the Essex Building on Clinton Street in Newark. Condit S. Atkinson, who had extensive newspaper experience, headed the service's news department.
752:. The Rome facility was relaunched in 1922. It was joined by systems in the city of Milan, plus, in late 1921, in Bologna—this last system survived until 1943. Beginning in 1923 a Rome radio station, "Radio Araldo", was added. In 1924 Radio Araldo joined with additional private Italian companies to form the radio broadcasting company
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134:
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for use throughout Italy. Luigi
Ranieri, an Italian engineer who represented the Construction MĂ©caniques Escher Wyss and Company of Zurich, Switzerland, applied for permission to install systems in Rome, Milan, and Naples. In August 1909 the Italian government authorized a Rome operation, which began
702:
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The
Tellevent (also spelled Televent) was the first organized attempt to develop a subscription telephone newspaper service in the United States. The name was a contraction of the phrase: "It tells the event to mind's eye." The main promoter was the Michigan State Telephone Company's general manager,
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For locations such as restaurants, coin-operated receivers were installed that provided a few minutes of live entertainment for a sixpenny. Home subscribers accessed
Electrophone programming through their regular telephone lines, by calling an operator for a connection to one of a multiple of program
633:
The
Electrophone, established in London in 1895, was similar in operation to the Paris Théâtrophone. The company worked closely with the National Telephone Company, and later with the British Post Office, which took over the national telephone system in 1912. The service's main focus was live theatre
709:
The Tel-musici was initially developed to send requested phonograph recordings, transmitted from a central "music room", to households that listened using loudspeakers called "magnaphones". The primary individual behind the Tel-musici was inventor George R. Webb. In early 1908, a Tel-musici company,
187:
Puskás had participated in Clément Ader's demonstration at the 1881 Paris
Electrical Exhibition. He had also been an important early developer of the telephone switchboard, and he later developed the basic technology for transmitting a single audio source to multiple telephones. On February 15, 1893
817:
The second Telephone Herald company to implement an ongoing telephone newspaper service was the Oregon Telephone Herald Company, based in Portland. The company was incorporated in Oregon, and headquartered at 506 Royal Building (Seventh and Morrison). Extensive demonstrations began in May 1912, and
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The United States Telephone Herald Company was founded in 1909, to act as the parent corporation for regional Telephone Herald systems established throughout the United States, with "the parent company to receive a royalty on every instrument installed". (In some cases the service was also referred
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An early review reported that the service used subscriber's existing telephone lines, and had been recently installed in 100 Detroit homes, connecting them with local theaters. An extensive daily program was also envisioned, with plans that "there will be a televent at the stock exchange, banks, at
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employ strong-voiced "stentors" to speak loudly into double-cased telephones, so that they could be heard throughout the system by listeners that used headphones. A loud buzzer, which could be heard throughout a room even when the service was not being actively monitored, was used to draw attention
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An experimental commercial Musolaphone service was established in south-side Chicago in 1913, working in conjunction with the Illinois Telephone & Telegraph Co. John J. Comer, former general manager of the Tel-musici installation at Wilmington, Delaware, was described as the inventor. An early
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to use its "Automatic Enunciator" loudspeakers to transmit entertainment over telephone lines to subscribing homes and businesses. In 1910 the Automatic Electric Company announced its new loudspeaker, with uses including: "An automatic enunciator, by which a man talking in New York can be heard in
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Test transmissions throughout the state of Michigan began in 1906, initially "between the theatres, the churches, the Light Guard Armory, the new Penobscot Inn and the residences of several officials of the company". Additional test transmissions continued through 1908. In March 1907, the American
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During this era telephones were often costly, near-luxury items, so subscribers tended to be among the well-to-do. Financing for the systems was normally done by charging fees, including monthly subscriptions for home users, and, in locations such as hotel lobbies, through the use of coin-operated
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primary orientation was toward entertainment, with its offerings described as "lectures, melodramas, and public concerts from the well-known Milanese theaters". Although the system operated for ten years, it eventually failed financially, and on November 21, 1928 the company's board of directors
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Subscribers were charged $ 3 a week for the service. The effort was short-lived, however, and discontinued sometime in 1914. In early 1914, it was announced that the Federal Telephone Company of Buffalo, New York was planning to establish its own Musolaphone service, but it appears that no other
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The company reported that there were many persons eager to sign up, and it soon had more potential subscribers than could be supported. However, the service quickly ran into serious technical and financial difficulties, which resulted in employees walking off the job due to missed paychecks, and
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amplification would not become practical until the 1920s — meant that there were limited means for amplifying and relaying telephone signals to multiple sites over long distances, so service areas were generally limited to a single jurisdiction, and in most cases listeners needed to use
92:
The initial scattered demonstrations were followed by the development of more organized services transmitting news and entertainment, which were collectively called "telephone newspapers". (The term "pleasure telephone" was also sometimes used in reference to the more entertainment-oriented
219:
to important transmissions. Service was supplied to private homes as well as commercial establishments, including hotels and doctor's offices. At its peak, the service had thousands of subscribers, and many contemporary reviews mentioned that the subscription price was quite reasonable.
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baseball games. A promotion the following month offered the chance to hear election results for free at twenty-five business sites. In May, the Portland Hotel advertised that diners could listen to "the latest baseball, business and other news by Telephone-Herald" with their meals.
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every part of a large room in Chicago... may make it possible for a public speaker to address a million or more people at one time... Running descriptions of baseball games, or prize fights can be sent over long distances for the entertainment of sporting fans of all varieties."
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Of the two Telephone Herald affiliates which launched commercial services, the New Jersey Telephone Herald, incorporated in October 1910 in Newark, New Jersey, was both the first and most publicized. On October 24, 1911 an ambitious daily service, closely patterned after the
717:
The promoters worked to convince local telephone companies to install their own Tel-musici operations, however, although there were plans to expand throughout the United States, only the Wilmington location, which ceased operations around 1914, ever became operational.
835:", barred the Oregon Telephone Herald from doing business. The final advertisements for the company appeared in June 1913, and the state corporation charter was terminated on January 16, 1917, for failure to file statements or pay fees for two years.
953:
897:("Phonojournal" in English) company was founded on July 22, 1918 by a Milanese group, including Giuseppe Sommariva, the Jarach Brothers of the Jarach Bank, and journalist Beniamino Gutierrez. Luigi Ranieri provided administrative services.
830:
There appears to have been a company reorganization in early 1913, but, as with its New Jersey predecessor, the Portland enterprise was facing financial trouble. In August 1913 the state of Oregon, acting under the provisions of its
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A January 1913 solicitation for home subscribers listed the hours of operation as 8:00 AM to midnight. Later advertisements referred to the service as the "Te-Lec-Tro-Phone", and April saw the introduction of the reporting of local
680:
Tellevent Company was incorporated in Michigan, and Land resigned from the Michigan State Telephone Company, where he had worked for nearly 30 years, in order to work full-time with the recently founded Michigan Tellevent Company.
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The Wilmington system was later taken over by the Wilmington and Philadelphia Traction Co. The service added live programs, expanding its offerings to be more along the lines of a general telephone newspaper operation.
34:
broadcasting. They were eventually supplanted by radio stations, because radio signals could more easily cover much wider areas with higher quality audio, without incurring the costs of a telephone line infrastructure.
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Corporation activity for the parent United States Telephone Herald Company peaked in 1913, but the lack of success caused the company to suspend operations, and its corporation charter was repealed in early 1918.
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provided a short hourly news program using subscriber's regular phone lines. This was soon expanded into a continuous service, now using the company's own dedicated lines. Its schedule in 1907 was as follows:
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amplification, which allowed listeners to hear over loudspeakers instead of headphones. The service continued in operation until 1932, when it was found it could no longer compete with radio broadcasting.
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The Electrophone ceased operations in 1925, unable to compete with radio. During its thirty years, the service generally had a few hundred subscribers, although by 1923 the number had risen to 2,000.
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and music hall shows, plus, on Sundays, church services. On a few special occasions, it also shared programs with the Théâtrophone, employing a telephone line that crossed the
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became an audio relay system, available for persons who wanted to listen to the radio station without the trouble and expense of purchasing a radio receiver. During
687:
Despite hopes to eventually expand nationally, the Tellevent never advanced beyond the exploratory stage, and the Michigan Tellevent Company was dissolved in 1909.
180:— the name was generally translated into English as the "Telephone Herald" or "Telephone News-teller" — was created by inventor and telephone engineer
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was classified and regulated by the Hungarian government as a newspaper, with a designated editor-in-chief legally responsible for content. Both the Italian
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in the mid-1870s included numerous demonstrations of its use for transmitting musical concerts over various distances. In one particularly advanced example,
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Tivadar Puskás died just one month after the system went into operation, after which his brother assumed responsibility for the system. The
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In 1910 the Automatic Enunciator Company was formed in Chicago to market the invention. Initially, Automatic Enunciators were employed in
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570: the first act of the opera). . Exchange news from New York, Frankfurt, Paris, Berlin, London, and other business centers.
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30:, although only a few were established, most commonly in European cities. These systems predated the development, in the 1920s, of
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section of Budapest. The system eventually offered a wide assortment of news, stock quotations, concerts and linguistic lessons.
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192:, which would become the most prominent and longest-lived of all the Telephone Newspaper systems, began operating in the
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Following a visit to Hungary, Cornelius Balassa procured the U.S. patent rights to the technology used by the Budapest
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Hospitalized British soldiers, joined by their toy elephant mascot (center), enjoying the Electrophone service (1917)
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receivers, which provided short periods of listening for a set payment. Some systems also accepted paid advertising.
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the wire network of the company was destroyed, leading to the cessation of the telephone-based service in 1944.
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2120:
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2008:
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Opinions of the Corporation Counsel and Assistants from January 1, 1913, to October 5, 1914 (City of Chicago)
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1998:
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1941:
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117:, the systems were later merged with radio station operations, becoming relays for the radio programs.
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1968:
1280:"Radio before Radio: Araldo Telefonico and the Invention of Italian Broadcasting" by Gabriele Balbi,
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Balbi, Gabriele, "Radio before Radio: Araldo Telefonico and the Invention of Italian Broadcasting",
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1983:
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Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago, Illinois: October 5, 1914
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145:
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24:
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The Rome system surpassed 1,300 subscribers by 1914, but suspended operations in 1916 due to
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Reading of programme of Vienna and foreign news and of chief contents of the official press.
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John J. Comer, inventor, demonstrating the Chicago Musolaphone transmission equipment (1914)
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85:
930:
The first grapevine system was established by Gordon F. Rogers, operating from his home in
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2220:
1988:
1951:
1822:
914:
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1963:
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advertisements the next month said commercial service would start "around October 1st".
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1936:
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80:
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1931:
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1461:, Lambardi Grand Opera Company, Heilig Theatre, Portland, Oregon, November 18, 1912.
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1946:
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736:— Italian for "Telephone Herald" — licensed the technology used by the
608:
27:
19:, introduced in the 1890s, transmitted news and entertainment to subscribers over
2790:
2440:
2350:
2335:
2295:
2255:
2114:
945:
848:
749:
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89:, which foresaw audio entertainment sent over telephone lines to private homes.
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Radio broadcasting was introduced in Hungary in 1925 with the establishment of
2795:
2502:
2200:
2109:
2065:
2035:
2013:
2003:
1978:
696:
125:
Below is a chronological overview of some of the systems that were developed.
2780:
2245:
2060:
658:
150:
The first organized telephone-based entertainment service appears to be the
64:
20:
1664:(Annual Report of the Department of Gas and Electricity, City of Chicago),
1370:"Entity Details: File Number 23331 (United States Telephone Herald Company)
1785:
406:
Latest general news, news, parliamentary, court, political, and military.
2775:
2765:
2682:
2507:
2330:
1662:"Department of Public Service: Service Standards: Measured Service Study"
861:
The Musolaphone (also marketed as the Multa Musola) was developed by the
1700:"The Development of Rural Wired Radio Systems in Upstate South Carolina"
2770:
2755:
1736:
1977, page 33, plus chapter 2, "The Pleasure Telephone" by Asa Briggs.
1602:
Robert D. Fisher Manual of Valuable and Worthless Securities: Volume 6
508:
Weather, parliamentary, legal, theatrical, fashion and sporting news.
2800:
2760:
2082:
1874:
1827:
93:
operations.) However, the technical capabilities of the time —
76:
1372:, State of Delaware: Department of State: Division of Corporations.
992:"The International Exhibition and Congress of Electricity at Paris"
2785:
2722:
2030:
923:
Mauldin, South Carolina "grapevine radio" wire network as of 1936.
918:
852:
808:
781:
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and the United States Telephone Herald Company later licensed the
132:
54:
37:
31:
676:, although his company did not license that system's technology.
2727:
768:
Telephone Herald (Newark, New Jersey and Portland, Oregon, U.S.)
1831:
1746:
Sivowitch, Elliot, "Musical Broadcasting in the 19th Century",
1973:
1444:
Marvyn Scudder Manual of Extinct or Obsolete Companies: Vol. I
1233:"Michigan State Telephone Company to Have New General Manager"
761:
214:
The limited means for signal amplification required that the
954:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
229:
79:, from the Paris Grand Opera. The concept also appeared in
1570:"Increasing the Revenue Producing Efficiency of a Plant"
1394:"Editor Atkinson Gets Out First Issue of News by Wire",
760:(EIAR), and finally, in 1944, Radio Audizioni Italiane (
1106:"British Wounded Hear London's Favorites Via Telephone"
1294:
Ines Viviani Donarelli & Maria Luisa Boncompagni.
741:
service the next year, with a schedule similar to the
667:
Illustration from Tellevent promotional article (1907)
59:
Listening room at the 1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition
1267:"Last and Best April Dance Program" (advertisement),
440:
Repetition of the half-day's most interesting news.
2809:
2746:
2668:
2632:
2589:
2530:
2464:
2173:
1865:
1808:, June 1925 (about the New Jersey Telephone Herald)
1788:, article collection maintained by Thomas H. White.
1503:"Te-lec-tro-phone Election Returns" (advertisement)
75:, where attendees could listen to performances, in
46:"stentor" (announcer) reading the day's news (1901)
1677:"Metered Music and Oratory Over Automatic Phone",
1071:by Luca Gábor and Magda GĂrĂł-Szász, 1993, page 67.
211:technology for use in their respective countries.
1187:"'Televent,' Latest Wonder of Electric Science",
1755:Getting the Message: A History of Communications
1333:
1331:
1786:News and Entertainment by Telephone (1876-1930)
1247:
1245:
1284:, October 2010, Volume 51, Number 4, page 792.
672:James F. Land, who had been influenced by the
1843:
638:. Listeners ranged from hospital patients to
370:Parliamentary, provincial, and foreign news.
8:
1646:"October 27, 1913 opinion by Bryan Y. Craig"
1296:"Le Origini Della Radiodiffusione In Italia"
971:
969:
944:This article incorporates material from the
2858:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1774:by Théodore Du Moncel, 1882, pages 165-176.
1634:Popular Electricity and the World's Advance
1360:October 7, 1909, page 9 (fultonhistory.com)
758:Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche
705:Tel-musici service home installation (1909)
457:Foreign telegrams and latest general news.
2894:
1850:
1836:
1828:
1454:
1452:
1298:. Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International
786:New Jersey Telephone Herald (Newark, 1912)
525:Latest exchange reports and general news.
1471:"Oregon Telephone Herald" (advertisement)
1252:"Distributing Music Over Telephone Lines"
1183:
1181:
1179:
105:While some of the systems, including the
1440:"United States Telephone Herald Company"
1314:
1312:
813:Oregon Telephone Herald (Portland, 1913)
388:
232:
1549:
1547:
1053:"How the Parisian Enjoys Opera at Home"
965:
691:Tel-musici (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.)
566:
909:Grapevine radio (South Carolina, U.S.)
774:United States Telephone Herald Company
569:
377:
336:Local, theatrical, and sporting news.
23:lines. They were the first example of
1706:, (1992), pages 71-81. (academia.edu)
1652:, Volume 7, 1913/1914, pages 502-503.
1590:The (Culbertson, Montana) Searchlight
1487:"Everybody-Play Ball" (advertisement)
1408:"The Newark Telephone Herald Resumes"
1080:Gábor and GĂrĂł-Szász (1993), page 86.
843:Musolaphone (Chicago, Illinois, U.S.)
302:Chief contents of local daily press.
238:
7:
2904:
1743:, 1998. ("The Electrophone" chapter)
1739:Povey, Peter J. and Earl, R. A. J.,
1519:"The Portland Hotel" (advertisement)
1430:, June 1925, pages 2219, 2309, 2311.
1191:, March 17, 1907, Part Four, page 4.
1160:, September 10, 1897, pages 343-344.
166:Telefon HĂrmondĂł (Budapest, Hungary)
1734:The Social Impact of the Telephone,
1354:" Hark! Telephone Will Tell it All"
1258:, December 18, 1909, pages 699-701.
1014:, December 31, 1881, pages 422-423.
653:Tellevent (Detroit, Michigan, U.S.)
1614:"Have You Heard the Multa Musola?"
1338:"Telephone Newspaper—A New Marvel"
1269:Wilmington (Delaware) Morning Star
1008:"The Telephone at the Paris Opera"
603:studios. With this transition the
14:
1648:(Assistant Corporation Counsel),
621:Electrophone (information system)
98:headphones to hear the programs.
71:prepared a listening room at the
2903:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2493:Free-space optical communication
1636:, January 1914, pages 1037-1038.
1576:, October 11, 1913, pages 21-23.
1396:New Brunswick (New Jersey) Times
1138:"The Queen and the Electrophone"
1128:, August 7, 1920, pages 346-348.
905:moved to liquidate the company.
157:By 1925, the system had adopted
83:influential 1888 utopian novel,
73:1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition
1741:Vintage Telephones of the World
1732:Pool, Ithiel de Sola (editor),
1344:, February 1912, pages 666-669.
952:", which is licensed under the
885:systems were ever established.
1727:When Old Technologies Were New
1325:, March 2, 1912, pages 10, 23.
1169:"Theatre-going by Telephone",
756:(URI); in 1928 the URI became
474:Parliamentary and local news.
1:
1319:" 'Phone Herald's Short Life"
998:, October 20, 1881, page 587.
2879:Telecommunication portal
2660:Telecommunications equipment
1385:, September 9, 1910, page 3.
1381:"News Bulletins by 'Phone",
423:Midday exchange quotations.
129:Théâtrophone (Paris, France)
2396:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1618:Sunday (Portland) Oregonian
1398:, October 25, 1911, page 6.
1223:, March 23, 1907, page 483.
1110:The Electrical Experimenter
1059:, September 1925, page 174.
889:Fonogiornale (Milan, Italy)
754:Unione Radiofonica Italiana
615:Electrophone (London, U.K.)
580:
574:
563:
552:
546:
535:
529:
518:
512:
501:
495:
484:
478:
467:
461:
450:
444:
433:
427:
416:
410:
399:
393:
374:
363:
357:
346:
340:
329:
323:
312:
306:
295:
289:
285:Local exchange quotations.
278:
272:
261:
255:
244:
86:Looking Backward: 2000-1887
2971:
2100:Telecommunications history
1704:Journal of Radio Studies 1
1679:Buffalo (New York) Express
1620:, August 4, 1912, page 10.
1493:, April 14, 1912, page 12.
1096:, June 22, 1907, page 507.
912:
863:Automatic Electric Company
846:
771:
725:
694:
656:
618:
586:
573:
562:
558:
545:
541:
528:
524:
511:
507:
494:
490:
477:
473:
460:
456:
443:
439:
426:
422:
409:
405:
392:
387:
383:
373:
369:
356:
352:
339:
335:
322:
319:General news and finance.
318:
305:
301:
288:
284:
271:
267:
254:
250:
237:
231:
169:
143:
2867:
2708:Public Switched Telephone
2520:telecommunication circuit
2481:Fiber-optic communication
2226:Francis Blake (telephone)
2021:Optical telecommunication
1681:, March 12, 1914, page 8.
1271:, April 26, 1914, page 9.
1144:, May 26, 1899, page 144.
1069:Telephonic News Dispenser
976:"The Telephone Newspaper"
722:Araldo Telefonico (Italy)
491:Latest exchange reports.
384:Exact astronomical time.
251:Exact astronomical time.
2935:Information by telephone
2619:Orbital angular-momentum
2056:Satellite communications
1895:Communications satellite
1812:Audio reconstruction of
1592:, July 22, 1910, page 6.
1477:, June 30, 1912, page 5.
1414:, June 1, 1912, page 19.
1142:The (London) Electrician
1112:, August 1917, page 230.
1024:"Wanted, A Theatrophone"
63:The introduction of the
2498:Molecular communication
2321:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2150:Undersea telegraph line
1885:Cable protection system
1816:programs (in Hungarian)
1792:"A Telephone Newspaper"
1778:Tivadar Puskás and the
1690:Balbi (2010), page 799.
1668:, Volume 76, page 1467.
1572:by Stanley R. Edwards,
1207:, January 1906, page 3.
1158:The Electrical Engineer
1090:"A Telephone Newspaper"
1043:, May 29, 1891, page 5.
1030:, July 5, 1890, page 4.
982:, April 1901, page 640.
932:Mauldin, South Carolina
247:
241:
2640:Communication protocol
2426:Charles Sumner Tainter
2241:Walter Houser Brattain
2186:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1994:Information revolution
1802:"Broadcasting in 1912"
1794:by W. G. Fitz-Gerald,
1720:Technology and Culture
1554:"Blue Sky Law Applied"
1535:"Phone Device Assured"
1525:, May 7, 1913, page 5.
1509:, May 3, 1913, page 8.
1424:"Broadcasting in 1912"
1282:Technology and Culture
1237:Michigan State Gazette
1205:Michigan State Gazette
1173:, May 9, 1957, page 3.
1092:by W. G. Fitz-Gerald,
978:by Thomas S. Denison,
924:
875:public address systems
858:
814:
787:
706:
668:
630:
353:Vienna exchange news.
141:
60:
47:
2614:Polarization-division
2346:Narinder Singh Kapany
2311:Erna Schneider Hoover
2231:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2211:Alexander Graham Bell
1942:online video platform
1340:by Arthur F. Colton,
922:
856:
812:
785:
704:
666:
628:
136:
58:
41:
2955:Hungarian inventions
2950:Telephone newspapers
2945:Newspapers by medium
2456:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2416:Almon Brown Strowger
2386:Charles Grafton Page
2041:Prepaid mobile phone
1969:Electrical telegraph
1768:"Système de M. Ader"
1475:The Sunday Oregonian
1239:, July 1907, page 1.
1039:"The Theatrophone",
17:Telephone Newspapers
2406:Johann Philipp Reis
2165:Wireless revolution
2127:The Telephone Cases
1984:Hydraulic telegraph
1796:Scientific American
1586:"Replaces Bell Boy"
1094:Scientific American
1057:Scientific American
1012:Scientific American
950:Telephone newspaper
599:, which shared the
2604:Frequency-division
2581:Telephone exchange
2451:Charles Wheatstone
2381:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2356:Innocenzo Manzetti
2291:Reginald Fessenden
2026:Optical telegraphy
1859:Telecommunications
1821:2016-04-27 at the
1804:, by G.C.B. Rowe,
1560:, August 29, 1913.
1507:Portland Oregonian
1446:(1926), page 1263.
1426:by G. C. B. Rowe,
1189:Detroit Free Press
1154:"The Electrophone"
1124:by A. P. Herbert,
1122:"Modern Nuisances"
1041:The (London) Times
956:but not under the
925:
859:
815:
800:Telefon HĂrmondĂł's
788:
743:Telefon HĂrmondĂł's
707:
669:
631:
542:Regimental bands.
142:
121:Individual systems
61:
48:
2917:
2916:
2655:Store and forward
2650:Data transmission
2564:Network switching
2515:Transmission line
2361:Guglielmo Marconi
2326:Internet pioneers
2191:Mohamed M. Atalla
2160:Whistled language
1753:Solymar, Laszlo,
1725:Marvin, Carolyn,
1702:by Susan K. Opt,
1616:(advertisement),
1558:Morning Oregonian
1541:, March 16, 1913.
1539:Morning Oregonian
1523:Morning Oregonian
1491:Morning Oregonian
1412:The Fourth Estate
1323:The Fourth Estate
1221:Electrical Review
1217:"The 'Tellevent'"
1028:Electrical Review
867:Chicago, Illinois
734:Araldo Telefonico
728:Araldo Telefonico
591:
590:
205:Araldo Telefonico
115:Araldo Telefonico
2962:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2748:Notable networks
2738:Wireless network
2678:Cellular network
2670:Types of network
2645:Computer network
2532:Network topology
2446:Thomas A. Watson
2301:Oliver Heaviside
2286:Philo Farnsworth
2261:Daniel Davis Jr.
2236:Charles Bourseul
2196:John Logie Baird
1905:Data compression
1900:Computer network
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1798:, June 22, 1907.
1780:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
1707:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1630:"The Loud Voice"
1627:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1604:(1938), page 75.
1599:
1593:
1583:
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1431:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:New York Herald,
1351:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1249:
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1224:
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1192:
1185:
1174:
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1151:
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1135:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1015:
1005:
999:
989:
983:
973:
824:Portland Beavers
792:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
738:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
674:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
605:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
601:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
230:
224:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
216:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
209:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
201:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
190:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
178:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
172:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
111:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
107:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
81:Edward Bellamy's
44:Telefon HĂrmondĂł
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2805:
2742:
2664:
2628:
2585:
2534:
2526:
2467:
2460:
2366:Robert Metcalfe
2221:Tim Berners-Lee
2169:
1989:Information Age
1861:
1856:
1823:Wayback Machine
1814:TelefonhĂrmondĂł
1764:
1722:, October 2010.
1715:
1713:Further reading
1710:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1552:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1459:Theater program
1457:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1342:Technical World
1336:
1329:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1006:
1002:
990:
986:
974:
967:
940:
917:
915:Grapevine radio
911:
891:
851:
845:
776:
770:
730:
724:
699:
693:
661:
655:
636:English Channel
623:
617:
233:
174:
168:
148:
138:Le théatrophone
131:
123:
53:
12:
11:
5:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
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2915:
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2715:
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2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
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2674:
2672:
2666:
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2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Space-division
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2559:
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2528:
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2523:
2522:
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2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Camille Tissot
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Claude Shannon
2408:
2403:
2401:Tivadar Puskás
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Antonio Meucci
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Charles K. Kao
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Harold Hopkins
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Emile Berliner
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:Videotelephony
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2051:Radiotelephone
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Internet video
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
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1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1759:
1758:
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1737:
1730:
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1708:
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1543:
1527:
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1495:
1479:
1463:
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1432:
1416:
1400:
1387:
1383:New York Times
1374:
1362:
1346:
1327:
1308:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1241:
1225:
1209:
1201:"Theatrophone"
1193:
1175:
1162:
1156:by J. Wright,
1146:
1130:
1126:The Living Age
1114:
1098:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1045:
1032:
1016:
1000:
984:
964:
963:
962:
939:
936:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
902:Fonogiornale's
890:
887:
847:Main article:
844:
841:
772:Main article:
769:
766:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
640:Queen Victoria
619:Main article:
616:
613:
596:Radio HirmondĂł
589:
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222:Initially the
182:Tivadar Puskás
170:Main article:
167:
164:
144:Main article:
130:
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52:
49:
13:
10:
9:
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2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2624:Code-division
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Time-division
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
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2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:and switching
2533:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:optical fiber
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Coaxial cable
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
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2417:
2414:
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2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Radia Perlman
2389:
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2382:
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2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Lee de Forest
2279:
2277:
2276:Thomas Edison
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Donald Davies
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Claude Chappe
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
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2222:
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2209:
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2202:
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2119:
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2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2095:Smoke signals
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2940:Broadcasting
2591:Multiplexing
2466:Transmission
2431:Nikola Tesla
2421:Henry Sutton
2376:Samuel Morse
2306:Robert Hooke
2271:Amos Dolbear
2206:John Bardeen
2125:
2105:Telautograph
2009:Mobile phone
1964:Edholm's law
1947:social media
1880:Broadcasting
1813:
1805:
1795:
1779:
1772:Le Téléphone
1771:
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1300:. Retrieved
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1188:
1171:London Times
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980:World's Work
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895:Fonogiornale
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833:Blue Sky Law
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609:World War II
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152:Théâtrophone
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146:Théâtrophone
137:
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114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
91:
84:
69:Clément Ader
62:
43:
28:broadcasting
16:
15:
2791:NPL network
2503:Radio waves
2441:Alfred Vail
2351:Hedy Lamarr
2336:Dawon Kahng
2296:Elisha Gray
2256:Yogen Dalal
2181:Nasir Ahmed
2115:Teleprinter
1979:Heliographs
946:Citizendium
849:Musolaphone
750:World War I
389:P. M.
378: noon
234:A. M.
159:vacuum tube
95:vacuum tube
2924:Categories
2837:Antarctica
2796:Toasternet
2718:Television
2201:Paul Baran
2133:Television
2117:(teletype)
2110:Telegraphy
2088:transistor
2066:Phryctoria
2036:Photophone
2014:Smartphone
2004:Mass media
1806:Radio News
1428:Radio News
1302:2018-01-14
938:References
893:The Milan
697:Tel-musici
567:(or after
25:electronic
2930:Telephony
2821:Americas
2810:Locations
2781:Internet2
2542:Bandwidth
2246:Vint Cerf
2143:streaming
2121:Telephone
2061:Semaphore
1952:streaming
1574:Telephony
1256:Telephony
948:article "
659:Tellevent
584:. .
556:. .
539:. .
522:. .
505:. .
488:. .
471:. .
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437:. .
420:. .
403:. .
381:. .
367:. .
350:. .
333:. .
316:. .
299:. .
282:. .
265:. .
248:. .
65:telephone
21:telephone
2889:Category
2776:Internet
2766:CYCLADES
2683:Ethernet
2633:Concepts
2557:terminal
2508:wireless
2331:Bob Kahn
2174:Pioneers
1999:Internet
1890:Cable TV
1819:Archived
113:and the
2909:Commons
2899:Outline
2852:Oceania
2771:FidoNet
2756:ARPANET
2569:circuit
2138:digital
1867:History
1757:, 1999.
1729:, 1988.
587:Opera.
559:Opera.
245:
51:History
2847:Europe
2817:Africa
2801:Usenet
2761:BITNET
2698:Mobile
2574:packet
2083:MOSFET
2078:device
1875:Beacon
996:Nature
411:12:30
400:12:30
394:12:00
375:12:00
364:12:00
358:11:45
347:11:45
341:11:30
330:11:30
324:11:15
313:11:15
307:11:00
296:11:00
290:10:30
279:10:30
273:10:00
262:10:00
140:(1896)
77:stereo
2830:South
2825:North
2786:JANET
2723:Telex
2713:Radio
2552:Nodes
2547:Links
2468:media
2046:Radio
2031:Pager
1959:Drums
1925:video
1920:image
1910:audio
1748:Audio
581:9:30
575:8:30
564:8:15
553:8:15
547:7:00
536:6:30
530:4:30
519:4:30
513:4:00
502:4:00
496:3:15
485:3:15
479:3:00
468:3:00
462:2:30
451:2:30
445:2:00
434:2:00
428:1:00
417:1:00
256:9:30
239:9:00
32:radio
2842:Asia
2728:UUCP
2688:ISDN
958:GFDL
900:The
732:The
194:Pest
188:the
176:The
2733:WAN
2703:NGN
2693:LAN
1974:Fax
1915:DCT
865:of
764:).
762:RAI
2926::
1632:,
1588:,
1556:,
1546:^
1537:,
1521:,
1505:,
1489:,
1473:,
1451:^
1442:,
1410:,
1356:,
1330:^
1321:,
1311:^
1254:,
1244:^
1235:,
1219:,
1203:,
1178:^
1140:,
1108:,
1055:,
1026:,
1010:,
994:,
968:^
745:.
642:.
578:—
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259:—
242:—
184:.
42:A
2860:)
2856:(
1851:e
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1305:.
960:.
831:"
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