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inductively coupled. In local battery configurations, when the local loop was too long to provide sufficient current from the exchange, the transmitter was powered by a local battery and inductively coupled, while the receiver was included in the local loop. The coupling transformer and the ringer were mounted in a separate enclosure, called the subscriber set. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line one to ten times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle.
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523:(USPTO) in March 1876. Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent. That first patent by Bell was the
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1398:, which can operate many of the device's functions, as well as enabling users to use spoken commands to interact with the internet. Typically alphanumeric text input is accomplished via an on-screen virtual keyboard, although some smartphones have a small physical keyboard. Smartphones offer the ability to access internet data through the cellular network and via wi-fi, and usually allow direct connectivity to other devices via
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854:" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook". Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery and magneto were in a separate bell box or "
53:
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1267:. The cellular network consists of a network of ground based transmitter/receiver stations with antennas – which are usually located on towers or on buildings – and infrastructure connecting to land-based telephone lines. Analog cellular networks first appeared in 1979, with the first digital cellular networks appearing in the early 1990s.
730:– their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner
1249:
1514:
Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations, hunting, fishing, maritime sector, humanitarian missions, business trips, and mining in hard-to-reach areas, where there is no reliable cellular service. Satellite telephones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human
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do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is provided. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions. Satellite
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display, with some types, such as smartphones, having touch screens. Since the 1990s, mobile phones have gained other features which are not directly related to their primary function as telephones. These include text messaging, calendars, alarm clocks, personal schedulers, cameras, music players,
1418:
readily accessible via IP connections. Smartphones also have access to a large number of web services and web apps, giving them functionality similar to traditional computers, although smartphones are often limited by their relatively small screen size and the size of their keyboards. Typically,
887:
desk set. A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use was secured in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 202 shows the direct connection of the transmitter to the line, while the receiver was
648:
reported "It is rumored that
English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines". However, telephones would not be demonstrated there until 1876, with a set of
640:
before the
Physical Society of Frankfurt. It was the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone. Reis also coined the term. He used his telephone to transmit the phrase "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" ("The horse does not eat cucumber
697:
7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in
Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically…by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other
762:). The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one port opening for sound, with the user alternately listening and speaking (or rather, shouting) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive.
1131:
While traditional analog telephones are typically powered from the central office through the telephone line, digital telephones require a local power supply. Internet-based digital service also requires special provisions to provide the service location to the emergency services when an
769:, who had to arrange for a telegraph contractor to construct a line between them, for example, between a home and a shop. Users who wanted the ability to speak to several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones.
329:
The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located
1447:
and by 2005 that percentage had risen to 46%. By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.
895:
becoming commonplace in the 1930s in many areas enabled customer-dialed service, but some magneto systems remained even into the 1960s. After World War II, the telephone networks saw rapid expansion and more efficient telephone sets, such as the
2111:
1306:(MMS) protocol enables users to send and receive multimedia content, such as photos, audio files and video files. As their functionality has increased over the years, many types of mobile phone, notably smartphones, require an
842:
hand-cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the operator. Some local farming communities that were not connected to the main networks set up
712:
files a patent application for a carbon (graphite) transmitter. It was published as No. 474,230 on 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in
1115:
IP telephony uses high-bandwidth
Internet connections and specialized customer premises equipment to transmit telephone calls via the Internet, or any modern private data network. The customer equipment may be an
750:
personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, telephones powered from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals became common.
2108:"Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main fĂĽr das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books"
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10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson heard each word
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transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument.
690:
applies for the patent "Improvements in
Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation (oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as "undulating
2107:
1207:, which the base station recharges when the handset rests in its cradle. Muilt-handset systems generally also have additional charging stands. A cordless telephone typically requires a constant
616:
first mooted the idea of a "speaking telegraph" or telephone. Use of the "speaking telegraph" and "sound telegraph" monikers would eventually be replaced by the newer, distinct name, "telephone".
950:
1431:. In addition to voice calls, smartphone users commonly communicate using a wide variety of messaging formats, including SMS, MMS, email, and various proprietary messaging services, such as
268:
for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in
900:
in the United States, were developed that permitted larger local networks centered around central offices. A breakthrough new technology was the introduction of Touch-Tone signaling using
599:
1386:
As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a combination of a mobile phone and a personal computing device in the same unit. Most smartphones are primarily operated using a
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1503:
access are supported through most systems. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as
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1702:
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Base stations include a radio transceiver which enables full-duplex, outgoing and incoming signals and speech with the handsets. The base station often includes a microphone,
412:
was applied to other inventions, and not all early researchers of the electrical device used the term. Perhaps the earliest use of the word for a communications system was the
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in 1947 dramatically changed the technology used in telephone systems and in the long-distance transmission networks, over the next several decades. With the development of
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858:". In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out-of-the-way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto.
673:
6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and
Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits.
376:
342:
were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, the analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost.
629:(Paris): "Transmission Ă©lectrique de la parole" (electric transmission of speech), describing a "make-and-break" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann Reis.
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article suggested that
Internet telephony may be "the next big thing." The technology has spawned a new industry comprising many VoIP companies that offer services to
322:
or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a
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19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat.
338:. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed in the mid-20th century for transmission between mobile stations on ships and in automobiles. Hand-held
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smartphones feature such tools as cameras, media players, web browsers, email clients, interactive maps, satellite navigation and a variety of sensors, such as a
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549:. In the U.S., a somewhat dated slang term refers to the telephone as "the horn," as in "I couldn't get him on the horn," or "I'll be off the horn in a moment."
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which are sent through the telecommunications system to the receiving telephone, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a
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326:, which is the address of the call recipient's telephone in the telecommunications system, but other methods existed in the early history of the telephone.
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in the U.S. Patent Office, titled "Sound
Telegraph", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. A patent caveat was not an invention
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Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of
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in which the operators in the signaling towers would shout to each other by means of what he called "speaking tubes", but would now be called giant
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A cordless telephone system consisting of a handset resting on a base station (left) and a second handset resting on a battery charger unit (right)
883:
What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's
705:
30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
161:
1176:. The base station connects to a telephone line, or provides service by voice over IP (VOIP). The handset communicates with the base station via
3035:(solid back carbon transmitter)—Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s.
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In the 1930s, telephone sets were developed that combined the bell and induction coil with the desk set, obviating a separate ringer box. The
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1414:, have vastly expanded functionality compared to previous mobile phones. Having internet access and built in cameras, smartphones have made
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Before the era of smartphones, mobile phones were generally manufactured by companies specializing in telecommunications equipment, such as
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signals. A handset's operational range is limited, usually to within the same building or within a short distance from the base station.
865:, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular.
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In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a "
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The development of digital data communications methods made it possible to digitize voice and transmit it as real-time data across
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and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from
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conversations, without needing to use a handset. The base station may also have a numeric keypad for dialing, and a display for
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was launched in the 1980's, providing businesses and consumers with access to digital telephony services such as data, voice,
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award, but only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she intends to file a patent application in the future.
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Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, now called a
726:, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were
1282:(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers to the cellular network.
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1112:. The reported global VoIP market in October 2021 was $ 85.2 billion with a projection of $ 102.5 billion by 2026.
446:, in c. 1860. His device appears to be the first device based on the conversion of sound into electrical impulses.
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to power the base station and charger units by means of a DC transformer which plugs into a wall AC power outlet.
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from their own telephones but made an appointment and were connected with the assistance of a telephone operator.
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and two for speaking. Large wall telephones in the early 20th century usually incorporated the bell, and separate
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At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to a
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1936:
Beauchamp, Christopher (2010). "Who
Invented the Telephone?: Lawyers, Patents, and the Judgments of History".
1964: Alexander Graham Bell: "Improvement in Telegraphy" filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.
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11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with the telephone but does not build one.
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has provided a broad spectrum of capabilities in cell phones, including mobile computing, giving rise to the
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1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses.
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299:) which reproduces the voice at a distant location. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a
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Allstot, David J. (2016). "Switched
Capacitor Filters". In Maloberti, Franco; Davies, Anthony C. (eds.).
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2642:"Are Cell Phones Ruining Our Social Skills? – SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy"
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A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing
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functionality. Nearly all mobile phones have the ability to send text messages to other users via the
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communication tools in emergency situations, when the local communications system can be compromised.
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into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell in a
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Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed. As with other influential
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and improved on each other's ideas. New controversies over the issue still arise from time to time.
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A satellite telephone, or satphone, is a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or the
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application, utilizing the microphone and headset devices of a personal computer or smartphone.
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or cellphone or hand phone is a handheld telephone which connects via radio transmissions to a
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of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed.
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Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the
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began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange
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334:. These exchanges were soon connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide
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773:, already using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in
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which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the
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International Telecommunication Union website, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
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The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy.
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2337:"Newsweek – National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more..."
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Mueller, Milton. (1993) "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction."
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to be inserted into the phone. The SIM card is a small PVC card containing a small
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Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886
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2578:"Smartphones Market - Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022 - 2027)"
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923:(ca. 1931), the first combined telephone made with a Bakelite housing and handset.
17:
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1907:
Historical first patents: the first United States patent for many everyday things
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A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with a cutout to convert the card to micro-SIM size)
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and a touch screen. Many phones have a secondary voice user interface, such as
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The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age.
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had already led to the use of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones,
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1085:, giving rise to the field of Internet Protocol (IP) telephony, also known as
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516:, amongst others, have all been credited with the invention of the telephone.
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when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts
31:
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is used as a slang term for a telephone. The term came from navy slang for a
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1892:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 547–57.
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Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a
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that exploited the existing system of field fences to transmit the signal.
2549:"From 1G to 5G: The History of Cell Phones and their Cellular Generations"
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to run. Popular mobile phone operating systems in the past have included
1120:(ATA) which translates the signals of a conventional analog telephone; an
453:
was adopted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived from the
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1911:(illustrated ed.). University of Michigan: Scarecrow Press. p.
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734:, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an
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432:, was invented by Captain John Taylor in 1844. This instrument used four
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that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone network infrastructure.
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phones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones;
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created by Gottfried Huth in 1796. Huth proposed an alternative to the
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Bell's first telephone transmitter, ca. 1876, reenacted 50 years later
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In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian engineer
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Early telephones used a single wire for the subscriber's line, with
315:. Telephones permit transmission in both directions simultaneously.
442:
used the term in reference to his invention, commonly known as the
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2391:"VoIP Equipment Guide 2022: Types of Hardware + Top Manufacturers"
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proposed the telephone switch, which allowed for the formation of
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By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and
1060:, which improved the capacity, quality, and cost of the network.
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Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892
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1877:
1391:
1290:
30:"Phone" redirects here. For the handheld personal computer, see
3076:
1100:
had switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005
683:
for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit.
3218:
1403:
1331:
1299:
1071:
46:
868:
Disadvantages of single-wire operation such as crosstalk and
236:
2692:"Satellite phone: know the 5 sectors that use them the most"
1326:. As of 2022, the most used operating systems are Google's
1200:. In addition, answering machine function may be built in.
835:
for desk phones dwindled away in the middle of the century.
318:
Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a
2200:"Tone dialing telephones are introduced, November 18, 1963"
876:. Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place
408:
Before the development of the electric telephone, the term
223:
2806:
America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940
2721:"Everything That You Need to Know About a Satellite Phone"
2278:"What is ISDN - Essentials Guide » Electronics Notes"
2612:"The history of cell phones: A decade-by-decade timeline"
2848:. American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T).
2763:
Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
2670:
Next-Generation Networks Set to Transform Communications
1815:. Simpkin, Marshall, and Company. July 6, 1845. p.
1379:
A smartphone with a touchscreen user interface, held in
1848:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p.
1229:
Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992
781:, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential.
722:
Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a
396:
and credited by several sources as the first telephone.
2823:
Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications.
1020:
An IP desktop telephone attached to a computer network
2985:(Bell's first telephone patent)—Alexander Graham Bell
2002:
Jackspeak: A guide to British Naval slang & usage
428:. A communication device for sailing vessels, called
352:, the dominant type of telephone in the world today.
2605:
2603:
2505:
Walters, Lourens O; Kritzinger, PS (December 2000).
2415:"VoIP Phone System Battery Backups | voipreview.org"
2082:
Turner, Gerard L'Estrange; Weston, Margaret (1983).
372:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
4054:
3991:
3913:
3877:
3834:
3775:
3709:
3418:
3110:
3043:
Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Apparatus
2792:
The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History.
1466:
First generation late 1990s Iridium satellite phone
1028:
Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007
492:, several inventors pioneered experimental work on
188:device that permits two or more users to conduct a
77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2964:is available for free viewing and download at the
2951:is available for free viewing and download at the
2938:is available for free viewing and download at the
2925:is available for free viewing and download at the
2912:is available for free viewing and download at the
2517:(2). Association for Computing Machinery: 4–ff35.
2159:"The beginning of long distance telephone service"
2054:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History
1904:
1845:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History
2995:(permanent magnet receiver)—Alexander Graham Bell
2892:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 547–557.
1443:In 2002, only 10% of the world's population used
819:automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the
380:Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing
2832:Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2511:XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students
2470:
2468:
2307:"VoIP is winning over a variety of phone users"
2086:. University of California Press. p. 140.
1515:actions such as war, so they have proven to be
1124:, a dedicated standalone device; or a computer
2507:"Cellular Networks: Past, Present, and Future"
1693:"Who Is Credited With Inventing the Telephone"
436:to communicate with vessels in foggy weather.
3088:
469:, "voice", together meaning "distant voice".
8:
1410:connectors. Smartphones, being able to run
1048:, and new transmission technologies such as
803:) in series with the bell coil to allow the
283:The essential elements of a telephone are a
264:was the first to be granted a United States
4103:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3025:(carbon granules transmitter)—Thomas Edison
2880:Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911).
2813:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
1876:Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911).
935:Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII,
807:ringer signal through while still blocking
4139:
3095:
3081:
3073:
1064:Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
906:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
603:Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked
3015:(carbon button transmitter)—Thomas Edison
2948:"Telephone Memories (Reel 2 of 2) (1931)"
2935:"Telephone Memories (Reel 1 of 2) (1931)"
2084:Nineteenth-century Scientific Instruments
1812:The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art
1760:"Bell did not invent telephone, US rules"
1192:, and a loudspeaker to enable hands-free
815:"). Telephones connected to the earliest
758:used to complete the circuit (as used in
521:United States Patent and Trademark Office
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
2825:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1871:
1869:
1280:international mobile subscriber identity
2362:"Global VoIP Services Market 2021-2026"
1830:"The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges"
1659:
1302:(Short Message Service) protocol. The
1285:Mobile phones generally incorporate an
1172:unit and one or more portable cordless
910:
1726:Sound-Powered Telephone Talkers Manual
636:(1834–1874) publicly demonstrated the
4190:Discovery and invention controversies
2135:. Telephonymuseum.com. Archived from
1832:by J. E. Kingsbury published in 1915.
1788:Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn,
1581:List of telephone operating companies
1294:games and later, internet access and
623:published an article in the magazine
346:Convergence in communication services
196:, typically and most efficiently the
7:
4149:
3053:Cellular Mobile Communication System
3005:(graphite transmitter)—Thomas Edison
2845:A Capsule History of the Bell System
2210:from the original on 7 November 2022
1435:and various social media platforms.
1002:Digital telephones and voice over IP
75:adding citations to reliable sources
1944:: 858–859 – via Project MUSE.
1571:Index of telephone-related articles
2897:Virtual museum of early telephones
2859:Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data
2801:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
2794:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
2754:Telephone: The first hundred years
2588:from the original on 8 August 2022
1790:The Early History of Data Networks
1770:from the original on July 31, 2018
25:
3069:)—Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola)
2475:Freudenrich, Craig (2000-12-11).
2448:Federal Communications Commission
2240:IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
979:sound-powered emergency telephone
336:public switched telephone network
4148:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4117:
3738:Free-space optical communication
2808:(Univ of California Press, 1994)
1778:– via www.theguardian.com.
1529:
1324:mobile phone versions of Windows
1203:The cordless handset contains a
1089:(VoIP). VoIP has proven to be a
985:
970:
962:Video shows the operation of an
948:
928:
913:
827:, one for the bell, one for the
180:, colloquially referred to as a
51:
2780:Casson, Herbert Newton. (1910)
2731:from the original on 2023-01-12
2702:from the original on 2023-01-13
2652:from the original on 2017-11-20
2622:from the original on 2024-09-16
2559:from the original on 2022-10-05
2547:Galazzo, Richard (2022-01-24).
2529:from the original on 2022-11-05
2487:from the original on 2022-08-08
2454:from the original on 2022-08-11
2425:from the original on 2022-08-08
2372:from the original on 2021-12-04
2317:from the original on 2022-08-30
2288:from the original on 2022-08-28
2169:from the original on 2023-03-06
2114:from the original on 2024-01-14
1981:from the original on 2017-10-18
1758:Carroll, Rory (June 17, 2002).
1705:from the original on 2020-10-18
1674:from the original on 2020-10-27
1668:"Etymology of the word "phone""
1511:networks, are not available.
679:14 February 1876: Gray files a
557:For a chronological guide, see
62:needs additional citations for
2872:New International Encyclopedia
2815:Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press.
2477:"How Cordless Telephones Work"
1402:or a wired interface, such as
870:hum from nearby AC power wires
494:voice transmission over a wire
168:push button telephone made by
1:
3055:—Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs)
2189:, Porticus Telephone website.
1819:– via Internet Archive.
553:Timeline of early development
4210:Telecommunications equipment
4124:Telecommunication portal
3905:Telecommunications equipment
2811:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003).
2782:The history of the telephone
2766:. Cornell University Press.
2690:ruge.axessnet (2018-08-28).
1591:Multimedia messaging service
1304:multimedia messaging service
1252:An SMS message written on a
1087:voice over Internet Protocol
1046:electronic switching systems
718:Early commercial instruments
243:
224:
172:, model 2500 DMG black, 1980
3641:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2909:"Now You're Talking (1927)"
2797:Evenson, A. Edward (2000).
1724:"United States Coast Guard
845:barbed wire telephone lines
538:, and eventually networks.
4241:
3345:Telecommunications history
2804:Fischer, Claude S. (1994)
2187:Circuit Diagram, Model 102
2005:. Bloomsbury. p. 46.
1455:
1368:
1265:cellular telephone network
1218:
1143:
1134:emergency telephone number
1056:gradually evolved towards
1005:
595:1896 telephone from Sweden
556:
368:Invention of the telephone
365:
359:
237:
213:
40:Telephone (disambiguation)
29:
4112:
3953:Public Switched Telephone
3765:telecommunication circuit
3726:Fiber-optic communication
3471:Francis Blake (telephone)
3266:Optical telecommunication
2961:"Far Speaking (ca. 1935)"
2842:Todd, Kenneth P. (1998),
2837:Telecommunications Policy
2760:Bruce, Robert V. (1990).
2282:www.electronics-notes.com
1792:, pp. 90-91, Wiley, 1995
559:Timeline of the telephone
458:
204:that are transmitted via
27:Telecommunications device
3864:Orbital angular-momentum
3301:Satellite communications
3140:Communications satellite
1388:graphical user interface
1278:which stores the user's
1270:Mobile phones require a
1118:analog telephone adapter
362:History of the telephone
4225:19th-century inventions
3743:Molecular communication
3566:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3395:Undersea telegraph line
3130:Cable protection system
2889:Encyclopædia Britannica
1889:Encyclopædia Britannica
1632:Telephone jack and plug
1586:Mobile operating system
1551:Bell Telephone Memorial
1482:instead of terrestrial
1042:MOS integrated circuits
541:In the United Kingdom,
291:) to speak into and an
3885:Communication protocol
3671:Charles Sumner Tainter
3486:Walter Houser Brattain
3431:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3239:Information revolution
3063:Radio Telephone System
2922:"Communication (1928)"
2725:Satellite Phone Review
2483:. InfoSpace Holdings.
2444:"VoIP and 911 Service"
2057:. McFarland. pp.
1938:Technology and Culture
1903:Brown, Travis (1994).
1597:Party line (telephony)
1474:by radio link through
1467:
1383:
1256:
1245:
1237:
1155:
1038:stored program control
1029:
1021:
902:push-button telephones
608:
596:
588:
580:
572:
405:
397:
381:
173:
158:
36:Phone (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3859:Polarization-division
3591:Narinder Singh Kapany
3556:Erna Schneider Hoover
3476:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3456:Alexander Graham Bell
3187:online video platform
2752:Brooks, John (1976).
2523:10.1145/355146.355149
2339:MSNBC. Archived from
2313:. 18 September 2006.
1465:
1381:landscape orientation
1378:
1251:
1243:
1228:
1153:
1091:disruptive technology
1050:pulse-code modulation
1032:The invention of the
1027:
1019:
996:, called a cell phone
688:Alexander Graham Bell
649:telephones from Bell.
602:
594:
586:
578:
567:
510:Alexander Graham Bell
403:
387:
379:
366:Further information:
262:Alexander Graham Bell
164:
152:
3701:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3661:Almon Brown Strowger
3631:Charles Grafton Page
3286:Prepaid mobile phone
3214:Electrical telegraph
2839:17.5 (1993): 352–69.
2828:MacDougall, Robert.
2366:Research and Markets
2242:. pp. 105–110.
2206:. 18 November 2019.
1499:, and low-bandwidth
1205:rechargeable battery
908:(AT&T) in 1963.
811:(keeping the phone "
253:), together meaning
71:improve this article
4200:Scottish inventions
4185:Canadian inventions
4180:American inventions
3651:Johann Philipp Reis
3410:Wireless revolution
3372:The Telephone Cases
3229:Hydraulic telegraph
2993:Electric Telegraphy
2902:The Telephone, 1877
2790:Coe, Lewis (1995).
2618:. Authority Media.
2582:Mordor Intelligence
2343:on January 18, 2005
2335:Sheridan, Barrett.
2163:The Palm Beach Post
2051:Coe, Lewis (2006).
1999:Rick Jolly (2018).
1842:Coe, Lewis (1995).
1698:Library of Congress
1140:Cordless telephones
898:model 500 telephone
878:long-distance calls
634:Johann Philipp Reis
536:telephone exchanges
506:Johann Philipp Reis
440:Johann Philipp Reis
4175:1876 introductions
3849:Frequency-division
3826:Telephone exchange
3696:Charles Wheatstone
3626:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3601:Innocenzo Manzetti
3536:Reginald Fessenden
3271:Optical telegraphy
3104:Telecommunications
3013:Speaking Telephone
3003:Speaking Telegraph
2676:2016-03-03 at the
2610:Wankhede, Calvin.
1561:Cordless telephone
1468:
1439:Mobile phone usage
1384:
1276:integrated circuit
1257:
1246:
1238:
1209:electricity supply
1166:portable telephone
1161:cordless telephone
1156:
1146:Cordless telephone
1030:
1022:
874:four-wire circuits
740:impedance matching
732:carbon transmitter
686:14 February 1876:
652:28 December 1871:
646:La Feuille d'Aoste
614:Innocenzo Manzetti
609:
597:
589:
581:
573:
465:, "far" and φωνή,
406:
398:
382:
309:electrical signals
235:'far' and
200:, into electronic
186:telecommunications
174:
159:
18:Telephone receiver
4195:German inventions
4162:
4161:
3900:Store and forward
3895:Data transmission
3809:Network switching
3760:Transmission line
3606:Guglielmo Marconi
3571:Internet pioneers
3436:Mohamed M. Atalla
3405:Whistled language
2883:"Telephone"
2866:"Telephone"
2773:978-0-8014-9691-2
2616:Android Authority
1975:"Puskás, Tivadar"
1922:978-0-8108-2898-8
1879:"Telephone"
1859:978-0-7864-2609-6
1637:Telephone tapping
1566:Harvard sentences
1537:Telephones portal
1472:telephone network
1079:computer networks
1058:digital telephony
1008:Digital telephony
957:
937:Minalin, Pampanga
921:Ericsson DBH 1001
632:26 October 1861:
418:optical telegraph
234:
222:
147:
146:
139:
121:
16:(Redirected from
4232:
4205:Office equipment
4152:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4120:
3993:Notable networks
3983:Wireless network
3923:Cellular network
3915:Types of network
3890:Computer network
3777:Network topology
3691:Thomas A. Watson
3546:Oliver Heaviside
3531:Philo Farnsworth
3506:Daniel Davis Jr.
3481:Charles Bourseul
3441:John Logie Baird
3150:Data compression
3145:Computer network
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3023:Carbon Telephone
2980:
2977:pdfpiw.uspto.gov
2966:Internet Archive
2953:Internet Archive
2940:Internet Archive
2927:Internet Archive
2914:Internet Archive
2893:
2885:
2876:
2868:
2819:John, Richard R.
2777:
2756:. HarperCollins.
2740:
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2737:
2736:
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2711:
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2707:
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2401:
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2378:
2377:
2368:. October 2021.
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2332:
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2325:
2323:
2322:
2311:Orlando Sentinel
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2252:. Archived from
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2157:DiPirro, Peggy.
2154:
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2042:
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2017:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:. Omikk.bme.hu.
1971:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1933:
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1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1733:. Archived from
1732:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1627:Telephone keypad
1556:Cellular network
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1452:Satellite phones
1308:operating system
1254:Motorola RAZR V3
1231:Motorola 8900X-2
989:
974:
959:
958:
932:
917:
724:water microphone
644:22 August 1865,
621:Charles Bourseul
619:26 August 1854:
569:Reis's telephone
498:Charles Bourseul
460:
324:telephone number
248:
240:
239:
229:
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170:Western Electric
142:
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79:
55:
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21:
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4220:Home appliances
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4116:
4108:
4050:
3987:
3909:
3873:
3830:
3779:
3771:
3712:
3705:
3611:Robert Metcalfe
3466:Tim Berners-Lee
3414:
3234:Information Age
3106:
3101:
3045:—G. H. Sweigert
2971:
2958:The short film
2945:The short film
2932:The short film
2919:The short film
2906:The short film
2879:
2863:
2855:
2774:
2759:
2749:
2747:Further reading
2744:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2678:Wayback Machine
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2640:
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2031:Merriam-Webster
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1612:Satellite phone
1535:
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1458:Satellite phone
1454:
1441:
1373:
1367:
1223:
1217:
1190:audio amplifier
1186:
1178:radio frequency
1148:
1142:
1014:
1006:Main articles:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
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960:
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918:
823:, one for each
817:Strowger switch
720:
708:27 April 1877:
562:
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388:Replica of the
374:
364:
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4018:
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3997:
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3875:
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3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:Space-division
3840:
3838:
3832:
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3829:
3828:
3823:
3822:
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3816:
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3723:
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3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Camille Tissot
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Claude Shannon
3653:
3648:
3646:Tivadar Puskás
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Antonio Meucci
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Charles K. Kao
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Harold Hopkins
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Emile Berliner
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
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3407:
3402:
3400:Videotelephony
3397:
3392:
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3390:
3385:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3296:Radiotelephone
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Internet video
3174:
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3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
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3132:
3127:
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2969:
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2917:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2877:
2861:
2854:
2853:External links
2851:
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2772:
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2712:
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2599:
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2464:
2450:. 2011-05-26.
2435:
2421:. 2011-09-15.
2406:
2382:
2353:
2327:
2298:
2269:
2248:
2221:
2191:
2179:
2149:
2133:"Ringer Boxes"
2124:
2099:
2092:
2074:
2067:
2043:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1921:
1895:
1884:Chisholm, Hugh
1865:
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1609:
1607:Radiotelephone
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1521:
1497:text messaging
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1425:accelerometers
1369:Main article:
1366:
1363:
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1185:
1182:
1168:consists of a
1144:Main article:
1141:
1138:
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1000:
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984:
982:
976:
969:
967:
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919:
912:
736:induction coil
719:
716:
715:
714:
706:
703:
699:
695:
692:
684:
677:
674:
671:
668:
654:Antonio Meucci
650:
642:
638:Reis telephone
630:
626:L'Illustration
617:
554:
551:
532:Tivadar Puskás
502:Antonio Meucci
444:Reis telephone
394:Antonio Meucci
392:, invented by
360:Main article:
357:
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145:
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59:
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26:
24:
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3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3869:Code-division
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Time-division
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
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3812:
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3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:and switching
3778:
3774:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3731:optical fiber
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Coaxial cable
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
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3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Radia Perlman
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
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3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Lee de Forest
3524:
3522:
3521:Thomas Edison
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Donald Davies
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Claude Chappe
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
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3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
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3380:
3379:
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3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Smoke signals
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:Semiconductor
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
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3257:
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3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
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3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:Digital media
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
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3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
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3141:
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3128:
3126:
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2750:
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2716:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2646:sites.psu.edu
2643:
2637:
2634:
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2600:
2587:
2583:
2579:
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2570:
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2543:
2540:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2481:HowStuffWorks
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
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2363:
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2331:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2259:on 2021-09-30
2255:
2251:
2249:9788793609860
2245:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2139:on 2001-10-12
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2093:9780520051607
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2068:9780786426096
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2028:
2027:"on the horn"
2022:
2019:
2014:
2012:9781472834140
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
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1814:
1813:
1806:
1803:
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1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1740:on 2018-05-14
1736:
1729:
1728:, 1979, p. 1"
1727:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1699:
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1660:
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1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Phone hacking
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
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1538:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:voice calling
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:orbiting the
1477:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:mobile phones
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:GPS receivers
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:video calling
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
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1348:
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1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:BlackBerry OS
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:iPhone 6 Plus
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:Mobile phones
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
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1111:
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1080:
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1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1012:Voice over IP
1009:
1001:
995:
988:
983:
980:
973:
968:
965:
946:
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871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:telegraph key
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
780:
779:San Francisco
776:
775:New York City
772:
771:Western Union
768:
763:
761:
757:
756:ground return
752:
749:
748:outside plant
744:
741:
738:which was an
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
711:
710:Thomas Edison
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
681:patent caveat
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:patent caveat
655:
651:
647:
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639:
635:
631:
628:
627:
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618:
615:
611:
610:
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601:
593:
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570:
566:
560:
552:
550:
548:
547:speaking tube
544:
539:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:master patent
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
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483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
456:
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437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Claude Chappe
419:
415:
411:
402:
395:
391:
386:
378:
373:
369:
363:
356:Early history
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
340:mobile phones
337:
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316:
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255:distant voice
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210:Ancient Greek
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91:
88: –
87:
83:
82:Find sources:
76:
72:
66:
65:
60:This article
58:
54:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3836:Multiplexing
3711:Transmission
3676:Nikola Tesla
3666:Henry Sutton
3621:Samuel Morse
3551:Robert Hooke
3516:Amos Dolbear
3451:John Bardeen
3370:
3350:Telautograph
3254:Mobile phone
3209:Edholm's law
3192:social media
3125:Broadcasting
3062:
3059:US 3,906,166
3052:
3049:US 3,663,762
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1662:
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1330:and Apple's
1284:
1269:
1261:mobile phone
1258:
1233:to the 2014
1221:Mobile phone
1202:
1194:speakerphone
1187:
1184:Base station
1170:base station
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994:mobile phone
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466:
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390:telettrofono
389:
344:
332:switchboards
328:
319:
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244:
190:conversation
181:
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64:verification
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4036:NPL network
3748:Radio waves
3686:Alfred Vail
3596:Hedy Lamarr
3581:Dawon Kahng
3541:Elisha Gray
3501:Yogen Dalal
3426:Nasir Ahmed
3360:Teleprinter
3224:Heliographs
2395:getvoip.com
1546:Bell System
1365:Smartphones
1136:is called.
1098:South Korea
1074:services.
941:Philippines
893:rotary dial
852:candlestick
829:push-button
702:distinctly.
571:around 1861
514:Elisha Gray
313:loudspeaker
305:sound waves
289:transmitter
198:human voice
155:rotary dial
86:"Telephone"
4169:Categories
4082:Antarctica
4041:Toasternet
3963:Television
3446:Paul Baran
3378:Television
3362:(teletype)
3355:Telegraphy
3333:transistor
3311:Phryctoria
3281:Photophone
3259:Smartphone
3249:Mass media
3067:cell phone
3029:US 485,311
3019:US 222,390
3009:US 203,016
2999:US 474,230
2989:US 186,787
2983:Telegraphy
2735:2023-01-12
2706:2023-01-13
2656:2017-11-16
2563:2022-10-07
2533:2022-10-31
2491:2022-08-07
2458:2022-08-25
2429:2022-08-25
2419:VoipReview
2400:2022-08-25
2376:2021-12-04
2347:2010-05-23
2321:2022-08-25
2292:2022-08-28
2263:2019-11-29
2173:2022-08-25
2143:2010-05-23
2118:2024-01-14
1985:2010-05-23
1798:0818667826
1774:August 24,
1744:2018-05-13
1709:2020-10-14
1678:2020-10-15
1654:References
1647:Videophone
1576:Jipp curve
1517:dependable
1488:cellphones
1484:cell sites
1476:satellites
1371:Smartphone
1296:smartphone
1110:businesses
1034:transistor
856:ringer box
833:bell boxes
797:ringer box
785:Signalling
767:subscriber
760:telegraphs
543:the blower
488:, and the
486:light bulb
482:television
474:inventions
426:megaphones
350:smartphone
285:microphone
278:households
274:government
97:newspapers
32:Smartphone
4215:Telephony
4066:Americas
4055:Locations
4026:Internet2
3787:Bandwidth
3491:Vint Cerf
3388:streaming
3366:Telephone
3306:Semaphore
3197:streaming
3065:(DynaTAC
3033:Telephone
2214:25 August
2036:25 August
1956:US 174465
1408:Lightning
1400:Bluetooth
1394:on Apple
1198:caller ID
1126:softphone
1106:consumers
1054:telephony
801:capacitor
793:whistling
691:current".
607:generator
451:telephone
449:The term
434:air horns
430:telephone
410:telephone
276:, and in
260:In 1876,
219:romanized
178:telephone
157:telephone
127:July 2019
4134:Category
4021:Internet
4011:CYCLADES
3928:Ethernet
3878:Concepts
3802:terminal
3753:wireless
3576:Bob Kahn
3419:Pioneers
3244:Internet
3135:Cable TV
2821:(2010).
2729:Archived
2700:Archived
2696:axessnet
2674:Archived
2650:Archived
2620:Archived
2592:8 August
2586:Archived
2584:. 2022.
2557:Archived
2527:Archived
2485:Archived
2452:Archived
2423:Archived
2370:Archived
2315:Archived
2286:Archived
2208:Archived
2167:Archived
2112:Archived
1979:Archived
1768:Archived
1703:Archived
1672:Archived
1622:Spamming
1617:SIM card
1523:See also
1509:cellular
1505:landline
1501:Internet
1433:iMessage
1347:Ericsson
1343:Motorola
1272:SIM card
1174:handsets
1122:IP Phone
1102:Newsweek
1083:Internet
1081:and the
964:Ericofon
885:202-type
789:operator
661:No. 3335
641:salad").
490:computer
476:such as
414:telephon
297:receiver
293:earphone
270:business
166:AT&T
4154:Commons
4144:Outline
4097:Oceania
4016:FidoNet
4001:ARPANET
3814:circuit
3383:digital
3112:History
2875:. 1905.
1886:(ed.).
1421:compass
1396:iPhones
1355:Samsung
1328:Android
1316:Palm OS
1312:Symbian
1052:(PCM),
977:Modern
863:handset
840:magneto
813:on hook
728:dynamic
698:sound."
605:magneto
301:handset
233:
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202:signals
184:, is a
153:An old
111:scholar
4092:Europe
4062:Africa
4046:Usenet
4006:BITNET
3943:Mobile
3819:packet
3328:MOSFET
3323:device
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4070:North
4031:JANET
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3291:Radio
3276:Pager
3204:Drums
3170:video
3165:image
3155:audio
2553:CENGN
2257:(PDF)
2236:(PDF)
2059:16–24
1882:. In
1738:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1593:(MMS)
1486:, as
1480:Earth
1351:Apple
1339:Nokia
1068:video
791:, by
713:1879.
478:radio
467:phōnē
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245:phōnē
194:sound
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3973:UUCP
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2768:ISBN
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2594:2022
2244:ISBN
2216:2022
2088:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2038:2021
2007:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1776:2018
1507:and
1427:and
1412:apps
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