283:), despite periodic predictions of a forthcoming boom in the industry. Aside from more intangible factors (such as physicians' and pharmacists' personal uneasiness with the lack of physical interaction with patients), the major obstacles to telepharmacy implementation appear to have been the lack of clear legal regulations for telepharmacy, and the lack of network and software systems to manage (and secure) all of the data used in a professional pharmacy. As of 2010, many of the telepharmacy facilities in active operation were operating as pilot programs or under temporary waivers issued by state regulators because many states still had no clear legal framework for the regulation of remote pharmaceutical sites without pharmacists. Even in states that had regulated retail telepharmacy practices, regulations were often not in place to permit the implementation of telepharmacy in hospital settings. For some pharmacy facilities that might otherwise consider telepharmacy, the cost and complexity of the infrastructure needed to manage patient data across multiple sites can be prohibitive. In addition to the computer hardware required for patient data storage, distribution and teleconferencing, telepharmacy programs must deploy network security tools and procedures adequate to
20:
316:, Canada, in 2007. After a patient inserts a prescription into the dispensing machine, the prescription is scanned and the patient is connected by telephone videoconference to a pharmacist at a remote site. The pharmacist reviews the prescription, discusses the patient's medication history, and authorizes the machine to dispense medication to the patient. The machines proved successful, with one assessment revealing that 96% of patients using them had their prescription filled in under five minutes. As of 2009, a hospital in
198:. A 2004 study of the program found that telepharmacy delivered the same quality of pharmacy services as traditional facilities, and a study of the operation of one North Dakota telepharmacy business from 2002 through 2004 found that, while medication inventory turnover was lower than the industry average, the remote sites were able to be operated profitably. The success and expansion of this program were an inspiration and model for programs and laws in other states.
308:, in June 2003 in order to assist a hospital in a nearby town that was unable to hire a pharmacist. To meet the need for service, a hospital pharmacist in Cranbrook began using telepharmacy technology to oversee pharmacy technicians at the other hospital. A similar service was subsequently extended to other small hospitals in the province; it is also used to provide coverage when a hospital's sole pharmacist is absent due to illness or vacation.
2588:
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320:, Canada, was using telepharmacy services in addition to retaining a pharmacist at the hospital; the telepharmacist reviews medication orders, while the on-site pharmacist works with patients and oversees medication safety in the facility. Thus telepharmacy support allows the on-site pharmacist to focus on the more sensitive and nuanced tasks for which physical presence is most helpful.
2071:
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99:
to professional pharmacy care that could not be received locally, which can lower costs and improve patient safety through better patient counseling, drug administration monitoring, and compliance monitoring. Sharing of pharmacists between sites can also decrease costs in existing facilities, which might no longer need to employ a full-time pharmacist.
98:
A primary appeal of telepharmacy is its potential to expand access to pharmacy care in smaller rural communities, some of which cannot support a full-time pharmacist or cannot easily recruit a pharmacist to reside in their region. Telepharmacy can potentially give patients in remote locations access
113:
One concern is whether medication adherence is affected by the use of telepharmacy. One retrospective cohort study that examined the dispensing records of a low-income
Chicago neighborhood showed that medication adherence was lower among users of telepharmacy than users of a traditional pharmacy in
189:
In 2001, North Dakota became the first U.S. state to pass regulations allowing retail pharmacies to operate without requiring a pharmacist to be physically present. The next year, state agencies and grants established the North Dakota
Telepharmacy Project, which now supports more than fifty remote
161:
Another application of telepharmacy in
Queensland has been the provision of pharmaceutical reviews in rural hospitals that lack on-staff pharmacists. Although broader use of telepharmacy could help alleviate a shortage of pharmacists, Australia has lagged the United States in its implementation of
236:
gave the program its 2006 Award for
Excellence in Medication-Use Safety, concluding that the use of telepharmacy had improved access to pharmaceutical care and enabled pharmacists to monitor medication safety and encourage medication adherence, as well as making pharmacy care more cost-effective.
383:
to use videoconferencing to allow patients at outlets without full-time pharmacists to consult with pharmacists at other sites. In
Malaysia, a health startup called Esyms provides a telepharmacy service that has a live chat and video feature which allows you to speak to a licensed pharmacist.
266:
offices found that telepharmacy in rural medical facilities varied in prevalence across the United States but was still not widespread, and that many states had not yet clearly defined regulations for telepharmacy in hospitals. Adoption and implementation of telepharmacy methods has been slow
254:
passed a
Telehealth Advancement Act in 2011 to update the state's legal definitions of telehealth, simplify approval processes for telehealth services, and broaden the range of medical services that may be provided via telehealth. The law establishes legal parity between the direct and remote
291:
and other patient privacy regulations. In 2010 the North Dakota
Telepharmacy Project estimated that the computer hardware needed for a typical retail installation costs US$ 17,300 per site, with an additional cost of US$ 5,000 to buy a mobile cart for a hospital installation.
86:
of medications by automated packaging and labeling systems can also be thought of as an instance of telepharmacy. Telepharmacy services can be delivered at retail pharmacy sites or through hospitals, nursing homes, or other medical care facilities.
209:, started a telepharmacy program in 2001. The program delivers remote medication dispensing and health counseling to patients at six urban and rural clinics; remote site personnel are connected to pharmacists at the base site by
106:: potentially decreased human interaction between medical professionals and patients, an increased risk of error when medical services are delivered in the absence of a registered professional, and an increased risk that
178:, led to a decline in the number of independent pharmacies in rural areas. In response to the need for alternative means of delivering pharmacy in services in rural communities lacking a full-time pharmacist, several
248:
in
Florida and Naval Hospital Bremerton in Washington, in 2010 the Navy expanded it to more sites throughout the world. This program represents the largest implementation of telepharmacy to date.
90:
The term can also refer to the use of videoconferencing in pharmacy for other purposes, such as providing education, training, and management services to pharmacists and pharmacy staff remotely.
259:'s first telepharmacy opened in September 2012 after receiving a three-year waiver from the Iowa Board of Pharmacy that allows the facility to operate without a pharmacist on-site.
114:
some but not all drug classes examined. More research is needed to see whether the usage of telepharmacies coupled with other interventions could improve medication adherence.
2698:
549:
Guadamuz, Jenny S.; McCormick, Carter D.; Choi, Sun; Urick, Ben; Alexander, G. Caleb; Qato, Dima Mazen (2020-11-24). "Telepharmacy and medication adherence in urban areas".
2858:
146:
recorded 21,470 telehealth consultations, of which 13.7% resulted in administration of a medication from a medical chest. The medication types administered most often are
213:. A survey found that most patients at the remote sites strongly agreed or agreed that they would have had difficulty affording their medications without this program.
158:. This system improves access to both emergency and routine medical care in remote parts of Australia and reduces the need for patients to travel to seek medical care.
122:
The implementation of telepharmacy varies by region and jurisdiction. Factors including geography, laws and regulations, and economics influence its implementation.
2756:
468:"Do remote community telepharmacies have higher medication error rates than traditional community pharmacies? Evidence from the North Dakota Telepharmacy Project"
2624:
2547:
800:
Khan, Shamima; Snyder, Herbert W.; Rathke, Ann M.; Scott, David M.; Peterson, Charles D. (April 2008). "Is there a successful business case for telepharmacy?".
233:
162:
telepharmacy, partly because doctors, nurses, and other health care workers provide pharmacy services in rural and remote areas where there are no pharmacists.
332:
beginning in 2010. In 2013, Maxor
National Pharmacy Services, a U.S. company, reported that its remote dispensing machines for medication were being used in
901:
1580:
19:
1921:
138:
since 1942. Medical chests containing medications and equipment are placed in remote communities where they can be administered to patients during a
190:
retail and hospital pharmacy sites throughout North Dakota. In this program, a licensed pharmacist at a central site communicates with remote site
1520:
2187:
2472:
2413:
2127:
600:
Margolis, S. A.; Ypinazar, V. A. (2008). "Tele-pharmacy in remote medical practice: the Royal Flying Doctor
Service Medical Chest Program".
1820:
2909:
718:
244:
Bureau of Medicine operates a large-scale telepharmacy program for the use of service personnel. After piloting the program in 2006 at
2776:
2375:
1956:
1298:
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After their success in Canada, remote medication dispensing machines were scheduled to be tested at several hospital locations in the
2784:
2617:
809:
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531:
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479:
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232:
populations, established a telepharmacy program in 2003 to improve its pharmaceutical services in rural native settlements. The
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2542:
304:
began as a response to a nationwide shortage of pharmacists. Canada's first telepharmacy service was started by a hospital in
2283:
1946:
1380:
2520:
2505:
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1205:
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states with extensive rural areas have led much of the development of policy and implementation methods for telepharmacy.
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107:
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1771:
1693:
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862:"Provision of Pharmacy Services to Underserved Populations Via Remote Dispensing and Two-Way Videoconferencing"
840:
628:
442:
245:
202:
179:
2652:
2463:
1751:
1725:
697:"The Experience of Sole Community Rural Independent Pharmacies with Medicare Part D: Reports from the Field"
654:
510:
170:
Implementation of telepharmacy in the United States began in the 2000s. A combination of factors, including
762:
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466:
Friesner, Daniel L.; Scott, David M.; Rathke, Ann M.; Peterson, Charles D.; Anderson, Howard C. (2011).
763:"The North Dakota Telepharmacy Project: Restoring and retaining pharmacy services in rural communities"
655:"Telepharmacy—Enabling Technology to Provide Quality Pharmacy Services in Rural and Remote Communities"
860:
Clifton, G. Dennis; Byer, Heather; Heaton, Kristi; Haberman, Deborah J.; Gill, Harbir (Dec 15, 2003).
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2014:
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24:
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Radford, Andrea; Slifkin, Rebecca; Fraser, Roslyn; Mason, Michelle; Mueller, Keith (November 2006).
515:
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2019:
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1016:
Casey, Michelle M.; Sorensen, Todd D.; Elias, Walter; Knudson, Alana; Gregg, Walter (1 July 2010).
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The potential costs of telepharmacy are broadly the same as those associated with all forms of
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1076:"Implementation of Telepharmacy in Rural Hospitals: Potential for Improving Medication Safety"
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consultation. Some 3,500 chests were distributed around Australia as of 2006. In one year,
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2004:
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1018:"Current practices and state regulations regarding telepharmacy in rural hospitals"
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monitoring, patient counseling, prior authorization and refill authorization for
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1808:
1705:
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1535:
1353:
1258:"Competitors, So What? This Pharmacy Delivery Startup Has A Plan To One-Up Them"
276:
1951:
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may be compromised through electronic information storage and transmission.
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427:
817:
2269:
2223:
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1530:
1307:
1074:
Casey, Michelle M.; Elias, Walter; Knudson, Alana; Gregg, Walter (2008).
719:"Independently owned pharmacy closures in rural America, 2003–2010"
376:
59:
1125:(2). Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. January 2006.
2818:
2751:
2433:
2329:
2218:
2009:
1469:
1437:
1330:
1033:
940:
402:"Telemedicine and Telepharmacy: Current Status and Future Implications"
349:
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to patients in locations where they may not have direct contact with a
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301:
225:
739:
365:
361:
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288:
18:
353:
341:
256:
2606:
2109:
1280:
443:"Telepharmacy Increases the Safety of Chemotherapy Preparation"
2105:
511:"Telepharmacy? A Promising Alternative for Rural Communities"
1276:
717:
Boyle, Kaitlin; Ullrich, Fred; Mueller, Keith (June 2011).
267:
compared to the spread of the basic technologies involved (
201:
The Community Health Association of Spokane, a network of
1204:
Maxor National Pharmacy Services Corp. (April 25, 2013).
1140:"Remote dispensing machines to be tested in UK hospitals"
1224:"Tele-Pharmacy on Show at Mannings Stores in Hong Kong"
761:
Peterson, Charles D.; Anderson, Howard C. Jr (2004).
2902:
2808:
2775:
2712:
2699:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
2669:
2640:
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2452:
2399:
2363:
2307:
2252:
2206:
1967:
1905:
1666:
1594:
1549:
1458:
1329:
1314:
172:changes in Medicare reimbursement for medications
1119:"Virtual pharmacists provide long-distance care"
965:. Center for Connected Health Policy, California
728:. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis.
706:. RUPRI Center for Rural Health Policy Analysis.
1057:"What's holding up the telemedicine explosion?"
653:Kimber, Michael B; Peterson, Gregory M (2006).
551:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
472:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
54:. It is an instance of the wider phenomenon of
2757:Participative decision-making in organizations
1105:North Dakota Pharmacist Association Convention
1098:"North Dakota Telepharmacy Project: An Update"
2618:
2121:
1292:
1085:. Upper Midwest Rural Health Research Center.
841:"Telepharmacy project expands across country"
262:A 2010 study of the various American states'
234:American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
8:
532:"Tele-Pharmacy Advantages and Disadvantages"
312:machines for medication began operation in
2625:
2611:
2603:
2128:
2114:
2106:
1581:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1326:
1299:
1285:
1277:
1165:"Ross Memorial Hospital, Lindsay, Ontario"
1022:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
986:"Telepharmacy could save rural Iowa sites"
929:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
866:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
406:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
130:A form of telepharmacy has been in use by
1922:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1231:Thistle: The Magazine of Jardine Matheson
1180:
1011:
1009:
877:
662:Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research
417:
1147:The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
636:The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
1134:
1132:
740:"The North Dakota Telepharmacy Project"
629:"Telepharmacy — opportunity or threat?"
392:
1206:"Maxor expands Puerto Rico operations"
2785:Health information on Knowledge (XXG)
2473:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
1169:Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
7:
2060:
1821:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2070:
1055:Davis, Stephania H. (1 June 1998).
984:Miller, Vanessa (18 October 2012).
925:"Navy takes Telepharmacy Worldwide"
839:Kolpack, Dave (12 September 2008).
509:Sherman, Justin (1 February 2007).
285:protect patient medical information
228:, providing telehealth services to
27:electronically; remote delivery of
2777:Health information on the Internet
2548:reform debate in the United States
1957:Medical Scientist Training Program
1175:(5): 424. September–October 2009.
674:10.1002/j.2055-2335.2006.tb00588.x
627:Davies, James (July–August 2010).
16:Pharmacy care by telecommunication
14:
2575:(Category Health care by country)
810:American Telemedicine Association
802:Telemedicine Journal and e-Health
58:, as implemented in the field of
2587:
2586:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2050:
2049:
1096:Rathke, Ann (23–25 April 2010).
480:American Pharmacists Association
62:. Telepharmacy services include
2910:Open-source healthcare software
2090:
742:. North Dakota State University
379:drugstores became the first in
2284:Academic health science centre
1947:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1381:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
923:Traynor, Kate (15 July 2010).
767:Journal of Pharmacy Technology
1:
2521:Health information management
2506:health information technology
2244:Health information management
530:Riley, Shawn (12 July 2010).
2496:Translational bioinformatics
1927:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1694:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1256:Chai, Jesslyn (2020-03-20).
1153:: 203–204. July–August 2010.
1107:. Minot, North Dakota: NDTP.
963:"Telehealth Advancement Act"
300:Adoption of telepharmacy in
218:Alaska Native Medical Center
156:gastrointestinal medications
108:protected health information
2727:Doctor–patient relationship
2634:Telemedicine and telehealth
2526:Consumer health informatics
400:Angaran, DM (15 Jul 1999).
306:Cranbrook, British Columbia
255:delivery of pharmacy care.
136:Royal Flying Doctor Service
74:compliance with the aid of
23:Pharmacy personnel deliver
2967:
2762:Patient Activation Measure
779:10.1177/875512250402000107
563:10.1016/j.japh.2020.10.017
441:Staff (19 November 2007).
2834:Remote patient monitoring
2582:
2516:Public health informatics
2429:Electronic health records
2299:Supervised injection site
2239:Allied health professions
2143:
2045:
176:recession of 2007–8
2790:Online patient education
2694:Electronic health record
1881:Transplantation medicine
1772:Clinical neurophysiology
1689:Obstetric anesthesiology
1609:Interventional radiology
1369:Digestive system surgery
1123:Health Technology Update
902:"2006 Awards Recipients"
488:10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10115
246:Naval Hospital Pensacola
203:community health centers
2464:Medical image computing
2414:Artificial intelligence
1752:Intensive care medicine
1726:Mass gathering medicine
1571:Maternal–fetal medicine
879:10.1093/ajhp/60.24.2577
419:10.1093/ajhp/56.14.1405
273:audio/video compression
2915:Patient opinion leader
2767:Shared decision-making
2704:Personal health record
2501:Translational medicine
1344:Cardiothoracic surgery
94:Benefits and drawbacks
36:
2747:Knowledge translation
2714:Patient participation
2490:Computational biology
2391:Universal precautions
1995:Personalized medicine
1854:Reproductive medicine
1779:Occupational medicine
1733:Evolutionary medicine
818:10.1089/tmj.2007.0045
194:and patients through
25:medical prescriptions
22:
2920:Research participant
2484:Behavior informatics
2015:Traditional medicine
1975:Alternative medicine
1842:Addiction psychiatry
1656:Transfusion medicine
1651:Medical microbiology
1566:Gynecologic oncology
1418:Reproductive surgery
994:. Cedar Rapids, Iowa
704:Policy Paper P2006-3
192:pharmacy technicians
70:, and monitoring of
2641:Background concepts
2468:imaging informatics
2376:Cultural competence
2037:History of medicine
2020:Veterinary medicine
1827:Preventive medicine
1679:Adolescent medicine
1521:Infectious diseases
1210:Amarillo Globe-News
602:Rural Remote Health
287:in compliance with
207:Spokane, Washington
44:pharmaceutical care
42:is the delivery of
2894:Telerehabilitation
2648:Health informatics
2454:Health informatics
2229:Healthcare science
1985:Molecular oncology
1942:Doctor of Medicine
1932:Master of Medicine
1849:Radiation oncology
1721:Emergency medicine
1674:Addiction medicine
1641:Clinical chemistry
1636:Clinical pathology
1428:Transplant surgery
1386:Orthopedic surgery
1364:Colorectal surgery
1034:10.2146/ajhp090531
941:10.2146/news100051
726:Rural Policy Brief
68:prescription drugs
48:telecommunications
37:
29:prescription drugs
2933:
2932:
2869:Teleophthalmology
2859:Telemental health
2844:Tele-epidemiology
2689:De-identification
2661:Telecommunication
2600:
2599:
2364:Skills / training
2288:Teaching hospital
2103:
2102:
1937:Master of Surgery
1901:
1900:
1886:Tropical medicine
1832:Prison healthcare
1747:Hospital medicine
1711:Disaster medicine
1701:Aviation medicine
1516:Hospital medicine
1423:Surgical oncology
1408:Pediatric surgery
1402:
1349:Endocrine surgery
1028:(13): 1085–1092.
935:(14): 1134–1136.
904:. ASHP Foundation
872:(24): 2577–2582.
412:(14): 1405–1426.
310:Remote dispensing
211:videoconferencing
196:videoconferencing
84:Remote dispensing
80:videoconferencing
2958:
2742:Health education
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2478:Neuroinformatics
2419:Connected health
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2052:
1757:Medical genetics
1742:General practice
1619:Nuclear medicine
1494:Gastroenterology
1450:Vascular surgery
1400:
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1213:
1212:(press release).
1201:
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1061:Connected Planet
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608:(Apr–Jun): 937.
597:
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557:(2): e100–e113.
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220:, a hospital in
76:teleconferencing
31:is a feature of
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:Virtual patient
2898:
2854:Teledermatology
2804:
2771:
2708:
2665:
2636:
2631:
2601:
2596:
2578:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2448:
2395:
2359:
2335:Overutilization
2303:
2294:Pharmacy school
2260:Assisted living
2248:
2202:
2139:
2134:
2104:
2099:
2041:
2030:Chief physician
1963:
1908:
1897:
1891:Travel medicine
1876:Sports medicine
1859:Sexual medicine
1799:Palliative care
1794:Pain management
1738:Family medicine
1716:Diving medicine
1662:
1590:
1552:
1545:
1461:
1454:
1413:Plastic surgery
1359:General surgery
1339:Cardiac surgery
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:Final Report #8
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1015:
1014:
1007:
997:
995:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
961:
960:
956:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
900:
899:
895:
859:
858:
854:
838:
837:
833:
799:
798:
794:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
738:
737:
733:
721:
716:
715:
711:
699:
694:
693:
689:
657:
652:
651:
647:
631:
626:
625:
621:
599:
598:
594:
548:
547:
543:
536:Health Technica
529:
528:
524:
508:
507:
503:
465:
464:
460:
440:
439:
435:
399:
398:
394:
390:
326:
324:Other countries
298:
269:internet access
168:
128:
120:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Telepsychiatry
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Tele-audiology
2836:
2831:
2829:Remote therapy
2826:
2824:Remote surgery
2821:
2815:
2813:
2811:subspecialties
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2800:PubMed Central
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Admission note
2675:
2673:
2671:Medical record
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:United Kingdom
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Digital health
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:3D bioprinting
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Bedside manner
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:Medical school
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1968:Related topics
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Medical school
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Sleep medicine
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1684:Anesthesiology
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:Neuroradiology
1611:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:Obstetrics and
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1433:Trauma surgery
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:Otolaryngology
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1322:subspecialties
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1248:
1215:
1196:
1156:
1128:
1110:
1088:
1066:
1047:
1005:
976:
954:
915:
893:
852:
831:
792:
753:
731:
709:
687:
668:(2): 128–133.
645:
619:
592:
541:
522:
516:Pharmacy Times
501:
458:
433:
391:
389:
386:
330:United Kingdom
325:
322:
297:
294:
167:
164:
127:
124:
119:
118:Implementation
116:
95:
92:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2963:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:Roles to play
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Teleradiology
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Telepathology
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Teledentistry
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2809:Telemedicine
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Decision aids
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:United States
2541:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:in healthcare
2491:
2488:
2486:in healthcare
2485:
2482:
2480:in healthcare
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Public health
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Allied health
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Oral medicine
1787:
1785:
1784:Ophthalmology
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Cytopathology
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1586:Urogynecology
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Endocrinology
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
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1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
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1106:
1099:
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1019:
1012:
1010:
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992:
987:
980:
977:
964:
958:
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950:
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938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
853:
848:
847:
842:
835:
832:
827:
823:
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807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
754:
741:
735:
732:
727:
720:
713:
710:
705:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
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656:
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646:
641:
637:
630:
623:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
542:
537:
533:
526:
523:
518:
517:
512:
505:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
459:
454:
450:
449:
448:US Pharmacist
444:
437:
434:
429:
425:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:
393:
387:
385:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
281:video cameras
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
230:Alaska Native
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
166:United States
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
117:
115:
111:
109:
105:
100:
93:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2951:Telemedicine
2879:Telepharmacy
2878:
2653:
2511:Telemedicine
2444:Telemedicine
2439:Nanomedicine
2275:Nursing home
2005:Rural health
1990:Nanomedicine
1541:Rheumatology
1472: /
1391:Hand surgery
1376:Neurosurgery
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1230:
1218:
1209:
1199:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1025:
1021:
996:. Retrieved
989:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
932:
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
896:
869:
865:
855:
844:
834:
805:
801:
795:
770:
766:
756:
744:. Retrieved
734:
725:
712:
703:
690:
665:
661:
648:
639:
635:
622:
605:
601:
595:
554:
550:
544:
525:
514:
504:
475:
471:
461:
452:
446:
436:
409:
405:
395:
374:
327:
299:
275:algorithms,
264:rural health
261:
250:
239:
215:
200:
188:
184:northwestern
169:
160:
129:
121:
112:
104:telemedicine
101:
97:
89:
64:drug therapy
56:telemedicine
40:Telepharmacy
39:
38:
33:telepharmacy
32:
2864:Telenursing
2684:Blue Button
2656:health care
2654:In absentia
2570:New Zealand
2325:End-of-life
2207:Professions
2137:Health care
2075:Wikiproject
1864:Venereology
1809:Neonatology
1706:Dermatology
1561:Gynaecology
1553:gynaecology
1536:Pulmonology
1354:Eye surgery
1316:Specialties
1262:Vulcan Post
991:The Gazette
812:: 235–244.
482:: 580–590.
277:microphones
148:antibiotics
2940:Categories
2737:Health 2.0
2537:By country
2401:Technology
2340:Palliative
2168:Philosophy
2158:Guidelines
1837:Psychiatry
1823:(PM&R)
1816:Phlebology
1804:Pediatrics
1631:Anatomical
1596:Diagnostic
1576:Obstetrics
1526:Nephrology
1511:Hematology
1506:Geriatrics
1499:Hepatology
1484:Cardiology
1474:Immunology
1267:2020-10-13
642:: 211–212.
388:References
252:California
180:midwestern
152:analgesics
144:Queensland
140:telehealth
52:pharmacist
2732:E-patient
2565:Australia
2386:Education
2381:Diagnosis
2234:Dentistry
2178:Providers
2153:Equipment
2148:Economics
2025:Physician
1909:education
1767:Neurology
1762:Narcology
1626:Pathology
1604:Radiology
1479:Angiology
1443:Andrology
1237:: 8. 2010
846:USA Today
773:: 28–39.
587:227191986
571:1544-3450
455:(11): 73.
381:Hong Kong
375:In 2010,
370:Venezuela
242:U.S. Navy
222:Anchorage
132:Australia
126:Australia
72:formulary
2946:Pharmacy
2592:Category
2270:Hospital
2253:Settings
2224:Pharmacy
2214:Medicine
2163:Industry
2055:Category
1531:Oncology
1462:medicine
1460:Internal
1308:Medicine
1241:8 August
1191:22478928
1042:20554595
949:20592313
908:6 August
888:14750497
826:18570546
787:72165214
682:37674920
614:18489239
579:33246835
496:21896455
428:10428449
377:Mannings
174:and the
60:pharmacy
2819:eHealth
2752:mHealth
2434:mHealth
2345:Primary
2330:Hospice
2320:Chronic
2219:Nursing
2188:Ranking
2095:Outline
2065:Commons
2010:Therapy
1907:Medical
1470:Allergy
1438:Urology
1331:Surgery
1182:2830020
998:23 July
969:23 July
746:23 July
350:Germany
346:England
338:Belgium
334:Bahrain
318:Ontario
314:Ontario
2795:PubMed
2560:Canada
2265:Clinic
2198:System
2193:Reform
2183:Public
2173:Policy
2085:Portal
1952:MD–PhD
1189:
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1040:
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680:
612:
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302:Canada
296:Canada
226:Alaska
2355:Total
2315:Acute
1667:Other
1227:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
808:(3).
783:S2CID
722:(PDF)
700:(PDF)
678:S2CID
658:(PDF)
632:(PDF)
583:S2CID
478:(5).
366:Spain
362:Japan
358:Italy
289:HIPAA
2466:and
2350:Self
2308:Care
1243:2013
1187:PMID
1038:PMID
1000:2013
971:2013
945:PMID
910:2013
884:PMID
822:PMID
748:2013
610:PMID
575:PMID
567:ISSN
492:PMID
424:PMID
368:and
354:Guam
342:Cuba
279:and
257:Iowa
240:The
216:The
182:and
154:and
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1401:ENT
1319:and
1177:PMC
1030:doi
937:doi
874:doi
814:doi
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