483:
384:
disciplined religious conversion and institutionalization of
European customs. Aside from being assimilated, the Tupi were found to be of use to the Portuguese, who required laborers for cultivating and shipping their exports. This use in harvesting resources led to their eventual enslavement and in turn, the spread of fatal European diseases on the plantations they worked at. This combination of factors nearly led to their complete annihilation, with the exception of a few isolated communities. The remnants of these tribes are today confined to
471:, Estevão Pinto, Hélène Clastres), many of them dealing directly with indigenous peoples, that point to the direction of anthropophagy being well established as a social and cultural practice. He was particularly criticized for trying to discredit the association of the Tupi with savagery, not by realizing that the Europeans failed to comprehend the meaning of traditional practices such as cannibalism, but by promptly negating their existence altogether.
528:
629:
50:
413:, a German soldier, mariner, and mercenary, traveling to Brazil to seek a fortune, who was captured by the Tupi in 1552. In his account published in 1557, he tells that the Tupi carried him to their village where it was claimed he was to be devoured at the next festivity. There, he allegedly won the friendship of a powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and his life was spared.
2026:
162:
286:
157:
561:, the Portuguese colonization was impractical. The number of Portuguese men in Brazil was very small and Portuguese women were even fewer in number. The proliferation of mixed-race people in the wombs of indigenous women provided for the occupation of the territory and the consolidation of the Portuguese presence in the region.
443:, where he claims that when concerning the Tupinambá, "rather than dealing with an instance of serial documentation of cannibalism, we are more likely confronting only one source of dubious testimony which has been incorporated almost verbatim into the written reports of others claiming to be eyewitnesses".
405:
captured from other Tupi tribes were eaten as it was believed by them that this would lead to their strength being absorbed and digested; thus, in fear of absorbing weakness, they chose only to sacrifice warriors perceived to be strong and brave. For the Tupi warriors, even when prisoners, it was a
610:
culture in the interior of Brazil. They acculturated the indigenous tribes who lived in isolation, and took the language of the colonizer, which was not
Portuguese yet, but Nheengatu itself, to the most inhospitable corners of the colony. Nheengatu is still spoken in certain regions of the Amazon,
383:
Upon discovering the existence of the Tupi people, it was assumed by
Portuguese settlers that they lacked any sort of religion, a belief that began the process of assimilating the Tupi to Christianity. The settlers began erecting villages for the Tupi, known as aldeias, with the intention of more
502:
Many indigenous peoples were important for the formation of the
Brazilian people, but the main group was the Tupi. When the Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century, the Tupi were the first indigenous group to have contact with them. Soon, a process of mixing between Portuguese
652:, Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic indigenous techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of
813:
The Tupi people had a great cultural influence on the countries they inhabited. Innumerable people, streets, neighborhoods, cities, rivers, animals, fruits, plants, football clubs, companies in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and
Uruguay are named in Guarani.
1848:
454:
people of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic and cultural family confirmed that their ancestors had practiced anthropophagical rituals similar to the ones described in the 16th century. Other
Brazilian scholars have criticized Arens for what they perceived as
396:
According to primary source accounts by primarily
European writers, the Tupi were divided into several tribes which would constantly engage in war with each other. In these wars the Tupi would normally try to capture their enemies to kill later in
1964:
1819:
515:
was an old native tradition of incorporating strangers to their community. The
Natives offered the Portuguese an Indigenous girl as wife. Once he agreed, he formed a bond of kinship with all the Natives of the tribe.
1840:
406:
great honor to die valiantly during battle or to display courage during the festivities leading to the sacrifice. The Tupi have also been documented to eat the remains of dead relatives as a form of honoring them.
611:
although the Tupi-speaking
Natives did not live there. The Nheengatu language, as in other regions of the country, was introduced there by Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 17th century. The way of life of the
503:
settlers and indigenous women started. The
Portuguese colonists rarely brought women, making the native women the "breeding matrix of the Brazilian people". When the first Europeans arrived, the phenomenon of "
1342:
620:
could almost be confused with the Natives. Within the family, only Nheengatu was spoken. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering of fruits were also based on indigenous traditions. What differentiated the
1789:
573:
to which they had no resistance or because of slavery, a large population of maternal Tupi ancestry occupied much of Brazilian territory, taking the ancient traditions to several points of the country.
435:
Because our understanding of Tupi cannibalism relies mostly on primary source accounts of primarily European writers, the very existence of cannibalism has been disputed by some in academic circles.
1954:
1811:
2014:
520:, a common practice among South American Indigenous people, was quickly adopted by European settlers. This way, a single European man could have dozens of indigenous wives (
1350:
180:
1,000,000 (historically), Potiguara 10,837, Tupinambá de Olivença 3,000, Tupiniquim 2,630, others extinct as tribes but blood ancestors to Pardo Brazilian population
1725:
297:
first arrived there. In 1500, their population was estimated at 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal at the time. They were divided into
3237:
1779:
1512:
578:
wrote that the features of the first Brazilians were much more Tupi than Portuguese, and even the language that they spoke was a Tupi-based language, named
3222:
1757:
2007:
3232:
1959:
1640:[The cannibal split in half: perspectives on sacrifice, cannibalism and anthropophagy in tupinological literature] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
1992:
752:. Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism.
1843:[The great Guarani Nation, which the Conquest of America did not defeat, so persists its culture, is remembered in a capital street].
3227:
2000:
1701:
1587:
1472:
1439:
1398:
1784:
417:
416:
Cannibalistic rituals among Tupi and other tribes in Brazil decreased steadily after European contact and religious intervention. When
797:
are a different native group that inhabits southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina and speaks the distinct
482:
1841:"La gran Nación Guaraní, a la que la Conquista de América no derrotó pues persiste su cultura, es recordada en una calle capitalina"
1373:
765:
133:
1927:
López Mazz, José M.; López Cabral, Rocío M. (September 2020). "The presence of Guaraní groups in the current Uruguayan territory".
3217:
38:
1641:
71:
429:
385:
114:
2030:
251:
86:
67:
2789:
1717:
704:") – are also derived from the Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi (
1564:
446:
Most Brazilian scholars, however, attest to the cultural centrality of cannibalism in Tupian culture. Anthropologist
270:
247:
2398:
1655:
1520:
2141:
464:
93:
60:
760:
1546:
Staden, Hans. Duas viagens ao Brasil: primeiros registros sobre o Brasil. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2011, p. 51-52
258:, from about 2,900 years ago the Tupi started to migrate southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast of
3078:
2638:
1877:
1747:
1391:
Copy of a Letter of the King of Portugal Sent to the King of Castile Concerning the Voyage and Success of India
259:
1638:"O canibal partido ao meio: Perspectivas de sacrifício, canibalismo e antropofagia na literatura tupinológica"
100:
3242:
2492:
2319:
375:
and many others. There was not a unified Tupi identity despite the fact that they spoke a common language.
3136:
1317:
1252:
1229:
924:
894:
456:
2704:
2408:
1902:[Tupi-Guarani languages and peoples in the sources of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries].
425:
82:
31:
1279:
1264:
1245:
491:
3154:
3074:
2121:
2048:
1222:
798:
657:
591:
487:
1465:
Latin American History and Culture: Encyclopedia of Pre-Colonial Latin America (Prehistory to 1550s)
2867:
2481:
1256:
935:
549:
and thus a huge number of Indigenous relatives who were induced to work for him, especially to cut
468:
436:
309:
3012:
2862:
1445:
579:
3126:
2962:
2957:
2892:
2418:
2413:
1414:
de la Rosa, Alexandre Coello (2019). "The Marianas as Part of the Universal Christian Project".
1345:[The departure of the Tupi-Guaranis from the Amazon may have occurred 2,900 years ago].
1289:
1076:
1502:
Darcy Ribeiro – O Povo Brasileiro, Vol. 07, 1997 (1997), pp. 28 to 33; 72 to 75 and 95 to 101."
3098:
3090:
3025:
2927:
2857:
2729:
2719:
2589:
1697:
1583:
1468:
1435:
1394:
1369:
1260:
1068:
971:
890:
794:
607:
599:
398:
303:
266:
255:
233:
2724:
1693:
594:
was the biggest in the proliferation of Mamelucos, who in the 17th century under the name of
161:
3162:
3116:
2947:
2937:
2917:
2837:
2832:
2747:
2658:
2471:
2428:
2357:
2289:
2254:
1936:
1907:
1616:
1427:
1419:
1237:
460:
274:
156:
625:
from the Tupi was the use of clothes, salt, metal tools, weapons and other European items.
527:
3188:
3167:
2942:
2887:
2681:
2551:
802:
712:
706:
660:
absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are:
603:
289:
Tupi (violet) and Tupi-Guaraní (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-gray)
3045:
3040:
3030:
2872:
2809:
2372:
583:
327:
254:
in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the
204:
107:
3035:
2987:
2952:
2907:
2847:
2541:
2518:
2438:
2304:
2269:
2249:
2224:
1752:
1087:
1020:
957:
787:
649:
628:
531:
368:
200:
166:
1449:
3211:
3172:
3050:
2972:
2967:
2932:
2912:
2882:
2877:
2765:
2709:
2686:
2676:
2362:
2324:
2294:
2214:
2189:
2116:
2111:
2083:
1686:
1637:
1323:
1208:
1095:
1040:
1000:
905:
824:
587:
575:
447:
1621:
1604:
867:"), Aragua, Taguay, Yaguaratal, Caigua, Carapita, Yaguaracual, Taguapire, Carupano,
301:, each tribe numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. Some examples of these tribes are:
3108:
2982:
2508:
2194:
2184:
2060:
1299:
1195:
1048:
1010:
595:
439:
seeks to discredit Staden's and other writers' accounts of cannibalism in his book
421:
352:
221:
2073:
1091:
790:
discovered off the coast of Brazil in 2006 was named in honor of the Tupi people.
428:
in 1541, for instance, he attempted to ban cannibalistic practices in the name of
1167:
450:
who had deeply studied the historical accounts about the Tupi, reported that the
2824:
2696:
2604:
2571:
2487:
2463:
2433:
2299:
2259:
2244:
2204:
2174:
2093:
2078:
1556:
1233:
1213:
1179:
1175:
1147:
1061:
1015:
868:
653:
641:
557:) population was formed, which in fact occupied Brazil. Without the practice of
410:
340:
49:
2992:
2922:
2757:
2739:
2609:
2378:
2352:
2334:
2154:
2068:
1940:
1431:
1423:
1311:
1294:
1241:
1191:
1033:
953:
913:
849:
775:
633:
550:
451:
2523:
2453:
1183:
3020:
2714:
2581:
2561:
2503:
2403:
2239:
2088:
1285:
1117:
1044:
835:
701:
677:
616:
315:
285:
3121:
2897:
2814:
2594:
2388:
2367:
2234:
2159:
1080:
648:
When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into the
553:
and take it to the ships on the coast. In the process, a large mixed-race (
1900:"Lenguas y pueblos tupí-guaraníes en las fuentes de los siglos xvi y xvii"
1780:"Palavras indígenas nomeiam a maior parte das plantas e animais do Brasil"
1170:, Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú,
2997:
2801:
2668:
2599:
2566:
2498:
2423:
2329:
2279:
2274:
2199:
2169:
2149:
2103:
1663:
1268:
1218:
1171:
1108:
1055:
1027:
883:
554:
535:
517:
321:
294:
1987:
1416:
Gathering Souls: Jesuit Missions and Missionaries in Oceania (1668–1945)
409:
The practice of cannibalism among the Tupi was made famous in Europe by
17:
3144:
3002:
2977:
2614:
2546:
2533:
2476:
2443:
2344:
2309:
2264:
2179:
2131:
2126:
1202:
1163:
1157:
1131:
1072:
1006:
985:
964:
917:
857:
724:
718:
570:
402:
364:
344:
2902:
2852:
2513:
2448:
2393:
2383:
2314:
2284:
2219:
2209:
2164:
2034:
2025:
1912:
1899:
1869:
1343:"Saída dos tupi-guaranis da Amazônia pode ter ocorrido há 2.900 anos"
1187:
1102:
979:
946:
864:
841:
693:
685:
569:
Although the Tupi population largely disappeared because of European
372:
360:
2842:
2650:
2556:
2229:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
939:
872:
853:
828:
669:
545:
was used as recruitment of labour. The Portuguese could have many
481:
348:
298:
284:
1141:
780:
356:
293:
The Tupi people inhabited 3/4 of all of Brazil's coast when the
3071:
2786:
2635:
2045:
1996:
1393:(New ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–25.
43:
1955:"Seeking the origin of indigenous languages in South America"
1814:[Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words].
1782:[Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words].
1718:"Guarani Words in Modern Places: Ibera, Iguazu & Beyond"
1812:"Nomes indígenas: Conheça os significados dessas palavras"
1537:. São Paulo, Associação Editorial Humanitas, 2005. p. 285.
388:
or acculturated to some degree into the dominant society.
273:. Guarani languages are linguistically different from the
1467:(1st ed.). New York City, New York: Facts on File.
606:. They were responsible for the major expansion of the
250:
linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of
1750:[Indigenous languages: rich cultural legacy].
1368:(2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
900:("land of jaguars"), Tuja, Cuyagua, Chivacoa, Urucure
662:
mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu
598:, spread throughout the Brazilian territory, from the
1580:
The Man-eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy
1349:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2008-12-30. Archived from
463:
letters) and historical and anthropological studies (
441:
The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy
3181:
3153:
3135:
3107:
3089:
3011:
2823:
2800:
2756:
2738:
2695:
2667:
2649:
2580:
2532:
2462:
2343:
2140:
2102:
2059:
1898:Candela, Guillaume; Melià, Bartomeu (15 May 2015).
1094:("from the rocks"), Yacare, Teranguara, Chachagüí,
664:. The names of several local fauna – such as
511:, "brother in law") began to spread by the colony.
227:
211:
194:
184:
174:
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1685:
1658:[INDIGENOUS NAMES - TUPI & OTHERS].
590:in Brazil until the 18th century. The region of
823:The Tupi people were present in almost all of
2008:
1515:[A German in the Land of Cannibals].
1366:An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History
783:, arguably the best-known lizards of Brazil.
486:A Tupinambá named "Louis Henri", who visited
8:
1153:("plantation of aguai"), Curiyaca, Imambari
149:
30:"Tupis" redirects here. For other uses, see
265:Many Tupi people today are merged with the
3086:
3068:
2797:
2783:
2646:
2632:
2056:
2042:
2015:
2001:
1993:
1364:LaRosa, Michael; Mejia, German R. (2019).
818:Tupi-Guarani placenames in other countries
148:
1911:
1748:"Lenguas indígenas: rico legado cultural"
1662:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from
1636:Moraes, Caléu Nilson (October 24, 2012).
1620:
1519:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from
1043:, since although Suriname is part of the
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1463:Hawkins, Christina (2017). "Tupinambá".
1086:("fallen fruit or fruit peel"), Acuata,
773:). Its name is also adapted by science:
627:
526:
1334:
1929:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1609:Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais
459:, and for ignoring important sources (
1656:"NOMES INDÍGENAS - TUPI & OUTROS"
1559:[Museum of Art and Origins].
1137:Urcuqui, Timbuyacu, Ambuquí, Timbiré
1090:, Tibacuy, Mocoa, El Jagua, Iguambi,
7:
3238:Indigenous peoples of Eastern Brazil
1039:("down the sea"). (Referring to the
185:Regions with significant populations
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1960:Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
1688:Antônio Carlos Jobim: uma biografia
945:("Extremity, tip, end or border"),
759:tribe is fictitiously portrayed in
3223:Indigenous culture of the Americas
1605:"Diários índios: Os Urubus-Kaapor"
882:("small town"), Uracoa, Aragüita,
688:") – and flora – e.g.
37:For the Brazilian rugby side, see
25:
1513:"Um alemão na Terra dos Canibais"
992:("barrier of the brave") Iguapa
766:How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman
3233:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
2024:
1904:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
1746:Pazmino, Patricia (2015-01-29).
1684:Sérgio Cabral (1 January 1997).
1644:from the original on 2023-07-17.
1567:from the original on 2022-08-12.
1051:, in the South Atlantic Ocean).
930:("crown-like or crown-shaped").
160:
155:
48:
39:Brazil national rugby union team
1967:from the original on 2023-06-16
1880:from the original on 2023-09-21
1851:from the original on 2023-09-24
1822:from the original on 2020-11-14
1792:from the original on 2021-02-27
1778:Franzin, Adriana (2015-10-29).
1760:from the original on 2015-08-24
1728:from the original on 2021-01-19
1622:10.1590/S0102-69091998000100017
59:needs additional citations for
1240:("beautiful watering place"),
771:Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês
1:
1785:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
908:"), Mucuragua, Cuara, Tucani
217:
3228:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
1906:(in Spanish) (45–1): 57–76.
801:, but these are in the same
1818:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1788:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1582:. Oxford University Press.
1563:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
912:("small toucan"), Jacuque,
27:Indigenous people of Brazil
3259:
3073:Indigenous peoples of the
2788:Indigenous peoples of the
2637:Indigenous peoples of the
2047:Indigenous peoples of the
1847:(in Spanish). 2022-10-20.
1692:. Lumiar Editora. p.
1389:Pacifi, Sergio J. (1955).
190:Central and Coastal Brazil
36:
29:
3085:
3067:
2796:
2782:
2645:
2631:
2055:
2041:
1941:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101193
1810:Bidu, João (2020-11-11).
1557:"Museu de Arte e Origens"
1535:O apetite da antropologia
1424:10.1163/9789004394872_002
761:Nelson Pereira dos Santos
538:) woman (circa 1641–1644)
232:
216:
199:
189:
179:
154:
1517:revistadehistoria.com.br
1418:. Brill. pp. 9–17.
938:with Tupi-origin names;
728:). Anthroponyms include
3218:Ethnic groups in Brazil
1603:Mindlin, Betty (1998).
1347:portalsorocabano.com.br
878:("all streams"), Tabay
246:, a subdivision of the
207:, much later Portuguese
169:'s painting of the Tupi
1450:10.1163/j.ctv2gjx0d5.5
1318:De Gestis Mendi de Saa
763:' satirical 1971 film
645:
539:
499:
496:Histoire de la mission
457:historical negationism
386:indigenous territories
339:. The Tupi were adept
290:
271:Tupi–Guarani languages
1112:ypetĩ ("duck's beak")
631:
530:
490:in Paris in 1613, in
485:
379:European colonization
288:
228:Related ethnic groups
1098:, Catambuco, Aguayo
658:Brazilian Portuguese
68:improve this article
2790:Central-West Region
1988:Portugal in America
1872:[History].
1274:Notable Tupi people
1249:Sarãndy del Árape'y
925:Paraguaná Peninsula
923:("Falcon"), Aguay,
786:The large offshore
565:Influence in Brazil
507:" (from Portuguese
469:Florestan Fernandes
151:
3013:Mato Grosso do Sul
2031:Indigenous peoples
1578:Arens, W. (1980).
1432:20.500.12657/53792
1280:Catarina Paraguaçu
1246:Sarandí del Arapey
848:("the hole of the
646:
540:
500:
492:Claude d'Abbeville
465:Viveiros de Castro
291:
252:indigenous peoples
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3079:Southeast Regions
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
1703:978-85-85426-42-2
1660:melhornome.com.br
1589:978-0-19-502793-8
1474:978-1-4381-6344-4
1441:978-90-04-39485-8
1400:978-1-4529-3685-7
1257:daily tasks river
1244:, Yacuy (Salto),
1069:Mauritia flexuosa
1047:, it is near the
936:Venezuelan states
799:Guaraní languages
676:("South American
600:Amazon rainforest
430:the King of Spain
256:Amazon rainforest
240:
239:
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3250:
3087:
3069:
2798:
2784:
2647:
2639:Northeast Region
2633:
2057:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:10.4000/mcv.6129
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1722:sayhueque.com.ar
1714:
1708:
1707:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1533:Agnolin, Adone.
1531:
1525:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1339:
534:: a mixed-race (
475:Race-mixing and
341:agriculturalists
275:Tupian languages
260:Southeast Brazil
175:Total population
164:
159:
152:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3177:
3149:
3131:
3103:
3081:
3055:
3007:
2819:
2792:
2770:
2752:
2734:
2691:
2663:
2641:
2619:
2576:
2528:
2458:
2339:
2136:
2098:
2051:
2037:
2023:
2021:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1874:misiones.tur.ar
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1845:asuncion.gov.py
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1482:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1442:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1308:
1290:Niterói, Brazil
1276:
1238:Balneario Iporá
1206:
1161:
1145:
1135:
1127:("fruit tree")
1121:
1106:
1059:
1031:
1004:
983:
839:
811:
803:language family
713:Pindamonhangaba
707:Itaquaquecetuba
602:to the extreme
567:
480:
394:
381:
283:
170:
147:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3137:Santa Catarina
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3091:Espírito Santo
3083:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Guarani-Kaiowá
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2730:Gavião-Pykobjê
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1982:External links
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:. 2023-06-15.
1946:
1919:
1890:
1876:(in Spanish).
1861:
1832:
1802:
1770:
1756:(in Spanish).
1753:Deutsche Welle
1738:
1724:. 2017-11-01.
1709:
1702:
1676:
1647:
1628:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1548:
1539:
1526:
1523:on 2016-10-30.
1504:
1480:
1473:
1455:
1440:
1406:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1356:
1353:on 2011-10-07.
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1261:Sarandí Grande
1223:Sarandí del Yí
1221:("worn out"),
1205:
1200:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1058:
1053:
1030:
1025:
1003:
998:
996:("all coves")
982:
977:
976:
975:
838:
833:
810:
807:
788:Tupi oil field
779:is a genus of
650:market economy
566:
563:
532:Albert Eckhout
479:
473:
426:Santa Catarina
418:Cabeza de Vaca
393:
390:
380:
377:
353:sweet potatoes
282:
279:
269:, forming the
267:Guaraní people
238:
237:
230:
229:
225:
224:
214:
213:
209:
208:
201:Tupi languages
197:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
167:Albert Eckhout
165:
145:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:White Indians
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1666:on 2009-04-27
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1375:9781138089068
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:Tupi language
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:, founder of
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Sarãndy del Y
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:, Paraimiri,
1165:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1096:Puente Aranda
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Caribbean Sea
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:chili pepper"
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:French Guiana
999:
997:
995:
991:
990:Karia'y kaysa
987:
981:
978:
973:
969:
966:
963:("Dolphin"),
962:
959:
955:
952:("The macaws
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
932:
931:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:Burrowing owl
903:
899:
896:
893:"), Guarapo,
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
830:
826:
825:South America
821:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
778:
777:
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
716:
714:
710:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
624:
623:Old Paulistas
619:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:lingua franca
585:
581:
577:
576:Darcy Ribeiro
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
497:
493:
489:
484:
478:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
448:Darcy Ribeiro
444:
442:
438:
437:William Arens
433:
431:
427:
424:, arrived in
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
404:
401:rituals. The
400:
399:cannibalistic
391:
389:
387:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
300:
296:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
138:
135:
127:
124:November 2010
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
83:"Tupi people"
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3109:Minas Gerais
2868:Enawene Nawe
2810:Avá-Canoeiro
2419:Suruí (Pará)
2049:North Region
1969:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1816:terra.com.br
1815:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1687:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1659:
1650:
1631:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:the original
1516:
1507:
1464:
1458:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1351:the original
1346:
1337:
1316:
1300:Alex Pereira
1248:
1225:
1212:
1207:
1168:Itaimbeguasu
1162:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1124:
1122:
1111:
1107:
1083:
1064:
1060:
1049:Amazon Delta
1036:
1032:
1014:
1013:of the name
1011:francization
1005:
993:
989:
984:
967:
960:
949:
942:
927:
920:
909:
901:
897:
886:
879:
875:
860:
845:
840:
827:, excluding
822:
817:
816:
812:
792:
785:
774:
770:
764:
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
661:
647:
637:
622:
615:
612:
596:Bandeirantes
584:Língua Geral
568:
558:
546:
542:
541:
521:
512:
508:
504:
501:
495:
476:
445:
440:
434:
422:conquistador
420:, a Spanish
415:
408:
395:
382:
343:; they grew
336:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
292:
264:
248:Tupi-Guarani
243:
241:
222:Christianity
205:língua geral
146:Ethnic group
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3243:Tupí people
2863:Cinta Larga
2825:Mato Grosso
2488:Cinta Larga
2260:Pira-tapuya
2250:Parintintín
1282:, 1528—1586
988:, Kariakay
895:Chaguaramas
891:red lobster
869:Yaguaraparo
861:Mbarakaja'y
654:exportation
411:Hans Staden
392:Cannibalism
244:Tupi people
3212:Categories
3182:Widespread
3099:Tupiniquim
2993:Yawalapiti
2928:Nambikwara
2858:Chiquitano
2758:Pernambuco
2495:(Rondônia)
2484:(Rondônia)
1971:2023-06-15
1935:: 101193.
1884:2023-01-01
1870:"Historia"
1855:2022-10-20
1826:2020-11-11
1796:2015-10-29
1764:2015-01-29
1732:2017-11-01
1670:2009-06-10
1330:References
1312:Cunhambira
1295:Cunhambebe
1214:Pa'i Sandu
1209:Tacuarembó
1184:Kuruguakua
1174:, Timboy,
1065:Mburiti ka
1037:Parama ývo
1034:Paramaribo
970:("falling
968:Jarara kúi
954:Ara (bird)
928:Paragua na
914:Churuguara
871:, Carupe,
850:Ara (bird)
776:Tupinambis
634:Tupiniquim
559:cunhadismo
551:pau-brasil
543:Cunhadismo
513:Cunhadismo
505:cunhadismo
488:Louis XIII
477:Cunhadismo
304:Tupiniquim
295:Portuguese
218:Indigenous
94:newspapers
3155:São Paulo
3021:Chamacoco
2948:Rikbaktsa
2918:Munduruku
2748:Potiguara
2715:Guajajara
2705:Awá-Guajá
2582:Tocantins
2562:Wapishana
2504:Karitiana
2409:Parkatêjê
2404:Munduruku
2399:Kỳikatêjê
2240:Munduruku
2089:Machinere
2074:Asháninka
1561:faperj.br
1286:Arariboia
1265:Ituzaingó
1123:El Aguay
1118:Nicaragua
1045:Caribbean
958:La Guaira
902:Urukure'a
898:Jaguaráma
887:Tuku pytã
844:, Aracua
836:Venezuela
805:as Tupi.
757:Tupinambá
730:Ubirajara
702:pineapple
678:alligator
617:Paulistas
592:São Paulo
580:Nheengatu
547:temericós
522:temericós
316:Potiguara
310:Tupinambá
195:Languages
3189:Kaingang
3168:Kaingang
3127:Xakriabá
2963:Tapirapé
2958:Tapayúna
2893:Kamayurá
2888:Kalapalo
2697:Maranhão
2682:Tabajara
2605:Tapirapé
2572:Ye'kuana
2567:Yanomami
2552:Patamona
2464:Rondônia
2434:Turiwára
2414:Parakanã
2330:Yanomami
2300:Turiwára
2280:Tenharim
2200:Jamamadi
2170:Barasana
2150:Amahuaca
2142:Amazonas
2122:Karipuna
2094:Yaminawá
2079:Kaxinawá
1965:Archived
1878:Archived
1849:Archived
1820:Archived
1790:Archived
1758:Archived
1726:Archived
1642:Archived
1565:Archived
1306:See also
1219:Chapicuy
1180:Urubichá
1176:Caraparí
1151:Aguai'ty
1148:Aguaytía
1062:Buriticá
1056:Colombia
1028:Suriname
972:jararaca
961:Guayraka
884:Tucupita
690:mandioca
642:Brasília
571:diseases
555:mameluco
536:Mameluco
518:Polygyny
403:warriors
333:Temiminó
322:Tabajara
220:, later
212:Religion
203:, later
18:Temimino
3145:Xokleng
3036:Kadiweu
2988:Xavante
2978:Umutina
2923:Nahukuá
2908:Kuikuro
2848:Bakairi
2740:Paraíba
2725:Krĩkatí
2720:Ka'apor
2615:Xerente
2610:Xambioá
2590:Apinajé
2547:Macushi
2542:Akawaio
2534:Roraima
2477:Akuntsu
2444:Wayampi
2439:Wai-wai
2379:Araweté
2353:Amanayé
2335:Zuruahã
2310:Wayampi
2305:Wai-wai
2270:Tariana
2265:Siriano
2180:Cambeba
2155:Apurinã
2132:Wayampi
2127:Palikur
2069:Apurinã
1255:of the
1242:El Ombú
1232:of the
1203:Uruguay
1196:Rogagua
1192:Yaguarú
1164:Yacuiba
1158:Bolivia
1132:Ecuador
1073:Ituango
1067:("from
1019:("mean
1007:Cayenne
986:Arakaka
965:Yaracuy
950:Ara gua
921:Taguato
918:Tacuato
858:Maracay
846:Ara kua
795:Guaraní
750:Janaína
742:Jussara
734:Ubiratã
725:Ipanema
719:Caruaru
698:abacaxi
696:") and
638:Cacique
636:chief (
608:Iberian
509:cunhado
452:Ka'apor
365:tobacco
361:peanuts
345:cassava
337:Tamoios
281:History
236:tribes
234:Guaraní
108:scholar
3173:Terena
3163:Aimoré
3122:Kaxixó
3117:Aimoré
3051:Terena
2973:Trumai
2968:Terena
2943:Paresi
2938:Panará
2933:Paiter
2913:Matipu
2903:Kayapo
2898:Karajá
2883:Kaiabi
2878:Ikpeng
2853:Bororo
2838:Apiacá
2833:Aimoré
2815:Karajá
2766:Xukuru
2710:Canela
2687:Tapeba
2677:Kiriri
2659:Pataxó
2595:Karajá
2514:Paiter
2493:Gavião
2472:Aikanã
2449:Wayana
2429:Tiriyó
2394:Kayapo
2389:Karajá
2384:Atikum
2375:(Pará)
2368:Apiacá
2363:Aparai
2358:Anambé
2325:Witoto
2315:Wayana
2295:Tucano
2290:Tiriyó
2285:Ticuna
2255:Pirahã
2235:Matsés
2220:Macuna
2215:Kulina
2210:Korubo
2165:Baniwa
2160:Banawá
2117:Kalina
2112:Aparai
2084:Kulina
2035:Brazil
1700:
1615:(36).
1586:
1471:
1448:
1438:
1397:
1372:
1253:bushes
1230:bushes
1188:Guanay
1103:Panama
1092:Itagüí
1088:Arauca
1084:yvakue
1081:Ibagué
1009:, the
994:Yguapa
980:Guyana
947:Aragua
910:Tukã'í
880:Táva'í
865:kitten
842:Cabure
809:Legacy
746:Jurema
694:manioc
686:toucan
682:tucano
674:jacaré
644:, 2007
461:Jesuit
373:cotton
369:squash
328:Caetés
299:tribes
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3075:South
3046:Ofayé
3041:Mbayá
3031:Guató
2998:Yudjá
2983:Wauja
2873:Guató
2843:Aweti
2802:Goiás
2669:Ceará
2651:Bahia
2600:Krahô
2557:Pemon
2524:Wari’
2509:Kwaza
2499:Kanoê
2482:Arara
2424:Tembé
2373:Arara
2275:Tembé
2230:Matis
2195:Hupda
2185:Cubeo
2104:Amapá
1446:JSTOR
1269:Aiguá
1172:Abapó
1125:Aguai
1109:Ipetí
1016:Kỹiña
943:Apyre
940:Apure
876:Yrapa
873:Irapa
854:Cagua
852:") ,
829:Chile
781:tegus
738:Moema
670:macaw
666:arara
640:) in
604:South
357:beans
115:JSTOR
101:books
3077:and
3003:Zoró
2454:Zo'é
2345:Pará
2245:Mura
2225:Mawé
2205:Juma
2175:Bora
2061:Acre
1698:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1267:and
1259:"),
1236:"),
1194:and
1142:Peru
1077:Apía
1071:"),
956:"),
793:The
755:The
680:"),
672:"),
586:, a
349:corn
242:The
150:Tupi
87:news
32:Tupi
2190:Dâw
2033:of
1937:doi
1908:doi
1617:doi
1428:hdl
1420:doi
974:"))
613:Old
582:or
524:).
70:by
3214::
1957:.
1933:59
1931:.
1720:.
1696:.
1694:39
1613:13
1611:.
1607:.
1483:^
1444:.
1434:.
1426:.
1263:,
1251:("
1234:Yí
1228:("
1217:,
1211:,
1198:.
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1178:,
1079:,
1075:,
1023:)
916:,
904:("
889:("
863:("
856:,
831:.
820::
748:,
744:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
722:,
700:("
692:("
684:("
668:("
656:.
632:A
494:,
467:,
432:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
335:,
331:,
325:,
319:,
313:,
307:,
277:.
262:.
2016:e
2009:t
2002:v
1974:.
1943:.
1939::
1916:.
1910::
1887:.
1858:.
1829:.
1799:.
1767:.
1735:.
1706:.
1673:.
1625:.
1619::
1592:.
1477:.
1452:.
1430::
1422::
1403:.
1378:.
934:(
769:(
715:,
709:,
498:.
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
