151:
445:. In a universe where the Julian calendar exactly describes a solar year, if solar year 1 is defined to start on Sunday evening at 6:00 pm, solar year 2 will begin 1.25 days later in the week (at midnight from Monday to Tuesday), solar year 3 a further 1.25 days later (Wednesday at 6:00 am), and so forth. It is not until the beginning of year 29 that another year starts on a Sunday evening at 6:00 pm. Accordingly, tradition states that the universe is "back to its original configuration" after 28 years. To honor that,
405:, which reconciles lunar cycles with solar years. According to the Metonic cycle, seven lunar months must be added (intercalated) during every 19 solar years to an otherwise lunar calendar to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. In the current Hebrew calendar, the extra month is added in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19, and these years of the cycle are identified as "leap years". All other years are identified as "not leap years".
454:
It was known even in the days of Mar Shmuel that the length of a year was shorter than 365.25 days. An explanation as to why the blessing was nevertheless tied to this calculation is beyond the scope of this brief description. However, it is clear that the calculation of this cycle is symbolic, and
449:
is recited each 28 years on the
Wednesday morning following the (Julian) northward equinox, because the sun was created on "the fourth day" (Wednesday). Accordingly, the first year of each 28-year cycle is identified as a year when Birkat Hachama is recited.
389:
The Torah requires that Jewish months be calculated based on new moon cycles; at the same time, it requires
Passover to be in "the month of the spring". Accordingly, the Jewish calendar must reconcile both lunar and solar components; it is a
356:
The first approach is used here. These three pieces of information are sufficient to show whether a year is regular or intercalated. However, that information is included explicitly in the next section as well, as the year of the
416:
For years far in advance of the adoption of the fixed calendar, it is probably more accurate to approximate the date of
Passover by assuming it fell on the first full moon day following the northward equinox, using astronomical
518:. These were sourced from Hebcal.com. At present, only dates going back to 1752 CE have been included, because Hebcal.com does not take into account the Julian-to-Gregorian calendar conversion/"correction", so is based on the
412:
The identification of specific years as "leap" or "not leap" is also proleptic. Prior to the adoption of the fixed calendar, the
Sanhedrin could and did use a variety of criteria to determine if any specific year should be
340:
Because of specific rules about the calendar calculations, the day-of-the-week configuration of any year's calendar can be completely described with three pieces of information. Traditionally, this is done one of two ways:
281:
1, and does not work properly for such dates. Similarly, while this template will continue to calculate cycles for dates far into the future, it is not clear how meaningful such information would be for years later than
308:("years since creation") year numbering tradition currently in use (Note that other year numbering systems were more commonly used than this as late as the tenth century CE).
580:
The traditional description using three Hebrew letters for this purpose was not included here to reduce the coding burden. Further information is available on that at
717:
702:
352:
Day-of-week for Rosh
Hashanah, characterization of year as deficient, regular or complete, and whether the year is regular (12-month) or intercalated (13-month)
637:
Why the custom of Birkat
Hachama is based on the tradition of a spring creation and not a Rosh Hashanah creation is beyond the scope of this brief description.
690:
166:
311:
For
Gregorian year "yyyy", the corresponding Hebrew year is "(yyyy + 3760)" before Rosh Hashanah (in September or October), and "(yyyy + 3761)" thereafter.
585:
581:
729:
686:
270:
Accordingly, any use of the calendar (or this template) earlier than the calendar's establishment โ whenever that might have been โ must be viewed as
162:
468:
The Torah specifies that the land is to lie fallow every seven years. The year when that happens is known as the sabbatical year, in Hebrew
523:
170:
745:
672:
712:
571:
for a discussion of seasonal drift in the Hebrew calendar and the likelihood that at some point correction would be required.
486:
is to be separated during years 3 and 6 of the cycle. Accordingly, this template outputs information related to this cycle.
534:
6000 (2239โ2240 CE) are included, because the applicability of the calculations to dates much past that is uncertain. (See
554:
Whether there was a calculated version supporting the observational version is beyond the scope of this brief description.
527:
697:
519:
511:
373:
259:(as late as first century CE), an observational version of the calendar was in use, not the fixed version in use today.
364:
There are fourteen legal configurations of the calendar, seven for regular years and seven for intercalated years.
725:
680:
501:
cycles. Output of this section is therefore suppressed for years prior to the destruction of the Second Temple.
158:
567:
for a description in classical Jewish sources as to what potentially happens after that. Alternatively, see
92:
491:
495:
438:
391:
271:
64:
676:
568:
442:
346:
238:
195:
446:
96:
739:
515:
402:
256:
60:
479:
134:
247:
in the mid-fourth century CE. While some scholars disagree with that notion, it
302:
Year numbers used by this template, both as input and output, are based on the
650:
626:
615:
483:
304:
200:
21:
601:
177:
This template shows a variety of information about the Hebrew calendar year.
564:
244:
482:
be separated during years 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the seven-year cycle, while the
145:
522:, not the Julian calendar in general use prior to the conversion. (See
474:
118:
361:
actually determines whether the year is regular or intercalated.
262:
By about the ninth century CE, the current calendar (without the
277:
This template is not designed to be used for dates earlier than
243:
The fixed Jewish calendar now in use is attributed to the sage
510:
Calculations on this template are driven by a subtemplate (
345:
Day-of-week for Rosh
Hashanah, characterization of year as
661:
194:
without a parameter provides information on the current
706:
478:("release"). The Torah additionally specifies that the
514:) that contains Gregorian dates for the first day of
228:
See below for comments on appropriate values to use.
569:Hebrew calendar ยง Astronomical calculations
530:.) Similarly, only dates going forward to about
494:was standing is complicated by inclusion of the
490:Calculation of this cycle during years that the
369:
106:This year is the 16th year of the 207th cycle.
401:) is the Hebrew calendar's embodiment of the
74:This year is the 8th year of the 305th cycle.
8:
220:), where nnnn is a Hebrew calendar year (as
696:Editors can experiment in this template's
547:
409:The count of small cycles is proleptic.
128:This year is the 2nd year of the cycle.
315:As an example, this Gregorian year is
217:
213:
117:According to the current reckoning of
42:In 5784, Rosh Hashanah is on Saturday,
535:
95:used to calculate the date to recite
7:
368:These calculations are driven by a
26:according to the traditional count.
524:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
37:making it a deficient (ืืกืจื) year.
14:
319:so it corresponds to Hebrew year
239:Hebrew calendar (Modern calendar)
63:used to keep the Hebrew calendar
149:
433:The 28-year Great/solar cycle (
397:The 19-year small/lunar cycle (
22:since the creation of the world
437:) is based on the calendar of
349:, and day-of-week for Passover
347:deficient, regular or complete
332:Fixed points on the calendar (
212:The only allowed parameter is
15:
1:
528:Old Style and New Style dates
266:year numbering) was in place.
520:proleptic Gregorian calendar
441:, which is identical to the
381:Small cycle and leap years (
44:while Passover is on Tuesday
506:Subtemplate and limitations
65:aligned with the solar year
762:
670:
323:until Rosh Hashanah, then
236:
730:Subpages of this template
224:โyears since creation).
746:Date-computing templates
681:Template:Hebrew year/doc
99:, a blessing on the sun:
460:Sabbatical year cycle (
35:This year has 383 days,
724:Add categories to the
255:During the era of the
251:commonly agreed that:
154:Template documentation
662:http://www.hebcal.com
327:after Rosh Hashanah.
492:Temple in Jerusalem
119:sabbatical (shmita)
76:It is a leap year.
392:lunisolar calendar
586:Yiddish Knowledge
144:
143:
124:
102:
87:According to the
70:
55:According to the
753:
721:
710:
694:
664:
659:
653:
644:
638:
635:
629:
624:
618:
613:
607:
595:
589:
582:Hebrew Knowledge
578:
572:
561:
555:
552:
233:General comments
219:
215:
214:|1=nnnn
193:
187:
181:Default behavior
174:
155:
153:
152:
114:
84:
52:
16:
761:
760:
756:
755:
754:
752:
751:
750:
736:
735:
734:
733:
723:
715:
700:
695:
684:
669:
668:
667:
660:
656:
651:Exodus 23:10โ11
645:
641:
636:
632:
625:
621:
614:
610:
596:
592:
579:
575:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
508:
472:("seventh") or
466:
443:Julian calendar
431:
387:
338:
300:
292:
279:AM (Anno mundi)
241:
235:
210:
196:Hebrew calendar
191:
185:
183:
175:
156:
150:
148:
138:
129:
123:
107:
101:
77:
75:
69:
61:(Metonic) cycle
45:
43:
38:
36:
27:
25:
12:
11:
5:
759:
757:
749:
748:
738:
737:
666:
665:
654:
639:
630:
619:
608:
590:
573:
556:
546:
545:
543:
540:
507:
504:
503:
502:
465:
458:
457:
456:
447:Birkat Hachama
430:
428:Birkat Hachama
420:
419:
418:
414:
410:
386:
379:
354:
353:
350:
337:
330:
329:
328:
299:
293:
291:
288:
268:
267:
260:
237:Main article:
234:
231:
230:
229:
209:
206:
182:
179:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
139:
132:
130:
127:
115:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
97:Birkat Hachama
89:Machzor Gadol,
85:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
57:Machzor Katan,
53:
49:
48:
47:
46:
41:
39:
34:
29:
28:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
758:
747:
744:
743:
741:
731:
727:
719:
714:
708:
704:
699:
692:
688:
682:
678:
674:
673:documentation
663:
658:
655:
652:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
628:
623:
620:
617:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
594:
591:
587:
583:
577:
574:
570:
566:
560:
557:
551:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Rosh Hashanah
513:
505:
500:
499:
496:Jubilee year
493:
489:
488:
487:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
464:) and tithing
463:
459:
453:
452:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:machzor gadol
429:
425:
422:Great cycle (
421:
415:
413:intercalated.
411:
408:
407:
406:
404:
403:Metonic cycle
400:
399:machzor katan
395:
393:
384:
383:machzor katan
380:
378:
377:
375:
371:
365:
362:
360:
359:machzor katan
351:
348:
344:
343:
342:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
312:
309:
307:
306:
297:
294:
289:
287:
285:
280:
275:
273:
265:
261:
258:
257:Second Temple
254:
253:
252:
250:
246:
240:
232:
227:
226:
225:
223:
207:
205:
203:
202:
197:
190:
180:
178:
172:
168:
164:
160:
136:
131:
126:
125:
122:
120:
113:
112:
104:
103:
100:
98:
94:
88:
83:
82:
72:
71:
68:
66:
62:
56:
51:
50:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
23:
18:
17:
657:
647:
642:
633:
627:Genesis 1:14
622:
616:Exodus 23:15
611:
604:
598:
593:
576:
559:
550:
531:
509:
497:
480:second tithe
473:
469:
467:
461:
434:
432:
427:
424:mchzor gadol
423:
398:
396:
388:
382:
367:
366:
363:
358:
355:
339:
333:
324:
320:
316:
310:
303:
301:
295:
283:
278:
276:
269:
263:
248:
242:
221:
211:
199:
192:}}
188:
186:{{
184:
176:
135:maaser sheni
116:
90:
86:
59:the 19-year
58:
54:
677:transcluded
602:Exodus 12:1
370:subtemplate
298:year number
216:(or simply
189:Hebrew year
169:] [
165:] [
161:] [
93:solar cycle
671:The above
542:References
484:poor tithe
455:proleptic.
439:Mar Shmuel
305:Anno Mundi
296:Anno mundi
264:anno mundi
222:anno mundi
218:|nnnn
208:Parameters
91:a 28-year
20:Year 5784
728:subpage.
713:testcases
565:Year 6000
272:proleptic
245:Hillel II
740:Category
512:/rhdatum
470:shevi'it
374:/rhdatum
133:It is a
705:|
698:sandbox
691:history
689:|
498:(yovel)
334:keviyah
290:Outputs
167:history
722:pages.
475:shmita
462:Shmita
426:) and
286:6000.
204:5784.
198:year,
121:years:
679:from
648:e.g.,
646:See,
599:e.g.,
597:See,
536:above
417:data.
317:2024,
173:]
171:purge
157:[
137:year.
726:/doc
718:edit
711:and
707:diff
703:edit
687:edit
563:See
526:and
325:5785
321:5784
163:edit
159:view
675:is
605:ff.
584:or
538:.)
394:.
742::
683:.
532:AM
376:).
284:AM
274:.
249:is
201:AM
732:.
720:)
716:(
709:)
701:(
693:)
685:(
588:.
385:)
372:(
336:)
67::
24:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.