325:. In a universe where the Julian calendar exactly describes a solar year, if solar year 1 is defined to start on Sunday evening at 6:00 pm, solar year 2 will begin 1.25 days later in the week (at midnight from Monday to Tuesday), solar year 3 a further 1.25 days later (Wednesday at 6:00 am), and so forth. It is not until the beginning of year 29 that another year starts on a Sunday evening at 6:00 pm. Accordingly, tradition states that the universe is "back to its original configuration" after 28 years. To honor that,
285:, which reconciles lunar cycles with solar years. According to the Metonic cycle, seven lunar months must be added (intercalated) during every 19 solar years to an otherwise lunar calendar to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. In the current Hebrew calendar, the extra month is added in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19, and these years of the cycle are identified as "leap years". All other years are identified as "not leap years".
31:
334:
It was known even in the days of Mar Shmuel that the length of a year was shorter than 365.25 days. An explanation as to why the blessing was nevertheless tied to this calculation is beyond the scope of this brief description. However, it is clear that the calculation of this cycle is symbolic, and
329:
is recited each 28 years on the
Wednesday morning following the (Julian) northward equinox, because the sun was created on "the fourth day" (Wednesday). Accordingly, the first year of each 28-year cycle is identified as a year when Birkat Hachama is recited.
269:
The Torah requires that Jewish months be calculated based on new moon cycles; at the same time, it requires
Passover to be in "the month of the spring". Accordingly, the Jewish calendar must reconcile both lunar and solar components; it is a
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The first approach is used here. These three pieces of information are sufficient to show whether a year is regular or intercalated. However, that information is included explicitly in the next section as well, as the year of the
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For years far in advance of the adoption of the fixed calendar, it is probably more accurate to approximate the date of
Passover by assuming it fell on the first full moon day following the northward equinox, using astronomical
394:. These were sourced from Hebcal.com. At present, only dates going back to 1752 CE have been included, because Hebcal.com does not take into account the Julian-to-Gregorian calendar conversion/"correction", so is based on the
292:
The identification of specific years as "leap" or "not leap" is also proleptic. Prior to the adoption of the fixed calendar, the
Sanhedrin could and did use a variety of criteria to determine if any specific year should be
224:
Because of specific rules about the calendar calculations, the day-of-the-week configuration of any year's calendar can be completely described with three pieces of information. Traditionally, this is done one of two ways:
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1, and does not work properly for such dates. Similarly, while this template will continue to calculate cycles for dates far into the future, it is not clear how meaningful such information would be for years later than
192:("years since creation") year numbering tradition currently in use (Note that other year numbering systems were more commonly used than this as late as the tenth century CE).
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The traditional description using three Hebrew letters for this purpose was not included here to reduce the coding burden. Further information is available on that at
236:
Day-of-week for Rosh
Hashanah, characterization of year as deficient, regular or complete, and whether the year is regular (12-month) or intercalated (13-month)
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Why the custom of Birkat
Hachama is based on the tradition of a spring creation and not a Rosh Hashanah creation is beyond the scope of this brief description.
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For
Gregorian year "yyyy", the corresponding Hebrew year is "(yyyy + 3760)" before Rosh Hashanah (in September or October), and "(yyyy + 3761)" thereafter.
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Accordingly, any use of the calendar (or this template) earlier than the calendar's establishment โ whenever that might have been โ must be viewed as
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The Torah specifies that the land is to lie fallow every seven years. The year when that happens is known as the sabbatical year, in Hebrew
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38:
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for a discussion of seasonal drift in the Hebrew calendar and the likelihood that at some point correction would be required.
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is to be separated during years 3 and 6 of the cycle. Accordingly, this template outputs information related to this cycle.
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6000 (2239โ2240 CE) are included, because the applicability of the calculations to dates much past that is uncertain. (See
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Whether there was a calculated version supporting the observational version is beyond the scope of this brief description.
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Calculations on this template are driven by a subtemplate (/rhdatum) that contains
Gregorian dates for the first day of
143:(as late as first century CE), an observational version of the calendar was in use, not the fixed version in use today.
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There are fourteen legal configurations of the calendar, seven for regular years and seven for intercalated years.
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cycles. Output of this section is therefore suppressed for years prior to the destruction of the Second Temple.
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for a description in classical Jewish sources as to what potentially happens after that. Alternatively, see
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in the mid-fourth century CE. While some scholars disagree with that notion, it
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Year numbers used by this template, both as input and output, are based on the
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477:
61:
This template shows a variety of information about the Hebrew calendar year.
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be separated during years 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the seven-year cycle, while the
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actually determines whether the year is regular or intercalated.
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By about the ninth century CE, the current calendar (without the
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and other content that is not part of the original template page.
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This template is not designed to be used for dates earlier than
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The fixed Jewish calendar now in use is attributed to the sage
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Day-of-week for Rosh
Hashanah, characterization of year as
537:
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without a parameter provides information on the current
358:("release"). The Torah additionally specifies that the
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See below for comments on appropriate values to use.
445:Hebrew calendar ยง Astronomical calculations
406:.) Similarly, only dates going forward to about
374:was standing is complicated by inclusion of the
370:Calculation of this cycle during years that the
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281:) is the Hebrew calendar's embodiment of the
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104:), where nnnn is a Hebrew calendar year (as
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289:The count of small cycles is proleptic.
199:As an example, this Gregorian year is
101:
97:
411:
7:
252:These calculations are driven by a
400:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
51:It may contain usage information,
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203:so it corresponds to Hebrew year
123:Hebrew calendar (Modern calendar)
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313:The 28-year Great/solar cycle (
277:The 19-year small/lunar cycle (
317:) is based on the calendar of
233:, and day-of-week for Passover
231:deficient, regular or complete
216:Fixed points on the calendar (
96:The only allowed parameter is
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404:Old Style and New Style dates
150:year numbering) was in place.
396:proleptic Gregorian calendar
321:, which is identical to the
261:Small cycle and leap years (
386:Subtemplate and limitations
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207:until Rosh Hashanah, then
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108:โyears since creation).
340:Sabbatical year cycle (
139:During the era of the
135:commonly agreed that:
538:http://www.hebcal.com
211:after Rosh Hashanah.
47:Template:Hebrew year
18:Template:Hebrew year
372:Temple in Jerusalem
272:lunisolar calendar
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462:Yiddish Knowledge
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302:Great cycle (
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70:{{
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478:Exodus 12:1
256:(/rhdatum).
254:subtemplate
182:year number
100:(or simply
73:Hebrew year
418:References
364:poor tithe
335:proleptic.
319:Mar Shmuel
189:Anno Mundi
180:Anno mundi
148:anno mundi
106:anno mundi
102:|nnnn
92:Parameters
53:categories
37:This is a
441:Year 6000
156:proleptic
129:Hillel II
350:shevi'it
378:(yovel)
218:keviyah
174:Outputs
42:subpage
355:shmita
342:Shmita
306:) and
170:6000.
88:5784.
82:year,
524:e.g.,
522:See,
475:e.g.,
473:See,
412:above
297:data.
201:2024,
16:<
439:See
402:and
209:5785
205:5784
45:for
481:ff.
460:or
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274:.
408:AM
168:AM
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133:is
85:AM
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