383:
347:
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20:
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258:
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79:
51:, It is unknown who commissioned or designed the temple, nor exactly when it was constructed. It is situated at the western end of the Great Court of Roman Heliopolis, on a broad platform of stone raised another 7 m (23 ft) above the huge stones of the foundation, three of which are among the heaviest blocks ever used in a construction. Cultic activity had long taken place at the site; the temple presumably replaced an earlier one, possibly using the same foundation.
1227:
1154:
407:
71:
370:
382:
346:
462:
Daniel
Lohmann wrote that, "due to the lack of remains of temple architecture, it can be assumed that the temple this terrace was built for was never completed or entirely destroyed before any new construction started..." "The unfinished pre-Roman sanctuary construction was incorporated into a master
394:
163:
lies unused in the nearby quarry 800 m (2,600 ft) from the town and weighs around 1,000 tonnes. A fifth, weighing approximately 1,200 tonnes lies in the same quarry.) Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels.
278:
The large stones may have probably been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry or multiple cranes may have been used in combination, or they might have alternated sides a little at a time, filling in supports underneath each time.
463:
plan of monumentalisation. Apparently challenged by the already huge pre-Roman construction, the early imperial
Jupiter sanctuary shows both an architectural "imperial" design and construction technique in the first half of the first century AD."
86:
The huge quarry nearby likely played into the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, despite being located at 1,145 meters of altitude and lying on the remote
293:, writing c. 400, says that the temple held a golden statue of Apollo or Zeus. Represented as a beardless youth and in the garb of a charioteer, his right hand held a whip, the left a lightning bolt and ears of wheat.
102:(AD 138–161), construction probably started soon after around 16 BC, when Baalbek became a Roman colony known as Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana. It was largely completed by AD 60 as evidenced by a
2165:
167:
A wide staircase provided access to the elevated platform, which measured 47.7 m × 87.75 m (156.5 ft × 287.9 ft) on top. The Temple of
Jupiter proper was circled by a
159:, measuring over 19 m (62 ft) long, 4.3 m (14 ft) high, and 3.6 m (12 ft) broad, they weigh approximately 800 tonnes each. (A fourth, still larger stone called the
133:
The temple complex is on a raised plaza erected 7 m (23 ft) over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls. These walls were built from about 24
334:
1215:
2655:
1138:
Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999), "Vom
Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon)" [From the quarry to the Jupiter temple of Heliopolis/Baalbek (Lebanon)],
323:
blocks weigh as much as 60 tonnes (66 tons), with one corner block weighing over 100 tonnes (110 tons), all of them raised to a height of 19 m (62.3 ft) above the ground.
1079:"'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem"
2158:
62:. The columns were 19.9 meters high with a diameter of nearly 2.5 meters: the biggest in the classical world. It took three centuries to create this colossal temple complex.
19:
2640:
2151:
1208:
137:, at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famed "
1174:
179:
is estimated to have been 44 meters above the floor of the court. With a rectangular footprint of 88 by 44 meters, it is considerably smaller than earlier
919:
472:"Current survey and interpretation, show that a pre-Roman floor level about 5 m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath".
1193:
1201:
275:
were not capable of lifting stones in the 60 to 100 tonne range, but a special one could have been built only for the construction of this temple.
175:: ten in front and back and nineteen along each side. The columns were 19.9 meters high, the tallest of any classical temple, and the apex of the
1078:
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1045:
972:
358:
566:
2203:
2601:
1169:
1122:
993:
2670:
1567:
1097:
Lohmann, Daniel (2010), "Giant
Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis",
2645:
2587:
2310:
1332:
2087:
1069:
2238:
940:
920:"Francis Bedford (1815-94) - Interior of the Temple of Jupiter - looking east [Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, Lebanon]"
257:
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88:
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1392:
36:
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2270:
781:
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The Temple-Sanctuary of
Heliopolitan Zeus was ruined by earthquakes, destroyed and pillaged for stone under
199:
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This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex, so no lifting was required to move the stones.
1982:
1977:
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2102:
859:
2491:
2198:
2193:
2007:
1992:
1787:
1727:
2486:
2032:
1342:
1014:
195:. Rather its significance lies in the sophistication of its planning and architectural detail.
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2218:
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1287:
1118:
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1907:
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1432:
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Continued archaeological investigations have been hindered by civil unrest in the region.
272:
106:
located on one of the topmost column drums. It was an important religious site during the
1657:
2143:
799:
Nobody seems to know on whose orders it was cut, or why, or how it came to be abandoned.
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2385:
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1972:
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1892:
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1031:
786:
238:
142:
99:
2634:
2516:
2450:
2255:
2097:
2027:
1962:
1917:
1882:
1707:
1472:
1467:
1412:
1397:
1307:
1165:
1160:
55:
941:"À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes"
2405:
2052:
2042:
2012:
2002:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1927:
1912:
1902:
1877:
1852:
1607:
1592:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1382:
1372:
309:
246:
230:
138:
107:
95:
59:
32:
1035:
983:
2521:
2112:
2047:
2017:
1947:
1897:
1717:
1647:
1547:
1297:
542:
302:
234:
223:
2415:
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2127:
2107:
1997:
1922:
1842:
1802:
1797:
1792:
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1712:
1602:
1517:
1442:
1347:
1322:
1317:
1272:
1267:
316:
2616:
2603:
1037:
A Dictionary of the Bible
Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents
2400:
2390:
2345:
1932:
1862:
1807:
1667:
1662:
1642:
1632:
1582:
1552:
1532:
1447:
1367:
1357:
956:
883:
290:
168:
156:
70:
2501:
2460:
2290:
2132:
2117:
1622:
1577:
1557:
1422:
1262:
567:"The Largest Temple of the Roman world: The Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek"
497:"Archaeoastronomy and the chronology of the Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek"
242:
176:
134:
103:
301:
At present, six columns remain standing along its south side with their
2370:
2188:
1782:
1767:
1722:
1697:
1637:
1627:
1597:
1542:
1537:
1492:
1462:
1377:
1352:
1337:
1277:
1242:
1226:
215:
211:
188:
48:
44:
265:
The original method of construction remains an archeological mystery.
2430:
2365:
2335:
2300:
1752:
1587:
1437:
1402:
1387:
1362:
1292:
1252:
1040:. Vol. IV, Pt. II. University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu.
320:
207:
206:
built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century,
192:
180:
115:
111:
1188:
1068:, New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by Henry Fenn &
496:
2435:
2280:
2082:
1757:
1257:
1247:
1159:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
308:
Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the
256:
219:
77:
69:
543:"Temple of Jupiter History & Architecture - Baalbek, Lebanon"
202:
enriched the temple's sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century,
2350:
2305:
2285:
1512:
1487:
1477:
1327:
1312:
203:
40:
2147:
1197:
1682:
1129:
Rowland, Benjamin Jr. (1956), "The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra",
1022:
Coulton, J.J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek
Architecture",
146:
312:'s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare.
524:
522:
1117:, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove.
837:
835:
627:
625:
2469:
2246:
2179:
696:
694:
692:
249:. Three columns fell during the late 18th century.
74:The layout of ancient Baalbek including the temple
683:
671:
616:
2656:1st-century religious buildings and structures
1077:Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011),
2159:
1209:
884:"The Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek in Lebanon"
8:
1178:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
963:Adam, Jean-Pierre; Mathews, Anthony (1999).
860:"Baalbek: Temple of Jupiter in Ancient Rome"
110:, and emperors often consulted the temple's
810:
591:
589:
587:
82:Pillars of the Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek
35:, the largest of the Roman world after the
2166:
2152:
2144:
1216:
1202:
1194:
1103:, vol. Special Volume, pp. 29–30
864:Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas
23:The Temple of Jupiter, in Baalbek, in 1895
1133:, vol. 19, No. 3/4, pp. 353–361
1062:Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt,
261:The six monumental columns of the temple.
94:Although the 6th-century Greek historian
965:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques
822:
764:
18:
2527:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
906:
775:
773:
604:
528:
513:
484:
455:
330:
54:It was the biggest temple dedicated to
2641:60s establishments in the Roman Empire
1111:, vol. 3, pp. 1–3, in
841:
716:
631:
2584:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
2542:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
2174:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
659:
7:
1189:Baalbek-UNESCO World Heritage Centre
748:
732:
700:
647:
490:
488:
210:added the temple's forecourt, with
780:Batuman, Elif (18 December 2014).
376:The Great Court, looking northeast
14:
2461:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
1140:Linzer Archäologische Forschungen
1006:Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion
98:dates the temple to the reign of
2237:
1225:
1152:
858:McIntosh, Matthew (2019-07-23).
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
2588:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
1232:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
352:The Hexagonal Court, North pool
2361:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
2088:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
340:Roman Lion's Head (Gargouille)
237:: eight columns were taken to
118:learned of his imminent death
16:Ruined Roman temple in Baalbek
1:
1003:Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914),
245:) for incorporation into the
119:
1107:Lyttelton, Margaret (1996).
1017:: Cambridge University Press
191:and the Temple of Apollo at
2517:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
2497:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2436:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
2276:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
2266:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
2229:Roman Law school of Berytus
2224:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
1773:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
1733:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
1024:Journal of Hellenic Studies
388:The Great Court, south side
161:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2687:
2537:Catholic Church in Lebanon
1011:Zeus God of the Bright Sky
988:. Beirut: American Press.
782:"The Myth of the Megalith"
147:
2580:
2482:Phoenice (Roman province)
2341:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
2235:
2214:Berytus Colonnaded street
2204:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
2023:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
1673:Phoenician port of Beirut
1593:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
1238:
1099:Bolletino di Archaologia
982:Alouf, Michel M. (1944).
811:Adam & Mathews (1999)
2441:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
2381:Monastery of Saint Maron
2331:Canalizations of Zenobia
1393:Canalizations of Zenobia
43:. It is situated at the
37:Temple of Venus and Roma
2671:Destroyed Roman temples
2617:34.006799°N 36.203414°E
2532:Christianity in Lebanon
2296:Ain Harcha roman temple
2271:Temples of Mount Hermon
2209:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
1578:Kouachra megalith field
1468:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
1175:Encyclopædia Britannica
1055:Jessup, Samuel (1881),
957:10.3406/syria.1977.6623
400:Great Court, south side
222:at the southern end of
200:Julio-Claudian emperors
2646:Roman sites in Lebanon
2567:6th century in Lebanon
2562:5th century in Lebanon
2557:4th century in Lebanon
2552:3rd century in Lebanon
2547:2nd century in Lebanon
2507:Marcus Valerius Probus
2194:Roman Forum of Berytus
2078:Temple of the Obelisks
1728:Roman Forum of Berytus
1628:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
1378:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
684:Ruprechtsberger (1999)
672:Ruprechtsberger (1999)
617:Kropp & al. (2011)
495:Magli, Giulio (2016).
444:4th century in Lebanon
439:2nd century in Lebanon
434:1st century in Lebanon
412:Interior, looking east
262:
83:
75:
24:
2572:551 Beirut earthquake
2512:Eudokia of Heliopolis
2446:Tripolis in Phoenicia
1738:Roman temple of Bziza
1283:Akkar plain foothills
1114:The Dictionary of Art
541:primeo (2022-04-20).
260:
183:temples, such as the
91:of the Roman Empire.
81:
73:
22:
2622:34.006799; 36.203414
2431:Schleem roman temple
2411:Qal'at Bustra temple
2376:Monastery of Qozhaya
2371:Libbaya roman temple
364:A Corinthian capital
2613: /
2492:Phoenice Libanensis
2366:Labweh Roman temple
2199:Berytus Roman Baths
1993:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
888:www.romeartlover.it
2666:Temples in Lebanon
2651:Temples of Jupiter
2487:Palaestina Secunda
2386:Nahle roman temple
2356:Kafr Zabad temples
2033:Tell Sultan Yakoub
1983:Tell Neba'a Litani
1978:Tell Neba'a Chaate
1343:Baidar ech Chamout
1072:, pp. 453–476
985:History of Baalbek
571:Roman Empire Times
263:
173:Corinthian columns
84:
76:
25:
2661:Destroyed temples
2596:
2595:
2426:Saraain El Faouqa
2261:Temple of Bacchus
2219:Byzantine mosaics
2141:
2140:
2073:Temple of Jupiter
2063:Temple of Bacchus
1823:Tell Ain Ghessali
1818:Tell Ain el Meten
1748:Saraain El Faouqa
1047:978-1-4102-1729-5
974:978-0-415-20866-6
937:Adam, Jean-Pierre
429:Temple of Bacchus
297:Present condition
185:Temple of Artemis
29:Temple of Jupiter
2678:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2391:Nebi Safa temple
2346:Hebbariye temple
2301:Amioun Monastery
2249:(actual Lebanon)
2241:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2068:Temple of Eshmun
1678:Plain of Zgharta
1618:Maronite mummies
1573:Khirbet El-Knese
1528:Kamouh el Hermel
1458:Haret ech Cheikh
1428:Douris (Baalbek)
1408:Deir El Aachayer
1230:
1229:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1179:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1134:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1085:, pp. 38–50
1073:
1051:
1027:
1018:
999:
978:
959:
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923:
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898:
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849:
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746:
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581:
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557:
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511:
505:
504:
492:
473:
470:
464:
460:
409:
397:
385:
373:
361:
349:
337:
233:and again under
150:
149:
124:
121:
49:Baalbek, Lebanon
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2631:
2630:
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2619:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2576:
2465:
2456:Tyre Necropolis
2421:Castra El Banat
2291:Ain Aata temple
2248:
2247:Roman Phoenicia
2242:
2233:
2182:(actual Beirut)
2181:
2175:
2172:
2142:
2137:
2093:Tyre Necropolis
1988:Tell Qasr Labwe
1938:Tell Kabb Elias
1908:Tell Hoch Rafqa
1888:Tell El Ghassil
1858:Tell Bir Dakoue
1833:Tell Ain Saouda
1828:Tell Ain Nfaikh
1778:Tahun ben Aissa
1743:Sands of Beirut
1483:Jabal es Saaïdé
1433:Elaea (Lebanon)
1418:Deir Mar Maroun
1234:
1224:
1222:
1185:
1168:, ed. (1911). "
1164:
1153:
1151:
1137:
1128:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1054:
1048:
1032:Hastings, James
1030:
1021:
1009:, vol. 1:
1002:
996:
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901:
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840:
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823:Hastings (2004)
821:
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792:
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779:
778:
771:
765:Chisholm (1911)
763:
759:
747:
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731:
727:
715:
711:
699:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
630:
623:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:Lyttelton 1996.
594:
585:
576:
574:
565:
564:
560:
551:
549:
547:Totally History
540:
539:
535:
527:
520:
512:
508:
494:
493:
486:
482:
477:
476:
471:
467:
461:
457:
452:
424:Roman Phoenicia
420:
413:
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398:
389:
386:
377:
374:
365:
362:
353:
350:
341:
338:
329:
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255:
171:of 54 unfluted
131:
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17:
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5:
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2065:
2060:
2058:Temnin el-Foka
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Tell Taalabaya
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Tell Nahariyah
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Tell Majdaloun
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Tell El Hadeth
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Tell Derzenoun
1870:
1868:Tell Delhamieh
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Tell Bar Elias
1845:
1840:
1838:Tell Ain Sofar
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Tell Ain Cerif
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Qalaat Tannour
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Nahle, Lebanon
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Khallet Michte
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Anjar, Lebanon
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:External links
1181:
1166:Chisholm, Hugh
1149:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1105:
1094:
1074:
1052:
1046:
1028:
1026:, vol. 94
1019:
1000:
994:
979:
973:
960:
951:(1/2): 31–63,
931:
928:
926:
925:
911:
907:Coulton (1974)
899:
875:
850:
831:
815:
803:
787:The New Yorker
769:
757:
741:
725:
709:
688:
676:
664:
662:, p. 139.
652:
640:
621:
609:
605:Rowland (1956)
597:
583:
558:
533:
529:Lohmann (2010)
518:
514:Lohmann (2010)
506:
483:
481:
478:
475:
474:
465:
454:
453:
451:
448:
447:
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436:
431:
426:
419:
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378:
375:
368:
366:
363:
356:
354:
351:
344:
342:
339:
332:
328:
325:
315:The remaining
298:
295:
287:
284:
254:
251:
239:Constantinople
130:
127:
100:Antoninus Pius
89:eastern border
67:
64:
31:is a colossal
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2683:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Roman Lebanon
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
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2429:
2427:
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2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
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2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
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2387:
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2382:
2379:
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2374:
2372:
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2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Dakoue temple
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Augusti Pagus
2309:
2307:
2306:Arca Caesarea
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
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2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
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2259:
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2245:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:Roman Berytus
2178:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Tell Shamsine
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Tell Mureibit
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Tell Khardane
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Tell el-Burak
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Ras Baalbek I
1706:
1704:
1703:Qasr el Banat
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Qal'at Bustra
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
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1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Hermel plains
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Deir Al-Ahmar
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Dahr El Ahmar
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Augusti Pagus
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Antelias cave
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1161:public domain
1145:
1142:(in German),
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:Artibus Asiae
1127:
1124:
1123:9781884446009
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:J.D. Woodward
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
997:
995:9781585090631
991:
987:
986:
980:
976:
970:
967:. Routledge.
966:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:(in French),
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
929:
921:
915:
912:
909:, p. 16.
908:
903:
900:
889:
885:
879:
876:
865:
861:
854:
851:
847:
843:
842:Jessup (1881)
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
813:, p. 35.
812:
807:
804:
800:
789:
788:
783:
776:
774:
770:
767:, p. 90.
766:
761:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
718:
717:Jessup (1881)
713:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
693:
689:
686:, p. 17.
685:
680:
677:
674:, p. 15.
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
653:
650:, p. 52.
649:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:Jessup (1881)
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
598:
592:
590:
588:
584:
572:
568:
562:
559:
548:
544:
537:
534:
531:, p. 29.
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
502:
498:
491:
489:
485:
479:
469:
466:
459:
456:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
408:
403:
396:
391:
384:
379:
372:
367:
360:
355:
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
296:
294:
292:
285:
283:
280:
276:
274:
269:
266:
259:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
218:shipped from
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
123: AD 115
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
80:
72:
65:
63:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2598:
2416:Castra Chbib
2406:Qalaat Faqra
2326:Bziza temple
2316:Bakka temple
2281:Aaqbe temple
2265:
2072:
2053:Tell Zeitoun
2043:Tell Wardeen
2013:Tell Saoudhi
2008:Tell Safiyeh
2003:Tell Saatiya
1968:Tell Murtafa
1958:Tell Meouchi
1953:Tell Mekhada
1928:Tell Jezireh
1913:Tell Karmita
1903:Tell Hazzine
1878:Tell Dibbine
1853:Tell Beshara
1658:Neba'a Faour
1608:Majdal Anjar
1523:Kamid el-Loz
1508:Joub Jannine
1503:Jeita Grotto
1498:Jebel Aabeby
1453:Hadeth south
1383:Bustan Birke
1373:Belat temple
1173:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1087:, retrieved
1082:
1065:
1064:Div. II
1061:
1036:
1023:
1010:
1005:
984:
964:
948:
944:
930:Bibliography
914:
902:
891:. Retrieved
887:
878:
867:. Retrieved
863:
853:
818:
806:
798:
791:. Retrieved
785:
760:
744:
728:
712:
679:
667:
660:Alouf (1944)
655:
643:
612:
600:
575:. Retrieved
573:. 2024-07-24
570:
561:
550:. Retrieved
546:
536:
509:
500:
468:
458:
314:
307:
300:
289:
281:
277:
273:Roman cranes
270:
267:
264:
253:Construction
247:Hagia Sophia
228:
216:pink granite
198:A number of
197:
166:
155:): cut from
152:
139:Three Stones
132:
129:Architecture
108:Roman Empire
96:John Malalas
93:
85:
60:Roman Empire
53:
33:Roman temple
28:
26:
2620: /
2522:Coele-Syria
2351:Iaat column
2113:Wadi Yaroun
2103:Umm al-Amad
2048:Tell Zenoub
2018:Tell Serhan
1948:Tell Masoud
1898:Tell Fadous
1718:Ras El Kelb
1648:Nachcharini
1548:Kafr Tebnit
1298:Amlaq Qatih
749:Cook (1914)
733:Cook (1914)
701:Cook (1914)
648:Adam (1977)
303:entablature
271:Individual
58:in all the
47:complex in
2635:Categories
2608:36°12′12″E
2605:34°00′24″N
2321:Batroumine
2256:Heliopolis
2128:Ain W Zain
2108:Wadi Koura
1998:Tell Rayak
1923:Tell Kirri
1843:Tell Ayoub
1803:Tell Addus
1798:Tell Ablah
1793:Tell Aalaq
1763:Sin el Fil
1713:Ras Beirut
1613:Mansourieh
1603:Lion Tower
1518:Kafr Zabad
1443:Fadous Sud
1348:Batroumine
1323:Ard Tlaili
1318:Ard Saouda
1273:Ain Harcha
1268:Ain Choaab
1057:"Ba'albek"
893:2024-07-29
869:2024-07-29
844:, p.
825:, p.
751:, p.
735:, p.
719:, p.
703:, p.
634:, p.
577:2024-07-29
552:2024-07-29
317:architrave
231:Theodosius
2401:Hosn Niha
1933:Tell Jisr
1863:Tell Deir
1808:Tell Ahle
1668:Hosn Niha
1663:Nebi Safa
1643:Nabi Zair
1633:Moukhtara
1583:Ksar Akil
1553:Kfar Qouq
1533:Karak Nuh
1448:Hebbariye
1368:Beit Mery
1358:Bechamoun
1109:"Baalbek"
1034:(2004) .
1015:Cambridge
793:3 January
501:arxiv.org
480:Footnotes
291:Macrobius
235:Justinian
169:peristyle
157:limestone
153:Trílithon
135:monoliths
2502:Ulpianus
2118:Yammoune
1623:Mayrouba
1568:Kharayeb
1558:Kfarhata
1423:Dekwaneh
1288:Al-Bireh
1263:Ain Aata
1089:13 March
939:(1977),
418:See also
286:Function
243:Istanbul
212:porticos
177:pediment
148:Τρίλιθον
104:graffito
2470:Related
2189:Berytus
1768:Sarepta
1723:Rashaya
1698:Qaraoun
1638:Mtaileb
1598:Libbaya
1543:Kefraya
1538:Kaukaba
1493:Jdeideh
1463:Hashbai
1353:Batroun
1338:Baalbek
1278:Akbiyeh
1243:Aadloun
1170:Baalbek
1163::
327:Gallery
189:Ephesus
66:History
56:Jupiter
45:Baalbek
1788:Tayibe
1753:Shheem
1588:Labweh
1438:Flaoui
1403:Dakoue
1388:Byblos
1363:Beirut
1313:Apheca
1293:Amioun
1253:Aammiq
1157:
1146:: 7–56
1121:
1083:Levant
1044:
992:
971:
321:frieze
208:Trajan
193:Didyma
116:Trajan
112:oracle
2451:Tyrus
2133:Zahlé
2123:Yanta
2083:Toron
1783:Taire
1758:Sidon
1258:Aaqbe
1248:Aaiha
945:Syria
450:Notes
310:Beqaa
224:Egypt
220:Aswan
181:Greek
143:Greek
2396:Niha
2286:Afqa
2098:Tyre
1513:Jieh
1488:Jbaa
1478:Iaat
1328:Arqa
1119:ISBN
1091:2013
1042:ISBN
990:ISBN
969:ISBN
795:2019
319:and
204:Nero
41:Rome
27:The
1683:Qaa
1172:".
953:doi
846:462
827:892
753:555
737:556
721:460
705:560
636:456
214:of
187:at
141:" (
39:in
2637::
1144:30
1081:,
1059:,
1013:,
949:54
943:,
886:.
862:.
834:^
797:.
784:.
772:^
691:^
624:^
586:^
569:.
545:.
521:^
499:.
487:^
305:.
226:.
151:,
145::
125:.
120:c.
114:.
2167:e
2160:t
2153:v
1217:e
1210:t
1203:v
1125:.
1050:.
998:.
977:.
955::
922:.
896:.
872:.
848:.
829:.
755:.
739:.
723:.
707:.
638:.
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