496:. Feduccia also criticized "ground-up" theories for the origin of avian flight, arguing on biophysical grounds that they were implausible, and noting that in other cases in which flight has developed among vertebrates it has occurred in an arboreal context. He argued, instead, for a "trees-down" model for the origin of avian flight due to its lack of the biophysical constraints hindering "ground-up" acquisition of flight and due to the ability to call upon biologically functional stages, represented by living analogues, at each stage in the evolution of flight.
378:, that managed to survive the Cretaceous extinction event, perhaps through eking out a living along marginal shoreline environments. This radiation is hypothesized to have been very rapid, as many orders of modern birds have fossil representatives from the early Cenozoic but not before. This hypothesis argues that support for this scenario is shown by the existence of a similar evolutionary pattern in Cenozoic mammals and that, as a general model of evolutionary change, a Tertiary "big-bang" for modern birds would be consistent with
568:). This emerged as a principal argument in Feduccia's research on the origin of birds, and was the subject of developmental studies of the ostrich definitively identifying first and fifth digital condensations in the embryonic hand, confirming a pentadactyl ground state for the avian manus with symmetrical reduction, unlike the situation indicated by paleontological evidence for theropods. This conclusion has been supported by some other workers.
44:
726:
possible to explain the discrepancy between the conflicting digital identities of tridactyl theropods and birds. Wagner and
Gauthier proposed that a homeotic frame shift, whereby expression domains for groups of genes like the Hox d group, were repositioned during limb bud development, resulting in the development of the first, second, and third digits of the archosaur
536:
clustered with other arboreal birds, suggesting that it was an arboreal animal rather than a terrestrial cursor or a bird which spent any considerable time on the ground, as is argued by some other workers. In 1994, Feduccia argued that there was a "temporal paradox" due to most bird-like dinosaurs
725:
Several of the arguments about whether similarities between birds and theropods are homologous that have been advanced by
Feduccia have been particularly contentious. One example is identification of the digits of the avian and theropod hand, and whether, and if so by what mechanism, it might be
709:. Feduccia responded by arguing that the origin of birds was a complex and as yet unresolved problem to which the theropod hypothesis as presently formulated was a simplistic answer, ignoring contrary evidence. Prum in turn responded to this paper by again criticizing Feduccia's failure to use
385:
Furthermore, Feduccia has suggested that this rapid adaptive radiation of modern birds, compressed into such a short period of geologic time, might obscure interordinal relationships and make elucidation of the phylogeny of modern birds particularly difficult, barring the isolation of conserved
713:
and to specify an explicit alternative sister-group with which to ally birds. He particularly singled out
Feduccia's adoption of the view that some theropod taxa are actually birds that have been mistaken for theropods through convergence associated with flight loss and secondary adoption of
549:
radiation of modern birds. The book presented a thorough overview of earlier criticisms of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds and a "ground-up" origin of avian flight, expanded on many of those arguments, and presented a series of new arguments questioning the hypotheses of
778:
mosaic; whether these finds refute the hypothesis that the principal adaptive radiation of modern birds occurred only after the end-Cretaceous extinction event is not clear, since the hypothesis is consistent with a limited adaptive radiation of neornithines in the Late
Cretaceous.
455:
could have served as a site of attachment for a well-developed M. pectoralis major, the principal depressor of the avian wing, responsible for powering the downstroke during avian flight. Olson and
Feduccia concluded that this provided further evidence for the flight capability of
342:, Feduccia also argued that flamingos, the phylogenetic relationships of which remain disputed, with some recent studies suggesting a sister-group relationship with grebes, were actually derived from shorebirds. Feduccia summarized his position in the second edition of his book
608:, are hypothesized to have been flighted. This argument represents a shift from Feduccia's earlier position in the 1990s, as he acknowledged in a 2002 paper where he first endorsed this view. Feduccia has expanded upon this argument in subsequent papers and in his book
499:
Feduccia's skepticism about the origin of birds from theropods and a "ground-up" origin of avian flight, which in the absence of any evidence for small, arboreal theropods seemed a concomitant requirement of that hypothesis, increased following publication of
688:
1996 award for
Excellence in Biology. However, it received negative reviews from several paleontologists, primarily on account of the book's criticisms of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds. Feduccia has been criticized for failing to use
540:
In other publications in the early 1990s, Feduccia expanded on earlier arguments for the evolution of feathers in a primarily aerodynamic rather than thermoregulatory context. In 1996, Feduccia published the first edition (second edition in 1999) of
586:, suggest that there might have been an extensive, and hitherto unrecognized radiation of cryptic avian lineages, some of which rapidly lost flight and secondarily adopted a cursorial lifestyle. According to this argument, very birdlike groups like
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advanced as evidence for the theropod hypothesis. Feduccia argued that many of the proposed homologous similarities between theropods and birds were ambiguous, and that other similarities between birds and theropods could plausibly be explained as
730:
from what were originally condensations for the second, third, and fourth. This view has been supported by some other workers. Another response to
Feduccia's digital homology argument is the counterargument that evidence from the transitional
559:, particularly those in the hindlimb and pelvis. Feduccia also focused upon the discrepancy between embryological evidence identifying the digits of the avian manus as the second, third, and fourth of the primitively pentadactyl
468:. Feduccia here criticized the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, but his position was largely agnostic, conceding that there was evidence in support of both a theropod ancestry of birds and an ancestry from more basal
563:
manus, and paleontological evidence indicating that theropod dinosaurs primitively reduced their fourth and fifth manual digits, eventually retaining only the first, second, and third (with further reduction in some groups, like
1469:
Mindell, D. P., M. D. Sorenson, C. J. Huddleston, H. C. Miranda Jr., A. Knight, S. J. Sawchuk, and T. Yuri. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avian orders based on mitochondrial DNA, pp. 213–247 in
386:
characters or mosaic fossils demonstrating transitional character states bridging extant orders. This reiterates an early theme from his research in the 1970s, in which
Feduccia had repeatedly emphasized the importance of
528:, and that thermoregulatory functions would have been adequately served by hair, which is a developmentally simpler structure. In a 1993 paper, Feduccia analyzed claw curvature arcs in the manual and pedal claws of
370:. According to this hypothesis, modern orders of birds initially radiated principally from a lineage of "transitional shorebirds", perhaps represented by the shorebird form-family Graculavidae, from the
3704:
1975. Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in the
Passeriformes and related groups: evolutionary implications. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 63.
394:. This has also been a theme in his study of flightlessness in birds, a phenomenon the pervasiveness of which has been stressed in his work, and the mechanisms by which flight is lost, including
421:. Feduccia's first contribution relative to the origin and early evolution of birds, and their relationship with dinosaurs, was a critical review of the evidence then available for dinosaurian
3717:
1982. with Storrs Olson. Morphological similarities between the
Menurae and the Rhinocryptidae, relict passerine birds of the southern hemisphere. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 366.
2716:
Yang, S.-Y.; Lockley, M. G.; Greben, S.; Erickson, B. R.; Lim, S.-K. (1995). "Flamingo and duck-like bird tracks from the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary: evidence and implications".
822:
Feduccia served as Chair of the Department of Biology at Chapel Hill from 1997 to 2002, and prior to that was Chair of the Division of Natural Sciences. He is an elected Fellow of the
598:, that through homoplasy associated with the loss of flight and secondary acquisition of cursoriality, converged on theropod dinosaurs. Other lineages, like that represented by
2787:
827:
328:). This is contrary to the more widely held view, based on molecular and morphological data, that waterfowl are most closely related to chickens, turkeys, and related fowl (
114:
680:
Feduccia's work on the origin of birds, which has historically been a divisive topic in vertebrate zoology, has been controversial. Feduccia's principal academic work,
760:
from the Late Cretaceous, but much of this material is fragmentary and interpretation is difficult. On the other hand, there do appear to be definitive exemplars of
2569:
Feduccia, A.; Lingham-Soliar, T.; Hinchliffe, J. R. (2005). "Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on morphological and paleontological evidence".
280:
more readily than strongly functionally correlated characters. Using this approach, in a series of publications, Feduccia analyzed the morphology of the bony
1870:
189:
161:
3707:
1980. with Storrs Olson (senior author). Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316.
594:, which are currently considered by most workers to be theropod dinosaurs, are thought actually to represent avian lineages, probably more derived than
714:
cursoriality. Prum argued, finally, that Feduccia's methodology and view of the origin and early evolution of birds are pseudoscientific. Overview of
1813:
288:
birds. This approach was extended to the analysis of non-passeriform birds as well, including owls and the shoebill, also known as the whalebill (
410:
Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the hypothesis, accepted by most biologists, that birds originated from and are deeply nested within
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presented a summary of the current state of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, and urged its acceptance by and integration within
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planted the idea that shorebirds are the basic ancestral stock for both flamingolike birds and the anseriformes, ducks and their allies...".
268:
Feduccia's research has focused on ornithology, evolutionary biology, vertebrate history and morphogenesis, and the tempo and mode of the
486:
theropods might prove a better phylogenetic hypothesis. He thus, essentially, agreed with the model for the origin of birds proposed by
3647:
3627:
685:
1119:
Feduccia, A. (1975). "Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in the Passeriformes and related groups: evolutionary implications".
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1025:
504:, culminating in a series of publications in the latter half of the 1980s and the early 1990s expanding upon arguments presented in
3518:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
1557:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
823:
698:
106:
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New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
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New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
4114:
215:. He has argued for an alternative theory in which birds share a common stem-ancestor with theropod dinosaurs among more basal
3325:
Lindlow, B. E. K. 2011. Bird evolution across the K-Pg boundary and the basal neornithine diversification. Pages 338—354 in
1521:
Groth, J. G.; Barrowclough, G. F. (1999). "Basal divergences in birds and the phylogenetic utility of the nuclear RAG-1 gene".
362:
Feduccia's early work on flamingos and waterfowl contributed to the development of his hypothesis that there was an explosive
1017:
1629:"Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)"
3309:
Brown, J. W., and M. Van Tuinen. 2011. Evolving perceptions of the antiquity of the modern avian tree. Pages 306—324 in
3252:
Xu, X.; Clark, J.M.; Mo, J.; Choiniere, J.; Forster, C.A.; Erickson, G.M.; Hone, D.W.E.; Sullivan, C.; et al. (2009).
520:, Feduccia criticized hypotheses for the evolution of feathers in non-aerodynamic contexts in endothermic small theropod
272:
vertebrate radiation. His early work in the 1970s focused on clarification of the evolutionary history of modern birds (
524:. He argued that these hypotheses failed to account for the elaborate aerodynamic architecture of the feather vane and
2788:"A new genus and species of unusual tern (Aves: Laridae: Anoinae) from the Middle Eocene Calvert Formation of Virginia"
3927:
3728:
Burke, A. C.; Feduccia, A. (1997). "Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand".
2362:
Burke, A. C.; Feduccia, A. (1997). "Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand".
1164:
Feduccia, A.; Ferree, C. E. (1978). "Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in owls: evolutionary implications".
622:, which he argues is a primitive bird whose morphology reflects an ancestry among basal, nondinosaurian archosaurs.
492:
232:
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2170:(M. K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, eds.). Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt: Eichstatt.
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From 2002, Feduccia has argued that the discovery of spectacular new fossils from the Cretaceous of China, like
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Feduccia opposes the overwhelming scientific consensus that birds originated from and are deeply nested within
1430:
Olson, S. L.; Feduccia, A. (1980). "Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae)".
3899:
276:), focusing, in particular, on the identification of conserved morphological characters that might elucidate
3253:
3072:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019).
545:, a comprehensive review of his research on both early avian evolution and a synopsis of the history of the
4067:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
3457:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
1899:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
612:. He has further developed his alternative hypothesis for the origin of birds through study of the bizarre
4119:
3745:
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Makovicky, P. J., and G. J. Dyke. 2001. "Naive falsification and the origin of birds". Pages 501–509 in
2343:
Feduccia, A. (1995). "The aerodynamic model for the evolution of feathers and feather misinterpretation".
379:
252:
95:
2971:
Padian, K. 2001. "The false issues of bird origins: an historiographic perspective". Pages 485–499 in
2493:
Galis, F.; Kundrat, M.; Sinervo, B. (2003). "An old controversy solved: bird embryos have five fingers".
3714:
and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 323.
1836:
3701:
1973. Evolutionary trends in the neotropical Ovenbirds and Woodhewers. Ornithological Monographs 13.
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Witmer, L. M. 2002. The debate on avian ancestry: phylogeny, function, and fossils. Pages 3–30 in
478:. Feduccia nevertheless suggested that on the basis of closer stratigraphic fit, ancestry from basal
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Olson, S.; Feduccia, A. (1980). "Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae)".
1585:
1401:
1351:
1192:
937:
3928:"Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on neontological and paleontological evidence"
3750:
332:), but Feduccia argues that similarities between anseriform and galliform birds are attributable to
3217:
Vargas, A. O.; Fallon, J. F. (2005). "The digits of the wings of birds are 1, 2, and 3. A review".
1279:(Aves: Anseriformes) and other birds from the Paleocene Aquia Formation of Maryland and Virginia".
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426:
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2120:
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2002:
1898:
1794:
1699:
1609:
1409:
1257:
1208:
1101:
1087:"Morphology of the bony stapes in New and Old World suboscines: new evidence for common ancestry"
551:
318:
deposits from outcrops of the Green River Formation in Utah and Wyoming, Feduccia concluded that
1140:"Morphology of the bony stapes in Menuridae and Acanthisittidae: evidence for oscine affinities"
756:. It has also been argued that there is fossil evidence for the existence of multiple orders of
1061:
17:
3950:
3878:
3808:
3681:
3662:
3643:
3623:
3604:
3585:
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3543:
3493:
3429:
3354:"A new presbyornithid bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of southern Mongolia"
3284:
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2010:
1967:
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being known from the Cretaceous, while birds are thought to have originated in the Jurassic.
516:, as well as on the origin and early evolution of birds and avian flight, held in Eichstatt,
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3191:
3154:
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3095:
3085:
3052:
3041:"Are current critiques of the theropod origin of birds science? Rebuttal to Feduccia (2002)"
3011:
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1994:
1957:
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1879:
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1778:
1734:
1726:
1640:
1593:
1530:
1501:
1439:
1359:
1342:
Feduccia, A. (1977b). "Hypothetical stages in the evolution of modern ducks and flamingos".
1319:
1288:
1239:
1200:
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1007:
986:
945:
808:
591:
487:
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Vargas, A. O.; Fallon, J. F. (2005). "Birds have dinosaur wings: the molecular evidence".
1945:
727:
618:
587:
325:
181:
177:
143:
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Feduccia, A.; Nowicki, J. (2002). "The hand of birds revealed by early ostrich embryos".
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Feduccia, A. (1993b). "Aerodynamic model for the early evolution of feathers provided by
1930:
Feduccia, A. (1985). The morphological evidence for ratite monophyly: fact or fiction?
1458:
The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume I: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
366:
adaptive radiation of neornithine birds following the extinction event at the end of the
3866:
3784:
3741:
3407:
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Clarke, J. A.; Tambussi, C. P.; Noriega, J. I.; Erickson, G. M.; Ketcham, R. A. (2005).
3272:
3140:
3125:"1,2,3=2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand"
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2413:
2375:
2321:
2197:
2100:
2045:
1774:
1589:
1405:
1355:
1196:
941:
1506:
1485:
1324:
1307:
990:
644:
578:
483:
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avian radiation, with a particular focus on the origin and relationships of waterfowl (
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2506:
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Kundrát, Martin; Seichert, Václav; Russell, Anthony P.; Smetana, Karel (August 2002).
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971:
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affinity "rest on weak evidence, and most authors do not consider them to be viable".
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4036:
Czerkas, S. A.; Feduccia, A. (2014). "Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird".
3803:
3768:
3159:
3124:
2744:
2681:
Czerkas, S. A.; Feduccia, A. (2014). "Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird".
2270:
2249:
2234:
Elzanowski, A. 2002. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany), pp. 129–159 in
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The Bird: A Natural History of Who Birds Are, Where They Came From, and How They Live
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1628:
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Cracraft, J. and J. Clarke. 2001. The basal clades of modern birds, pp. 143–156 in
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was capable of powered flight, as indicated by the asymmetrical vanes of its primary
435:
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2772:
2745:"Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of
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2221:
2069:
1798:
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Conference, a major international meeting on the interpretation and significance of
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3441:
3391:
3296:
2958:
2702:
2453:"Pentadactyl pattern of the avian wing autopodium and pyramid reduction hypothesis"
2437:
2124:
1308:"Systematic position of the Paleogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes)"
1212:
1049:
775:
761:
757:
741:
702:
565:
444:
395:
297:
147:
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3520:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Peabody Museum of Natural History: New Haven.
3475:
3342:(eds. L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer). University of California Press: Berkeley.
2841:(eds. L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer). University of California Press: Berkeley.
2180:
Feduccia, A. (1993a). "Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habits for
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1917:
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was clearly a bird, albeit primitive, were expanded upon in Feduccia's 1980 book,
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3559:
2383:
2205:
2083:
Olson, S. L.; Feduccia, A. (1979). "Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of
1782:
1011:
3820:
Feduccia, A. (2002). "Birds are dinosaurs: simple answer to a complex problem".
2523:
Feduccia, A. (2002). "Birds are dinosaurs: simple answer to a complex problem".
1574:"Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds"
771:
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706:
638:
582:
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and differential development. Feduccia has argued against the monophyly of the
338:
329:
320:
310:
285:
244:
236:
139:
3129:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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extinction event is in conflict with some molecular evidence suggesting a deep
324:
represents a shorebird-duck mosaic and that waterfowl evolved from shorebirds (
4049:
3874:
2764:
2729:
2694:
2421:
1597:
1010:(1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the Origin of Birds". In Padian, K. (ed.).
745:
732:
710:
690:
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479:
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371:
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273:
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4002:
3392:"Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous"
3109:
3090:
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1883:
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1962:
1730:
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in his studies of the origin and the evolution of birds. In a 2002 paper in
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2479:
2429:
2329:
2213:
2061:
2014:
1971:
1790:
1605:
1542:
1534:
1761:
Feduccia, A. (1995). "Explosive evolution in Tertiary birds and mammals".
1572:
Field, D. J.; Benito, J.; Chen, A.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Ksepka, D. T. (2020).
3338:
Hope, S. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. Pages 339—388 in
3254:"A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies"
1371:
1121:
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications
789:
supports a deep Mesozoic origin of modern birds, but the avian status of
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concept of rapid adaptive radiation following a major extinction event.
284:, the ear ossicle of birds, to help elucidate the interrelationships of
188:
of birds. He is S. K. Heninger Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the
3946:
3424:
2882:
2824:
Witmer, L. M. 1991. Perspectives on avian origins. Pages 427–466 in
2582:
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2238:(L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer, eds.). University of California Press
2006:
1703:
1105:
715:
666:
517:
448:
399:
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lineages, with birds originating from small arboreal archosaurs in the
151:
2988:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven.
2975:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven.
2828:(eds. H.-P. Schultze and L. Trueb). Cornell University Press: Ithaca
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2116:
1738:
1292:
1060:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
43:
2949:
2920:
2826:
Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus
2162:
Feduccia, A. 1985. On why the dinosaur lacked feathers, pp. 75–79 in
2108:
1559:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven
1244:
1227:
1204:
950:
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Feduccia has appeared frequently on national TV and radio, including
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305:
281:
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Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs: Forays in Postmodern Paleontology
2803:
1998:
1456:
Cracraft, J. 1988. "The major clades of birds". Pages 339–361 in
460:. These initial excursions into the subject, and the argument that
443:, a feature found only in flying birds. In a paper coauthored with
3622:(5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. January 24, 1991.
3321:
3319:
3000:"Why ornithologists should care about the theropod origin of birds"
1932:
Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Ornithological Congress
3074:"Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview"
2743:
Zhang, Z.; Gao, C.; Meng, Q.; Liu, J.; Hou, L.; Zheng, G. (2009).
2153:. Three Rivers Press; Reprint edition. September 7, 2010. Page 58.
737:
suggests that theropods too have the three digits II, III and IV.
3603:. Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. July 1989.
3492:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015.
1685:"Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos"
795:
is disputed by most paleontologists and requires further study.
753:
669:
406:
Opposition to theropod origin hypothesis for the origin of birds
390:
in evolution, and its ability to confound the interpretation of
248:
1946:"Ratite nonmonophyly: independent evidence from 40 novel loci"
1016:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 8.
816:
812:
804:
292:). Other studies in the 1970s focused on the analysis of the
3926:
Feduccia, A.; Lingham-Soliar, T.; Hinchliffe, J. R. (2005).
3329:(eds. G. Dyke and G. Kaiser). Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester.
3313:(eds. G. Dyke and G. Kaiser). Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester.
1383:
1381:
1228:"Fossil birds from the Green River deposits of eastern Utah"
354:
Tempo and Mode in the origin and evolution of modern birds (
3834:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2
3565:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1980.
3369:
10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2
3327:
Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds
3311:
Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds
3058:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0550:ACCOTT]2.0.CO;2
3017:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0001:WOSCAT]2.0.CO;2
2537:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2
2248:
Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. Stefan (2007).
1486:"A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil
718:
phylogeny released in 2019 concludes that his theory about
684:, was well received by some workers, and was winner of the
472:, perhaps similar in overall morphological organization to
3993:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[373:PIOAQV]2.0.CO;2
2635:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[373:PIOAQV]2.0.CO;2
2164:
The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International
819:, ABC (Australia), NHK (Japan) and MacNeil/Lehrer Report.
3584:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1985.
626:
Currently recognized taxa named in honor of Alan Feduccia
402:, a conclusion consistent with recent molecular studies.
3642:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 1999.
2518:
2516:
783:
argues that the avian status of the controversial taxon
192:. Feduccia's authored works include three major books,
2136:
2134:
1425:
1423:
3661:. New Haven: Yale University Press. January 20, 2012.
770:
from the latest Cretaceous of Belgium appears to be a
3851:"The hand of birds revealed by early ostrich embryos"
2395:
2393:
577:, and other taxa with unambiguous feathers, like the
3352:
Kurochkin, E. N.; Dyke, G. J.; Karhu, A. A. (2002).
2285:
Feduccia, Alan (1994). "The Great Dinosaur Debate".
336:. Partly based on his analysis of the osteology of
3970:Feduccia, A.; Martin, L. D.; Tarsitano, S. (2007).
3773:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
2792:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2612:Feduccia, A.; Martin, L. D.; Tarsitano, S. (2007).
2032:: asymmetric vanes indicate aerodynamic function".
1944:Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013).
1281:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1166:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
828:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
157:
135:
115:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
101:
91:
83:
75:
53:
34:
3558:
3516:in the debate on avian origins. Pages 537—548 in
2028:Feduccia, A.; Tordoff, H. B. (1979). "Feathers of
1490:, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl"
740:Feduccia's model for the origin of most orders of
300:). Based on his analysis of the osteology of the
4100:Alan Feduccia at the University of North Carolina
3490:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution
2900:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)".
1662:"A flamingolike wader from the Eocene of Wyoming"
1474:(ed. D. P. Mindell). Academic Press: San Diego.
1337:
1335:
1183:Feduccia, A. (1977). "The whalebill is a stork".
744:in an explosive adaptive radiation after the end-
447:in the same year, Feduccia noted that the robust
251:. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. (1969) from the
121:Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award
2564:
2562:
2925:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)"
2857:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)"
1013:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
1002:
1000:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
1985:Feduccia, A. (1973). "Dinosaurs as reptiles".
1460:(ed. M. J. Benton). Clarendon Press: Oxford.
2236:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
1567:
1565:
965:
963:
961:
919:
917:
508:. In his 1985 contribution to the Eichstatt
8:
3340:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
2839:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
1039:
1037:
3710:1980. with Storrs Olson (senior author).
1392:and the evolution of ducks and flamingos".
1044:Padian, Kevin. (2004). "Basal Avialae". In
764:from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica and
3769:"1,2,3=2,3,4: accommodating the cladogram"
2660:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2015.
900:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2012.
42:
31:
4018:
3991:
3802:
3792:
3749:
3620:Torrey's Morphogenesis of the Vertebrates
3423:
3158:
3148:
3099:
3089:
3056:
3015:
2948:
2872:
2633:
2269:
2258:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1961:
1871:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1644:
1633:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1505:
1494:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1472:Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics
1323:
1312:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1243:
979:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
949:
425:in 1973. In a 1979 paper, Feduccia and
972:"Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds"
857:
855:
853:
838:
682:The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
314:, represented in large quantities from
3540:Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates
2919:Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (1997).
2345:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
429:argued, against the position taken by
1523:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
3123:Wagner, G.; Gauthier, J. A. (1999).
1863:"The Cretaceous birds of New Jersey"
1861:Olson, S. L.; Parris, D. C. (1987).
1719:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1660:Feduccia, A.; McGrew, P. O. (1974).
1432:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
231:Feduccia graduated with a B.S. from
211:, and are therefore living theropod
3582:Catesby's Colonial Birds of America
3849:Feduccia, A.; Nowicki, J. (2002).
3512:Witmer, L. M. 2001. The role of
1672:(2). University of Wyoming: 49–61.
1507:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01285.x
1325:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x
991:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x
686:Association of American Publishers
25:
3640:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2923:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2898:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2855:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
543:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
344:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
198:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
3900:""Big bang" for Tertiary birds?"
3634:Coauthored with Edward MacCrady.
3542:. New York: W. W. Norton. 1974.
2921:"Flight from reason. Review of:
2271:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x
2250:"The tenth skeletal specimen of
1646:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x
532:and other birds, and found that
3907:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
3659:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
3219:Journal of Experimental Zoology
3184:Journal of Experimental Zoology
2658:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
2495:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2460:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1821:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
898:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
610:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
202:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
18:Temporal paradox (paleontology)
3601:Birds of Colonial Williamsburg
2310:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1814:"Big Bang for Tertiary birds?"
1344:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1018:California Academy of Sciences
824:American Ornithologists' Union
699:American Ornithologists' Union
107:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
4130:University of Michigan alumni
4086:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
3919:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00017-X
3476:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
2507:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00018-6
2054:10.1126/science.203.4384.1021
1918:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
1833:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00017-X
1232:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
490:in his influential 1926 book
3760:10.1126/science.278.5338.666
3680:. Brown Walker Press. 2020.
2384:10.1126/science.278.5338.666
2206:10.1126/science.259.5096.790
1783:10.1126/science.267.5198.637
1364:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90256-9
1052:; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).
264:Early work on bird evolution
259:Academic career and research
190:University of North Carolina
162:University of North Carolina
1306:Ericson, Per G. P. (1997).
1275:Olson, S. (1994). "A giant
632:Presbyorniformipes feduccii
414:, and are therefore living
176:(born April 25, 1943) is a
4146:
3078:Frontiers in Earth Science
233:Louisiana State University
4050:10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9
3875:10.1007/s00114-002-0350-y
3361:American Museum Novitates
2765:10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x
2730:10.1080/10420949509380111
2695:10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9
2422:10.1007/s00114-002-0350-y
2168:Conference Eichstatt 1984
1598:10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0
846:Library of Congress entry
734:Limusaurus inextricabilis
167:
128:
41:
4020:10.1525/auk.2013.130.1.1
3091:10.3389/feart.2018.00252
2308:(Primates, Lemuridae)".
1884:10.5479/si.00810266.63.1
1666:Contributions to Geology
4115:American ornithologists
1751:Feduccia (1999), p. 210
1731:10.5479/si.00810282.316
1484:Livezey, B. C. (1997).
1444:10.5479/si.00810282.323
926:"The ancestry of birds"
4038:Journal of Ornithology
3794:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4740
3722:Selected recent papers
3150:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5111
2753:Journal of Ornithology
2683:Journal of Ornithology
2330:10.1006/jtbi.1993.1010
2140:Feduccia (1980), p. 37
1535:10.1006/mpev.1998.0603
1388:Feduccia, A. (1978). "
970:Ostrom, J. H. (1976).
924:Ostrom, J. H. (1973).
253:University of Michigan
96:University of Michigan
4065:Feduccia, A. (2014).
4001:Feduccia, A. (2013).
3935:Journal of Morphology
3898:Feduccia, A. (2003).
3767:Feduccia, A. (1999).
3455:Feduccia, A. (2014).
2786:Olson, S. L. (2011).
2571:Journal of Morphology
1963:10.1093/sysbio/sys067
1897:Feduccia, A. (2014).
1812:Feduccia, A. (2003).
1683:Feduccia, A. (1976).
1138:Feduccia, A. (1975).
1085:Feduccia, A. (1974).
697:, the journal of the
676:Responses to his work
2998:Prum, R. O. (2002).
2874:10.1093/icb/37.2.210
1842:on September 8, 2012
1226:Wetmore, A. (1926).
1046:Weishampel, David B.
180:specializing in the
4074:Cretaceous Research
4003:"Bird origins anew"
3867:2002NW.....89..391F
3855:Naturwissenschaften
3785:1999PNAS...96.4740F
3742:1997Sci...278..666B
3464:Cretaceous Research
3416:10.1038/nature03150
3408:2005Natur.433..305C
3281:10.1038/nature08124
3273:2009Natur.459..940X
3231:10.1002/jez.b.21051
3196:10.1002/jez.b.21023
3141:1999PNAS...96.5111W
3039:Prum, R. O (2003).
2941:1996Natur.384..230N
2414:2002NW.....89..391F
2402:Naturwissenschaften
2376:1997Sci...278..666B
2322:1993JThBi.160..159F
2198:1993Sci...259..790F
2101:1979Natur.278..247O
2046:1979Sci...203.1021F
2040:(4384): 1021–1022.
1906:Cretaceous Research
1775:1995Sci...267..637F
1590:2020Natur.579..397F
1406:1978AmSci..66..298F
1356:1977JThBi..67..715F
1197:1977Natur.266..719F
942:1973NPhS..242..136O
660:Feducciavis loftini
493:The Origin of Birds
3947:10.1002/jmor.10382
2902:American Scientist
2861:American Zoologist
2583:10.1002/jmor.10382
1950:Systematic Biology
1394:American Scientist
650:Zhang et al., 2009
174:John Alan Feduccia
58:John Alan Feduccia
3976:2007: Quo vadis?"
3736:(5338): 666–669.
3668:978-0-300-16435-0
3499:978-1-4214-1590-1
3402:(7023): 305–308.
2851:Mayr, E. (1997).
2667:978-0-300-16435-0
2618:2007: Quo vadis?"
2472:10.1002/jez.10140
2370:(5338): 666–669.
2192:(5096): 790–793.
2095:(5701): 247–248.
1769:(5198): 637–638.
1627:Mayr, G. (2004).
1584:(7799): 397–401.
1191:(5604): 719–720.
1020:. pp. 1–55.
907:978-0-300-16435-0
781:Sankar Chatterjee
752:origin for these
720:scansoriopterygid
635:Yang et al., 1995
482:rather than from
346:: "The study of
178:paleornithologist
171:
170:
130:Scientific career
27:American academic
16:(Redirected from
4137:
4089:
4071:
4061:
4032:
4022:
3997:
3995:
3966:
3932:
3922:
3904:
3894:
3845:
3828:(4): 1187–1201.
3816:
3806:
3796:
3779:(9): 4740–4742.
3763:
3753:
3691:
3672:
3653:
3633:
3614:
3595:
3576:
3564:
3561:The Age of Birds
3553:
3521:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3135:(9): 5111–5116.
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2950:10.1038/384230a0
2916:
2910:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2531:(4): 1187–1201.
2520:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2177:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2109:10.1038/278247a0
2080:
2074:
2073:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1835:. Archived from
1818:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1245:10.5962/p.231090
1238:(3–4): 391–402.
1223:
1217:
1216:
1205:10.1038/266719a0
1180:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1004:
995:
994:
976:
967:
956:
955:
953:
951:10.1038/242136a0
921:
912:
911:
894:
888:
885:
862:
859:
848:
843:
809:Voice of America
664:
651:
636:
592:Oviraptorosauria
506:The Age of Birds
502:The Age of Birds
488:Gerhard Heilmann
466:The Age of Birds
194:The Age of Birds
124:
119:
111:
71:
67:
65:
48:Feduccia in 2009
46:
32:
21:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4069:
4064:
4035:
4000:
3969:
3930:
3925:
3902:
3897:
3848:
3819:
3766:
3751:10.1.1.728.1894
3727:
3724:
3698:
3688:
3676:
3669:
3657:
3650:
3638:
3630:
3618:
3611:
3599:
3592:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3550:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3267:(18): 940–944.
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3038:
3037:
3033:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2804:10.2988/11-16.1
2785:
2784:
2780:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1999:10.2307/2407132
1984:
1983:
1979:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1147:Wilson Bulletin
1142:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1008:Gauthier, J. A.
1006:
1005:
998:
974:
969:
968:
959:
923:
922:
915:
908:
896:
895:
891:
887:Feduccia (1999)
886:
865:
861:Feduccia (1980)
860:
851:
844:
840:
836:
801:
678:
662:
656:bird from China
649:
634:
628:
619:Scansoriopteryx
588:Dromaeosauridae
408:
360:
326:Charadriiformes
290:Balaeniceps rex
266:
261:
239:expeditions to
229:
144:Paleornithology
122:
120:
117:
112:
109:
92:Alma mater
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:External links
4092:
4091:
4090:
4062:
4044:(4): 841–851.
4033:
3998:
3967:
3941:(2): 125–166.
3923:
3913:(4): 172–176.
3895:
3861:(9): 391–393.
3846:
3817:
3764:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3654:
3649:978-0300078619
3648:
3635:
3629:978-0471623144
3628:
3615:
3609:
3596:
3590:
3577:
3571:
3554:
3548:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3505:
3498:
3481:
3447:
3382:
3363:(3386): 1–11.
3344:
3331:
3315:
3302:
3244:
3225:(3): 206–219.
3209:
3174:
3115:
3064:
3051:(2): 550–561.
3031:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2911:
2888:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2798:(4): 270–279.
2778:
2759:(4): 783–790.
2747:Confuciusornis
2735:
2708:
2689:(4): 841–851.
2673:
2666:
2649:
2628:(2): 373–380.
2604:
2577:(2): 125–166.
2558:
2512:
2485:
2466:(2): 152–159.
2443:
2408:(9): 391–393.
2389:
2354:
2335:
2316:(2): 159–164.
2296:
2277:
2240:
2227:
2172:
2166:Archaeopteryx
2155:
2149:Tudge, Colin.
2142:
2130:
2075:
2020:
1993:(1): 166–169.
1977:
1936:
1923:
1889:
1853:
1827:(4): 172–176.
1804:
1753:
1744:
1709:
1698:(3): 587–601.
1675:
1652:
1639:(2): 157–169.
1619:
1561:
1548:
1529:(2): 115–123.
1513:
1500:(4): 361–428.
1476:
1462:
1449:
1419:
1400:(3): 298–304.
1377:
1350:(4): 715–721.
1331:
1318:(4): 429–483.
1298:
1267:
1218:
1175:
1156:
1130:
1111:
1100:(2): 427–429.
1077:
1070:
1056:The Dinosauria
1033:
1026:
996:
957:
913:
906:
889:
863:
849:
837:
835:
832:
800:
797:
677:
674:
673:
672:
657:
652:, a primitive
645:Confuciusornis
641:
627:
624:
579:oviraptorosaur
484:coelurosaurian
407:
404:
359:
352:
265:
262:
260:
257:
237:ornithological
228:
225:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
155:
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137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
103:
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88:
85:
81:
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68:April 25, 1943
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4142:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Living people
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:Archaeopteryx
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3687:9781599426068
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3610:0-87935-113-6
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3591:0-8078-1661-2
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3572:0-674-00975-4
3568:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3551:
3549:0-393-09291-7
3545:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:(6606): 230.
2934:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:Archaeopteryx
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:Archaeopteryx
2244:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Archaeopteryx
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Archaeopteryx
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Archaeopteryx
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:(316): 1–73.
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1438:(323): 1–24.
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1153:(3): 418–420.
1152:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1071:0-520-24209-2
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:Dodson, Peter
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:0-940228-14-9
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
985:(2): 91–182.
984:
980:
973:
966:
964:
962:
958:
952:
947:
943:
939:
936:(5393): 136.
935:
931:
927:
920:
918:
914:
909:
903:
899:
893:
890:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
864:
858:
856:
854:
850:
847:
842:
839:
833:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
735:
729:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
675:
671:
668:
661:
658:
655:
648:
646:
642:
640:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
596:Archaeopteryx
593:
589:
585:
584:
580:
576:
575:
569:
567:
562:
558:
553:
548:
544:
538:
535:
534:Archaeopteryx
531:
530:Archaeopteryx
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Archaeopteryx
511:
510:Archaeopteryx
507:
503:
497:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
462:Archaeopteryx
459:
458:Archaeopteryx
454:
453:Archaeopteryx
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
436:Archaeopteryx
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
116:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:United States
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:(age 81)
56:
52:
45:
40:
36:Alan Feduccia
33:
30:
19:
4077:
4073:
4041:
4037:
4010:
4006:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3938:
3934:
3910:
3906:
3858:
3854:
3825:
3821:
3776:
3772:
3733:
3729:
3711:
3677:
3658:
3639:
3619:
3600:
3581:
3560:
3539:
3527:Publications
3517:
3513:
3508:
3489:
3484:
3467:
3463:
3450:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3360:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3310:
3305:
3264:
3260:
3247:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3190:(1): 85–89.
3187:
3183:
3177:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3101:11336/130197
3081:
3077:
3067:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2657:
2652:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2574:
2570:
2528:
2524:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2405:
2401:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1956:(1): 35–49.
1953:
1949:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1878:(63): 1–22.
1875:
1869:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1824:
1820:
1807:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1581:
1577:
1556:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1435:
1431:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1347:
1343:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1055:
1012:
982:
978:
933:
929:
897:
892:
841:
821:
802:
790:
784:
765:
762:Anseriformes
739:
733:
724:
703:Richard Prum
694:
681:
679:
659:
643:
631:
617:
609:
603:
599:
595:
581:
572:
570:
566:tyrannosaurs
542:
539:
533:
529:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
491:
473:
465:
461:
457:
452:
445:Storrs Olson
434:
409:
396:heterochrony
384:
361:
347:
343:
337:
319:
309:
298:Anseriformes
289:
267:
230:
217:archosaurian
206:
201:
197:
193:
173:
172:
158:Institutions
148:Paleontology
129:
29:
4125:1943 births
3986:: 373–380.
3712:Presbyornis
3425:11336/80763
2867:: 210–211.
2853:"Review of
2749:from China"
2306:Propithecus
2287:Living Bird
1488:Presbyornis
1390:Presbyornis
1287:: 429–435.
1277:Presbyornis
799:Appearances
767:Asteriornis
707:ornithology
663:Olson, 2011
639:ichnofossil
600:Microraptor
583:Caudipteryx
574:Microraptor
431:John Ostrom
348:Presbyornis
339:Presbyornis
330:Galliformes
321:Presbyornis
311:Presbyornis
286:passeriform
245:El Salvador
140:Ornithology
84:Citizenship
76:Nationality
4109:Categories
3696:Monographs
2908:: 178–181.
2264:: 97–116.
2117:10088/6524
1934:, 184–190.
1846:January 4,
1739:10088/5226
1293:10088/6493
1172:: 431–438.
834:References
776:anseriform
758:Neornithes
746:Cretaceous
742:Neornithes
711:cladistics
691:cladistics
654:Cretaceous
605:Anchiornis
480:archosaurs
475:Euparkeria
470:archosaurs
423:endothermy
372:Cretaceous
368:Cretaceous
356:Neornithes
274:Neornithes
64:1943-04-25
3746:CiteSeerX
3514:Protoavis
3110:2296-6463
2896:Padian. "
2724:: 21–34.
1987:Evolution
1614:212937591
1254:0097-4463
792:Protoavis
786:Protoavis
772:galliform
647:feducciai
561:archosaur
557:homoplasy
522:dinosaurs
419:dinosaurs
412:Theropoda
392:phylogeny
388:homoplasy
380:Simpson's
376:Paleogene
334:homoplasy
302:Paleocene
278:phylogeny
235:, taking
227:Education
213:dinosaurs
209:Theropoda
186:phylogeny
4080:: 1–15.
4029:21597140
4013:: 1–12.
3963:15079072
3955:16217748
3883:12435089
3842:86096746
3813:10220360
3470:: 1–15.
3434:15662422
3377:59147935
3289:19536256
3239:15880771
3204:15515040
3169:10220427
3026:28322702
3010:: 1–17.
2812:85626622
2773:21418230
2644:25150288
2599:15079072
2591:16217748
2553:86096746
2480:12210116
2430:12435089
2351:: 65–77.
2293:: 29–33.
2222:27475082
2214:17809342
2070:20444096
2062:17811125
2015:28563663
1972:22831877
1912:: 1–15.
1799:42829066
1791:17745839
1606:32188952
1543:10381315
1414:27848640
1262:89539950
826:and the
750:Mesozoic
716:paravian
614:Jurassic
552:homology
547:Cenozoic
441:feathers
416:theropod
364:Cenozoic
294:Cenozoic
270:Cenozoic
241:Honduras
221:Triassic
113:Fellow,
105:Fellow,
79:American
4058:7918481
3891:6782198
3863:Bibcode
3781:Bibcode
3738:Bibcode
3730:Science
3675:2020.
3656:2012.
3637:1999.
3617:1999.
3598:1989.
3579:1985.
3556:1980.
3537:1975.
3442:4354309
3404:Bibcode
3297:4358448
3269:Bibcode
3137:Bibcode
2959:4313973
2937:Bibcode
2883:3883960
2703:7918481
2545:4090252
2501:: 7–9.
2438:6782198
2410:Bibcode
2372:Bibcode
2364:Science
2318:Bibcode
2194:Bibcode
2186:Science
2125:4351802
2097:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
2034:Science
2007:2407132
1771:Bibcode
1763:Science
1704:4084959
1586:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1213:4260563
1193:Bibcode
1127:: 1–34.
1106:4084529
938:Bibcode
695:The Auk
667:Miocene
518:Germany
449:furcula
433:, that
427:Tordoff
400:Ratitae
374:-early
182:origins
152:Biology
4056:
4027:
3961:
3953:
3889:
3881:
3840:
3811:
3801:
3748:
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3665:
3646:
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3607:
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3375:
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3167:
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3024:
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2929:Nature
2881:
2810:
2771:
2718:Ichnos
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2642:
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2123:
2089:Nature
2068:
2060:
2013:
2005:
1970:
1797:
1789:
1702:
1612:
1604:
1578:Nature
1541:
1412:
1372:904341
1370:
1260:
1252:
1211:
1185:Nature
1104:
1068:
1064:–231.
1024:
930:Nature
904:
616:taxon
526:rachis
316:Eocene
306:Eocene
282:stapes
200:, and
136:Fields
123:(2018)
102:Awards
4070:(PDF)
4054:S2CID
4025:S2CID
3959:S2CID
3931:(PDF)
3903:(PDF)
3887:S2CID
3838:S2CID
3804:33564
3532:Books
3460:(PDF)
3438:S2CID
3373:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
3293:S2CID
3257:(PDF)
3160:21825
3022:S2CID
2955:S2CID
2879:JSTOR
2808:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2699:S2CID
2640:JSTOR
2595:S2CID
2549:S2CID
2541:JSTOR
2456:(PDF)
2434:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2121:S2CID
2066:S2CID
2003:JSTOR
1902:(PDF)
1866:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1817:(PDF)
1795:S2CID
1700:JSTOR
1688:(PDF)
1610:S2CID
1410:JSTOR
1258:S2CID
1209:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
1102:JSTOR
1090:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
728:manus
637:, an
308:duck
3951:PMID
3879:PMID
3809:PMID
3682:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3644:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3494:ISBN
3430:PMID
3285:PMID
3235:PMID
3223:304B
3200:PMID
3188:304B
3165:PMID
3106:ISSN
2662:ISBN
2587:PMID
2476:PMID
2426:PMID
2210:PMID
2058:PMID
2011:PMID
1968:PMID
1848:2011
1787:PMID
1602:PMID
1539:PMID
1368:PMID
1250:ISSN
1066:ISBN
1022:ISBN
902:ISBN
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670:tern
665:, a
602:and
590:and
304:and
249:Peru
247:and
184:and
118:1994
110:1974
54:Born
4082:doi
4046:doi
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4015:doi
4011:130
4007:Auk
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3980:Auk
3943:doi
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3915:doi
3871:doi
3830:doi
3826:119
3822:Auk
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3789:doi
3756:doi
3734:278
3472:doi
3420:hdl
3412:doi
3400:433
3365:doi
3277:doi
3265:459
3227:doi
3192:doi
3155:PMC
3145:doi
3096:hdl
3086:doi
3053:doi
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3012:doi
3008:119
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2945:doi
2933:384
2869:doi
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2796:124
2761:doi
2757:150
2726:doi
2691:doi
2687:155
2630:doi
2626:124
2622:Auk
2579:doi
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2533:doi
2529:119
2525:Auk
2503:doi
2468:doi
2464:294
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2380:doi
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2349:181
2326:doi
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2113:hdl
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2050:doi
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1995:doi
1958:doi
1914:doi
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1767:267
1735:hdl
1727:doi
1723:316
1692:Auk
1670:113
1641:doi
1637:140
1594:doi
1582:579
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1440:doi
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1360:doi
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