Trans-Olza - Knowledge

1595:"The next morning Beneš visited the Polish delegation at Spa. By giving the impression that the Czechs would accept a settlement favorable to the Poles without a plebiscite, Beneš got the Poles to sign an agreement that Poland would abide by any Allied decision regarding Cieszyn. The Poles, of course, had no way of knowing that Beneš had already persuaded the Allies to make a decision on Cieszyn. After a brief interval, to make it appear that due deliberation had taken place, the Allied Council of Ambassadors in Paris imposed its 'decision'. Only then did it dawn on the Poles that at Spa they had signed a blank check. To them, Beneš' stunning triumph was not diplomacy, it was a swindle (...) As Polish Prime Minister 1983: 1859:) by choice or forcibly. The behaviour of the new Polish authorities was different but similar in nature to that of the Czechoslovak ones before 1938. Two political factions appeared: socialists (the opposition) and rightists (loyal to the new Polish national authorities). Leftist politicians and sympathizers were discriminated against and often fired from work. The Polish political system was artificially implemented in Trans-Olza. The local Poles continued to feel like second-class citizens and a majority of them were dissatisfied with the situation after October 1938. Zaolzie remained a part of Poland for only 11 months until the 1726: 1680:

benefits. Czechoslovak law guaranteed rights for national minorities but reality in Trans-Olza was quite different. Local Czech authorities made it more difficult for local Poles to obtain citizenship, while the process was expedited when the applicant pledged to declare Czech nationality and send his children to a Czech school. Newly built Czech schools were often better supported and equipped, thus inducing some Poles to send their children there. Czech schools were built in ethnically almost entirely Polish municipalities. This and other factors contributed to the

1352: 1364: 4581: 1734: 1699: 1577: 1812:. The vast local Polish population enthusiastically welcomed the change, seeing it as a liberation and a form of historical justice, but they quickly changed their mood. The new Polish authorities appointed people from Poland to various key positions from which locals were fired. The Polish language became the sole official language. Using Czech (or German) by Czechs (or Germans) in public was prohibited and Czechs and Germans were being forced to leave the annexed area or become subject to 1781:, believed that Warsaw should act rapidly to forestall the German occupation of the city. At noon on 30 September, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. It demanded the immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak troops and police and gave Prague time until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on 1 October the Czechoslovak foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted. The Polish Army, commanded by General 1536: 4588: 1396: 1388: 1281: 1711: 2194: 1667: 2065: 1155: 1556:(...) The Czechs put together a substantial body of infantry – about 15,000 men – and on 23 January 1919, they invaded the Polish-held areas. To confuse the Poles, the Czechs recruited some Allied officers of Czech background and put these men in their respective wartime uniforms at the head of the invasion forces. After a little skirmishing, the tiny Polish defense force was nearly driven out." 2052:. Many local people with no German ancestry were also forced to take them. The World War II death toll in Trans-Olza is estimated at about 6,000 people: about 2,500 Jews, 2,000 other citizens (80% of them being Poles) and more than 1,000 locals who died in the Wehrmacht (those who took the Volksliste). Also a few hundred Poles from Trans-Olza were murdered by Soviets in the 1552:. It was observed that under the agreement of 5 November, the Poles controlled about a third of the duchy's coal mines. The Czechs realized that they had given away rather a lot (...) It was recognized that any takeover in Cieszyn would have to be accomplished in a manner acceptable by the victorious Allies (...), so the Czechs cooked up a tale that the Cieszyn area was becoming 2206: 1646:

approved the recommendations of the Czechoslovak commission without a change – with the exception of Cieszyn, which they referred to Poland and Czechoslovakia to settle in bilateral negotiations." When the Polish-Czechoslovak negotiations failed, the Allied powers proposed plebiscites in the Cieszyn Silesia and also in the border districts of

2092:, and the local Polish population again suffered discrimination, as many Czechs blamed them for the discrimination by the Polish authorities in 1938–1939. Polish organizations were banned, and the Czechoslovak authorities carried out many arrests and dismissed many Poles from work. The situation had somewhat improved when the 1318:. About 60,000 people arrived between 1880 and 1910. The new immigrants were Polish and poor, about half of them being illiterate. They worked in coal mining and metallurgy. For these people the most important factor was material well-being; they cared little about the homeland from which they had fled. Almost all of them 1624:" in its note to Austria of 19 December, the Czechoslovak government acted under the impression it had French support for its claim to Cieszyn Silesia as part of Austrian Silesia. However, Paris believed it gave that assurance only against German-Austrian claims, not Polish ones. Paris, however, viewed both 1906:

the Polish 1938 ultimatum to Czechoslovakia and its acquisition of Zaolzie were gross tactical errors. Whatever justice there might have been to the Polish claim upon Zaolzie, its seizure in 1938 was an enormous mistake in terms of the damage done to Poland's reputation among the democratic powers of

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Historian Richard M. Watt writes, "On 5 November 1918, the Poles and the Czechs in the region disarmed the Austrian garrison (...) The Poles took over the areas that appeared to be theirs, just as the Czechs had assumed administration of theirs. Nobody objected to this friendly arrangement (...) Then

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in the territory on 19 May 1920. The situation in the area remained very tense, with mutual intimidation, acts of terror, beatings and even killings. A plebiscite could not be held in this atmosphere. On 10 July both sides renounced the idea of a plebiscite and entrusted the Conference of Ambassadors

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Up to the mid-19th century members of the local Slav population did not identify themselves as members of larger ethnolinguistic entities. In Cieszyn Silesia (as in all West Slavic borderlands) various territorial identities pre-dated ethnic and national identity. Consciousness of membership within a

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The local Polish population felt that Warsaw had betrayed them and they were not satisfied with the division of Cieszyn Silesia. About 12,000 to 14,000 Poles were forced to leave to Poland. It is not quite clear how many Poles were in Trans-Olza in Czechoslovakia. Estimates (depending mainly whether

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The history of the Trans-Olza region began in 1918, when, after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the newly established Czechoslovakia made claims to the area with Polish majority, which gave rise to a dispute. For Poles, giving Trans-Olza to Czechoslovakia was unacceptable, so they decided

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whom they were soon to need so sorely. ... It is a mystery and tragedy of European history that a people capable of every heroic virtue ... as individuals, should repeatedly show such inveterate faults in almost every aspect of their governmental life." Churchill also associated such behaviour with

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crisis in July 1920. As Watt writes, "Over the dinner table, Beneš convinced the British and French that the plebiscite should not be held and that the Allies should simply impose their own decision in the Cieszyn matter. More than that, Beneš persuaded the French and the British to draw a frontier

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did so in its declaration of 1 November 1918. On 31 October 1918, at the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the majority of the area was taken over by local Polish authorities supported by armed forces. An interim agreement from 2 November 1918 reflected the inability of the

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grew. After declining at the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century and later from 1920 to 1938 the Czech population grew significantly to rival the Poles. Another significant ethnic group were the Jews, but almost the entire Jewish population was murdered during World War II

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was supported by Prague, which did not follow certain laws related to language, legislative and organizational issues. Polish deputies in the Czechoslovak National Assembly frequently tried to put those issues on agenda. One way or another, more and more local Poles thus assimilated into the Czech

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warned: 'The Polish nation has received a blow which will play an important role in our relations with the Czechoslovak Republic. The decision of the Council of Ambassadors has given the Czechs a piece of Polish land containing a population which is mostly Polish.... The decision has caused a rift

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compared Germany and Poland to vultures landing on the dying carcass of Czechoslovakia and lamented that "over a question so minor as Cieszyn, they sundered themselves from all those friends in France, Britain and the United States who had lifted them once again to a national, coherent life, and

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composed a note to the Polish administration offering to reopen the debate surrounding the territorial demarcation in Těšínsko in the interest of mutual relations, but he delayed in sending it in hopes of good news from London and Paris, which came only in a limited form. Beneš then turned to the

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With respect to the arbitration decision itself, Mamatey writes that "On 25 March, to expedite the work of the peace conference, the Council of Ten was divided into the Council of Four (The "Big Four") and the Council of Five (the foreign ministers). Early in April the two councils considered and

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proposed a plebiscite. The Allies were shocked, arguing that the Czechs were bound to lose it. However, Beneš was insistent and a plebiscite was announced in September 1919. As it turned out, Beneš knew what he was doing. A plebiscite would take some time to set up, and a lot could happen in that

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Jerzy Pietrzak, "Die politischen und kirchenrechtlichen Grundlagen der Einsetzung Apostolischer Administratoren in den Jahren 1939–1942 und 1945 im Vergleich", in: Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989, Hans-Jürgen Karp and

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would be held in the entirety of Cieszyn Silesia, the Czechoslovak government requested that the Poles cease their preparations as no elections were to be held in the disputed territory until a final agreement could be reached. When their demands were rejected by the Poles, the Czechs decided to

1326:(west of the ethnic border), as heavy industry was spread through the whole western part of Cieszyn Silesia. Even today, ethnographers find that about 25,000 people in Ostrava (about 8% of the population) have Polish surnames. The Czech population (living mainly in the northern part of the area: 1897:

Amid the general euphoria in Poland – the acquisition of Zaolzie was a very popular development – no one paid attention to the bitter comment of the Czechoslovak general who handed the region over to the incoming Poles. He predicted that it would not be long before the Poles would themselves be

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The Germans were delighted with this outcome, and were happy to give up the sacrifice of a small provincial rail centre to Poland in exchange for the ensuing propaganda benefits. It spread the blame of the partition of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, made Poland a participant in the process and

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Gawrecká, 23, in particular the quotation of Dąbrowski: "Czesi uderzyli na nas kilka dni przed 26 stycznia 1919, w którym to dniu miały się odbyć wybory do Sejmu w Warszawie. Nie chcieli bowiem między innemi dopuścić do przeprowadzenia tych wyborów, któreby były wykazały bez wszelkiej presyi i

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are included as Poles or not) range from 110,000 to 140,000 people in 1921. The 1921 and 1930 census numbers are not accurate since nationality depended on self-declaration and many Poles filled in Czech nationality mainly as a result of fear of the new authorities and as compensation for some

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was introduced by the authorities. The Jews were in the worst position, followed by the Poles. Poles received lower food rations, they were supposed to pay extra taxes, they were not allowed to enter theatres, cinemas, etc. Polish and Czech education ceased to exist, Polish organizations were

1100:, in which the Polish population formed a majority according to the 1910 Austrian census. It makes up the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. However, Polish historian Józef Szymeczek notes that the term is often mistakenly used for the whole Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. 1774:. The Czech government was offered 700 fighter planes if room for them could be found on the Czech airfields. On 28 September, all the military districts west of the Urals were ordered to stop releasing men for leave. On 29 September 330,000 reservists were up throughout the western USSR. 972:

was divided between the two countries during the Spa Conference. Trans-Olza forms the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. The division again did not satisfy any side, and persisting conflict over the region led to its annexation by Poland in October 1938, following the

1828:(Archbishop Leopold Prečan), respectively, both traditionally comprising cross-border diocesan territories in Czechoslovakia and Germany. When the Polish government demanded after its takeover that the parishes there be disentangled from these two archdioceses, the Holy See complied. 2228:

in late 2007, reduced the significance of territorial disputes, ending systematic controls on the border between the countries. Signs prohibiting passage across the state border were removed, with people now allowed to cross the border freely at any point of their choosing.

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Poland's participation in the annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 was not only an error, but above all a sin. And we in Poland can admit this error rather than look for excuses. We need to draw conclusions from Munich and they apply to modern times: you can't give way to

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In this very tense atmosphere it was decided that a plebiscite would be held in the area asking people which country this territory should join. Plebiscite commissioners arrived there at the end of January 1920, and after analysing the situation declared a

2048:– a document in which a non-German citizen declared that he had some German ancestry by signing it; refusal to sign this document could lead to deportation to a concentration camp – were introduced. Local people who took them were later on enrolled in the 2168:

significantly changed the ethnic structure of the area, as almost all the Slovak immigrants assimilated into the Czech majority in the course of time. The number of self-declared Slovaks is rapidly declining. The last Slovak primary school was closed in

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in Warsaw on 13 June 1958 confirming the border as it existed on 1 January 1938. After the Communist takeover of power, the industrial boom continued and many immigrants arrived in the area (mostly from other parts of Czechoslovakia, mainly from

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In 1919, the matter went to consideration in Paris before the World War I Allies. Watt claims the Poles based their claims on ethnographical reasons and the Czechs based their need on the Cieszyn coal, useful in order to influence the actions of

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line that gave Czechoslovakia most of the territory of Cieszyn, the vital railroad and all the important coal fields. With this frontier, 139,000 Poles were to be left in Czech territory, whereas only 2,000 Czechs were left on the Polish side".

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and did not want to cool relations with either. Mamatey writes that the Poles "brought the matter before the peace conference that had opened in Paris on 18 January. On 29 January, the Council of Ten summoned Beneš and the Polish delegate

1568:, whose capitals were fuelled by coal from the duchy. The Allies finally decided that the Czechs should get 60 percent of the coal fields and the Poles were to get most of the people and the strategic rail line. Watt writes: "Czech envoy 2017:

The German authorities introduced terror into Trans-Olza. The Nazis especially targeted the Polish intelligentsia, many of whom died during the war. Mass killings, executions, arrests, taking locals to forced labour and deportations to

1918:." The Soviet Union was so hostile to Poland over Munich that there was a real prospect that war between the two states might break out quite separate from the wider conflict over Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Prime Minister, 1816:. Rapid Polonization policies then followed in all parts of public and private life. Czech organizations were dismantled and their activity was prohibited. The Roman Catholic parishes in the area belonged either to the 1446:

and on 5 November 1918, the area was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia by an agreement of the two councils. In early 1919 both councils were absorbed by the newly created and independent central governments in

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to explain the dispute, and on 1 February obliged them to sign an agreement redividing the area pending its final disposition by the peace conference. Czechoslovakia thus failed to gain her objective in Cieszyn."

1654:(now in Slovakia) to which the Poles had raised claims. In the end, however, no plebiscites were held due to the rising mutual hostilities of Czechs and Poles in Cieszyn Silesia. Instead, on 28 July 1920 the 409: 1684:

of Poles and also to significant emigration to Poland. After a few years, the heightened nationalism typical for the years around 1920 receded and local Poles increasingly co-operated with Czechs. Still,

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The most vocal support for union with Poland had come from within the territory awarded to Czechoslovakia, while some of the strongest opponents of Polish rule came from the territory awarded to Poland.

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factories are located there. The Polish side based its claim to the area on ethnic criteria: a majority (69.2%) of the area's population was Polish according to the last (1910) Austrian census.

866: 918: 3569: 3543: 3176:, Hans-Jürgen Karp and Joachim Köhler (eds.), (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands; vol. 32), Cologne: Böhlau, 2001, pp. 157–174, here p. 160. 5144: 571: 309: 220: 330: 105: 2010:

dismantled and their activity was prohibited. Katowice's Bishop Adamski was deposed as apostolic administrator for the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza and on 23 December 1939

58: 1914:, the French Prime Minister, told the US ambassador to France that "he hoped to live long enough to pay Poland for her cormorant attitude in the present crisis by proposing 1177:, began to contend for the region, which was crossed by important international routes. From 950 to 1060 it was under the rule of Bohemia, and from 1060 it was part of the 1334:, etc.) declined numerically at the end of the 19th century, assimilating with the prevalent Polish population. This process shifted with the industrial boom in the area. 2088:

Immediately after World War II, Trans-Olza was returned to Czechoslovakia within its 1920 borders, although local Poles had hoped it would again be given to Poland. Most

1515:, Czechoslovakia received 58.1% of the area of Cieszyn Silesia, containing 67.9% of the population. It was this territory that became known from the Polish standpoint as 524: 438: 5174: 1482:

claimed the area partly on historic and ethnic grounds, but especially on economic grounds. The area was important for the Czechs as the crucial railway line connecting

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Jerzy Pietrzak, "Die politischen und kirchenrechtlichen Grundlagen der Einsetzung Apostolischer Administratoren in den Jahren 1939–1942 und 1945 im Vergleich", in:

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Joachim Köhler (eds.), (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands; vol. 32), Cologne: Böhlau, 2001, pp. 157–174, here p. 162.

974: 4443: 3113:"Ustawa z dnia 27 października 1938 r. o podziale administracyjnym i tymczasowej organizacji administracji na obszarze Ziem Odzyskanych Śląska Cieszyńskiego" 536: 4322: 4078: 2684:

Irena Bogoczová, Jana Raclavska. "Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín in the Czech Republic".

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Historically, the largest specified ethnic group inhabiting this area were Poles. Under Austrian rule, Cieszyn Silesia was initially divided into three (

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The German occupational census based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. The census was distorted by the occupational regime. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

1887:, Poland's annexation of Zaolzie may have contributed to the British and French reluctance to attack the Germans with greater forces in September 1939. 4129: 1181:. The written history explicitly about the region begins on 23 April 1155 when Cieszyn/Těšín was first mentioned in a written document, a letter from 4342: 4337: 556: 542: 2089: 852: 833: 4512: 4455: 4327: 4278: 773: 177: 5169: 4547: 4411: 4401: 4226: 565: 3231: 5159: 4703: 4179: 1250: 250: 4047: 3912: 3573: 3547: 2727: 2534: 2182: 1045: 997: 965:

to hold elections in the region to which Czechoslovakia responded by sending army to the disputed territory and annexing it in January 1919.

724: 2524: 1982: 1785:, annexed an area of 801.5 km with a population of 227,399 people. Administratively the annexed area was divided between two counties: 1382: 1314:. At the end of the century, ethnic tensions arose as the area's economic significance grew. This growth caused a wave of immigration from 414: 3904: 3086: 1856: 119: 4034: 1093: 4996: 4883: 4693: 4644: 2099:

As to the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza pertaining to the Archdiocese of Breslau Archbishop Bertram, then residing in the episcopal

2014:, nuncio to Germany, returned them to their original archdioceses of Breslau or Olomouc, respectively, with effect of 1 January 1940. 1926: 213: 73: 4808: 91: 5154: 5149: 4723: 4023: 3996: 3954: 3935: 3885: 3854: 3828: 3798: 3724: 3702: 3683: 3664: 3414: 3307: 3277: 3241: 3181: 3096: 2093: 1771: 5075: 4966: 4773: 4733: 4609: 4390: 4157: 2692:. November 2006. p. 2. (source: Zahradnik. "Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880-1991". Třinec 1991). 2104: 2056:. Percentage-wise, Trans-Olza suffered the worst human loss from the whole of Czechoslovakia – about 2.6% of the total population. 1491: 5179: 4954: 4878: 3983: 828: 654: 617: 226: 4868: 4748: 4639: 1494:, which was one of only two railroads that linked the Czech provinces to Slovakia at that time). The area is also very rich in 838: 42: 1945:

declared during 70th anniversary of start of World War II, which was welcomed by the Czech and Slovak diplomatic delegations:

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Within the region originally demanded from Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1938 was the important railway junction city of

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The 1950, 1961, 1980 and 1991 Czechoslovak censuses based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. (Siwek 1996, 37–38.)

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France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno

4828: 1852: 1576: 577: 1972: 1108: 1004:, had a mostly Czech population, the other three were mostly inhabited by Poles. During the 19th century the number of 380: 187: 5114: 4858: 1625: 1479: 1284: 950: 31: 4673: 2023: 702: 583: 5041: 4949: 4793: 3820: 3500:, Heinrich Kuhn and Otto Böss (compil.), Munich: Lerche 1961, (Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), p. 115. 2233: 1782: 1351: 710: 429: 4190: 2135: 1703: 1363: 1069: 803: 785: 735:

fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as

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took power in February 1948. Polish property deprived by the German occupants during the war was never returned.

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Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989

2642: 1757:). The Poles regarded the city as of crucial importance to the area and to Polish interests. On 28 September, 1057: 751:, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of 3233:

A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941

4971: 4818: 4016:"Powstanie" na Zaolziu w 1938 r.: Polska akcja specjalna w świetle dokumentów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP 3988: 1833: 551: 261: 112: 2612:

The 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 Austrian censuses asked people about the language they use. (Siwek 1996, 31.)

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in 1939, the area became a part of Nazi Germany until 1945. After the war, the 1920 borders were restored.

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People could declare a nationality other than that indicated by their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

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From 1848 to the end of the 19th century, local Polish and Czech people co-operated, united against the

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all happened on a daily basis. The most notorious war crime was a murder of 36 villagers in and around

1217:, began to press close to Silesian settlements. This prompted signing of a special treaty between Duke 1174: 809: 752: 164: 4667: 4258: 4206: 3739: 3678:. Prague: G plus G; supported by the Nadace rozvoje občanské společnosti of the European Commission. 3652: 1968: 1915: 1837: 1587:

Watt argues that Beneš strategically waited for Poland's moment of weakness, and moved in during the

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The Polish side argued that Poles in Trans-Olza deserved the same ethnic rights and freedom as the

1612:. He notes that when the French government recognised Czechoslovakia's right to the "boundaries of 1266: 1230: 1104: 1020:, who claimed to be of a distinct national identity. This group enjoyed popular support throughout 690: 641: 530: 285: 143: 87: 4778: 4553: 1573:

time – particularly when a nation's affairs were conducted as cleverly as were Czechoslovakia's."

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Since the 1960 reform of administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia, Trans-Olza has consisted of

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living in the territory. It is also often used by foreign scholars, e.g. American ethnolinguist

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In addition to the Polish, Czech and German national orientations there was another group of

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between these two nations which are ordinarily politically and economically united' ( ...."

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in 1742, the Cieszyn region was part of the small southern portion that was retained by the

1246: 1238: 1194: 1166: 1139:. In the 880s or the early 890s the gord was raided and burned, most probably by an army of 1120: 993: 985: 706: 636: 491: 356: 342: 305: 4683: 4587: 4460: 4426: 3793:. Prague: Torst; published in co-operation with Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. 2842: 4138: 2529: 2031: 2011: 1890: 1876: 1805: 1786: 1750: 1633: 1495: 1395: 1311: 1307: 1288: 1081: 1021: 969: 954: 934: 922: 892: 883: 665: 608: 469: 102: 77: 4823: 4317: 4053: 3509:

Emil Valasek, "Veränderungen der Diözesangrenzen in der Tschechoslowakei seit 1918", in:

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The 1970 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 37.)

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The 1921 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

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leadership in Moscow, which had begun a partial mobilisation in eastern Belarus and the

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After the fall of Great Moravia in 907 the area could have been under the influence of

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River marked the boundary between the Polish and Czechoslovak parts of the territory.

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Jarosław Jot-Drużycki: Poles living in Zaolzie identify themselves better with Czechs

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Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Trans-Olza by the Polish Republic in

1710: 1097: 1092:) is rarely used. The term Zaolzie denotes the territory of the former districts of 5056: 3896: 3734: 3712: 2193: 2139: 1964: 1884: 1829: 1813: 1798: 1763: 1686: 1666: 1520: 1437:

made its claim in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918, and the Czech

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Historical borders in the west of Cieszyn Silesia atop results of the 1910 census:

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Apostolic Administrator for the Czechoslovak portion of the Archdiocese of Breslau

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of the Polish role in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. According to historian

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Chlup, Danuta (2 September 2010). "Zaolziańskie dzieci na zdjęciu z Oświęcimia".

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in May 2004, and especially the entry of the countries to the EU's passport-free

562:

Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)

4926: 4788: 4698: 4629: 4507: 4480: 4362: 4352: 4196: 3773: 3370: 2142:

merged the apostolic administration into the Archdiocese of Olomouc through his

1997:, starting World War II in Europe, and subsequently made Trans-Olza part of the 1136: 791: 658: 17: 2640:

Kożdoń, Witold; Szelong, Krzysztof (3 April 2020). "Jak to z "Zaolziem" było".

1832:, former nuncio to Poland, subjected the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza to an 1225:

on December 1261 which regulated a local border between their states along the

4991: 4919: 4898: 4803: 4758: 4738: 4728: 4619: 4332: 4306: 4248: 4168: 4162: 3838: 2711: 2170: 2138:, thus disentangling the parishes from Breslau's jurisdiction. On 31 May 1978 2081: 2044: 1987: 1797:

confused political expectations. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of

1746: 1718: 1499: 1327: 1190: 1148: 1124: 677:

regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular

5090: 5077: 3973: 3781: 2815:

Baron, Roman (August 2007). "Czesi i Polacy – zaczarowany krąg stereotypów".

2673:

Aktywność polityczna mniejszości polskiej w Czechosłowacji w latach 1920-1938

2001:. On 26 October 1939 Nazi Germany unilaterally annexed Trans-Olza as part of 1851:

and German language ceased to exist. About 35,000 Czechoslovaks emigrated to

1044:(meaning "lands beyond the Olza") is used predominantly in Poland and by the 4661: 4289: 4231: 4174: 3864: 3752: 3353:"Środkowoeuropejskie rocznice - wyzwanie dla polskiej dyplomacji publicznej" 2073: 2049: 1676: 1553: 1391:

Map of the plebiscite area of Cieszyn Silesia with various demarcation lines

1128: 1017: 4938: 4491: 4406: 4373: 4283: 3544:"Euroregion TĚŠÍNSKÉ SLEZSKO. Seznam obcí tvořících euroregion v roce 2004" 1331: 744: 2722:] (in Polish). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 291. 1433:

Cieszyn Silesia was claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia: the Polish

4981: 4960: 4913: 4518: 4449: 4437: 4379: 4367: 4295: 3657:

Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939

2161: 1487: 1258: 3531: 2205: 1229:. In order to strengthen the border Władysław of Opole decided to found 4976: 4888: 4768: 4743: 4655: 4560: 4470: 4421: 3846: 3324:"Radio Polonia - Czechs praise Kaczynski's apology for 1938 annexation" 2165: 2042:, mostly composed of Poles, was fairly strong in Trans-Olza. So-called 1651: 1617: 1613: 1565: 1561: 1323: 1262: 1242: 748: 686: 370: 158: 1237:

the Castellany of Cieszyn was eventually transformed in 1290 into the

548:

Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)

4863: 4813: 4649: 4601: 4431: 2217: 2069: 1935: 1549: 1511:

with the decision. Eventually, on 28 July 1920, by a decision of the

1452: 1448: 1428: Border from 28 July 1920 to 31 October 1938 and from 9 May 1945 1029: 682: 671:

1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland

118:

Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920):

3737:(1999). "Language and Ethnicity among Students in Teschen Silesia". 1608:

Another account of the situation in 1918–1919 is given by historian

1467:

resolve the issue by force and on 23 January 1919 invaded the area.

140:

Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)

4718: 4624: 4107: 4100:

Interview of professor Jerzy Tomaszewski by Aleksander Kaczorowski

3570:"Euroregion Beskydy. Seznam obcí tvořících euroregion v roce 2004" 2817: 2204: 2192: 2063: 1981: 1770:

on 22 September and threatened Poland with the dissolution of the

1732: 1709: 1665: 1534: 1279: 1153: 624: 3075:

The Munich Crisis, 1938 by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, page 61

1147:, which is however questioned by historians like Zdeněk Klanica, 4092:

Documents and photographs about the situation in Zaolzie in 1938

3791:

Republika v nebezpečném světě; Éra prezidenta Masaryka 1918–1933

2077: 1459: 4111: 4014:

Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew and Paweł Samuś (1997).

1470:

The Czechoslovak offensive was halted after pressure from the

589:

Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)

4586: 4579: 3511:

Archiv für Kirchengeschichte von Böhmen – Mähren – Schlesien

2843:"Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej" 4091: 1543:– Czech paramilitary organisation active in Cieszyn Silesia 1291:

between 1635 and 1742, before most of Silesia was ceded to

2116:

for the Czechoslovak portion of the Archdiocese of Breslau

1357:

Polish-speaking population in the Duchy of Teschen in 1910

1715:"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." 1369:

Czech-speaking population in the Duchy of Teschen in 1910

1299:

greater Polish or Czech nation spread slowly in Silesia.

3119:(in Polish). 18/1938, poz. 35. Katowice. 31 October 1938 2248:

Ethnic structure of Trans-Olza based on census results:

2126:(colloquially: Apostolic Administration of Český Těšín; 1893:

describes the Polish capture of Zaolzie in these words:

1729:

Decree on the official language on the annexed territory

1257:

in 1653, it passed directly to the Czech kings from the

1143:, and afterwards the area could have been subjugated by 415:

Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany

3695:Československé Slezsko mezi světovými válkami 1918–1938 968:

The area as we know it today was created in 1920, when

3291: 3289: 3901:Śląsk Cieszyński. Granice – przynależność – tożsamość 2515:

Sources: Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. Siwek 1996, 31–38.

2177:

in 1993, Trans-Olza has been part of the independent

1478:, and a ceasefire was signed on 3 February. The new 1028:

in the eastern part of Cieszyn Silesia (now part of

174:(1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922): 5034: 5005: 4597: 4538: 4145: 3717:

Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia

3299:

The Gathering Storm: The Second World War, Volume 1

1777:Nevertheless, the Polish Foreign Minister, Colonel 1322:into the Czech population. Many of them settled in 4042:. Český Těšín: Kongres Poláků v České republice. 3895:Szymeczek, Józef (2008). "Polacy na Zaolziu". In 3136: 3134: 1024:, though its strongest supporters were among the 3813:A history of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1948 2555:The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II 2026:on 6 August 1944. This massacre is known as the 1458:Following an announcement that elections to the 1404: Duchy of Cieszyn in the early 16th century 605:Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions: 331:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia 3964:Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). 2090:Czechoslovaks of German ethnicity were expelled 1963:The Polish annexation of Zaolzie is frequently 1947: 1189:, where it was listed amongst other centres of 2667: 2665: 1340:Distribution of population by language in the 779: 4123: 4033:Kaszper, Roman; Małysz, Bohdan, eds. (2009). 3450:Borák, Mečislav and Petra Všelichová (2007). 1922:, denounced the Poles as "Hitler's jackals". 1801:– a charge that Warsaw was hard-put to deny. 860: 439:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 300:(1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by 8: 3498:Biographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei 3269:The Road to War: The Origins of World War II 3088:Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort 1498:. Many important coal mines, facilities and 388:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 3924:Bitter Glory. Poland and its fate 1918–1939 2716:Śląsk Cieszyński w czasach prehistorycznych 1131:tribe. The tribe had a large and important 633:(remainder of Russian partition of Poland) 5002: 4535: 4130: 4116: 4108: 3513:, vol. 6 (1982), pp. 289–296, here p. 292. 3371:"BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight" 3044: 3042: 2976: 2974: 2655: 2653: 2250: 867: 853: 38: 3697:. Opava: Silesian University in Ostrava. 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3266:Richard Overy, Andrew Wheatcroft (2009). 3159: 3157: 3155: 3023: 3021: 2216:The entry of both the Czech Republic and 1056:was first used in 1930s by Polish writer 455:Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944) 5175:Historical regions in the Czech Republic 3843:Poczet Piastów i Piastówien cieszyńskich 3395: 3393: 3391: 2946: 2944: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 1724: 1697: 1575: 1394: 1386: 834:Territorial changes of the Baltic states 774:Greater Poland military demarcation line 229:later dissolved and replaced with token 3302:. RosettaBooks LCC. pp. 290, 311. 2916: 2914: 2912: 2546: 2132:Apoštolská administratura českotěšínská 1442:two national councils to come to final 1060:. In Czech it is mainly referred to as 996:), and later into four districts (plus 41: 30:For the village in eastern Poland, see 5165:Territorial disputes of Czechoslovakia 1873:entered the Western camp in April 1939 1737:"Zaolzie is ours!" – Polish newspaper 1410: over 90% Polish-speaking in 1910 1127:, which were later organized into the 537:Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty 251:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 3968:. Warsaw, Prague, Třinec: PAI-press. 2535:Independent Operational Group Silesia 1344:according to the Austrian census 1910 1233:in 1268. In the continued process of 725:former eastern territories of Germany 557:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment 27:Historic region of the Czech Republic 7: 5145:Germany–Poland relations (1918–1939) 4083:European Foundation of Human Rights. 2675:. Wyd. Adam Marszałek. 2002. p. 346. 1898:handing Zaolzie over to the Germans. 1435:Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego 1383:Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts 1241:, which in 1327 became an autonomic 1193:. The castellany was then a part of 1084:). The Czech equivalent of Zaolzie ( 3236:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89. 2232:The area now belongs mostly to the 1857:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1670:Polish anti-Czech agitation leaflet 1580:Czech anti-Polish leaflet aimed at 122:(later absorbed into Poland-allied 2888:agitacyi, że Śląsk jest polskim.". 2212:has a professional Polish ensemble 1999:Military district of Upper Silesia 1662:Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938) 1422: Border from 10 December 1938 804:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line 786:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line 674:1918-1945 used in altered meaning 369:and Polish annexation of parts of 172:Restoration of Polish independence 90:by the Central Powers proclaiming 25: 3676:Etnické menšiny ve Střední Evropě 2686:Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín Papers 2236:with a few municipalities in the 2094:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 1993:On 1 September 1939 Nazi Germany 1772:Soviet-Polish non-aggression pact 1416: Border from 5 November 1918 1253:, its last ruler from the Polish 975:German invasion of Czechoslovakia 584:Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment 543:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty 5140:Czechoslovakia–Germany relations 3984:Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 3674:Gabal, Ivan; collective (1999). 1439:Zemský národní výbor pro Slezsko 1362: 1350: 1209:castle and later accelerated by 979:German-Soviet invasion of Poland 891: 829:Territorial evolution of Germany 780:Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line 339:of the Soviet Union (1925-1937) 204:(1920-1921) and its satellites: 198:War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance 5135:Czechoslovakia–Poland relations 3876:. Ostrava: Filozofická fakulta 3768:Jot-Drużycki, Jarosław (2015). 3456:(documentary). Czech Republic: 1265:was conquered by Prussian king 1160:Poland during the Piast dynasty 839:Territorial evolution of Russia 410:Wartime administrative division 310:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia 221:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia 43:Territorial evolution of Poland 5170:Territorial disputes of Poland 2118:on 21 June 1945. In July 1946 1847:Czechoslovak education in the 1235:feudal fragmentation of Poland 1197:. In 1172 it became a part of 798:Upper Silesia demarcation line 525:Polish–Soviet border agreement 1: 5160:Polish minority in Trans-Olza 3357:Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny 3296:Winston S. Churchill (2002). 2720:Cieszyn Silesia in prehistory 2590:University of Minnesota Press 2175:dissolution of Czechoslovakia 2173:several years ago. Since the 1863:started on 1 September 1939. 1032:), not in Trans-Olza itself. 945:, which was disputed between 280:Republic of Central Lithuania 271:1920 East Prussian plebiscite 111:Central Powers-Soviet Russia 59:Revolution in Congress Poland 5130:Czechoslovakia–Poland border 5125:Czech Republic–Poland border 3874:Česko-polská etnická hranice 2553:Erik Goldstein, Igor Lukes: 2525:History of Cieszyn and Těšín 1739:Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny 1632:as potential allies against 578:Treaty of Good Neighbourship 425:Polish areas annexed by USSR 216:later merged into the former 80:and annexation into Russian 3905:Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego 3272:. Vintage. pp. 11–12. 1285:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1203:Duchy of Opole and Racibórz 566:German-Polish Border Treaty 318:Ukrainian People's Republic 266:Ukrainian People's Republic 99:Ukrainian People's Republic 32:Zaolzie, Lublin Voivodeship 5196: 5042:Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion 3821:Princeton University Press 3572:(in Czech). Archived from 3546:(in Czech). Archived from 2234:Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion 1694:Part of Poland (1938–1939) 1380: 957:. Its name comes from the 711:Lands of Schlawe and Stolp 430:Polish government-in-exile 29: 4577: 3922:Watt, Richard M. (1998). 2181:. However, a significant 2005:. During the war, strong 1986:World War II memorial in 1971:as a counter-argument to 1941:In 2009 Polish president 1604:View of Victor S. Mamatey 1377:Decision time (1918–1920) 1187:Walter, Bishop of Wrocław 1135:situated in contemporary 941:), is a territory in the 450:Sikorski–Mayski agreement 359:and Polish annexation of 337:Polish National Districts 231:Polish National Districts 193:Polish-West Ukrainian War 154:First Republic of Pińczów 5155:Moravian-Silesian Region 5150:History of Czech Silesia 5047:Cieszyn Silesian dialect 5007:partially in the region: 4540:partially in the region: 3987:. Vol. VI. Warsaw: 3719:. New York: Peter Lang. 3693:Gawrecká, Marie (2004). 3488:Zahradnik 1992, 116–120. 3426:Zahradnik 1992, 102–103. 2929:Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. 1973:Soviet-Nazi cooperation. 1834:apostolic administration 1548:came second thoughts in 1171:late 10th century Poland 1123:the area was settled by 1107:and the eastern part of 703:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 668:("Western Borderlands") 627:("Eastern Borderlands") 434:Polish Underground State 276:Polish satellite states 82:Kiev General Governorate 5180:Interwar Czechoslovakia 3947:Dějiny Slezska v datech 3872:Siwek, Tadeusz (1996). 3811:; Radomír Luža (1973). 3776:: Wydawnictwo Beskidy. 3753:10.1080/009059999109028 3117:Dziennik Ustaw Śląskich 2841:Siwek, Tadeusz (n.d.). 2147:Olomoucensis et aliarum 2103:castle in Czechoslovak 1531:View of Richard M. Watt 1179:Piast Kingdom of Poland 552:Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 465:Second Pińczów Republic 381:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 188:Polish–Czechoslovak War 178:Greater Poland uprising 120:West Ukrainian People's 113:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 106:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4591: 4584: 3945:Žáček, Rudolf (2004). 3211:Zahradnik 1992, 88–89. 3202:Zahradnik 1992, 89–90. 3085:Richard Overy (1997). 3066:Zahradnik 1992, 75–76. 3048:Zahradnik 1992, 76–79. 2938:Zahradnik 1992, 62–63. 2760:I. Panic, 2010, p. 428 2584:Piotr Stefan Wandycz. 2566:Zahradnik 1992, 16–17. 2213: 2202: 2144:Apostolic constitution 2131: 2085: 2035: 1990: 1961: 1909: 1902:Watt also writes that 1900: 1826:Archdiocese of Olomouc 1818:Archdiocese of Breslau 1754: 1742: 1730: 1722: 1707: 1671: 1584: 1544: 1492:Košice–Bohumín Railway 1490:crossed the area (the 1430: 1392: 1295: 1261:dynasty. When most of 1162: 1141:Svatopluk I of Moravia 1109:Frýdek-Místek District 938: 926: 909: 887: 292:protection (1921-1939) 4590: 4583: 4018:. Warszawa: ADIUTOR. 3817:Princeton, New Jersey 3789:Kovtun, Jiří (2005). 3522:Hannan 1996, 163–164. 3230:Paul N. Hehn (2005). 2751:I. Panic, 2010, p. 50 2630:Hannan 1999, 191–203. 2208: 2196: 2189:In the European Union 2185:still remains there. 2155:signed a treaty with 2067: 1985: 1904: 1895: 1736: 1728: 1713: 1702:Polish Army entering 1701: 1682:cultural assimilation 1669: 1579: 1538: 1398: 1390: 1283: 1223:Ottokar II of Bohemia 1219:Vladislaus I of Opole 1211:Bruno von Schauenburg 1158:Silesia as a part of 1157: 1058:Paweł Hulka-Laskowski 729:Recovered Territories 655:Galicia and Lodomeria 238:Polish-Lithuanian War 128:Belarusian Democratic 4668:Czechowice-Dziedzice 3878:Ostravské univerzity 3740:Nationalities Papers 3479:Zahradnik 1992, 111. 3470:Zahradnik 1992, 116. 3440:Zahradnik 1992, 103. 3375:monitoring.bbc.co.uk 3349:Gniazdowski, Mateusz 3328:www2.polskieradio.pl 2122:elevated Onderek to 1783:Władysław Bortnowski 1249:. Upon the death of 1151:, Stanisław Szczur. 699:Starostwo of Draheim 572:Two Plus Four Treaty 304:and its satellites ( 245:Treaty of Versailles 149:Republic of Zakopane 5087: / 4385:Petrovice u Karviné 3659:. Katowice: Śląsk. 3532:Photo of the school 3453:Zločin jménem Katyň 3399:Zahradnik 1992, 99. 3220:Zahradnik 1992, 96. 3193:Zahradnik 1992, 87. 3149:Zahradnik 1992, 86. 3057:Zahradnik 1992, 76. 3036:Zahradnik 1992, 72. 2968:Watt 1998, 161–162. 2950:Zahradnik 1992, 64. 2906:Zahradnik 1992, 59. 2897:Długajczyk 1993, 7. 2878:Zahradnik 1992, 52. 2845:. Wspólnota Polska. 2831:Zahradnik 1992, 51. 2805:Zahradnik 1992, 48. 2796:Zahradnik 1992, 40. 2787:Hannan 1996, 76–77. 2778:Zahradnik 1992, 13. 2671:Dariusz Miszewski. 2659:Szymeczek 2008, 63. 2040:resistance movement 2020:concentration camps 1853:core Czechoslovakia 1267:Frederick the Great 1201:, and from 1202 of 531:Treaty of Zgorzelec 476:Allied conferences 286:Free City of Danzig 144:Tarnobrzeg Republic 124:Ukrainian People 's 88:Act of 5th November 46:in the 20th century 5115:Historical regions 4849:Międzyrzecze Górne 4844:Międzyrzecze Dolne 4592: 4585: 4348:Mosty u Jablunkova 4085:3 September 2014. 4059:on 7 November 2017 4036:Poláci na Těšínsku 3907:. pp. 63–72. 3809:Mamatey, Victor S. 3653:Długajczyk, Edward 2860:Gawrecká 2004, 21. 2742:Žáček 2004, 14–20. 2701:Žáček 2004, 12–13. 2592:. 1962. pp. 75, 79 2238:Euroregion Beskydy 2214: 2203: 2164:). The arrival of 2086: 2036:Tragedia Żywocicka 1991: 1881:General Kasprzycki 1861:invasion of Poland 1842:Bishop of Katowice 1743: 1731: 1723: 1708: 1672: 1585: 1545: 1539:Leadership of the 1508:state of emergency 1431: 1393: 1306:tendencies of the 1296: 1251:Elizabeth Lucretia 1175:Bolesław I Chrobry 1163: 1036:Name and territory 931:Trans-Olza Silesia 823:Adjacent countries 695:Posen-West Prussia 498:Potsdam Conference 445:Bialystok District 420:General Government 367:First Vienna Award 183:Silesian Uprisings 165:Republic of Ostrów 64:Ostrowiec Republic 5091:49.750°N 18.500°E 5070: 5069: 5030: 5029: 5008: 4575: 4574: 4541: 4259:Horní Domaslavice 4207:Dolní Domaslavice 4049:978-80-87381-00-7 3949:. Prague: Libri. 3914:978-83-922005-4-3 3849:: Urząd Miejski. 3770:Hospicjum Zaolzie 3091:. Penguin Books. 2998:Mamatey 1973, 36. 2920:Mamatey 1973, 34. 2729:978-83-926929-6-6 2513: 2512: 2197:Czech and Polish 2109:František Onderek 2003:Landkreis Teschen 1931:Winston Churchill 1838:Stanisław Adamski 1741:on 3 October 1938 1610:Victor S. Mamatey 1589:Polish-Soviet War 1582:Cieszyn Silesians 1476:Battle of Skoczów 1271:Habsburg Monarchy 1215:Bishop of Olomouc 1199:Duchy of Racibórz 939:Śląsk Zaolziański 929:), also known as 877: 876: 768:Demarcation lines 737:Wolgast Pomerania 731:, while the term 697:, sometimes also 618:Galician autonomy 519:Potsdam Agreement 513:Post World War II 486:Moscow Conference 480:Tehran Conference 458:Turgiele Republic 325:Central Lithuania 323:Incorporation of 290:League of Nations 256:Suwałki Agreement 92:Kingdom of Poland 74:Kholm Governorate 67:Zagłębie Republic 16:(Redirected from 5187: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5052:Duchy of Teschen 5035:Related articles 5006: 5003: 4834:Marklowice Górne 4784:Kończyce Wielkie 4539: 4536: 4274:Horní Tošanovice 4222:Dolní Tošanovice 4132: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4052:. Archived from 4041: 4029: 4002: 3977: 3966:Korzenie Zaolzia 3960: 3941: 3928:Hippocrene Books 3918: 3891: 3868: 3834: 3804: 3785: 3764: 3730: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3576:on 13 April 2015 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3540: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458:Czech Television 3447: 3441: 3438: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3164: 3163:Gabal 1999, 123. 3161: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027:Gabal 1999, 120. 3025: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959:Hannan 1996, 46. 2957: 2951: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869:Kovtun 2005, 51. 2867: 2861: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2660: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621:Hannan 1996, 47. 2619: 2613: 2610: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2251: 2028:Żywocice tragedy 1959: 1810:Munich Agreement 1622:Austrian Silesia 1462:(parliament) of 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1366: 1354: 1342:Duchy of Teschen 1275:Austrian Silesia 1239:Duchy of Cieszyn 1231:Orlová monastery 1195:Duchy of Silesia 1121:Migration Period 1105:Karviná District 1078:Těšínské Slezsko 1040:The Polish term 1000:). One of them, 921: 903: 902: 901: 894: 869: 862: 855: 810:Oder–Neisse line 753:Oder–Neisse line 723:After 1945, the 707:Hither Pomerania 705:and easternmost 642:Grodzieńszczyzna 492:Yalta Conference 461:Iwonicz Republic 357:Munich Agreement 349:Dzierżyńszczyzna 343:Marchlewszczyzna 306:Byelorussian SSR 262:Treaty of Warsaw 53:Pre-World War II 39: 21: 18:Teschen conflict 5195: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5120:Cieszyn Silesia 5105: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5026: 5001: 4599: 4593: 4571: 4534: 4254:Horní Bludovice 4147: 4141: 4139:Cieszyn Silesia 4136: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4075: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4013: 4010: 4008:Further reading 4005: 3999: 3980: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3930:. p. 511. 3921: 3915: 3894: 3888: 3871: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3807: 3801: 3788: 3767: 3733: 3727: 3711: 3705: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3550:on 6 April 2020 3542: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3256:Watt 1998, 458. 3255: 3251: 3244: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140:Watt 1998, 386. 3139: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014:. pp. 4–5. 3007: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989:Watt 1998, 164. 2988: 2984: 2980:Watt 1998, 163. 2979: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2690:EUR.AC research 2683: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2575:Watt 1998, 161. 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2530:Polonia Karwina 2521: 2246: 2199:bilingual signs 2191: 2183:Polish minority 2111:(1888–1962) as 2062: 2012:Cesare Orsenigo 1980: 1960: 1954: 1927:postwar memoirs 1916:a new partition 1891:Richard M. Watt 1877:General Gamelin 1869: 1806:Sudeten Germans 1696: 1664: 1606: 1533: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1385: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1346: 1345: 1312:Austria-Hungary 1308:Austrian Empire 1289:Habsburg Empire 1227:Ostravice River 1169:rulers. In the 1117: 1082:Cieszyn Silesia 1046:Polish minority 1038: 1022:Cieszyn Silesia 970:Cieszyn Silesia 955:Interwar Period 917: 898: 897: 896: 873: 844: 843: 824: 816: 815: 769: 761: 760: 733:Kresy Zachodnie 666:Kresy Zachodnie 625:Kresy Wschodnie 609:Congress Poland 601: 593: 592: 514: 506: 505: 470:Warsaw Uprising 405: 395: 394: 316:which replaced 308:which replaced 103:Ukrainian State 97:Central Powers- 78:Congress Poland 54: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5106: 5096:49.750; 18.500 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 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1970: 1969:Russian media 1966: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768:Ukrainian SSR 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1639:Roman Dmowski 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1541:Civic Defence 1537: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Czech Silesia 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1376: 1365: 1353: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310:and later of 1309: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Piast dynasty 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145:Great Moravia 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Českotěšínsko 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 911: 907: 900: 893: 889: 885: 881: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 850: 848: 847: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 820: 819: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 771: 765: 764: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Upper Silesia 676: 675: 673: 670: 669: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 637:Wileńszczyzna 635: 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Retrieved 3116: 3107: 3087: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3032: 3009: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2964: 2955: 2934: 2925: 2902: 2893: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2836: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2672: 2646:. p. 6. 2641: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2514: 2247: 2231: 2215: 2151: 2146: 2140:Pope Paul VI 2123: 2112: 2107:, appointed 2098: 2087: 2080:festival in 2043: 2016: 1998: 1992: 1978:World War II 1962: 1950:imperialism. 1948: 1940: 1924: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1885:Paul N. Hehn 1871:When Poland 1870: 1846: 1830:Pope Pius XI 1824:) or to the 1820:(Archbishop 1814:Polonization 1803: 1799:Nazi Germany 1795: 1776: 1759:Edvard Beneš 1744: 1738: 1714: 1690:population. 1687:Czechization 1673: 1644: 1607: 1594: 1586: 1570:Edvard Beneš 1558: 1546: 1525: 1516: 1504: 1469: 1457: 1444:delimitation 1438: 1434: 1432: 1301: 1297: 1191:castellanies 1164: 1118: 1102: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1050:Kevin Hannan 1041: 1039: 1015: 1011:Nazi Germany 983: 977:. After the 967: 963: 930: 913: 879: 878: 732: 727:were called 716: 613:Vistula Land 403:World War II 360: 302:Russian SFSR 219:short-lived 214:Galician SSR 212:short-lived 61:(1905–1907) 36: 5094: / 4854:Międzyświeć 4839:Mazańcowice 4724:Harbutowice 4567:Staré Hamry 4525:Vyšní Lhoty 4498:Václavovice 4466:Staré Město 4358:Nižní Lhoty 4269:Horní Suchá 4264:Horní Lomná 4212:Dolní Lomná 4202:Dětmarovice 4191:Český Těšín 4158:Albrechtice 4095:(in Polish) 3981:"Zaolzie". 3903:. Cieszyn: 3839:Panic, Idzi 2712:Panic, Idzi 2244:Census data 2136:Český Těšín 2101:Jánský vrch 1855:(the later 1704:Český Těšín 1320:assimilated 1304:Germanizing 1207:Starý Jičín 1185:issued for 1173:, ruled by 1094:Český Těšín 1070:Český Těšín 1052:. The term 1026:Protestants 953:during the 927:Olsa-Gebiet 812:(1945–1951) 806:(1923-1938) 800:(1921-1922) 792:Curzon Line 788:(1919-1920) 782:(1918-1920) 776:(1919-1920) 631:Taken Lands 351:(1932-1937) 345:(1925-1931) 282:(1920-1922) 5109:Categories 5062:Trans-Olza 4950:Wilamowice 4945:Wieszczęta 4899:Roztropice 4804:Kozakowice 4794:Kostkowice 4759:Jaworzynka 4739:Iskrzyczyn 4704:Górki Małe 4684:Dzięgielów 4620:Bielowicko 4615:Bażanowice 4461:Soběšovice 4333:Malenovice 4163:Bocanovice 4103:(in Czech) 4063:3 February 3645:References 2060:Since 1945 2045:Volksliste 1965:brought up 1907:the world. 1808:under the 1779:Józef Beck 1500:metallurgy 1496:black coal 1381:See also: 1149:Idzi Panic 1125:West Slavs 1119:After the 1072:"), or as 880:Trans-Olza 361:Trans-Olza 227:Polish SSR 225:attempted 4884:Pogwizdów 4874:Pierściec 4869:Ogrodzona 4749:Jasienica 4694:Godziszów 4689:Frelichów 4679:Drogomyśl 4662:Cisownica 4645:Brzezówka 4530:Žermanice 4513:Vojkovice 4486:Třanovice 4456:Smilovice 4417:Raškovice 4318:Košařiska 4290:Jablunkov 4232:Dobratice 4175:Bruzovice 3974:177389723 3782:995384642 3761:146983659 3011:Głos Ludu 2541:Footnotes 2074:Jablunkov 2050:Wehrmacht 1879:reminded 1867:Reception 1677:Silesians 1554:Bolshevik 1221:and King 1129:Golensizi 1080:(meaning 1018:Silesians 998:Freistadt 919:‹See Tfd› 653:Areas of 647:Lwów Land 4987:Zarzecze 4982:Zamarski 4967:Zabłocie 4927:Strumień 4914:Simoradz 4789:Koniaków 4774:Kisielów 4734:Iłownica 4714:Grodziec 4699:Goleszów 4674:Dębowiec 4630:Bładnice 4519:Vratimov 4508:Vendryně 4503:Vělopolí 4481:Těrlicko 4444:Sedliště 4438:Rychvald 4391:Petřvald 4380:Pazderna 4363:Nošovice 4301:Kaňovice 4296:Janovice 4237:Doubrava 4197:Chotěbuz 4185:Bystřice 3991:. 1997. 3865:55650394 3841:(2002). 3774:Vendryně 3715:(1996). 3655:(1993). 3580:13 April 3554:13 April 2821:: 32–34. 2714:(2012). 2688:. Nr 7, 2519:See also 2503:263,941 2497:368,355 2483:281,584 2477:366,559 2463:263,047 2457:350,825 2443:205,785 2437:281,183 2423:155,146 2417:219,811 2397:213,867 2383:120,639 2377:216,255 2357:177,176 2340:123,923 2337:179,145 2320:115,392 2317:143,220 2297:107,675 2269:Slovaks 2266:Germans 2162:Slovakia 2105:Javorník 2024:Żywocice 1953:— 1912:Daladier 1787:Frysztat 1488:Slovakia 1259:Habsburg 1167:Bohemian 1137:Chotěbuz 1074:Těšínsko 200:against 136:Komancza 5082:18°30′E 5079:49°45′N 4992:Zbytków 4977:Zabrzeg 4972:Zaborze 4955:Wiślica 4920:Skoczów 4909:Rudzica 4889:Pruchna 4879:Pogórze 4769:Kiczyce 4764:Kaczyce 4754:Jaworze 4744:Istebna 4729:Hażlach 4656:Cieszyn 4561:Ostrava 4476:Střítež 4471:Stonava 4427:Řepiště 4397:Písečná 4343:Morávka 4338:Milíkov 4307:Karviná 4249:Hnojník 4243:Havířov 4180:Bukovec 4169:Bohumín 4148:in the 3899:(ed.). 3847:Cieszyn 2509:26,629 2500:43,479 2489:28,719 2480:51,586 2469:26,806 2460:56,075 2449:13,233 2440:58,876 2420:59,005 2406:38,408 2403:44,579 2400:51,499 2386:17,182 2380:76,230 2366:18,260 2363:88,556 2360:68,034 2346:22,312 2343:32,821 2326:13,476 2323:14,093 2303:13,580 2300:86,674 2283:16,425 2280:71,239 2277:94,370 2263:Czechs 2220:to the 2171:Karviná 2166:Slovaks 2082:Karviná 2076:during 2068:Polish 2038:). The 1988:Karviná 1925:In his 1920:Molotov 1822:Bertram 1755:Bogumin 1747:Bohumín 1719:Karviná 1706:in 1938 1634:Germany 1618:Moravia 1614:Bohemia 1566:Hungary 1562:Austria 1517:Zaolzie 1472:Entente 1328:Bohumín 1324:Ostrava 1316:Galicia 1293:Prussia 1287:within 1263:Silesia 1245:of the 1243:fiefdom 1115:History 1098:Fryštát 1054:Zaolzie 1042:Zaolzie 994:Teschen 990:Friedek 986:Bielitz 961:River. 888:Zaolzie 749:Lausitz 717:Zaolzie 691:Powiśle 687:Masuria 386:Secret 383:(1939) 159:Witkowo 5022:Bystra 4939:Ustroń 4904:Rudnik 4894:Puńców 4864:Ochaby 4829:Ligota 4814:Landek 4809:Łączka 4799:Kowale 4650:Chybie 4640:Bronów 4635:Brenna 4602:Poland 4492:Třinec 4432:Ropice 4407:Pražmo 4374:Orlová 4328:Lučina 4323:Krásná 4284:Hrčava 4279:Hrádek 4046: 4022: 3995: 3972: 3953: 3934: 3911: 3884: 3863: 3853: 3827: 3797: 3780: 3759: 3723: 3701: 3682: 3663: 3413: 3380:11 May 3333:11 May 3306: 3276: 3240: 3180: 3123:1 July 3095: 2726: 2429:4,388 2306:7,388 2286:6,672 2260:Poles 2257:Total 2218:Poland 2153:Poland 2084:, 2007 2070:Gorals 2032:Polish 1936:hyenas 1836:under 1764:Soviet 1751:Polish 1630:Poland 1620:, and 1550:Prague 1519:– the 1464:Poland 1453:Warsaw 1449:Prague 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1332:Orlová 1090:Zaolží 1086:Zaolší 1030:Poland 1002:Frýdek 947:Poland 935:Polish 923:German 914:Záolší 910:Záolží 884:Polish 794:(1920) 745:Miśnia 741:Milsko 683:Warmia 586:(2005) 580:(1991) 574:(1991) 568:(1990) 559:(1976) 545:(1958) 539:(1951) 533:(1950) 527:(1945) 521:(1945) 500:(1945) 494:(1945) 488:(1943) 482:(1943) 452:(1941) 441:(1941) 377:(1938) 363:(1938) 333:(1922) 327:(1922) 312:, and 288:under 273:(1920) 258:(1920) 247:(1919) 161:Revolt 115:(1918) 108:(1918) 94:(1916) 84:(1913) 4961:Wisła 4859:Mnich 4719:Gumna 4625:Biery 4610:Bąków 4548:Baška 4450:Šenov 4412:Pržno 4402:Písek 4368:Nýdek 4353:Návsí 4227:Dobrá 4057:(PDF) 4040:(PDF) 3757:S2CID 2818:Zwrot 2718:[ 2494:1991 2474:1980 2454:1970 2434:1961 2414:1950 2394:1939 2374:1930 2354:1921 2334:1910 2314:1900 2294:1890 2274:1880 2254:Year 2128:Czech 2072:from 1849:Czech 1648:Orava 1486:with 906:Czech 895: 600:Areas 375:Orava 132:Lemko 76:from 4819:Łazy 4422:Řeka 4065:2021 4044:ISBN 4020:ISBN 3993:ISBN 3970:OCLC 3951:ISBN 3932:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3882:ISBN 3861:OCLC 3851:ISBN 3825:ISBN 3795:ISBN 3778:OCLC 3721:ISBN 3699:ISBN 3680:ISBN 3661:ISBN 3582:2015 3556:2015 3411:ISBN 3382:2020 3335:2020 3304:ISBN 3274:ISBN 3238:ISBN 3178:ISBN 3125:2014 3093:ISBN 2724:ISBN 2643:Głos 2506:706 2078:PZKO 1789:and 1675:the 1652:Spiš 1650:and 1628:and 1564:and 1521:Olza 1460:Sejm 1451:and 1133:gord 1096:and 992:and 959:Olza 949:and 432:and 373:and 371:Spiš 4600:in 4081:". 3989:PWN 3749:doi 1967:by 1277:). 1088:or 1076:or 1009:by 747:or 659:San 126:), 5111:: 3880:. 3859:. 3823:. 3819:: 3815:. 3772:. 3755:. 3745:27 3743:. 3617:^ 3431:^ 3390:^ 3373:. 3355:. 3351:. 3326:. 3288:^ 3154:^ 3133:^ 3115:. 3041:^ 3020:^ 2973:^ 2943:^ 2911:^ 2851:^ 2664:^ 2652:^ 2597:^ 2588:. 2486:– 2466:– 2446:– 2426:– 2409:– 2389:– 2369:– 2349:– 2329:– 2309:– 2289:– 2240:. 2149:. 2130:: 2034:: 1938:. 1929:, 1875:, 1844:. 1840:, 1753:: 1616:, 1455:. 1330:, 1213:, 1111:. 1013:. 988:, 937:: 925:: 916:; 912:, 908:: 904:; 890:, 886:: 743:, 739:, 701:, 693:, 689:, 685:, 681:, 134:, 130:, 4131:e 4124:t 4117:v 4067:. 4028:. 4001:. 3976:. 3959:. 3940:. 3917:. 3890:. 3867:. 3833:. 3803:. 3784:. 3763:. 3751:: 3729:. 3707:. 3688:. 3669:. 3584:. 3558:. 3460:. 3417:. 3384:. 3359:. 3337:. 3312:. 3282:. 3246:. 3184:. 3127:. 3101:. 2732:. 2030:( 1749:( 1273:( 1064:/ 933:( 882:( 868:e 861:t 854:v 755:. 713:) 709:( 611:/ 320:) 101:/ 34:. 20:)

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