1046:
1062:
961:
987:
1138:
101:
918:
1094:
999:
975:
499:
1078:
1123:
76:
861:
42:
1886:
933:
949:
1030:
769:
1109:
1014:
868:
The incubation period averages about 100 days under natural conditions, which is relatively short among tortoises. Many tropical tortoises have incubation periods of up to 200 days. The relatively short time is an adaptation to the subtropical
Mediterranean climate, where the summers are not as long.
856:
Once the hole is dug, egg-laying begins. Each egg is gently rolled back into the hole. After the last egg, the female immediately begins refilling the hole, again using her hind legs. Finally, she stamps the opening closed with her feet so that the ground regains its natural hardness. Larger animals
852:
Afterwards, the female seeks out an adequate location to lay her eggs. Once such a place is found, the female stands still, propping both front legs firmly against the ground. Then she digs out a hole with her hind legs, alternating between left and right, beginning with simply scratching the ground
903:
with air. Afterwards, it pulls back into the egg and works on the shell with its beak until it opens completely. In nature, the animal remains below ground for the first two weeks, where it is safe from predators, yet is still able to grow, as it is nourished by the yolk sac. The young animals lead
816:
Marginated tortoises are fairly calm and relaxed, although they can be somewhat territorial in the wild. They have a controlled temper and are generally slow to anger. If they are not given the proper diet in captivity, however, they will become rather aggressive and might mistakenly attack if they
803:
The marginated tortoise lives in more mountainous regions than
Hermann's tortoise. It can be found in elevations as high as 1,600 m (5,200 ft). The black color of the carapace is helpful for survival in this environment, as it allows the tortoise to absorb a great deal of heat in a short
748:
is somewhat moveable. The tail is notable for a lengthwise marking and for an undivided carapace over the tail. The male has a longer tail, which is thicker at the base than the female's. The underside is more strongly indented. Males are also often larger than the females. The females lay their
743:
is oblong and has a notable thickness around the middle of the body. The posterior end of the shell has a saw-like formation, flanged outward like a bell. The carapace of an adult specimen is almost completely black, with yellow highlights. The ventral shell is lighter-coloured and has pairs of
1263:
Escoriza, Daniel; Tzoras, Elias; Bringsøe, Henrik (5 September 2023). "Testudo marginata
Schoepff 1793 – Marginated Tortoise, Kraspedochelóna, Breshka Malore, Testuggine MarginataTestudo marginata Schoepff 1793 – Marginated Tortoise, Kraspedochelóna, Breshka Malore, Testuggine Marginata".
911:, or with good handling, they gain 100–500 g (3.5–17.6 oz) yearly. This quick rate of growth lasts throughout their youth. After the 20th year of life, further growth is minimal. They may live between 100 and 140 years, according to the best estimates of scientists.
891:
It is possible to see with the naked eye if the eggs are developing healthily. Freshly laid eggs have a gray-white color. Shortly thereafter, a bright white spot forms on the uppermost point of the egg. This spot gradually grows until the entire egg is bright white.
848:
During mating, the female stands still and holds her head to the side, looking up to see the opened mouth of the male. The red tongue apparently serves a signalling function. The female moves her head from left to right in the same rhythm as the male's cries.
679:). Both have very similar bodily characteristics—oblong carapaces, large scales on the front legs, large coverings for the head and cone-like scales on the upper thighs, undivided tail coverings, moveable stomach plates, and lack of tail spikes. Presumably,
714:
appears to represent a lineage that diverged from the same ancestral stock southwards into northeastern Africa around the same time as the marginated tortoise's ancestors diverged in Greece. These two are actually more similar to each other than to
853:
but eventually moving large quantities of soil which are piled up beside the hole. The depth of the hole is determined by the length of her hind legs. If the ground is too hard to dig, the female releases water from her anal gland to soften it.
808:. Early in the morning, marginated tortoises bask in the sun to raise their body temperature, and then search for food. After feeding, the tortoises return to their shelters in the hot midday hours, leaving them again in the late afternoon.
1061:
706:
According to the 2005 DNA sequence data, these species do not seem to hybridize to a notable extent in the wild, though they are obviously very close relatives, and as evidenced by morphology, some
744:
triangular markings with the points facing the rear of the animal. The front sides of the limbs are covered with large scales. In an old female specimen, the rear flaps of the underside of her
587:
Indeed, it appears to derive from a deliberate introduction by humans. Though it is not clear whether this occurred in prehistoric times or more recently, this might be resolved by dating
1045:
1687:
van der Kuyl
Antoinette C., Ballasina Donato L. Ph., Dekker John T., Maas Jolanda, Willemsen Ronald E., Goudsmit Jaap (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus
1593:
5337:
653:-associated climate and sea level changes, this population is probably not older than a few thousand years; as it is not geographically isolated, it should be considered a local
837:, the mating instinct starts up. The males follow the females with great interest, encircling them, biting them on the limbs, ramming them, and trying to mount them. During
687:
as a population more suited for life in the mountainous regions. Evidence in favor of this is the wide geographical region and the extremely large number of subspecies of
1536:
Fritz Uwe, Auer Markus, Bertolero Albert, Cheylan Marc, Fattizzo
Tiziano, Hundsdörfer Anna K., Sampayo Marcos Martín, Pretus Joan L., Široký Pavel, Wink Michael (2006).
1735:
1584:
1528:
1428:
5241:
548:. These tortoises have less strongly bent tiles in the posterior of their carapaces, and the posterior of the carapace is almost smooth compared with the saw-like
841:, the male opens his mouth, showing his red tongue and making loud cries. The tone of the copulation cry is almost sobbing with long, deep tones, in contrast to
5293:
591:
remains. Sequence evolution at least in mtDNA is known to proceed much more slowly in some turtles and tortoises than in others; the rate of the mitochondrial
5408:
5373:
1137:
869:
In an incubator, this time is notably shorter: with an incubation temperature of 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) the eggs will begin hatching after 60 days.
739:
The marginated tortoise is the largest
European tortoise, reaching a weight of up to 5 kg (11 lb) and a length of 35 cm (14 in). Its
584:
has not occurred to a considerable degree; consequently, the more geographically isolated
Sardinian population is presumably of quite recent origin.
5215:
5254:
2131:
2320:
2314:
1787:
1693:
1485:
1283:
2891:
1388:"Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines"
884:
eggs are not separated by a membrane. After a few days, the heavy yolk components sink to the bottom of the egg. On top of this floats the
5413:
5403:
986:
5176:
626:, presumably larger than mainland tortoises. However, numerous additional fossils have since refuted the validity of this subspecies.
699:
on the other hand, despite the two subspecies, presents a much more unified appearance, which points toward an earlier appearance in
1639:
1465:
1447:
904:
cautious and secretive lives, normally remaining in the shade. They avoid full sunlight because of the great danger of overheating.
960:
888:
disk, surrounded by albumen, so the tortoise eggs cannot be turned after the yolk settles without damaging or killing the embryo.
1942:
2173:
1392:
917:
4924:
4007:
2302:
2296:
2168:
1927:
370:
5259:
5051:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
2860:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
2556:
2371:
629:
A population of small and light-colored marginated tortoises exists on the southwestern coast of the
Peloponnesus, between
5398:
5280:
2541:
2531:
2193:
825:
Marginated tortoises are herbivorous, their diets consisting primarily of plants from their native
Mediterranean region.
4901:
1440:
Turtles and Tortoises: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, and Behavior (Complete Pet Owner's Manual)
719:
regarding DNA sequence data, but considering biogeography, this is either due to (rather unlikely) dispersal across the
5049:
2859:
5137:
5060:
3583:
2967:
2681:
2546:
2198:
1935:
1270:. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5 (First ed.). Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy.
1077:
5194:
5383:
5298:
3316:
2536:
2142:
1780:
1537:
1473:
5207:
2551:
2308:
1959:
1165:
574:
1122:
1093:
100:
5388:
5378:
3962:
2884:
2462:
2183:
2152:
2121:
2009:
522:
2218:
2091:
998:
645:. Unlike the Sardinian population, it occupies an extremely restricted range with very arid habitat, and its
490:. It is the largest European tortoise. The marginated tortoise is herbivorous, and brumates for the winter.
5393:
4818:
2831:
2381:
2230:
2224:
2778:
2772:
2730:
1342:
5077:
4790:
3590:
3548:
3188:
2790:
2736:
2430:
2412:
2188:
2126:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1920:
1013:
838:
5115:
2766:
2436:
2418:
932:
5142:
3534:
3036:
2847:
2841:
2802:
2784:
2748:
2635:
2623:
2592:
2424:
2338:
2271:
2178:
2158:
2073:
1951:
1773:
1729:
1578:
1522:
1478:
Bour, 1996 a distinct evolutionary lineage? New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genomic markers"
1422:
604:
507:
231:
215:
2826:
2808:
2508:
2442:
2406:
2106:
2101:
974:
662:
2760:
5163:
5124:
4776:
3442:
3066:
2796:
2343:
2079:
2067:
1701:
1608:
1494:
728:
600:
553:
2754:
2742:
2724:
4761:
3120:
2877:
2629:
2513:
2276:
2050:
623:
326:
65:
2209:
1670:
948:
4168:
4133:
4000:
3798:
3739:
3709:
2653:
2617:
2597:
2503:
2397:
2116:
1566:
1245:
277:
95:
3717:
3471:
5246:
5319:
5150:
4711:
3694:
3646:
3637:
3520:
3097:
2658:
2485:
2480:
2248:
2137:
1983:
1978:
1717:
1635:
1549:
1510:
1461:
1443:
1410:
1279:
711:
5332:
5324:
4503:
3891:
3866:
3827:
3775:
3506:
3051:
2704:
2574:
2266:
2146:
1902:
1709:
1665:
1616:
1558:
1502:
1400:
1271:
1235:
1143:
895:
After the embryo has developed fully in the egg, the young animal breaks the shell with its
805:
642:
464:
5272:
1108:
5306:
5129:
4951:
4599:
4328:
4296:
3933:
3842:
3618:
3204:
2949:
2818:
2686:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2162:
1405:
1387:
672:
581:
487:
192:
1705:
1612:
1498:
1275:
498:
5202:
5189:
4846:
4836:
4733:
4583:
4423:
4125:
4070:
3812:
3747:
3287:
3278:
3247:
3155:
3044:
2958:
2673:
2453:
2386:
2045:
654:
313:
300:
1647:
1458:
General Care and Maintenance of Popular Tortoises (The Herpetocultural Library Series)
1386:
Avise John C., Bowen Brian W., Lamb Trip, Meylan Anne B., Bermingham Eldredge (1992).
703:
history. In captivity, the two species often cross-breed, but this should be avoided.
5367:
5267:
5026:
4909:
4809:
4798:
4769:
4683:
4567:
4551:
4511:
4445:
4355:
4320:
4264:
4248:
4232:
4206:
4194:
4178:
4156:
4148:
3955:
3666:
3499:
3360:
3307:
3255:
2663:
2566:
1912:
1845:
1755:
1656:
1562:
1195:
785:
753:
720:
172:
85:
80:
1570:
1249:
1186:
5155:
4961:
4886:
4862:
4379:
4256:
4240:
4216:
4117:
4062:
3986:
3902:
3876:
3790:
3701:
3680:
3604:
3569:
3379:
3345:
3212:
3128:
3074:
2696:
2608:
2287:
2001:
1851:
781:
577:
564:
467:
1620:
860:
41:
1691:(Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences".
17:
5350:
5285:
5228:
5109:
4939:
4894:
4740:
4725:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4607:
4487:
4471:
4455:
4371:
4363:
4312:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4140:
4092:
4015:
3940:
3805:
3761:
3687:
3673:
3625:
3482:
3400:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3239:
3181:
3173:
3090:
3082:
3029:
3019:
2645:
2495:
2037:
1970:
1506:
740:
342:
857:
may lay eggs as many as three times per summer, with about 15 eggs per clutch.
5018:
4931:
4917:
4878:
4655:
4575:
4543:
4527:
4495:
4433:
4406:
4387:
4304:
4109:
4029:
4022:
3970:
3947:
3857:
3724:
3456:
3263:
3196:
3113:
3105:
3008:
2999:
2330:
2258:
1894:
1839:
1833:
557:
541:
530:
162:
5100:
5010:
4870:
4854:
4783:
4747:
4697:
4690:
4615:
4591:
4535:
4479:
4186:
3978:
3926:
3884:
3597:
3555:
3463:
3449:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3386:
3231:
3059:
896:
834:
750:
700:
588:
358:
112:
1721:
1713:
1514:
1029:
768:
637:. The so-called "dwarf marginated tortoise" was described as a new species
599:
is probably a rather low 1.0–1.6% per million years (as this fits best the
5181:
1414:
1033:
The caudal plate (above the tail) is not divided as in Hermann's tortoise.
5311:
5094:
4825:
4754:
4674:
4663:
4559:
4224:
4101:
3993:
3835:
3820:
3782:
3731:
3657:
3562:
3541:
3527:
3513:
3369:
3296:
3165:
3144:
3136:
2918:
2715:
2584:
2353:
2240:
1871:
1815:
1796:
1240:
1223:
797:
745:
646:
630:
592:
545:
471:
460:
182:
132:
1594:"The fossil turtles of Greece: An overview of taxonomy and distribution"
1071:
with a broad-edged carapace: The cloacal opening is visible on the tail.
5220:
4969:
4718:
4623:
4519:
4463:
4043:
4036:
3918:
3768:
3754:
3611:
3576:
3491:
3393:
2933:
2924:
2523:
2472:
1827:
1821:
908:
899:
from inside, creates a small opening, and for the first time fills its
881:
877:
789:
650:
611:
483:
456:
142:
772:
Close-up of fore limbs and head, showing the particularly large scales
5233:
4704:
4347:
2939:
2912:
2900:
1809:
1343:"The fossil record of turtles from the Pleistocene of Crete (Greece)"
924:
885:
777:
707:
692:
634:
475:
152:
122:
5071:
1265:
506:
The marginated tortoise was formally described by German naturalist
5345:
3911:
2978:
1765:
1028:
859:
793:
767:
724:
619:
561:
515:
502:
Carapace shapes of Greek (left) and Sardinian marginated tortoises
497:
479:
695:
with strongly bent carapace tiles, like the marginated tortoise.
5168:
3407:
1542:(Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): implications for taxonomy"
939:
900:
873:
757:
571:
5075:
2873:
1769:
1749:
1472:
Fritz Uwe, Kiroký Pavel, Kami Hajigholi, Wink Michael (2005).
2869:
1474:"Environmentally caused dwarfism or a valid species – Is
776:
The natural range of the marginated tortoise is southern
1267:
Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises
1632:
Europäische Landschildkröten: Leben - Haltung - Zucht
907:
Marginated tortoises grow very rapidly. In an ideal
5084:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4949:
4835:
4808:
4673:
4443:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4338:
4204:
4166:
4091:
4084:
4053:
3901:
3865:
3856:
3656:
3635:
3481:
3368:
3359:
3306:
3286:
3277:
3222:
3154:
3018:
3007:
2998:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2817:
2713:
2695:
2672:
2644:
2606:
2583:
2565:
2522:
2494:
2471:
2451:
2395:
2352:
2329:
2285:
2257:
2239:
2207:
2100:
2036:
2000:
1969:
1911:
1893:
1860:
1538:"A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann's tortoise,
1646:van Dijk, P.P.; Lymberakis, P.; Böhme, W. (2004).
1750:Characteristics of European tortoises (in German)
1592:Georgialis Georgios L., Kear Benjamin P. (2013).
845:, which uses a much higher-toned, peeping noise.
603:situation), limiting the resolution provided by
1683:Listed as Species of Less Concern (LR/lc v2.3).
1372:van der Kuyl et al. (2002), Fritz et al. (2005)
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
788:. They are also found in isolated zones of the
5048:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2885:
2858:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
1781:
1671:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21653A201295229.en
1055:, identified by the long tail with broad base
864:A marginated tortoise emerges into the world.
8:
1734:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1527:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1427:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
661:. Notably, a similar situation is found in
540:) is the name usually used to separate the
5072:
4998:
4991:
4418:
4411:
4088:
3862:
3365:
3283:
3015:
3004:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2892:
2878:
2870:
1864:
1788:
1774:
1766:
74:
40:
31:
1669:
1404:
1239:
533:of marginated tortoises have been named:
514:is a straightforward derivation from the
671:is also closely related to the Greek or
1177:
1041:
970:
913:
727:" is invalid and the similarity due to
2321:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
2315:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
1727:
1576:
1520:
1420:
1224:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
641:, but it is not recognizably distinct
55:Right: Sardinian marginated tortoise (
1486:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1436:Bartlett, Richard; Bartlett, Patricia
1406:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040735
7:
5208:a46af894-7411-4f9e-82f3-31cf89603826
5409:Taxa named by Johann David Schoepff
5374:IUCN Red List least concern species
1657:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1276:10.3854/crm.5.122.marginata.v1.2023
1196:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
710:flow still occurs, but slowly. The
536:The Sardinian marginated tortoise (
649:seem related to this. Considering
525:is the Greek marginated tortoise,
25:
49:Left: Greek marginated tortoise (
1884:
1563:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x
1136:
1121:
1107:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1012:
997:
985:
973:
959:
947:
931:
916:
560:, it cannot be distinguished by
552:. Clearly distinct according to
99:
1442:. Barron's Educational Series.
1222:Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007).
261:Sardinian marginated tortoise (
2303:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
2297:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
2169:Santiago Island giant tortoise
833:Immediately after waking from
804:time, helping it maintain its
510:in 1789; its specific epithet
1:
2122:Chatham Island giant tortoise
1621:10.1016/j.geobios.2013.05.001
1460:. Advanced Vivarium Systems.
414:Testudo marginata weissingeri
2189:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
2184:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
2174:Pinzón Island giant tortoise
691:, including a subspecies in
657:, and not even a subspecies
5061:List of Testudines families
2682:Flat-backed spider tortoise
2557:Speke's hinge-back tortoise
2547:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
2372:Goode's thornscrub tortoise
2199:Western Santa Cruz tortoise
2179:Sierra Negra giant tortoise
2127:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
1507:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.007
1019:Terrarium for raising young
665:living in the same region.
527:Testudo marginata marginata
432:Testudo marginata marginata
248:Greek marginated tortoise (
5430:
5414:Habitats Directive species
5404:Reptiles described in 1789
2542:Home's hinge-back tortoise
2537:Forest hinge-back tortoise
2532:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
2194:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
2143:Hood Island giant tortoise
2132:Fernandina Island tortoise
1882:
1323:van der Kuyl et al. (2002)
5044:
2975:
2907:
2856:
2552:Natal hinge-back tortoise
2117:Cerro Azul giant tortoise
1960:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
1867:
1804:
1166:List of reptiles of Italy
923:Two marginated tortoises
283:
276:
244:
239:
221:
214:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
48:
39:
34:
2463:Hesperotestudo percrassa
2219:Cheirogaster bacharidisi
2153:Santa Fe Island tortoise
2138:Floreana Island tortoise
2092:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
2010:African spurred tortoise
764:Distribution and habitat
683:diverged from ancestral
614:subspecies described as
2382:Sonoran Desert tortoise
1758:Testudo marginata sarda
1332:Georgalis et al. (2013)
518:term for 'marginated'.
405:Testudo marginata sarda
2309:Réunion giant tortoise
2231:Cheirogaster schafferi
2225:Cheirogaster gymnesica
2062:Chelonoidis alburyorum
2056:Yellow-footed tortoise
2028:Centrochelys vulcanica
2022:Centrochelys burchardi
2016:Centrochelys atlantica
1991:Astrochelys rogerbouri
1921:Aldabra giant tortoise
1714:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052
1694:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
1664:: e.T21653A201295229.
1347:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1053:T. marginata marginata
1034:
872:Unlike bird eggs, the
865:
773:
622:before the end of the
503:
2842:Spur-thighed tortoise
2779:Stylemys nebrascensis
2773:Stylemys karakolensis
2731:Stylemys calaverensis
2636:Megalochelys sondaari
2624:Megalochelys cautleyi
2593:Asian forest tortoise
2339:Burmese star tortoise
2159:Pinta Island tortoise
1952:Aldabrachelys abrupta
1185:Luiselli, L. (2024).
1032:
992:Egg shells with skins
863:
771:
605:molecular systematics
508:Johann David Schoepff
501:
5399:Fauna of the Balkans
5203:Fauna Europaea (new)
2832:Kleinmann's tortoise
2791:Stylemys oregonensis
2737:Stylemys canetotiana
2431:Hadrianus schucherti
2413:Hadrianus majusculus
2344:Indian star tortoise
2086:Chelonoidis sellovii
2080:Chelonoidis monensis
2068:Chelonoidis cubensis
1634:. AVA Agrar Verlag.
1454:De Vosjoli, Phillipe
1353:(35): 771–799. 2022.
1241:10.3897/vz.57.e30895
729:convergent evolution
601:paleobiogeographical
378:Peltastes marginatus
35:Marginated tortoise
2837:Marginated tortoise
2767:Stylemys frizaciana
2630:Megalochelys margae
2514:Travancore tortoise
2437:Hadrianus utahensis
2419:Hadrianus octonaria
2107:Chelonoidis complex
2051:Red-footed tortoise
1706:2002MolPE..22..174V
1613:2013Geobi..46..299G
1499:2005MolPE..37..389F
1476:Testudo weissingeri
1363:Fritz et al. (2006)
1314:Avise et al. (1992)
1305:Fritz et al. (2005)
796:, and northeastern
723:, or the supposed "
663:Hermann's tortoises
639:Testudo weissingeri
529:. Three additional
523:nominate subspecies
447:marginated tortoise
423:Testudo weissingeri
387:Peltastes marginata
366:Testudo campanulata
334:Testudo campanulata
66:Conservation status
27:Species of tortoise
4169:Nanhsiungchelyidae
4134:Macrocephalochelys
2848:Testudo brevitesta
2827:Hermann's tortoise
2803:Stylemys uintensis
2785:Stylemys neglectus
2749:Stylemys conspecta
2654:Geometric tortoise
2618:Megalochelys atlas
2598:Impressed tortoise
2509:Forsten's tortoise
2504:Elongated tortoise
2425:Hadrianus robustus
2102:Galápagos tortoise
2074:Chelonoidis lutzae
1228:Vertebrate Zoology
1203:: e.T21653A2777760
1035:
866:
774:
504:
321:Chersus marginatus
308:Chersine marginata
5384:Turtles of Europe
5361:
5360:
5320:Open Tree of Life
5130:Testudo_marginata
5116:Testudo marginata
5086:Testudo marginata
5078:Taxon identifiers
5069:
5068:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4080:
4079:
3852:
3851:
3355:
3354:
3273:
3272:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2867:
2866:
2862:. Key: †=extinct.
2809:Stylemys undabuna
2659:Serrated tortoise
2443:Hadrianus vialovi
2407:Hadrianus corsoni
2277:Speckled padloper
2249:Angulate tortoise
1984:Radiated tortoise
1979:Angonoka tortoise
1880:
1879:
1650:Testudo marginata
1550:Zoologica Scripta
1285:978-0-9653540-9-7
1189:Testudo marginata
1154:(father × mother)
817:feel threatened.
760:in May and June.
712:Egyptian tortoise
697:Testudo marginata
681:Testudo marginata
669:Testudo marginata
659:T. m. weissingeri
544:on the island of
470:. The species is
452:Testudo marginata
443:
442:
396:Testudo nemoralis
287:Testudo marginata
225:Testudo marginata
207:T. marginata
89:
18:Testudo marginata
16:(Redirected from
5421:
5354:
5353:
5341:
5340:
5328:
5327:
5315:
5314:
5302:
5301:
5289:
5288:
5286:NHMSYS0000375791
5276:
5275:
5263:
5262:
5250:
5249:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5223:
5211:
5210:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5171:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5133:
5132:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5073:
4999:
4992:
4504:Chupacabrachelys
4419:
4412:
4089:
3867:Carettochelyidae
3863:
3366:
3284:
3016:
3005:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2761:Stylemys emiliae
2705:Leopard tortoise
2575:Pancake tortoise
2486:Greater padloper
1903:Russian tortoise
1888:
1887:
1865:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1629:
1624:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1546:
1540:Testudo hermanni
1532:
1526:
1518:
1482:
1455:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1408:
1393:Mol. Biol. Evol.
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1182:
1140:
1128:Greek tortoise,
1125:
1111:
1096:
1080:
1064:
1048:
1016:
1001:
989:
977:
963:
951:
935:
920:
806:body temperature
643:phylogenetically
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
355:
339:
330:
317:
304:
292:
270:
269:
257:
256:
255:— Schoepff, 1789
227:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
44:
32:
21:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5389:Fauna of Greece
5379:Testudo (genus)
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5323:
5318:
5310:
5307:Observation.org
5305:
5297:
5292:
5284:
5279:
5271:
5266:
5258:
5253:
5245:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5180:
5175:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5032:
4975:
4952:Sahonachelyidae
4945:
4831:
4804:
4669:
4600:Phosphatochelys
4439:
4393:
4334:
4329:Terlinguachelys
4297:Pneumatoarthrus
4200:
4162:
4076:
4049:
3897:
3848:
3652:
3631:
3619:Siebenrockiella
3477:
3351:
3302:
3269:
3218:
3205:Mesodermochelys
3150:
3011:
2982:
2944:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2813:
2797:Stylemys pygmea
2709:
2691:
2687:Spider tortoise
2668:
2640:
2602:
2579:
2561:
2518:
2490:
2481:Common padloper
2467:
2447:
2391:
2377:Gopher tortoise
2367:Desert tortoise
2362:Bolson tortoise
2348:
2325:
2281:
2253:
2235:
2203:
2163:Lonesome George
2096:
2032:
1996:
1965:
1943:A. g. hololissa
1907:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1869:Species of the
1856:
1800:
1794:
1746:
1726:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1645:
1627:
1596:
1591:
1575:
1544:
1535:
1519:
1480:
1471:
1453:
1435:
1419:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1162:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1002:
993:
990:
981:
978:
967:
964:
955:
954:Finished burrow
952:
943:
936:
927:
921:
831:
823:
814:
766:
737:
673:common tortoise
616:T. m. cretensis
582:Lineage sorting
550:T. m. marginata
496:
488:Southern Europe
435:
434:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
400:Schreiber, 1875
399:
398:
390:
389:
381:
380:
369:
368:
353:
352:
337:
336:
324:
323:
311:
310:
299:
298:
290:
289:
267:
266:
260:
254:
253:
250:T. m. marginata
247:
235:
229:
223:
210:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
54:
51:T. m. marginata
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Fauna of Italy
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5342:
5329:
5316:
5303:
5290:
5277:
5264:
5251:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5199:
5190:Fauna Europaea
5186:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5121:
5106:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5055:
5054:. † = extinct.
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4847:Albertwoodemys
4841:
4839:
4837:Podocnemididae
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4734:Lomalatachelys
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4584:Labrostochelys
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4424:Araripemydidae
4416:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4126:Emarginachelys
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4071:Sinaspideretes
4066:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3748:Hesperotestudo
3743:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3640:
3638:Platysternidae
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:Dermatemydidae
3281:
3279:Kinosternoidea
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3248:Procolpochelys
3243:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3156:Dermochelyidae
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3045:Carolinochelys
3040:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2755:Stylemys copei
2751:
2745:
2743:Stylemys capax
2739:
2733:
2727:
2725:Stylemys botti
2720:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2454:Hesperotestudo
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2387:Texas tortoise
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2272:Karoo padloper
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Chaco tortoise
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1936:A. g. daudinii
1931:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1745:
1744:External links
1742:
1741:
1740:
1700:(2): 174–183.
1684:
1643:
1642:. (in German).
1628:Mayer, Richard
1625:
1607:(4): 299–311.
1589:
1557:(5): 531–548.
1533:
1493:(2): 389–401.
1469:
1451:
1433:
1399:(3): 457–473.
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1291:
1284:
1255:
1234:(2): 302–303.
1214:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1003:
996:
994:
991:
984:
982:
979:
972:
969:
968:
965:
958:
956:
953:
946:
944:
937:
930:
928:
922:
915:
830:
827:
822:
819:
813:
810:
765:
762:
736:
733:
689:Testudo graeca
685:Testudo graeca
677:Testudo graeca
495:
492:
441:
440:
439:
438:
436:— Rogner, 1996
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
363:
347:
331:
318:
305:
293:
291:Schoepff, 1793
281:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
258:
242:
241:
237:
236:
230:
219:
218:
212:
211:
204:
202:
198:
197:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5029:
5028:
5027:Tacuarembemys
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:Sahonachelys
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:Peltocephalus
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:Lapparentemys
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4810:Pelomedusidae
4807:
4801:
4800:
4799:Yaminuechelys
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4770:Prochelidella
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4684:Acanthochelys
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:Kinkonychelys
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4552:Itapecuruemys
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:Eotaphrosphys
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4446:Bothremydidae
4442:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:Argillochelys
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:Santanachelys
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:Desmatochelys
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4249:Calcarichelys
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4233:Atlantochelys
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4207:Protostegidae
4203:
4197:
4196:
4195:Jiangxichelys
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:Anomalochelys
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4157:Protochelydra
4153:
4151:
4150:
4149:Planiplastron
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:Drazinderetes
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3892:Carettochelys
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:Malacochersus
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:Aldabrachelys
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:Leucocephalon
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:Banhxeochelys
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Testudinoidea
3358:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:Kinosternidae
3305:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:Protosphargis
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:(Sea turtles)
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:Tent tortoise
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:Malacochersus
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Nama padloper
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:A. g. arnoldi
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:Aldabrachelys
1910:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:Testudinoidea
1844:Superfamily:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:3-924809-10-0
1637:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1466:1-882770-37-4
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:0-8120-9712-2
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
962:
957:
950:
945:
941:
934:
929:
926:
919:
914:
912:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
820:
818:
811:
809:
807:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Mount Olympus
783:
779:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
752:
749:hard-shelled
747:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:Mediterranean
718:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:and south of
632:
627:
625:
621:
618:persisted on
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
556:and entirely
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
433:
430:
424:
421:
418:Trutnau, 1994
415:
412:
406:
403:
397:
394:
388:
385:
379:
376:
372:
367:
364:
361:
360:
351:
350:Testudo graji
348:
345:
344:
335:
332:
328:
322:
319:
315:
309:
306:
302:
297:
296:Testudo graja
294:
288:
285:
284:
282:
279:
275:
268:— Mayer, 1992
264:
259:
251:
246:
245:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Testudinoidea
171:
169:Superfamily:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5085:
5050:
5025:
5017:
5009:
4968:
4960:
4938:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4902:Erymnochelys
4900:
4893:
4887:Cerrejonemys
4885:
4877:
4869:
4863:Brontochelys
4861:
4853:
4845:
4824:
4817:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4777:Pseudemydura
4775:
4768:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4432:
4386:
4380:Prionochelys
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4257:Cratochelone
4255:
4247:
4241:Bouliachelys
4239:
4231:
4223:
4217:Alienochelys
4215:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4118:Chelydropsis
4116:
4108:
4100:
4069:
4063:Basilochelys
4061:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3987:Khunnuchelys
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3910:
3903:Trionychidae
3890:
3883:
3877:Allaeochelys
3875:
3841:
3834:
3828:Stigmochelys
3826:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3791:Megalochelys
3789:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3702:Cylindraspis
3700:
3693:
3686:
3681:Centrochelys
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:Testudinidae
3647:Platysternon
3645:
3626:Vijayachelys
3624:
3617:
3610:
3605:Rhinoclemmys
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3570:Melanochelys
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3380:Acherontemys
3378:
3346:Sternotherus
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3295:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3213:Psephophorus
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3143:
3135:
3129:Pacifichelys
3127:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3098:Lepidochelys
3096:
3089:
3081:
3075:Gigantatypus
3073:
3067:Eretmochelys
3065:
3058:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3009:Chelonioidea
2977:
2929:
2836:
2697:Stigmochelys
2609:Megalochelys
2288:Cylindraspis
2210:Cheirogaster
2002:Centrochelys
1989:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1923:(subspecies:
1870:
1852:Testudinidae
1757:
1730:cite journal
1697:
1692:
1688:
1675:. Retrieved
1661:
1655:
1649:
1631:
1604:
1600:
1579:cite journal
1554:
1548:
1539:
1523:cite journal
1490:
1484:
1475:
1457:
1439:
1423:cite journal
1396:
1391:
1380:Bibliography
1368:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1266:
1258:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1151:
1148:T. marginata
1147:
1129:
1115:T. marginata
1114:
1100:
1085:T. marginata
1084:
1069:T. marginata
1068:
1052:
1025:In captivity
1005:T. marginata
1004:
980:Free at last
906:
894:
890:
871:
867:
855:
851:
847:
842:
832:
829:Reproduction
824:
815:
802:
782:Peloponnesus
775:
738:
716:
705:
701:evolutionary
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
667:
658:
638:
628:
624:last ice age
615:
609:
596:
586:
566:
549:
537:
535:
526:
520:
511:
505:
468:Testudinidae
451:
450:
446:
444:
431:
422:
413:
404:
395:
391:— Gray, 1872
386:
382:— Gray, 1869
377:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
320:
307:
295:
286:
262:
249:
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
183:Testudinidae
56:
50:
29:
5229:iNaturalist
5110:Wikispecies
4940:Stupendemys
4895:Cordichelys
4741:Mesoclemmys
4726:Hydromedusa
4648:Taphrosphys
4640:Sankuchemys
4632:Rhothonemys
4608:Polysternon
4488:Cearachelys
4472:Azabbaremys
4456:Araiochelys
4372:Ctenochelys
4364:Bashuchelys
4313:Rhinochelys
4289:Ocepechelon
4281:Notochelone
4273:Iserosaurus
4141:Macrochelys
4093:Chelydridae
4016:Palaeoamyda
3941:Cyclanorbis
3806:Psammobates
3799:Oligopherus
3762:Indotestudo
3710:Cymatholcus
3688:Chelonoidis
3674:Astrochelys
3483:Geoemydidae
3401:Deirochelys
3339:Staurotypus
3332:Kinosternon
3325:Hoplochelys
3240:Peritresius
3189:Dermochelys
3182:Cosmochelys
3174:Corsochelys
3091:Itilochelys
3083:Glarichelys
3030:Allopleuron
3020:Cheloniidae
2959:Superfamily
2646:Psammobates
2496:Indotestudo
2038:Chelonoidis
1971:Astrochelys
1677:12 November
1101:T. m. sarda
1087:on its back
966:Laying eggs
938:Building a
843:T. hermanni
780:, from the
735:Description
647:apomorphies
565:cytochrome
538:T. m. sarda
409:Mayer, 1992
343:nomen nudum
263:T. m. sarda
240:Subspecies
57:T. m. sarda
5368:Categories
5019:Caririemys
4932:Podocnemis
4918:Latentemys
4879:Carbonemys
4819:Pelomedusa
4656:Ummulisani
4576:Kurmademys
4544:Inaechelys
4528:Galianemys
4496:Chedighaii
4434:Araripemys
4407:Pleurodira
4388:Toxochelys
4305:Protostega
4110:Chelydrops
4030:Pelodiscus
4023:Pelochelys
3971:Gilmoremys
3948:Cycloderma
3858:Trionychia
3725:Geochelone
3718:Floridemys
3584:Notochelys
3472:Wilburemys
3443:Malaclemys
3297:Dermatemys
3264:Puppigerus
3197:Eosphargis
3114:Miocaretta
3106:Mexichelys
3000:Cryptodira
2940:Testudines
2901:Testudines
2331:Geochelone
2259:Chersobius
1895:Agrionemys
1840:Cryptodira
1838:Suborder:
1834:Testudines
1826:Subclass:
1172:References
839:copulation
580:analysis.
558:allopatric
554:morphology
542:population
531:subspecies
482:, and the
427:Bour, 1996
354:Gray, 1831
338:Gray, 1831
163:Cryptodira
159:Suborder:
153:Testudines
5338:marginata
5059:See also
5011:Caribemys
4871:Caninemys
4855:Bauruemys
4784:Rheodytes
4748:Myuchelys
4691:Chelodina
4616:Puentemys
4592:Nigeremys
4536:Ilatardia
4480:Bothremys
4187:Basilemys
4001:Nilssonia
3979:Hutchemys
3927:Axestemys
3885:Anosteira
3740:Hadrianus
3598:Pangshura
3556:Malayemys
3521:Geoclemys
3464:Trachemys
3457:Terrapene
3450:Pseudemys
3436:Graptemys
3429:Glyptemys
3422:Emydoidea
3415:Actinemys
3387:Chrysemys
3232:Euclastes
3060:Eochelone
2911:Kingdom:
2398:Hadrianus
1808:Kingdom:
1207:30 August
1152:T. graeca
1130:T. graeca
1067:A female
897:egg tooth
886:embryonal
835:brumation
812:Behaviour
751:spherical
717:T. graeca
589:subfossil
512:marginata
359:ex errore
201:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
5346:Species+
5247:11441239
5095:Wikidata
4826:Pelusios
4791:Rhinemys
4762:Platemys
4755:Phrynops
4675:Chelidae
4664:Zolhafah
4560:Jainemys
4225:Archelon
4102:Chelydra
3994:Lissemys
3836:Stylemys
3821:Solitudo
3783:Manouria
3732:Gopherus
3695:Chersina
3563:Mauremys
3542:Heosemys
3535:Hardella
3528:Geoemyda
3514:Cyclemys
3370:Emydidae
3317:Claudius
3166:Arabemys
3145:Tasbacka
3137:Syllomus
3052:Chelonia
2950:Suborder
2934:Diapsida
2925:Reptilia
2919:Chordata
2917:Phylum:
2913:Animalia
2716:Stylemys
2585:Manouria
2354:Gopherus
2241:Chersina
1872:tortoise
1850:Family:
1828:Anapsida
1822:Reptilia
1816:Chordata
1814:Phylum:
1810:Animalia
1797:Tortoise
1722:11820839
1630:(1992).
1571:86110728
1515:16223676
1456:(1997).
1438:(1996).
1250:87809001
1160:See also
1083:A young
798:Sardinia
746:plastron
631:Kalamata
595:gene in
593:12S rRNA
578:sequence
546:Sardinia
494:Taxonomy
461:tortoise
278:Synonyms
232:Schoepff
179:Family:
143:Reptilia
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
5221:2441502
5169:1055216
5101:Q645356
4970:Sokatra
4719:Emydura
4624:Rosasia
4520:Foxemys
4464:Arenila
4044:Trionyx
4037:Rafetus
3963:Dogania
3919:Apalone
3843:Testudo
3769:Kinixys
3755:Homopus
3612:Sacalia
3591:Orlitia
3577:Morenia
3492:Batagur
3394:Clemmys
3121:Natator
3037:Caretta
2938:Order:
2923:Class:
2819:Testudo
2524:Kinixys
2473:Homopus
1832:Order:
1820:Class:
1702:Bibcode
1689:Testudo
1609:Bibcode
1601:Geobios
1495:Bibcode
1415:1584014
1051:A male
1038:Gallery
909:biotope
882:reptile
878:albumen
790:Balkans
756:in the
651:ice age
612:extinct
597:Testudo
484:Balkans
472:endemic
463:in the
457:species
455:) is a
371:Strauch
301:Hermann
194:Testudo
189:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
5325:344622
5299:101701
5260:551869
5195:214793
5002:
4995:
4988:
4712:Elusor
4705:Elseya
4698:Chelus
4415:
4348:Adocus
4339:
4085:
4054:
3934:Chitra
3636:
3223:
2968:Family
1875:family
1861:Genera
1799:family
1720:
1638:
1569:
1513:
1464:
1446:
1413:
1282:
1248:
1144:Hybrid
942:burrow
925:mating
778:Greece
708:allele
693:Turkey
635:Stoupa
476:Greece
465:family
373:, 1862
329:, 1830
327:Wagler
316:, 1820
314:Merrem
303:, 1793
234:, 1789
5312:81490
5273:21653
5242:IRMNG
5234:40038
5177:EUNIS
5156:55JTW
5143:79007
4008:Palea
3912:Amyda
3813:Pyxis
3507:Cuora
2979:Genus
2930:Clade
2674:Pyxis
2147:Diego
1597:(PDF)
1567:S2CID
1545:(PDF)
1481:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1007:young
901:lungs
794:Italy
741:shell
725:clade
620:Crete
562:mtDNA
516:Latin
480:Italy
5351:9054
5294:NCBI
5268:IUCN
5255:ITIS
5216:GBIF
5138:BOLD
3408:Emys
1736:link
1718:PMID
1679:2021
1662:2004
1636:ISBN
1585:link
1529:link
1511:PMID
1462:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1429:link
1411:PMID
1280:ISBN
1209:2024
1201:2024
1099:Old
940:nest
876:and
874:yolk
821:Diet
792:and
758:soil
754:eggs
655:form
575:ISSR
572:nDNA
570:and
521:The
445:The
5281:NBN
5182:812
5164:EoL
5151:CoL
5125:ADW
1710:doi
1666:doi
1617:doi
1559:doi
1503:doi
1401:doi
1272:doi
1236:doi
880:of
784:to
610:An
486:in
474:to
459:of
5370::
5348::
5335::
5333:RD
5322::
5309::
5296::
5283::
5270::
5257::
5244::
5231::
5218::
5205::
5192::
5179::
5166::
5153::
5140::
5127::
5112::
5097::
2932::
2161:†(
1732:}}
1728:{{
1716:.
1708:.
1698:22
1660:.
1654:.
1615:.
1605:46
1603:.
1599:.
1581:}}
1577:{{
1565:.
1555:35
1553:.
1547:.
1525:}}
1521:{{
1509:.
1501:.
1491:37
1489:.
1483:.
1425:}}
1421:{{
1409:.
1390:.
1351:21
1349:.
1345:.
1294:^
1278:.
1244:.
1232:57
1230:.
1226:.
1199:.
1193:.
1150:×
1146:,
800:.
731:.
607:.
478:,
325:—
312:—
59:)
5024:†
5016:†
5008:†
4967:†
4959:†
4950:†
4937:†
4915:†
4907:†
4892:†
4884:†
4876:†
4868:†
4860:†
4852:†
4844:†
4796:†
4767:†
4731:†
4661:†
4653:†
4645:†
4637:†
4629:†
4621:†
4613:†
4605:†
4597:†
4589:†
4581:†
4573:†
4565:†
4557:†
4549:†
4541:†
4533:†
4525:†
4517:†
4509:†
4501:†
4493:†
4485:†
4477:†
4469:†
4461:†
4453:†
4444:†
4431:†
4422:†
4385:†
4377:†
4369:†
4361:†
4353:†
4345:†
4326:†
4318:†
4310:†
4302:†
4294:†
4286:†
4278:†
4270:†
4262:†
4254:†
4246:†
4238:†
4230:†
4222:†
4214:†
4205:†
4192:†
4184:†
4176:†
4167:†
4154:†
4146:†
4131:†
4123:†
4115:†
4107:†
4068:†
4060:†
4013:†
3984:†
3976:†
3968:†
3953:†
3924:†
3882:†
3874:†
3833:†
3818:†
3796:†
3788:†
3745:†
3737:†
3715:†
3707:†
3497:†
3469:†
3377:†
3322:†
3261:†
3253:†
3245:†
3237:†
3229:†
3210:†
3202:†
3194:†
3179:†
3171:†
3163:†
3142:†
3134:†
3126:†
3111:†
3103:†
3088:†
3080:†
3072:†
3057:†
3042:†
3027:†
2893:e
2886:t
2879:v
2846:†
2807:†
2801:†
2795:†
2789:†
2783:†
2777:†
2771:†
2765:†
2759:†
2753:†
2747:†
2741:†
2735:†
2729:†
2723:†
2714:†
2634:†
2628:†
2622:†
2616:†
2607:†
2461:†
2452:†
2441:†
2435:†
2429:†
2423:†
2417:†
2411:†
2405:†
2396:†
2319:†
2313:†
2307:†
2301:†
2295:†
2286:†
2229:†
2223:†
2217:†
2208:†
2165:)
2157:†
2149:)
2145:(
2136:†
2090:†
2084:†
2078:†
2072:†
2066:†
2060:†
2026:†
2020:†
2014:†
1988:†
1957:†
1949:†
1946:)
1933:†
1789:e
1782:t
1775:v
1762:.
1760:"
1756:"
1752:.
1738:)
1724:.
1712::
1704::
1681:.
1668::
1652:"
1648:"
1623:.
1619::
1611::
1587:)
1573:.
1561::
1531:)
1517:.
1505::
1497::
1468:.
1450:.
1431:)
1417:.
1403::
1397:9
1288:.
1274::
1252:.
1238::
1211:.
1191:"
1187:"
675:(
567:b
449:(
362:)
356:(
346:)
340:(
265:)
252:)
88:)
53:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
