892:; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for
49:
1106:
ASTM SI10-10, IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American
National Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, "The symbols for certain compound units of electrical power engineering are usually written without separation, thus: watthour (Wh), kilowatthour (kWh), voltampere (VA), and
716:
are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on. The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical
1209:
Reference suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt-hour. Nevertheless, this Guide
791:
Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be
782:
For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery's stored energy to be
418:
While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the
400:
An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour.
871:
Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the
811:
Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time
409:
Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The
434:. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year.
305:
companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in the media. It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering. This common representation, however, does not comply with the
414:
of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer's consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.
876:
of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08
749:
A kilowatt is a unit of power (rate of flow of energy per unit of time). A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy. Kilowatt per hour would be a rate of change of power flow with time.
1398:
328:
are less commonly used, but they are consistent with the SI. The SI brochure states that in forming a compound unit symbol, "Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a
1147:
333:
1279:
1196:
345:
463:
To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect.
1146:
Standard for the Use of the
International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. (1997). (IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA:
394:
1029:
734:
1262:
419:
infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes. Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the
1323:
1004:"Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication.", Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.)
332:(⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol." This is supported by a standard issued jointly by an international (
1061:
827:
of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the
1333:
729:(TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and
1352:
868:
Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas.
738:
912:
900:
portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours.
1309:
1373:
390:
1452:
1382:
68:
1420:
1050:
301:, derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by
1425:
1072:
1010:
311:
262:
1504:
1406:
963:
397:
for use with the SI. Its combination with the kilowatt, a standard SI unit, is therefore permitted within the standard.
988:
261:
The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. The
1083:
953:
426:
Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a
1189:
1122:
181:
1026:
449:, a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day.
1494:
948:
1247:
1499:
1259:
1165:
885:
1222:
1058:
1462:
1210:
takes the position that a half-high dot or a space should always be used to avoid possible confusion;
916:
873:
226:
33:
896:) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for
958:
458:
194:
337:
1017:(Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20.
995:(Special publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 12.
1378:
1329:
1305:
54:
907:(B.T.U.) is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the
820:). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time.
302:
246:
1266:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1054:
1033:
1014:
992:
863:
756:
1430:
908:
752:
356:
158:
1359:
Watts per hour. This nonsensical phrase tops my electrical terminology pet peeve list.
1488:
713:
601:
427:
250:
482:
420:
340:) organization, and by a major style guide. However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows
253:
are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).
171:
1466:
48:
717:
residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours.
1045:
943:
889:
832:
792:
converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about
446:
442:
In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month.
431:
344:(but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour). One guide published by
307:
207:
1069:
1005:
828:
411:
329:
1080:
245:. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by
17:
1457:
983:
878:
813:
286:
238:
135:
1340:
Much too often, I hear people say something like ... 'watts per hour'...
1128:. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). 2019. p. 147
487:
282:
223:
119:
378:, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.
893:
817:
278:
230:
1248:
Average Price of
Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector
385:
for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.
471:
274:
266:
234:
1047:
Wind Energy
Reference Manual Part 2: Energy and Power Definitions
1151:
270:
242:
1302:
Marks' Standard
Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 11th Edition
897:
148:
1190:"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"
911:
which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the
835:. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of
985:
1057:
Danish Wind Energy
Association. Retrieved 9 January 2008;
1170:(17 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017
733:(PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the
1282:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 7 October 2021
366:
Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered:
317:
Other representations of the unit may be encountered:
237:(MJ) in SI units which is the energy delivered by one
922:
In India, the kilowatt-hour is often simply called a
297:
A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is
1250:, U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2018
1223:"Electric Vehicles: Learn More About the New Label"
888:is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in
177:
154:
131:
115:
93:
85:
77:
67:
62:
41:
1377:(New ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 137.
1081:"Energy. A Beginners Guide: Making Sense of Units"
1068:BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 9 January 2008;
1280:"How much electricity does an American home use?"
1148:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1079:www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 January 2008;
755:is the amount of energy transferred to a system;
735:annual electricity generation for whole countries
29:Unit of energy, often used for electrical billing
1453:"BHEL manufactured units generate record power"
799:Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8760 h ≈
745:Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power)
1197:National Institute of Standards and Technology
982:Thompson, Ambler and Taylor, Barry N. (2008).
915:took over. This should not be confused with a
1403:Department for Business Innovation and Skills
8:
395:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
389:The hour is a unit of time listed among the
359:for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation
1164:"10.57: Units derived from SI base units".
605:
47:
38:
32:"KWH" redirects here. For other uses, see
1123:"The International System of Units (SI)"
465:
355:The United States official fuel-economy
975:
926:of energy. A million units, designated
1117:
1115:
1113:
285:in an hour, one kWh equals 3,600
1328:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48.
265:(SI) unit of energy meanwhile is the
7:
934:(billion units) is a terawatt-hour.
881:applied constantly during one year.
843:in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of
823:Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a
573:
553:
533:
513:
493:
1421:"Get enlightened about electricity"
783:depleted in a shorter time period.
182:English Engineering units (US only)
1429:. 20 December 2004. Archived from
1007:The International System of Units.
25:
1322:Woofenden, Ian (5 October 2009).
1300:Eugene A. Avallone et al., (ed),
1027:IEC Electropedia, Entry 131-11-58
763:of energy. Energy is measured in
459:Conversion of units § Energy
97:
1374:Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
607:SI multiples of watt-hour (W⋅h)
348:specifically recommends against
1371:E. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. (1983).
1260:"Understanding Electric Demand"
1465:. 24 July 2008. Archived from
1399:"The Board of Trade 1621-1970"
1304:, Mc-Graw Hill, New York 2007
352:"to avoid possible confusion".
281:, and because there are 3,600
1:
1357:. Electron Connection. 2007.
312:International System of Units
263:International System of Units
964:Orders of magnitude (energy)
850:Other uses of terms such as
1167:The Chicago Manual of Style
1097:. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
1070:"US Nuclear Power Industry"
954:Electric energy consumption
930:, is a gigawatt-hour and a
1521:
861:
858:Other related energy units
831:), or ramp-up behavior of
599:
456:
31:
1229:. US Department of energy
854:are likely to be errors.
617:
614:
611:
111:
46:
1086:26 November 2007 at the
1075:26 November 2007 at the
1053:26 November 2007 at the
949:Electric vehicle battery
884:The energy content of a
807:Misuse of watts per hour
739:world energy consumption
919:(BTU) which is 1055 J.
771:. Power is measured in
330:half-high (centred) dot
1325:Wind Power For Dummies
494:1 J = 1 kg⋅m⋅s =
269:(symbol J). Because a
218:; commonly written as
1426:The Financial Express
1107:kilovoltampere (kVA)"
1059:"Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)"
1032:14 March 2016 at the
600:Further information:
457:Further information:
391:non-SI units accepted
273:is by definition one
89:kW⋅h, kW h
1463:Press Trust of India
1064:2 March 2016 at the
917:British Thermal Unit
596:Watt-hour multiples
293:Unit representations
34:KWH (disambiguation)
1505:Non-SI metric units
1433:on 8 September 2012
1265:6 June 2016 at the
1013:3 June 2016 at the
991:3 June 2016 at the
959:IEEE Std 260.1-2004
905:Board of Trade unit
608:
106:... is equal to ...
63:General information
1469:on 7 November 2012
1091:Renew On Line (UK)
606:
247:electric utilities
187:
179:
164:
156:
141:
133:
125:
117:
1335:978-0-470-49637-4
1044:See for example:
913:Ministry of Power
874:energy efficiency
777:joules per second
710:
709:
593:
592:
405:Electricity sales
241:of power for one
200:
199:
94:Conversions
57:located in Canada
55:electricity meter
16:(Redirected from
1512:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1409:on 4 March 2010.
1405:. Archived from
1395:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1319:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1042:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1002:
996:
980:
846:
842:
838:
802:
795:
787:Annualized power
761:rate of delivery
609:
466:
336:) and national (
303:electric utility
289:or 3.6 MJ.
192:
188:
180:
170:85,429,300
169:
165:
157:
146:
142:
134:
126:
118:
51:
39:
21:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1495:Units of energy
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:, National Grid
1267:Wayback Machine
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1227:fueleconomy.gov
1221:
1220:
1216:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:Open University
1088:Wayback Machine
1077:Wayback Machine
1066:Wayback Machine
1055:Wayback Machine
1043:
1039:
1034:Wayback Machine
1025:
1021:
1015:Wayback Machine
1003:
999:
993:Wayback Machine
981:
977:
972:
940:
866:
864:Units of energy
860:
844:
840:
836:
809:
800:
793:
789:
747:
640:milliwatt-hour
629:microwatt-hour
604:
598:
461:
455:
440:
423:of their load.
407:
295:
259:
251:Metric prefixes
193:2,655,224
190:
186:
178:
167:
163:
155:
144:
140:
132:
124:
116:
58:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1500:Electric power
1497:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1412:
1390:
1383:
1363:
1344:
1334:
1314:
1293:
1271:
1252:
1240:
1214:
1181:
1156:
1139:
1109:
1099:
1037:
1019:
997:
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
939:
936:
909:Board of Trade
862:Main article:
859:
856:
852:watts per hour
808:
805:
801:114.12 kW
794:8760 h/yr
788:
785:
746:
743:
727:terawatt-hours
723:gigawatt-hours
719:Megawatt-hours
708:
707:
706:petawatt-hour
704:
701:
697:
696:
695:terawatt-hour
693:
690:
686:
685:
684:gigawatt-hour
682:
679:
675:
674:
673:megawatt-hour
671:
668:
664:
663:
662:kilowatt-hour
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
490:
485:
480:
479:Kilowatt-hour
477:
474:
469:
454:
451:
439:
436:
432:financial year
406:
403:
387:
386:
379:
364:
357:window sticker
353:
294:
291:
258:
255:
198:
197:
184:
175:
174:
161:
159:Imperial units
152:
151:
138:
129:
128:
122:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:0-07-142867-4
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
986:
979:
976:
969:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
875:
869:
865:
857:
855:
853:
848:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
806:
804:
797:
786:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
731:petawatt-hour
728:
724:
720:
715:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
610:
603:
602:Metric prefix
595:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:1 cal =
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
534:1 kWh =
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
505:
503:2.77778 × 10
502:
500:2.77778 × 10
499:
496:
492:
489:
486:
484:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
443:
437:
435:
433:
429:
428:calendar year
424:
422:
416:
413:
404:
402:
398:
396:
392:
384:
381:The notation
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:equal to 3.6
232:
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204:kilowatt-hour
196:
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73:Non-SI metric
72:
70:
66:
61:
56:
50:
45:
42:kilowatt-hour
40:
35:
27:
19:
18:Terawatt-hour
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1424:
1415:
1407:the original
1402:
1393:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1339:
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1284:. Retrieved
1274:
1255:
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1231:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1208:
1201:. Retrieved
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1166:
1159:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1102:
1090:
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1040:
1022:
1006:
1000:
984:
978:
931:
927:
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902:
890:ampere-hours
883:
870:
867:
851:
849:
833:power plants
824:
822:
810:
798:
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781:
776:
772:
769:watt-seconds
768:
764:
760:
751:
748:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
554:1 eV =
514:1 Wh =
483:Electronvolt
462:
445:In terms of
444:
441:
425:
421:power factor
417:
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388:
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105:
100:
99:1 kW⋅h
78:Unit of
53:Residential
26:
1473:29 November
1437:29 November
944:Ampere-hour
845:4 MW/h
725:(GWh), and
714:SI prefixes
586:2.612 × 10
583:1.162 × 10
580:1.162 × 10
569:3.827 × 10
557:1.602 × 10
549:8.598 × 10
546:2.247 × 10
526:2.247 × 10
506:6.241 × 10
453:Conversions
447:human power
308:style guide
208:unit symbol
127:3.6 MJ
69:Unit system
1489:Categories
1384:0550102345
1354:Home Power
970:References
879:milliwatts
829:duck curve
651:watt-hour
563:4.45 × 10
560:4.45 × 10
476:Watt-hour
412:unit price
287:kilojoules
257:Definition
235:megajoules
1458:The Hindu
1233:10 August
841:0 MW
837:1 MW
537:3.6 × 10
517:3.6 × 10
326:kW h
216:kW h
136:CGS units
1312:page 9-4
1263:Archived
1084:Archived
1073:Archived
1062:Archived
1051:Archived
1030:Archived
1011:Archived
989:Archived
938:See also
737:and the
712:All the
438:Examples
239:kilowatt
147:10
120:SI units
1286:11 June
1203:6 April
1174:1 April
1132:7 April
886:battery
759:is the
721:(MWh),
615:Symbol
488:Calorie
393:by the
310:of the
283:seconds
222:) is a
191:
168:
1381:
1332:
1308:
1199:. 2008
1093:. The
894:Li-ion
825:change
765:joules
612:Value
577:4.184
540:1,000
529:859.8
523:0.001
509:0.239
361:kW-hrs
314:(SI).
279:second
231:energy
224:non-SI
195:ft⋅lbf
172:ft⋅pdl
101:in ...
86:Symbol
81:Energy
1193:(PDF)
1154:. 15.
1126:(PDF)
839:from
775:, or
773:watts
767:, or
757:power
618:Name
472:Joule
275:joule
267:joule
1475:2009
1439:2009
1379:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1288:2022
1235:2014
1205:2020
1176:2020
1152:ASTM
1150:and
1134:2020
924:unit
903:The
812:(kW=
753:Work
703:PW⋅h
692:TW⋅h
681:GW⋅h
670:MW⋅h
659:kW⋅h
637:mW⋅h
626:μW⋅h
383:kW/h
346:NIST
338:ASTM
334:IEEE
324:and
322:kW⋅h
277:per
271:watt
243:hour
227:unit
212:kW⋅h
898:USB
648:W⋅h
430:or
376:kwh
372:KWH
368:KWh
350:kWh
342:kWh
299:kWh
229:of
220:kWh
214:or
149:erg
143:3.6
1491::
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1195:.
1112:^
932:BU
928:MU
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814:kJ
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741:.
700:10
689:10
678:10
667:10
656:10
645:10
634:10
623:10
589:1
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543:1
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497:1
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210::
202:A
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206:(
189:≈
166:≈
145:×
36:.
20:)
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