1335:
rather than the binary definition (2, i.e., 1,073,741,824). Specifically, the United States
District Court for the Northern District of California held that "the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the 'preferred' one for the purposes of 'U.S. trade and commerce' The California Legislature has likewise adopted the decimal system for all 'transactions in this state.
1217:
2399: Many have assumed that byte, meaning 8 bits, originated with the IBM System/360, which spread such bytes far and wide in the mid-1960s. The editor is correct in pointing out that the term goes back to the earlier Stretch computer (but incorrect in that Stretch was the first, not the last, of IBM's second-generation transistorized computers to be developed).
2690: The maximum input-output byte size for serial operation will now be 8 bits, not counting any error detection and correction bits. Thus, the Exchange will operate on an 8-bit byte basis, and any input-output units with less than 8 bits per byte will leave the remaining bits blank. The resultant gaps can be edited out later by programming
2938:, as that was the size of most of our coded data items. Shortly afterward, I went on to other responsibilities that removed me from SAGE. After having spent many years in Asia, I returned to the U.S. and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit.
2405:. A byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six. Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its first use was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled six bits at a time. The possibility of going to 8-bit bytes was considered in
2631: With 64-bit words, it would often be necessary to make some compromises, such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6-bit bytes at the input and output. However, the LINK Computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words.
306:
to facilitate the transmission of written language as well as printing device functions, such as page advance and line feed, and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media. During the early 1960s, while also active in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced
1856:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (i.e., different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
2453:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
1546:
must hold at least 256 different values, and is represented by at least eight bits (clause 5.2.4.2.1). Various implementations of C and C++ reserve 8, 9, 16, 32, or 36 bits for the storage of a byte. In addition, the C and C++ standards require that there are no gaps between two bytes. This means
1334:
Lawsuits arising from alleged consumer confusion over the binary and decimal definitions of multiples of the byte have generally ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 (10) bytes (the decimal definition),
188:
codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers commonly optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte. Modern
2813:
used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus
Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the
2083:
work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder.
974:
While the difference between the decimal and binary interpretations is relatively small for the kilobyte (about 2% smaller than the kibibyte), the systems deviate increasingly as units grow larger (the relative deviation grows by 2.4% for each three orders of magnitude). For example, a
2077:, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.
2801:, the man who DID coin the term "byte" for an 8-bit grouping). It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8-bit character set, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was "powers of 2 are magic". And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal .
2797: So some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr.
430:
was used to denote eight bits as well at least in
Western Europe; however, this usage is no longer common. The exact origin of the term is unclear, but it can be found in British, Dutch, and German sources of the 1960s and 1970s, and throughout the documentation of
1907:
refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input-output unit in response to a single input-output instruction. Block size is a structural property of an input-output unit; it may have been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program.
1298:
addressed such multiple usages and definitions by adopting the IUPAC's proposed prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, etc.) to unambiguously denote powers of 1024. Thus one kibibyte (1 KiB) is 1024 bytes = 1024 bytes, one mebibyte (1 MiB) is 1024 bytes =
2833: It is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16, 32, 64, and even 128 bits in parallel. But some foolish people now refer to a "16-bit byte" because of this parallel transfer, which is visible in the
2070:
on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the
2394: Not being a regular reader of your magazine, I heard about the question in the November 1976 issue regarding the origin of the term "byte" from a colleague who knew that I had perpetrated this piece of jargon
371:
has come to mean a sequence of precisely eight binary digits...When we speak of bytes in connection with MIX we shall confine ourselves to the former sense of the word, harking back to the days when bytes were not yet standardized."
987:(symbol kB) is defined to equal 1,000 bytes—is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yottabyte (YB), equal to 1000 bytes. The additional prefixes
2473:
took over many of the
Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and word sizes, which are powers of 2. For economy, however, the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum, and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte
319:(BCDIC) representations used in earlier card punches. The prominence of the System/360 led to the ubiquitous adoption of the eight-bit storage size, while in detail the EBCDIC and ASCII encoding schemes are different.
302:, which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U.S. government and universities during the 1960s. ASCII included the distinction of upper- and lowercase alphabets and a set of
2805:
That was a little too much progress when presented to the standards group that was to formalize ASCII, so they stopped short for the moment with a 7-bit set, or else an 8-bit set with the upper half left for future
3972:
1538:
as an "addressable unit of data storage large enough to hold any member of the basic character set of the execution environment" (clause 3.6 of the C standard). The C standard requires that the integral data type
2628:
without having to split a byte between one word and the next. If longer bytes were needed, 60 bits would, of course, no longer be ideal. With present applications, 1, 4, and 6 bits are the really important
2934: We coined the word byte to refer to a logical set of bits less than a full word size. At that time, it was not defined specifically as x bits but typically referred to as a set of
1346:. Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity. Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.
1121:
standard. Only the first three multiples (up to GB) are mentioned by the JEDEC standard, which makes no mention of TB and larger. While confusing and incorrect, the customary convention is used by the
3257:
Matsuoka, Satoshi; Sato, Hitoshi; Tatebe, Osamu; Koibuchi, Michihiro; Fujiwara, Ikki; Suzuki, Shuji; Kakuta, Masanori; Ishida, Takashi; Akiyama, Yutaka; Suzumura, Toyotaro; Ueno, Koji (2014-09-15).
3082:
468:, creating a conflict with the IEC specification. However, little danger of confusion exists, because the bel is a rarely used unit. It is used primarily in its decadic fraction, the
3414:
1070:
in which 1 kibibyte (KiB) is equal to 1,024 (i.e., 2) bytes is defined by international standard IEC 80000-13 and is supported by national and international standards bodies (
4417:
152:
of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 six-bit bytes. In this era, bit groupings in the instruction stream were often referred to as
2099:
3526:
Brown, Richard J. C. (27 April 2022). "Reply to "Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes"".
2772:, and saw all the confusion caused by the 64-character limitation. Especially when we started to think about word processing, which would require both upper and lower case.
1280:
of the two definitions: most notably, floppy disks advertised as "1.44 MB" have an actual capacity of 1,440 KiB, the equivalent of 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.
295:
4364:
4343:
1284:
197:
1740:
Video is encoded at a bitrate of 27.8 Mbit/s, with a runtime of 1,403 min (84,180 seconds) resulting in an approximate size of 0.2925 TB (0.2661 TiB).
1164:
Various computer vendors have coined terms for data of various sizes, sometimes with different sizes for the same term even within a single vendor. These terms include
3735:
2317:
1794:
1156:
capacity, the customary convention was used by macOS and iOS through Mac OS X 10.6 Snow
Leopard and iOS 10, after which they switched to units based on powers of 10.
3902:(IEC) approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission."
2478: Are there any other terms coined especially for the computer field which have found their way into general dictionaries of English language?
971:, ...) and their corresponding symbols (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...) or they might use the prefixes K, M, and G, creating ambiguity when the prefixes M or G are used.
226:
computer, which had addressing to the bit and variable field length (VFL) instructions with a byte size encoded in the instruction. It is a deliberate respelling of
2653:
2587:
2015:
1582:
In data transmission systems, the byte is used as a contiguous sequence of bits in a serial data stream, representing the smallest distinguished unit of data. For
3885:
312:
573:
4010:
4239:
996:
294:. These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols. These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding, called the
148:
was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had
3955:
Amendment 2 to IEC International
Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics.
4462:
2401: The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing
2052: Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.
2496:
4074:
2390:
We received the following from W Buchholz, one of the individuals who was working on IBM's
Project Stretch in the mid 1950s. His letter tells the story.
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3816:
4727:
3899:
1295:
1075:
193:
3039:, was byte oriented. I don't recall for sure, but I'm reasonably certain the description of that computer included the word "byte," and we used it. ]
2230: A string that consists of a number of bits, treated as a unit, and usually representing a character or a part of a character.
2874:
2433:
1850:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
2449:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
480:
measurements, while a unit for one-tenth of a byte, the decibyte, and other fractions, are only used in derived units, such as transmission rates.
5098:
4732:
4172:
2624: 60 is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60-bit
299:
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1254:
floppy format (holding 368,640 bytes) being advertised as "360 KB", following the 1,024-byte convention. It was not universal, however. The
4705:
4606:
2397:. I searched my files and could not locate a birth certificate. But I am sure that "byte" is coming of age in 1977 with its 21st birthday.
2259:
4209:
1414:
4118:
3158:
2444:, edited by W Buchholz, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows:
1090:
were given in a consultation paper of the
International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) as
455:
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3411:
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100 distinct values. On a binary computer a byte must therefore be composed of six bits". He notes that "Since 1975 or so, the word
3601:
1232:
for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1,024 is approximately 1,000. This definition was popular in early decades of
959:, ...) and their corresponding symbols (k, M, G, ...). Systems based on powers of 2, however, might use binary prefixes (
1082:). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yobibyte (YiB), equal to 1024 bytes. The natural binary counterparts to
4318:
4287:
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2476: Since then the term byte has generally meant 8 bits, and it has thus passed into the general vocabulary.
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Earlier lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer
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3240:
2932:; a bit represented a binary notational position in a word. Operations typically operated on all the bits in the full word.
2314:"The TCP/IP Guide - Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Characters - Byte versus Octet"
1287:'s (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols attempted to resolve this ambiguity by proposing a set of
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held 109,375 bytes unformatted, and was advertised as "110 Kbyte", using the 1000 convention. Likewise, the 8-inch
1220:
Percentage difference between decimal and binary interpretations of the unit prefixes grows with increasing storage size
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RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as "256k". Some devices were advertised using a
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144:-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The
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1928:
1655:
The term syllable was used for bytes containing instructions or constituents of instructions, not for data bytes.
1591:
508:
504:
206:, symbol o, explicitly defines a sequence of eight bits, eliminating the potential ambiguity of the term "byte".
1838: Terms used here to describe the structure imposed by the machine design, in addition to
1322:
The IEC adopted the IUPAC proposal and published the standard in
January 1999. The IEC prefixes are part of the
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5164:
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2108:
1527:
2818:. I exposed this 9-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for
2745:
2551:]: In a report Werner Buchholz lists the advantages of a 64-bit word length for Stretch. It also supports
2504:
3214:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090818042050/http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2003/etech_0503/focus.htm
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5003:
4404:
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2500:
2255:
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2210: NB. Defines a byte as a group of typically 9 bits; 8 data bits plus 1 parity bit.
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supporting this dates from 1956-06-11. Buchholz stated that the transition to 8-bit bytes was conceived in
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4033:"Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval"
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pairs in a byte, such as the decimal-add-adjust (DAA) instruction. A four-bit quantity is often called a
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3055:, and the AN/FSQ-31 picked it up from STRETCH, but Werner is very definitely the author of that word. ]
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1228:
making a definition of memory units based on powers of 2 most practical. The use of the metric prefix
4623:
4521:
4471:
3309:
3259:"Extreme Big Data (EBD): Next Generation Big Data Infrastructure Technologies Towards Yottabyte/Year"
2741:
2560: NB. This timeline erroneously specifies the birth date of the term "byte" as
1981:
1923:
1903:
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a full transmission unit usually additionally includes a start bit, 1 or 2 stop bits, and possibly a
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2234: 1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system.
2206:
Byte = zusammengehörige Folge von i.a. neun Bits; davon sind acht
Datenbits, das neunte ein Prüfbit
1875:
consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle.
1627:
1576:
133:. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the
4095:
1590:, and thus its size may vary from seven to twelve bits for five to eight bits of actual data. For
937:. Nomenclature for these systems has led to confusion. Systems based on powers of 10 use standard
487:
is defined as the symbol for octet in IEC 80000-13 and is commonly used in languages such as
5169:
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5008:
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4262:"I could imagine a machine with 9-bit bytes. But surely not 16-bit bytes or 32-bit bytes, right?"
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1947:
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2776:
Add 26 lower case letters to 47 existing, and one got 73 -- 9 more than 6 bits could represent.
2415: The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper '
1291:
for the powers of 1024, including kibi (kilobinary), mebi (megabinary), and gibi (gigabinary).
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4893:
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architectures typically use 32- or 64-bit words, built of four or eight bytes, respectively.
184:
values 0 through 255 for one byte, as 2 to the power of 8 is 256. The international standard
5108:
4993:
4791:
3535:
3349:
3310:"List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures"
3270:
2917:
1971:
1937:
1728:
1484:
1027:
1007:
260:
122:
114:
4114:
1326:. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should only be used to refer to 1,000 bytes.
1010:, internal bus, hard drive and flash media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most
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2011:
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488:
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219:
110:
102:
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2783:, the very first computer I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of
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4878:
4786:
4435:
3846:
IUCr 1995 Report - IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS)
3139:
3026:
3007:
2810:
2147:. Prentice Hall Series in Computer Engineering (1 ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US:
2054: Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit
1965:
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379:
248:
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3210: |*| About bits and bytes: prefixes for binary multiples - IEC
2555:'s requirement for 8-bit bytes. Werner's term "Byte" first popularized in this memo.
2520:
2375:
2221:
ISO/IEC 2382-1: 1993, Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 1: Fundamental terms
2148:
2142:
2074:
2067:
1889:
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is defined as eight bits. It is a signed data type, holding values from −128 to 127.
1497:
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604:
247:, is on record by Louis G. Dooley, who claimed he coined the term while working with
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98:
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1951:
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1101:
An alternative system of nomenclature for the same units (referred to here as the
495:, and is also combined with metric prefixes for multiples, for example ko and Mo.
338:. This large investment promised to reduce transmission costs for eight-bit data.
3937:
3822:. Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1975. Archived from
3496:
415:
is used to unambiguously specify a size of eight bits. It is used extensively in
267:
actually used the term, but the author recalled vaguely that it was derived from
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403:
243:
for bit groups smaller than a computer's word size, and in particular groups of
3706:
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3353:
3218:
2709:
2172: NB. Example of the usage of a code for "4-bit bytes".
1984:
975:
power-of-10-based terabyte is about 9% smaller than power-of-2-based tebibyte.
126:
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192:
The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B by the
3421:"Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."
3361:
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363:
amount of information ... capable of holding at least 64 distinct values ...
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2141:
Rao, Thammavaram R. N.; Fujiwara, Eiji (1989). McCluskey, Edward J. (ed.).
1709:
had the ability to operate on arbitrary bytes no larger than the word size.
1133:
size, and in marketing and billing by telecommunication companies, such as
1942:
1749:
The actual number of bits in a particular implementation is documented as
5018:
4573:
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4563:
4204:
4145:
3629:
2924:. In that era, computer memory structure was already defined in terms of
2845:
But you will notice that I am still correct. Powers of 2 are still magic!
1894:
1754:
1702:
1134:
643:
630:
617:
287:
223:
3275:
2916:(the North American Air Defense System), which was jointly developed by
2908: The word byte was coined around 1956 to 1957 at
2822:
in France in 1965-66, I insisted that 'byte' be deprecated in favor of "
2131: NB. Discusses 12-bit, 24-bit and 48-bit bytes.
382:
in the 1970s popularized this storage size. Microprocessors such as the
93:. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single
17:
4547:
4542:
4440:
3630:"Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44 MB Should Be 1.40 MB"
3561:
Kilobyte – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3177:
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1402:
1146:
1138:
594:
469:
432:
323:
3865:"Binary Prefix" University of Auckland Department of Computer Science
3466:
3019: You mentioned that the term "byte" is used in
2073: Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit
4511:
4490:
3020:
2838:
2236: 2 The number of bits in a byte is usually 8.
1976:
1617:
1043:
1039:
395:
279:
264:
176:
of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient
3973:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
3342:"How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names"
2437:, June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in
1926:(1959), "A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters",
3867:
https://wiki.cs.auckland.ac.nz/stageonewiki/index.php/Binary_prefix
2753:
1531:
30:
This article is about the unit of information. For other uses, see
2079: It is just as easy to use all six bits in
1879:
is thus defined as a structural property of the memory. (The term
1632:
1451:
1215:
1118:
1055:
1051:
1031:
955:
949:
943:
929:
3589:. Dictionary.reference.com (1995-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3136:
British Commercial Computer Digest: Pergamon Computer Data Series
3111:
The Art of Computer Programming: Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms
2830:
You can notice that my preference then is now the preferred term.
451:
and the Metric Interchange Format as the upper-case character B.
3618:
Prefixes for Binary and Decimal Multiples: Binary versus decimal
2895:
2456:
2166:
1859:
1817:
1607:
1560:
1079:
1071:
391:
228:
4588:
4444:
4115:"Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes (Stanford University)"
3010:
on the history of programming languages included this exchange:
2958:"Erklärung des Wortes "Byte" im Rahmen der Lehre binärer Codes"
1967:
Internet Protocol DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION
1684:, but the earliest document found using this notion dates from
4631:
4485:
2929:
2921:
2769:
2664:
2598:
2552:
2547:
2346:
byte, octet, 8-bit byte: A string that consists of eight bits.
2026:
1840:
1472:
1098:(Qi, 1024), but have not yet been adopted by the IEC and ISO.
1035:
1023:
90:
51:
4584:
3402:
1977 Disk/Trend Report Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977
97:
of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest
3570:. Merriam-webster.com (2010-08-13). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3006: A question-and-answer session at an
2779: I even made a proposal (in view of
1430:
4365:"Avatar - The Last Airbender: The Complete Series Blu-ray"
109:. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common
4232:"The Zettabyte Era Officially Begins (How Much is That?)"
3247:— The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2794:
Some folks took it seriously. I thought of it as a spoof.
1664:
Many sources erroneously indicate a birthday of the term
1575:
as a signed data type, holding values from 0 to 255, and
390:, could also perform a small number of operations on the
4315:"C++ FAQ: the rules about bytes, chars, and characters"
4094:
Allison Dexter, "How Many Words are in Harry Potter?",
2062:, or 'bytes' as we have called them, to be sent to the
3599:
Definition of kilobyte from Oxford Dictionaries Online
2837:
set. I'm not sure, but maybe this should be called a "
1812:/ The Maple Press Company, York, PA., pp. 39–40,
1594:
the error checking usually uses bytes at the end of a
3113:(3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 125.
2497:"Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest era (1956-1961)"
1495:
global yearly Internet traffic in 2016 (known as the
983:
Definition of prefixes using powers of 10—in which 1
4436:
https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/bits-bytes.html
2566:, while Buchholz actually used the term as early as
1885:
was coined for this purpose by the designers of the
1117:(GB) is equal to 1024 bytes is mentioned by a 1990s
222:
in June 1956, during the early design phase for the
5047:
4956:
4842:
4812:
4777:
4665:
4622:
4556:
4535:
4504:
4478:
3580:
Kilobyte – Definition of Kilobyte at Dictionary.com
3059: That's right. Thank you. ]
2872:(June 1959). "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces".
1359:
1310:
suggested calling the kibibyte a "large kilobyte" (
1046:. It is also consistent with the other uses of the
282:codes for printable graphic patterns common in the
65:
57:
44:
39:
3848:http://ww1.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm
3786:"Shugart Associates SA 400 minifloppy™ Disk Drive"
2644:
2642:
503:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
296:American Standard Code for Information Interchange
4000:
3998:
3996:
2006:
2004:
1285:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
198:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3817:"RXS/RX11 floppy disk system maintenance manual"
2491:
2489:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
1863:, but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
1672:claimed that the term would have been coined in
464:, a unit of logarithmic power ratio named after
402:, which is conveniently represented by a single
259:in 1956 or 1957, which was jointly developed by
251:and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called
4412:. PDP-10 System Reference Manual. Vol. 1.
4200:"Internet Could Max Out in 2 Years, Study Says"
3003:
2905:
2765:
2687:
2621:
2516:
2385:
2225:
2049:
1835:
1777:
1775:
1773:
3938:https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html
3886:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2188:Introduction to digital information processing
313:Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
263:, MIT, and IBM. Later on, Schwartz's language
4600:
4456:
3203:
3201:
3051:coined the word as part of the definition of
3047: May I speak to that?
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2461:but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
2336:
2334:
919:based on the byte. Some systems are based on
567:
443:The unit symbol for the byte is specified in
359:computer to denote a unit which "contains an
8:
3219:https://www.iec.ch/prefixes-binary-multiples
2441:Planning a Computer System (Project Stretch)
2184:Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung
2111:(CDC). 1966-10-11 . 60021300. Archived from
1806:Planning a Computer System - Project Stretch
1460:animated television series, all 61 episodes
997:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
4434:Ashley Taylor. "Bits and Bytes." Stanford.
4406:Programming with the PDP-10 Instruction Set
4067:"Seagate pays out over gigabyte definition"
3437:"How iOS and macOS report storage capacity"
2951:
2949:
2545: 1956 July [
1727:Through the 1970s there were machines with
1372:variable indicating true (1) or false (0).
927:(SI), which defines for example the prefix
274:Early computers used a variety of four-bit
140:The size of the byte has historically been
27:Unit of digital information, usually 8 bits
4607:
4593:
4585:
4463:
4449:
4441:
4141:"Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive"
4037:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
3101:
3099:
2409:and incorporated in the design of Stretch
1353:
1002:This definition is most commonly used for
574:
560:
36:
3900:International Electrotechnical Commission
3608:. Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3274:
3031: As I recall, the
2144:Error-Control Coding for Computer Systems
1975:
1941:
933:as 1000 (10); other systems are based on
194:International Electrotechnical Commission
4416:(DEC). August 1969. pp. 2-15–2-17.
3431:
3429:
3427:
3263:Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations
3035:, a totally different computer than the
2875:IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers
2434:IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers
1446:the largest consumer hard drive in 2007
582:
4139:Perenson, Melissa J. (4 January 2007).
4007:"Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit"
3763:. Swtpc.com. 2013-08-14. Archived from
2278:
2276:
2101:3600 Computer System - Reference Manual
2058:, coming from Memory in parallel, into
1769:
1648:
1547:every bit in memory is part of a byte.
1192:. There are also informal terms. e.g.,
300:Federal Information Processing Standard
3340:Gibney, Elizabeth (18 November 2022).
2127:Byte - A partition of a computer word.
2066:serially. The 60 bits are dumped into
1718:There was more than one BCD code page.
1212:History of the conflicting definitions
915:More than one system exists to define
4212:from the original on 26 November 2007
3936:NIST "Prefixes for binary multiples"
3477:from the original on 18 November 2021
3171:"Philips Data Systems' product range"
2519: 1956 Summer:
1857:characters. (The term is coined from
89:that most commonly consists of eight
7:
3661:from the original on 26 October 2016
3507:from the original on 3 December 2021
3384:from the original on 16 January 2023
2568:
2454:characters. (The term is coined from
2410:
2312:Kozierok, Charles M. (2005-09-20) .
1685:
1677:
3528:Accreditation and Quality Assurance
3057: [ Schwartz:
1415:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
1224:Contemporary computer memory has a
1113:(MB) is equal to 1024 bytes and 1
458:(ISQ), B is also the symbol of the
3966:"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss"
3741:from the original on 10 April 2017
2928:. A word consisted of x number of
2889:Dooley, Louis G. (February 1995).
2438:
2417:Processing Data in Bits and Pieces
2252:"Internet History of 1960s # 1964"
1681:
1673:
1324:International System of Quantities
1129:capacity, such as main memory and
456:International System of Quantities
200:(IEEE). Internationally, the unit
25:
4198:Gross, Grant (24 November 2007).
4173:"What does a petabyte look like?"
3632:. Microsoft Support. 2003-05-06.
3447:from the original on 9 April 2020
3023:. Where did the term come from? ]
2746:"Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?"
2372:"The Word "Byte" Comes of Age..."
1030:that use this definition include
3896:from the original on 2007-08-08.
3705:. Orange Romania. Archived from
3217: |*| v1:
3212: |*| v0:
2416:
2342:ISO 2382-4, Organization of data
1109:(KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes, 1
386:, the direct predecessor of the
315:(EBCDIC), an expansion of their
232:to avoid accidental mutation to
4423:from the original on 2017-04-05
4346:from the original on 2018-08-09
4321:from the original on 2019-03-21
4268:from the original on 2019-03-21
4242:from the original on 2021-08-02
4121:from the original on 2020-11-08
4077:from the original on 2014-09-03
4031:Baskin, Scott D. (2006-02-01).
4013:from the original on 2009-09-07
3982:from the original on 2021-10-07
3919:from the original on 2011-06-06
3890:"Prefixes for binary multiples"
3636:from the original on 2014-02-09
3322:from the original on 2022-11-18
3291:from the original on 2022-03-13
3085:from the original on 2020-07-03
2995:from the original on 2017-04-10
2988:Origin of the term "byte", 1956
2968:from the original on 2021-06-10
2956:Ram, Stefan (17 January 2003).
2899:. Ocala, FL, US. Archived from
2866:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
2788:
2716:from the original on 2017-04-03
2661:Memory Word Length and Indexing
2562:
2406:
2320:from the original on 2017-04-03
2294:from the original on 2017-04-03
2262:from the original on 2022-06-24
1795:"Chapter 4: Natural Data Units"
1787:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
1563:programming languages, such as
1433:-quality uncompressed audio of
344:The Art of Computer Programming
129:) refer to an 8-bit byte as an
117:protocol documents such as the
2960:(in German). Berlin, Germany:
2232: NOTES:
2107:. K. St. Paul, Minnesota, US:
1810:McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
1436:The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
278:(BCD) representations and the
61:digital information, data size
1:
4673:Arbitrary-precision or bignum
4414:Digital Equipment Corporation
3238:Prefixes for Binary Multiples
3075:"List of EBCDIC codes by IBM"
2228: byte:
1964:Postel, J. (September 1981).
1571:as an unsigned type, and the
1534:programming languages define
995:for 1000 were adopted by the
925:International System of Units
3180:. April 1971. Archived from
2809: The
2539:team. Lloyd Hunter provides
2033:Memo No. 39G. Archived from
1638:Word (computer architecture)
1425:about half an hour of video
317:six-bit binary-coded decimal
4342:. Northwestern University.
4065:Judge, Peter (2007-10-26).
4041:Western Digital Corporation
2671:Memo No. 45. Archived from
2654:"2. Input-Output Byte Size"
2605:Memo No. 40. Archived from
2503:. June 1956. Archived from
2288:"Metric-Interchange-Format"
2190:] (in German). Munich:
1753:as implemented in the file
1697:Some later machines, e.g.,
1318:Modern standard definitions
1066:A system of units based on
979:Units based on powers of 10
908:Orders of magnitude of data
483:The lowercase letter o for
347:(first published in 1968),
334:. These used the eight-bit
87:unit of digital information
5201:
4479:Platform-independent units
4289:Integer Types in C and C++
3540:10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7
3354:10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9
3041: [
3025: [
3013: [
2750:Computer History Vignettes
2535:and Jim Pomerene join the
1869: A
1584:asynchronous communication
1457:Avatar: The Last Airbender
1062:Units based on powers of 2
545:
513:Yottabyte (disambiguation)
502:
29:
5014:Strongly typed identifier
4340:"External Interfaces/API"
4005:Mook, Nate (2006-06-28).
3208: [
2182:Tafel, Hans Jörg (1971).
1929:Communications of the ACM
1592:synchronous communication
1479:
1442:
1421:
1408:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1236:, with products like the
906:
897:
894:
886:
883:
875:
861:
847:
833:
747:
742:
739:
732:
603:
600:
593:
555:
509:Gigabyte (disambiguation)
505:Megabyte (disambiguation)
4505:Platform-dependent units
3703:"Internet Mobile Access"
3681:"Data Measurement Scale"
3497:"ConsistentUnitPrefixes"
3134:Williams, R. H. (1969).
2962:Freie Universität Berlin
2912:within a project called
2910:MIT Lincoln Laboratories
2843:
2828:
2803:
2792:
2774:
2469:
2388:
2109:Control Data Corporation
1996:octet An eight bit byte.
1901:
1846:
1356:
1330:Lawsuits over definition
5089:Parametric polymorphism
4398:"2.5 Byte manipulation"
3412:SanDisk USB Flash Drive
2787:character codes to 256
2501:Computer History Museum
2256:Computer History Museum
1360:Approximate equivalent
1056:measures of performance
422:Historically, the term
307:in its product line of
3898:"In December 1998 the
3734:. Telstra. p. 7.
3062:
2941:
2849:
2693:
2634:
2558:
2481:
2239:
2087:
1911:
1294:In December 1998, the
1221:
1050:in computing, such as
257:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
146:six-bit character code
107:computer architectures
4104:; shows 190,637 words
3913:"What is a kilobyte?"
3029:(inventor of JOVIAL):
2742:Bemer, Robert William
2016:"7. The Shift Matrix"
1943:10.1145/368424.368435
1924:Bemer, Robert William
1514:programming languages
1219:
1125:operating system and
546:For the company, see
466:Alexander Graham Bell
435:mainframe computers.
210:Etymology and history
32:Byte (disambiguation)
5155:Units of information
4472:Units of information
4286:Klein, Jack (2008),
3729:"Our Customer Terms"
3657:. Vodafone Ireland.
3655:"3G/GPRS data rates"
3443:. 27 February 2018.
2920:, Lincoln Labs, and
2706:Raymond, Eric Steven
1553:primitive data type
1127:random-access memory
1103:customary convention
1022:-based storage, and
541:Zib (disambiguation)
537:EIB (disambiguation)
533:PIB (disambiguation)
529:TIB (disambiguation)
525:GIB (disambiguation)
521:MIB (disambiguation)
517:KIB (disambiguation)
478:sound pressure level
355:in his hypothetical
322:In the early 1960s,
276:binary-coded decimal
5094:Primitive data type
4999:Recursive data type
4852:Algebraic data type
4728:Quadruple precision
3276:10.14529/jsfi140206
2862:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
2768:I came to work for
1844:, are listed below.
1783:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
1628:Primitive data type
1226:binary architecture
583:Multiple-byte units
499:Multiple-byte units
375:The development of
5057:Abstract data type
4738:Extended precision
4697:Reduced precision
4179:on 28 January 2018
4153:on 24 October 2012
4100:2021-01-25 at the
3943:2018-01-14 at the
3872:2020-10-16 at the
3853:2020-12-19 at the
3761:"SA400 minifloppy"
3709:on 26 October 2016
3604:2006-06-25 at the
3585:2010-09-01 at the
3566:2010-04-09 at the
3417:2008-05-13 at the
3243:2007-08-08 at the
3224:2021-08-16 at the
2595:Memory Word Length
2411:shortly thereafter
2192:Carl Hanser Verlag
1668:in July 1956, but
1350:Practical examples
1303:bytes, and so on.
1234:personal computing
1222:
304:control characters
239:Another origin of
162:, before the term
50:unit derived from
5160:Binary arithmetic
5137:
5136:
4869:Associative array
4733:Octuple precision
4582:
4581:
4557:Metric byte units
4313:Cline, Marshall.
4260:Cline, Marshall.
2710:"byte definition"
2588:"5. Input-Output"
2370:(February 1977).
1678:earliest document
1623:Octet (computing)
1505:
1504:
1123:Microsoft Windows
1028:Operating systems
1008:computer networks
913:
912:
902:
901:
726:
725:
548:Exabyte (company)
330:on long-distance
328:digital telephony
119:Internet Protocol
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
5192:
5180:1950s neologisms
5109:Type constructor
4994:Opaque data type
4926:Record or Struct
4723:Double precision
4718:Single precision
4609:
4602:
4595:
4586:
4536:Metric bit units
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4411:
4402:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4371:. Archived from
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4292:, archived from
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4175:. Archived from
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4149:. Archived from
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4111:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4043:. Archived from
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3791:. Archived from
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3596:
3590:
3577:
3571:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3433:
3422:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3071:
3065:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2953:
2944:
2904:
2891:"Byte: The Word"
2886:
2880:
2879:
2870:Buchholz, Werner
2858:
2852:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:. Archived from
2738:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2658:
2650:Buchholz, Werner
2646:
2637:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2592:
2584:Buchholz, Werner
2580:
2574:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2493:
2484:
2467:
2384:
2368:Buchholz, Werner
2364:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2029:. pp. 5–6.
2020:
2012:Buchholz, Werner
2008:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1977:10.17487/RFC0791
1961:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1920:
1914:
1898:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:, archived from
1802:Buchholz, Werner
1799:
1791:Buchholz, Werner
1779:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1579:, respectively.
1485:Internet traffic
1470:
1354:
1338:
1302:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1052:CPU clock speeds
999:(BIPM) in 2022.
923:, following the
751:
730:
729:
591:
590:
585:
576:
569:
562:
553:
552:
37:
21:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5175:Primitive types
5165:Computer memory
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5114:Type conversion
5049:
5043:
4979:Enumerated type
4952:
4838:
4832:null-terminated
4808:
4773:
4661:
4618:
4613:
4583:
4578:
4552:
4531:
4500:
4474:
4469:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4409:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:Further reading
4388:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4324:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4146:www.pcworld.com
4138:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4102:Wayback Machine
4093:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3945:Wayback Machine
3935:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3874:Wayback Machine
3864:
3860:
3855:Wayback Machine
3845:
3841:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3606:Wayback Machine
3597:
3593:
3587:Wayback Machine
3578:
3574:
3568:Wayback Machine
3559:
3555:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3419:Wayback Machine
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3245:Wayback Machine
3236:
3232:
3226:Wayback Machine
3216:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3049:Werner Buchholz
3046:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3015:John Goodenough
3012:
3011:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2799:Werner Buchholz
2796:
2791:
2778:
2773:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2557:
2544:
2529:Werner Buchholz
2510:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2446:
2445:
2414:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2366:
2365:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2194:. p. 300.
2181:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2159:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2023:The Link System
2018:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1868:
1845:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1699:Burroughs B1700
1696:
1692:
1676:. In fact, the
1670:Werner Buchholz
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1604:
1510:
1483:global monthly
1475:-encoded music
1468:
1352:
1344:Western Digital
1336:
1332:
1320:
1300:
1289:binary prefixes
1264:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1214:
1207:
1162:
1160:Parochial units
1094:(Ri, 1024) and
1064:
1014:, particularly
1004:data-rate units
981:
581:
580:
551:
544:
501:
474:signal strength
441:
380:microprocessors
341:In Volume 1 of
298:(ASCII) as the
220:Werner Buchholz
212:
180:permitting the
166:became common.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5067:Data structure
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4706:Half precision
4703:
4693:Floating point
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4356:
4331:
4305:
4278:
4252:
4238:. 2016-09-09.
4223:
4190:
4164:
4131:
4106:
4087:
4057:
4023:
3992:
3957:
3948:
3929:
3904:
3877:
3858:
3839:
3808:
3777:
3752:
3720:
3694:
3672:
3646:
3621:
3610:
3591:
3572:
3553:
3534:(3): 143–144.
3518:
3488:
3458:
3423:
3404:
3395:
3332:
3315:. 2022-11-18.
3301:
3249:
3230:
3197:
3162:
3159:978-1483122106
3148:
3140:Pergamon Press
3126:
3119:
3095:
3081:. 2020-01-02.
3066:
3027:Jules Schwartz
3008:ACM conference
3004:
2978:
2945:
2906:
2903:on 1996-12-20.
2881:
2853:
2766:
2744:(2000-08-08).
2726:
2697:
2688:
2652:(1956-09-19).
2638:
2622:
2586:(1956-07-31).
2575:
2517:
2485:
2386:
2350:
2344:(2 ed.).
2330:
2304:
2284:Jaffer, Aubrey
2272:
2243:
2226:
2212:
2200:
2174:
2157:
2133:
2091:
2075:decimal digits
2068:magnetic cores
2050:
2014:(1956-06-11).
2000:
1970:. p. 43.
1956:
1915:
1836:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1742:
1733:
1731:architectures.
1720:
1711:
1690:
1686:September 1956
1657:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:Data hierarchy
1610:
1603:
1600:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1161:
1158:
1105:), in which 1
1063:
1060:
980:
977:
917:unit multiples
911:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
746:
741:
737:
736:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
641:
638:
634:
633:
628:
625:
621:
620:
615:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
597:
587:
586:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
539:, and
500:
497:
440:
437:
336:μ-law encoding
311:the eight-bit
249:Jules Schwartz
218:was coined by
211:
208:
182:binary-encoded
135:bit endianness
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5197:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:Function type
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4624:Uninterpreted
4621:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4375:on 2020-04-28
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4296:on 2010-03-27
4295:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4279:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4047:on 2009-01-02
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3829:on 2011-04-23
3825:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3798:on 2011-06-08
3794:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3767:on 2014-05-27
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:"UnitsPolicy"
3462:
3459:
3446:
3442:
3441:Apple Support
3438:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3269:(2): 89–107.
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3187:on 2016-03-04
3183:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3120:9780201896831
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:Knuth, Donald
3102:
3100:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3009:
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2990:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
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2943:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2897:
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2885:
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2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2756:on 2017-04-03
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2678:on 2017-04-04
2674:
2670:
2667:. p. 1.
2666:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2612:on 2017-04-04
2608:
2604:
2601:. p. 2.
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:Gerrit Blaauw
2507:on 2016-04-29
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2439:Chapter 4 of
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2425:F P Brooks Jr
2422:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2376:Byte Magazine
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2201:3-446-10569-7
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:0-13-283953-9
2154:
2150:
2149:Prentice Hall
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2118:on 2017-04-05
2114:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2040:on 2017-04-04
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1827:on 2017-04-03
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:, DEC PDP-6,
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1498:Zettabyte Era
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
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1329:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:In 1995, the
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:storage media
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
991:for 1000 and
990:
986:
978:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
936:
932:
931:
926:
922:
918:
909:
905:
891:
890:
880:
879:
872:
869:
866:
865:
858:
855:
852:
851:
844:
841:
838:
837:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
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813:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
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779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
752:
745:
738:
735:
731:
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721:
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629:
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623:
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619:
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613:
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592:
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588:
584:
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572:
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558:
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554:
549:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
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486:
481:
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475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
452:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
429:
425:
420:
419:definitions.
418:
414:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
373:
370:
366:
362:
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333:
329:
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318:
314:
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305:
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297:
293:
289:
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277:
272:
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231:
230:
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209:
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204:
199:
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190:
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183:
179:
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173:
167:
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161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
73:(when 8 bits)
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
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4894:Intersection
4636:
4516:
4425:. Retrieved
4405:
4377:. Retrieved
4373:the original
4368:
4359:
4348:. Retrieved
4334:
4323:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:, retrieved
4294:the original
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4281:
4270:. Retrieved
4255:
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4235:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4203:
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4177:the original
4167:
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4151:the original
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4090:
4079:. Retrieved
4070:
4060:
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4045:the original
4036:
4026:
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4009:. betanews.
3984:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3932:
3921:. Retrieved
3907:
3880:
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3842:
3831:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3811:
3800:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3780:
3769:. Retrieved
3765:the original
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3649:
3638:. Retrieved
3624:
3613:
3594:
3575:
3556:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3440:
3407:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3345:
3335:
3324:. Retrieved
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3266:
3262:
3252:
3233:
3189:. Retrieved
3182:the original
3165:
3135:
3129:
3110:
3087:. Retrieved
3078:
3069:
3063:
3005:
2997:, retrieved
2987:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2942:
2907:
2901:the original
2894:
2884:
2873:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2829:
2804:
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2775:
2767:
2758:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2749:
2718:. Retrieved
2700:
2694:
2689:
2680:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2660:
2635:
2623:
2614:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2594:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2518:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2482:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2345:
2341:
2322:. Retrieved
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2264:. Retrieved
2246:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2120:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2100:
2094:
2088:
2081:alphanumeric
2051:
2042:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2022:
1995:
1988:. Retrieved
1966:
1959:
1936:(9): 19–23,
1933:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1829:, retrieved
1822:the original
1805:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1693:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1496:
1455:
1434:
1413:
1341:
1333:
1321:
1311:
1308:Donald Knuth
1305:
1293:
1282:
1277:
1229:
1223:
1201:
1200:for 4 bits,
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1065:
1001:
992:
988:
984:
982:
973:
968:
964:
960:
954:
948:
942:
928:
921:powers of 10
914:
482:
459:
453:
445:IEC 80000-13
442:
427:
423:
421:
410:
408:
399:
374:
368:
364:
360:
352:
349:Donald Knuth
342:
340:
321:
273:
240:
238:
233:
227:
215:
213:
201:
191:
186:IEC 80000-13
178:power of two
171:
168:
163:
159:
153:
150:memory words
139:
113:definition,
82:
80:
78:
58:Unit of
5124:Type theory
5119:Type system
4969:Bottom type
4916:Option type
4857:generalized
4743:Long double
4688:Fixed point
4369:Blu-ray.com
4236:Cisco Blogs
4216:28 November
4183:19 February
3501:Debian Wiki
3471:Ubuntu Wiki
3388:21 November
3043:Fred Brooks
2816:tape drives
2543:leadership.
2525:Fred Brooks
2474:addressing.
2407:August 1956
1893: [
1682:August 1956
1577:−128 to 127
1516:define the
1508:Common uses
1394:Jabberwocky
1384:character.
1382:basic Latin
1270:floppy disk
1166:double word
1068:powers of 2
1048:SI prefixes
1016:hard drives
939:SI prefixes
935:powers of 2
722:quettabyte
439:Unit symbol
404:hexadecimal
361:unspecified
332:trunk lines
326:introduced
224:IBM Stretch
169:The modern
99:addressable
46:Unit system
5185:8 (number)
5150:Data types
5144:Categories
5029:Empty type
5024:Type class
4974:Collection
4931:Refinement
4909:metaobject
4757:signedness
4616:Data types
4427:2017-04-05
4379:2021-02-24
4350:2016-09-02
4325:2015-06-18
4300:2015-06-18
4272:2015-06-18
4246:2021-08-04
4157:5 December
4125:2020-12-12
4081:2014-09-16
4051:2009-03-30
4017:2009-03-30
3986:2020-01-24
3923:2010-05-20
3833:2011-06-24
3802:2011-06-24
3771:2014-03-25
3745:26 October
3713:26 October
3687:26 October
3683:. AT&T
3665:26 October
3640:2014-03-25
3473:. Ubuntu.
3326:2022-11-18
3295:2022-05-27
3191:2015-08-03
3149:1483122107
3089:2020-07-03
2999:2022-08-17
2972:2017-04-10
2785:punch card
2760:2017-04-03
2720:2017-04-03
2682:2016-04-04
2616:2016-04-04
2541:transistor
2533:John Cocke
2511:2017-04-03
2471:System/360
2451:character
2429:W Buchholz
2421:G A Blaauw
2324:2017-04-03
2298:2017-04-03
2266:2022-08-17
2122:2017-04-05
2060:characters
2044:2016-04-04
1899:computer.)
1831:2017-04-03
1764:References
1707:DEC PDP-10
1588:parity bit
1492:zettabyte
1401:a typical
711:ronnabyte
700:yottabyte
689:zettabyte
472:(dB), for
384:Intel 8080
309:System/360
196:(IEC) and
5170:Data unit
5104:Subtyping
5099:Interface
5082:metaclass
5034:Unit type
5004:Semaphore
4984:Exception
4889:Inductive
4879:Dependent
4844:Composite
4822:Character
4804:Reference
4701:Minifloat
4657:Bit array
3548:248397680
3511:9 January
3481:9 January
3451:9 January
3378:253671538
3362:0028-0836
3285:2313-8734
3109:(1997) .
3033:AN/FSQ-31
2926:word size
2820:Cie. Bull
2708:(2017) .
2569:June 1956
2563:July 1956
2383:(2): 144.
2286:(2011) .
2258:. 2017 .
1990:28 August
1877:Word size
1853:character
1674:June 1956
1567:, define
1518:data type
1471:years of
1465:petabyte
1454:video of
1452:1080p 4:3
1443:terabyte
1422:gigabyte
1409:megabyte
1392:text of "
1389:kilobyte
1306:In 1999,
1301:1,048,576
1194:half byte
1186:superword
1178:quad word
1174:long word
1170:half word
1131:CPU cache
873:yobibyte
859:zebibyte
845:exbibyte
831:pebibyte
820:terabyte
814:tebibyte
803:gigabyte
797:gibibyte
786:megabyte
780:mebibyte
769:kilobyte
763:kibibyte
667:petabyte
656:terabyte
449:IEEE 1541
409:The term
377:eight-bit
284:U.S. Army
269:AN/FSQ-31
245:four bits
214:The term
155:syllables
95:character
69:B,
5129:Variable
5019:Top type
4884:Equality
4792:physical
4769:Rational
4764:Interval
4711:bfloat16
4574:gigabyte
4569:megabyte
4564:kilobyte
4522:syllable
4418:Archived
4344:Archived
4319:Archived
4266:Archived
4240:Archived
4210:Archived
4205:PC World
4119:Archived
4098:Archived
4075:Archived
4011:Archived
3977:Archived
3941:Archived
3917:Archived
3894:Archived
3870:Archived
3851:Archived
3736:Archived
3659:Archived
3634:Archived
3602:Archived
3583:Archived
3564:Archived
3505:Archived
3475:Archived
3445:Archived
3415:Archived
3382:Archived
3370:36400954
3317:Archived
3289:Archived
3241:Archived
3222:Archived
3083:Archived
2993:archived
2966:Archived
2714:Archived
2318:Archived
2292:Archived
2260:Archived
2167:88-17892
1952:36115735
1890:GAMMA 60
1818:61-10466
1793:(1962),
1755:limits.h
1751:CHAR_BIT
1703:CDC 3600
1602:See also
1542:unsigned
1487:in 2004
1480:exabyte
1412:text of
1258:SA-400 5
1204:for 1000
1190:syllable
1139:AT&T
1135:Vodafone
1115:gigabyte
1111:megabyte
1107:kilobyte
985:kilobyte
898:–
895:–
887:–
884:–
876:–
862:–
848:–
834:–
678:exabyte
644:gigabyte
631:megabyte
618:kilobyte
493:Romanian
417:protocol
392:four-bit
324:AT&T
288:FIELDATA
174:standard
172:de facto
142:hardware
105:in many
101:unit of
18:TeraByte
5072:Generic
5048:Related
4964:Boolean
4921:Product
4797:virtual
4787:Address
4779:Pointer
4752:Integer
4683:Decimal
4678:Complex
4666:Numeric
4548:megabit
4543:kilobit
3178:Philips
3079:ibm.com
3053:STRETCH
2835:UNICODE
2811:IBM 360
2781:STRETCH
2669:Stretch
2603:Stretch
2537:Stretch
2431:in the
2403:Stretch
2316:. 3.0.
2223:. 1993.
2031:Stretch
1804:(ed.),
1729:decimal
1403:favicon
1370:Boolean
1278:mixture
1263:⁄
1256:Shugart
1245:⁄
1202:octal K
1154:storage
1147:Telstra
1088:quetta-
993:quetta-
595:Decimal
470:decibel
454:In the
433:Philips
406:digit.
398:, also
365:at most
280:six-bit
115:network
5062:Boxing
5050:topics
5009:Stream
4946:tagged
4904:Object
4827:String
4512:nibble
4491:hextet
3546:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3346:Nature
3283:
3157:
3146:
3117:
3021:JOVIAL
2936:4 bits
2878:: 121.
2839:hextet
2629:cases.
2198:
2165:
2155:
1950:
1882:catena
1816:
1618:Nibble
1551:Java's
1268:-inch
1250:-inch
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