Terence Atherton - Knowledge (XXG)

1032:, and were escorted part of the way by Dakić. They were never seen again. Dakić, who later appeared at Mihailović's headquarters in possession of Atherton's binoculars, and wearing his boots, had probably murdered both men and stolen the large quantity of gold sovereigns which Atherton was carrying. He was only 'nominally a Mihailović Cetnik', but Hudson had the impression that Mihailović 'knew something about the matter'. This summary completed such evidence as Hudson was able to assemble up to July 1942. Mihailović's first reaction to all these happenings was to insinuate to London, as an astute propaganda move, that the British members of the party had been killed by Partisans. He stated this in a message, dated 27 May, at a moment when in reality he and the British military authorities in Cairo had every reason to believe that Atherton was alive. At the end of the signal Mihailović announced that, because of these murders, 'he had declared open warfare on all Partisans'. 1008:

likely that Tito had initially planned to eventually use Novaković to counteract Mihailović's influence among Chetniks in eastern Bosnia. However Atherton's arrival presented an opportunity for Novaković who left Foča on 15 April 1942 without Tito's knowledge, allegedly with Atherton. Before leaving, Novaković left Tito a note in which he threatened to raise 5,000 Chetniks to fight the Partisans in eastern Bosnia. Furious, Tito became convinced that the British had devised an elaborate plot to disadvantage the Partisans by strengthening the

569:, all 4 journalists had received either gunshot or shrapnel injuries during their difficult journey through the Peloponnese with air attacks as they traveled along the Corinth–Argos road, racing to meet British evacuation ships destined for Crete and Egypt. Atherton's traveling companion, Leigh White was later hospitalised in Argos, and was not able to evacuate with Atherton before this ancient city capitulated to Axis forces on 27 April 1941. However, Atherton ensured his other two American companions were evacuated with him on 543:. Having reached Corfu, the Greek naval authorities were initially dubious such a trip was even possible, given the recent weather conditions. The authorities had more pressing matters than 4 journalists in a sardine boat. Eventually the local authorities permitted them to sail south, where they were subsequently machine gunned by Italian fighter planes, and their vessel quickly sank. Atherton and his companions were rescued by a small Greek fishing trawler, which also fell victim to an air attack; this time by 5 Stukageschwader 301:. These stories and many others by Atherton are both intriguing and insightful reports during the inter-war period. Atherton’s journalistic approach to another editor, under the banner of either "Points from Letters" or "Letters to Editor" became more frequent leading up to the German invasion with titles like "Wolves of the Balkans" on 3 March 1937, and therefore each of these letters may contain a hidden message. Alexander Simić-Stevens, who Atherton tutored returned to London and subsequently joined SOE. 1092:

during the trial under cross examination Mihailović advised that he had conducted a personal inquiry in 1942 into the likely murder of Atherton, who admitted that he had probably been executed on the orders of one of his subordinate generals. The Times of London added that Mihailović thought that the murder was instigated by Novakovich, who aimed to be recognised as the supreme commander of Serbia. Mihailović was executed on 17 July 1946, together with nine other officers for their crimes.

1471: 96: 908:. This sources emphasize that Partisans and Ustaše made an agreement according to which Ustaše allowed Partisans to enter Foča, supplied them with ammunition to fight against Chetniks and to stay in Foča for several months without any obstruction from Croatian side. Some pro-Chetnik sources even emphasize that Partisans killed Atherton because he had intention to inform his superiors about the cooperation between Partisans and Ustaše. 1119:

Mihailović, who was at the time the chief beneficiary of British aid and support in the resistance movement in Yugoslavia. It is likely that Klugmann's reports influenced this change in policy, which coincided with Atherton being on the ground in Yugoslavia, leading Operation Hydra. These circumstances are likely to be justification for Atherton's records remaining closed for 61 years after his disappearance. His records within the

3269: 932:. The communists claimed that Yugoslav government-in-exile approved that agreement and that it was the proof of collaboration between Chetniks and Axis forces. Tito presented to Atherton his proposal to establish new Yugoslav Government from democratic elements from both Yugoslavia and abroad and to invite population of Yugoslavia to rebel against Axis, condemning all collaborators with occupying Axis forces. 33: 482:, as he witnessed "first hand", the collapse of the government of national unity, from a small town in Bosnia, within less than 10 days. Atherton later revealed in his articles as a war correspondent, that from the moment the Yugoslav government offices in Belgrade were destroyed in air raids, the only means of communication for Simovic with the 755: 1020:

was effectively chosen to be his rescuer; and now Hudson was trying to investigate Atherton's untimely death. A summary of the results of this investigation was sent by Hudson, to SOE office in Cairo. According to the results of the inquiry, the most probable culprit for Atherton's death was Četnik leader Spasoje Dakić.

536:. St. John and the others placed a bloodstained American flag so that it was visible; and after several tense minutes, they were eventually waved on. This quick thinking by one of the Americans may have saved Atherton from being detained by the Italian Navy, since as a Briton, he was considered to be an enemy national. 1007:

captured by Partisans and taken to Foča in January 1942 presents a twist. Novaković was kept under constant surveillance; and months later would meet Atherton upon Op Hydra's arrival in Foča. These circumstances raise the possibility that the British mission may have been murdered by Partisans. It is

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Latas explained that Atherton had some disagreements with General Nedeljković and on 22 April 1942, continued on foot, headed towards German-occupied Serbia to seek Mihailović, accompanied only by O'Donovan. Latas further explain that two of them were shadowed by Spasoje Dakić until they approached a

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wanted to kill the British agents when they arrived to the Partisan HQ on 12 February 1942, because he thought they were acting on behalf of the Yugoslav government-in-exile, but he did not do it because he received a letter from Tito instructing them to bring Atherton and his team to the headquarter

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Once ashore, Atherton and his team began their journey towards Chetnik headquarters in February 1942. However they were intercepted and redirected to their local headquarters. Atherton was prevented from continuing the perceived Op Hydra mission to rendezvous with the Chetniks; and they spent several

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SOE needed Atherton's skills. He had proven himself in his daring escape from the enemy. He had sound knowledge of Yugoslavia; and the British Government was deficient having adequate in-country knowledge. Atherton needed to be willing to be adept to negotiating and engaging with potential working

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in this region of Europe did little to help matters of diplomacy in Atherton's adoptive home. The level of Atherton's role and involvement with SOE HQ in Belgrade is unknown; however given that he was allegedly married to a Bosnian Muslim, proves that he was less "Belgrade centric", and therefore may

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general and leader of the Chetniks, since October 1941. Consequently, Tito suspected his British guests of being adversarial spies to the Yugoslav partisan cause, and nothing beneficial arose from Atherton's time with Tito, and his British guests departed. Thereafter, what became of Atherton and the

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whilst under radio silence, the SOE, not having heard from Hudson, decided at the end of 1941 to send a second mission to open up channels of communication with partisans, as well as maintain a connection with the Chetniks, and keep to script. Since Atherton was strongly anti-Communist and spoke the

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Atherton's heroics were archived in London, away from Public access for many years, and his name fell into obscurity, until 30 June 1997. It was only on 1 July 1997 that the Daily Mail of London reported on page 15, "Tragic Mystery of Mailman who led Commando Mission". A Daily Mail journalist (one

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The British liaison officer at Mihailović's headquarters, Bill Hudson, insisted Mihailović conduct a formal inquiry into the fate of Major Atherton's mission. It would have seemed ironic to Hudson, that Atherton's mission had primarily been to ascertain his own whereabouts in January 1941. Atherton

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At the beginning of April 1942, Atherton was taken by Partisans for an "inspection tour of the front", towards Rogatica in order to demonstrate that only the Partisans were fighting against the Axis. The Yugoslav post-war sources emphasize that Partisans managed to convince Atherton to change his

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and British diplomats in that city, who may have been able to provide a clearer analysis of the challenges of a politically complex country, at the time dealing with diverse ethnicities, religious sensitivities and shifting politic allegiances. However rivalries and confusion and lack of continued

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In addition to his war service, Atherton should be remembered for promoting Balkan co-operation in the 1930s, as well as an understanding of the Balkans by the English speaking communities of the issues that are considered most important to each of the various ethnicities living in the region. He

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The invasion of Yugoslavia ended when an armistice was signed on 17 April 1941, which came into effect at noon on 18 April. Shortly prior to this date, in Budva, Atherton seized a small sardine boat, in exchange of his Opel car, and remained hidden in the port until it was safe to leave. With no

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Tito was afraid that Atherton was a member of just one of many other British missions who were all encouraging Chetniks to attack communists. The Chetnik attacks on communist forces in the region coincided with arrival of the Atherton's mission. Based on the discussions during the session of the

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In 1946, the new regime in Belgrade staged a politically and ideologically motivated trial of Draža Mihailović, which resulted in his death sentence. The unresolved mystery of Atherton and his teams disappearance was an integral part of the trial, likely to justify an ideological purpose. Later

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Atherton secretly left Foča during the night between 15 and 16 April 1942 with support of General Nedeljković and local Chetnik commander Spasoje Dakić and hid in caves around Čelebići until 22 April. He left his radio station with Partisans in Foča. The Partisans sent their units to search for

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Atherton was at the opposite end of the political spectrum of his coordinator in Cairo, Klugmann and this may have put his life at risk. Less than a year after Atherton's death, Churchill switched his support to Tito, having been previously aligned with the Serb Royalist leader General Draža

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Some early accounts explained that Atherton was executed by Partisans because they concluded he brought "undesired influence" from Cairo. The War Diaries of Vladimir Dedijer: From 28 November 1942, to 10 September 1943, indicate that Atherton may have been part of a plot to assassinate Tito.

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After Atherton's disappearance, Partisan sources subsequently blamed the Chetniks, while SOE, British Ministers, and Western media sources initially blamed the Yugoslav Partisans, collectively they later accepted the probability that Atherton and his team were instead killed by Chetniks.

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rest of the Op Hydra team during April 1942 is unclear. His luck had finally run out, since both he and his team disappeared without a trace. It is likely that he was targeted for the gold sovereigns (worth £2000), and Italian money (1 million Lira) that he carried around his own waist.

239:. He was also the chief editor and founder of the South Slav Herald in Belgrade in 1931, and owner and publisher of the Balkan Herald founded in 1934. His assistant editor was Alexander Simić-Stevens who had also been the Belgrade Correspondent for the Evening Standard and The Star. 822:

Atherton left Alexandria in Egypt on 17 January 1942 and disembarked off the coast of Montenegro on 4 February 1942. Atherton carried a substantial quantity of gold strapped around his waist. He was accompanied by an Irish radio operator and one officer of the Yugoslav Air Force.

565:. They knew they needed to join a British evacuation since the Axis forces were advancing swiftly in the Balkans.However German planes machine gunned the passenger train, wounding two of Atherton's American companions. After two days overland travel to a small port near 609:. His level of proficiency is unknown as to whether he was able to pass as a native speaker. However, in the Balkans, a lesser degree of fluency was required as the resistance groups concerned were already in open rebellion and a clandestine existence was unnecessary. 1354:, p. 48): "Major Terence Atherton*, who was for ten years a journalist in Belgrade, was the chief editor of the South Slav Herald. He married a girl of Muslim heritage in Sarajevo. With him was a radio operator, an Irishman, and a lieutenant of the Yugoslav ..." 2690: 2204:, p. 67): "Atherton, it seems, was given the full treatment on the latter points. He was taken on a tour of inspection by Mosa Pijade of the partisan organization in Zabljak, Montenegro, and on the evening of his arrival at Tito's headquarters in Foca on 19 " 2087:, p. 299): "U Foči ste se u martu 1942. godine neplanirano susreli s drugim britanskim oficirom koji je nakon Hudsona došao među partizane, ali su i njemu partizani bili samo "usputna stanica" prema Draži. Bio je to britanski major Terence Atherton, koji ..." 2055:, p. 48): "Major Terence Atherton*, who was for ten years a journalist in Belgrade, was the chief. He was the editor of the South Slav Herald. He married a Muslim in Sarajevo. With him was a radio operator, an Irishman, and a lieutenant of the Yugoslav ..." 419:. Atherton was forced to leave his adoptive city on the second day, his home for over 10 years, with retreating Yugoslav forces, as Axis forces had entered the country and closing in on the capital. His mission was to remain close to Yugoslav leaders until the 912:

Central Communist Committee held on 4 April 1942, Tito issued instructions to find and isolate all British missions. Tito suggested to Atherton not to continue his voyage toward Chetniks, and it was understood by Atherton that he was forbidden to leave Foča.

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government, which antagonised and undermined the hard-won balance in Yugoslav politics that Cvetković's short lived government represented. SOE Belgrade was entangled with pro-Serb policies and interests, and disregarded, or underestimated warnings from SOE

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The post-war Yugoslav sources later complained that at that particular point in time (1941–42), the Allies had increased their support to the Chetniks who were challenging Partisan superiority, instead of supporting the "genuine anti-Axis partisan forces".

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Four weeks after he left shattered Belgrade, Mr. Terence Atherton, special correspondent of the "Daily Mail" was taken off by a British destroyer, together with a number of British troops from Argos, after nightmare voyages in open sardine boat and on a

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On 6 April 1942, Tito wrote a letter to Pijade, expressing his concerns about Atherton's mission. On 8 April 1942 a secret directive was issued to the communist commissars to warn them about Atherton. This secret directive was allegedly issued to the

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about arrival of one British mission, and on 28 February 1942, he received their reply that they knew nothing about this mission, which additionally increased the Communists suspicions. Tito also remained very suspicious about the Atherton, although

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Atherton was an intelligence agent for Section D of the British Special Operations Executive in pre-war Belgrade. His cover was a journalist and newspaperman. His assistant editor was also a member of SOE. Atherton married a Yugoslavian National from

312:. Atherton continued in Yugoslavia after the country declared itself neutral at the outbreak of the World War II, writing about a dangerous level of plentiful food in the Balkan countries during December 1939, in comparison to that in Nazi Germany. 226:

where he remained for a number of years. It is a mystery how within 5 years he became a foreign correspondent in a European capital city. It is possible that Atherton was residing in Yugoslavia prior to 1930. He was the Belgrade correspondent for

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On 4 February 1942, Atherton and two other field agents, Lieutenant Radoje Nedeljković of the Yugoslav Royal Air Force and Sergeant Patrick O'Donovan, an Irish born radio operator, went ashore just north of Petrovac from the British submarine

1753:... the 400-mile voyage of four trapped war correspondents: Russell Hill of The New York Herald Tribune, Leigh White of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Robert St. John of the Associated Press, and Terence Atherton of The London Daily Mail. 798:

to meet Tito, who was very suspicious about him and alerted Croatian communists of the British mission. Atherton vanished from their headquarters in Foča between the night of the 15th, and the morning of 16 April 1942, along with his team.

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had numerous exhausting polemics with Atherton in futile attempts to convince him to change his positive view about Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović. Pijade took him on a tour of inspection of the organization of the communist forces in

835:. Tomašević took them to the headquarter of the Lovćen Partisan Detachment. The Partisans were suspicious about their mission because believed that their contemporary conflict with Montenegrin Chetniks was a result of the British and 1134:. This misreporting changed British public opinion and even influenced some high-ranking officials. At the same time some historians have said that such BBC broadcasts potentially put Atherton and other field agents at greater risk. 860:

Milutinović was instructed by Tito not to allow the Op Hydra team to have contact with the Chetniks. Instead they were kept in some kind of captivity, isolated from Partisan forces and ordinary people, under the watchful eye of the

2126:, p. 167): "The British Major Terence Atherton found out about the contacts of Broz and his several most trusted people, primarily from the Central Committee of Croatia, with the leaders of the Independent State of Croatia. " 1060:

Further investigation into Atherton's untimely death continued in the aftermath of the war. Yugoslav sources indicated the strong likelihood that Atherton was killed by Chetniks. The person who committed murder remained unknown.

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partners for the British. He was fluent in the language. He has outdoor survival skills and initiative. He had a history of military service and above all was an SOE agent in Belgrade which made him highly suited to the task.

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During March 1940, Atherton returned to writing about royalty. His articles were published around the world. He reported on a wedding talking place in Belgrade between Prince Nicholas Wladimirovitch Orloff, (who divorced

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through the territory controlled by Axis forces, as well as Partisans, in order to reach Chetnik headquarters. A couple of days after Atherton and members of his mission disembarked, they met the battalion controlled by

3504: 2413:, p. 84): "Some tramp reported in New York that we killed Terence Atherton. Stari, in the name of the Supreme Staff, issued the following denial: The London correspondent, Sulzberger, published a report in the..." 2364:, p. 34): "was these same Partisans who seized a group of six British officers, including my friend Terence Atherton, and executed them on the grounds that they were bringing "undesired influence" from Cairo." 685:

at the beginning of February 1942, using the same method to deploy Hudson the previous year. A parallel team code name Henna consisted of 2 officers, headed by Lieutenant Rapojec were to be landed on the island of

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Atherton's service to the Special Operations Executive (SOE) took precedence over his journalism during World War II. There are no records of Atherton returning to the UK. During World War II, British troops used

2534:, p. 85) :"... it is also probable that Major Terence Atherton, who landed by submarine early in 1942 in Montenegro, was murdered by chetniks, although the actual culprit could never be found." 1150:. His date of death is marked as 15 July 1942, although he may have died as early as 17 April 1942. It is unusual that other members of Operation Hydra have not been added to this war memorial. 2595:"Murdering Denied by Mikhailovitch; Chetnik says he never ordered killing of 23,000 Yugoslavs --Reveals BBC's Role Meant to 'Scare' Quislings 2-Day Continuance Denied Report" on Massacres Read" 277:

Atherton, whilst correspondent for the Daily Mail and editor of the Balkan Herald was based at Dobrašina 12, Belgrade, and would write to editors of London papers with anecdotes of life in the

2029:, p. 190): "Tito, too, was suspicious, despite the fact that Dedijer recognized Atherton, whom he had met briefly when he was in England as the correspondent of Politika before the war." 1263: 1910:"Allied Warships HMS Thorn, T class sub. In this source, Atherton was accompanied by a Corporal O'Donovan, Flying Officer Medelkovic and Sergeant Djekic (a mission of 4, not 3 operatives)" 896:, just as they had experienced with Hudson the previous year. During his stay in Foča with the Yugoslav Partisans, Atherton contacted with his supreme command using his radio station. 811:, a Croatian fascist and ultranationalist organisation, so Partisans had to kill him to prevent him from sending a report about the level of cooperation the Partisans had with Ustaše. 3459: 3474: 947:

On 22 April 1942, Atherton sent a letter to Mihailović in which he asked Mihailović to inform his superiors that he was alive and that he would shortly be sending more information.

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According to some anticommunist sources, Atherton was able to learn about contacts between Tito and his most trusted men from the Central Committee of Croatia with leaders of the

751:. Alternative sources state that O'Donovan held the rank of Corporal, and that the two were joined by a Flying Officer Medelkovic (not Nedeljković), as well as a Sergeant Djekic. 3258: 807:

Chetnik sources during World War II, emphasised that during Atherton's stay in Foča, he was able to learn that Croatian communists organized cooperation between Partisans and

2230:, p. 566): "On March 19, 1942, Josip Broz-Tito proposed to the British mission, led by Terence Atherton, that "a new government be formed from democratic elements in..." 786:

The Yugoslav Partisan perceived aim of Operation Hydra was to establish and maintain communication with the Chetnik headquarters, and not establish a relationship with them.

2576:"Moscow Arraigns Allies on Rumania; Charge of Aid to Reactionary Terror Tied to Bickering Over Balkan Treaties Mission Aides' Arrest Cited Belgrade Trial Tied to Campaign" 639:; and the young King of Yugoslavia in exile in London, and his advisors saw Mihailović as a future prime minister. However, due to the deteriorated relations between this 581:, having boarded HMS Havock which survived the voyage. Atherton's tale of his daring escape was reported around the world on 3 May 1941. The American weekly news magazine 528:

His traveling companion, St John was the only experienced sailor, who later recounted the tale of treacherous weather conditions and the groups imminent danger when an

2187:, p. 167): "While English Major Terrence Atherton, a former Yugoslav officer and telegraphist Irishman Pat, was at the General Staff for Montenegro and Boka, Ivan 3494: 1320: 382:

as the new king, two days later. This event was encouraged by SOE, however the level of Atherton's involvement is unknown, since he effectively lead a double life.

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Atherton was allegedly killed on 15 July 1942 by a bandit. However at the end of the war his murder, and the murder of his sergeant was described as a war crime.

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took on the Yugoslav Section of SOE as an intelligence and coordination officer, based in Cairo. Atherton and his team were to disembark from a submarine on the

1185: 396: 3479: 3489: 589:, who together escaped from Yugoslavia, before it was fully occupied by Axis forces, describing it as "400-miles voyage of four trapped correspondents". 332:, as he was responsible for broadcasting Nazi Propaganda in English over the airwaves before the war. The article refers to the nobleman's admiration of 2319:, p. 91): "A second agent, Terence Atherton, who also knew Yugoslavia well having worked there before the war, was murdered in 1942 by a bandit. " 3469: 3251: 620:. He was appointed to lead a team of specialist field operatives for a future covert mission into Axis controlled Yugoslavia. He was 38 years of age. 371: 1190: 1131: 602:

as a base for their operations throughout the region. In May 1941, Atherton would have been debriefed by SOE after safely evacuating to Alexandria.

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The German bombing of Belgrade, which commenced during the early hours of 6 April 1941, and lasted three days, killing 17,000 people, was known as

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asked the Secretary of State for War whether he could make a statement on the death of Atherton. The British government response delivered by the

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Pravica in moč za samoodločbo: med Metternichom in Badinterjem : študije, razgledi, preudarki iz petnajstletja po tretji odločitvi Slavencev

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Despite careful planning, Operation Hydra failed completely. The presence of former Yugoslav Royal Air Force officer implied strong links to the

2348:"Cpl. A Simitch-Stevens (13020404). Military Medal, G.VI.R. (Pioneer Corps); 1939-1945 Star; Africa Star; Italy Star; Defence Medal; War Medal" 1120: 1130:

and attribution of successful Chetnik anti-Axis actions to Communists on a supposed strong network of Soviet spies in the BBC and the British

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published an article blaming them for his death, which was denied by a letter written by Tito (the future Yugoslav Head of State) himself.

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following the retreating Yugoslav government. Atherton would later write that he was in the presence of the new Prime Minister, General

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was that the circumstances in which he died 3 years prior were still unclear. He may have been killed by partisans, or by the Germans.

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He was allegedly last seen, accompanied only by O’Donovan on 22 April 1942 when he headed walking towards German controlled territory.

3306: 1956:, p. 33)"In order to reach Draza Mihailovic's headquarters he had to travel from the coast to Foca, across territory held by ..." 845: 648: 599: 320:

the previous week), and an American actress, successful only in Germany, Mary R. Shuck went by the stage name of Marina Marshall. The

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Whilst Atherton was a "guest" of the Partisans, they tried to convince him to change his pro-Chetnik and anti-Communist orientation.

573:, the last British destroyer to leave Greece, alongside British and Commonwealth troops and other foreign nationals to the island of 2882: 2631: 2612: 2329: 1880: 1776: 1591: 1421: 532:

vessel accompanying troop movement ships spotted their small open boat, and subsequently trained their guns on them in proximity to

1218:, p. 153): " Terence Atherton (1902-1942), publicist, major in the British Army; head of the military intelligence mission..." 2100:, p. 54): "In a letter to Mose Pijade, Tito wrote on April 6 that there was something "not right" about the English mission." 3464: 1870: 1096: 1081: 459:, on a 700-mile journey to Greece using multiple means of transport. He and 2 of his companions, St. John and Hill, arrived in 3499: 1999:, p. 124): "Tito, therefore, ordered Ivan Milutinovich "Milutin" to send Atherton's mission to his headquarters near Foca" 1581: 616:, Atherton enlisted as an Army Mayor; Service number 234206, ceasing his journalism profession, and was likely trained by the 1264:"Gallery: British Military Missions with the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, 1941-1944: Hudson, Atherton, Bailey and Armstrong" 3484: 1085: 232: 175:. The former journalist led a Commando Mission behind enemy lines during World War II and died in mysterious circumstances. 163:

and a newspaper proprietor of various English language publications in Belgrade between 1931 and 1941. He was also a British

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of bread, Atherton set off with his 3 companions on a dangerous voyage through Albanian coastal waters, a region subject to

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founded the South Slav Herald in 1931 and The Balkan Herald in 1934. His articles have been published on across the globe.

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The SOE office in Belgrade that Atherton was attached to, had gone to significant lengths to support the opposition to the

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A Small War in the Balkans: British Military Involvement in Wartime Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 (refers to the Atherton fiasco)

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Atherton's friend and former assistant editor at the South Slav Herald in Belgrade, Alexander Simić-Stevens took part in

3418: 3408: 3403: 3398: 1835:, p. 45): "The previous March a British submarine had landed the strongly anti-Communist Major Terence Atherton..." 905: 836: 759: 699: 674: 670: 632: 452: 416: 195:, and had 3 elder siblings. His paternal ancestors were gentlemen farmers and his maternal grandfather was a solicitor. 164: 144: 113: 2375:"Tito Aide charges British Hostility, "Missions' aid to Mikhailovitch against partisans alleged in state-printed diary" 325: 3322: 518: 456: 259: 183:

He was the son of Douglas Harold Atherton (1861-1924) and Letitia Elizabeth Haigh (1861-1933). His parents married in

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of 1943, expressed concern about the unsolved case of the disappearance of Atherton, and the possible involvement by

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second class (AC2), and would have performed air mechanical duties. He left the service after less than 280 days.

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weeks, in a futile attempt to persuade Atherton to change his anti-communist sentiment and pro-Chetnik position.

540: 497:. Atherton, realizing the severity of his own situation, and of his American companions, continued overland onto 290: 263: 2393:"Axis scheme aided by Yugoslav Rift; Chetnik-Partisan Row Fostered by Invaders as means of weakening opposition" 1111:

in Atherton's likely capture and execution. This view by Brigadier Maclean was reported in the Times of London.

1048:, in modern-day Northern Montenegro. According to some sources, Dakić was a commander of Chetnik battalion from 550:, and suffered fatalities. During this incident Atherton was wounded in a knee and White's femur was shattered. 3382: 3311: 1012:. Novaković survived one more year, however Atherton may still have been betrayed by a rogue band of Chetniks. 729: 184: 1281: 2447: 2072:

Atherton stayed at the Supreme Headquarters of the NOP and DV of Yugoslavia from March 19 to April 15, 1942.

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in period between 12 February 1942 until 10 March 1942 when they headed to supreme Partisan Headquarters in

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Germany and the 2nd World War Volume III: The Mediterranean, south-east Europe, and north Africa, 1939-1941

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concluded that Atherton was murdered and robbed by local Chetnik commander Spasoje Dakić in the village of

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published an article about Atherton and three other foreign correspondents; Russell Hill, Leigh White, and

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In order to evacuate from Belgrade, Atherton acquired a car (a small blue Opel coach) and drove first to

336:, who at the time admired Mussolini and Stalin. Atherton's article is likely to contain a coded message. 254:

By 1934, his articles on a Yugoslavian perspective were being published around the world. He reported on

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Tito would have been fully aware that the British had already established close ties with Mihailović, a

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recognised Atherton, having met him in London prior to World War II, while he was the correspondent of

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Reporting War: How Foreign Correspondents Risked Capture, Torture and Death to capture World War II

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authorities who handed them over to the Germans. Atherton was chosen to lead SOE's second attempt;

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appealed to the United Kingdom for gifts of specimens, preferably in pairs, for a much anticipated

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Shadows on the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance, and the Rivalries that Doomed WWII Yugoslavia

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took place simultaneously. Each mission served as each other's backup to increase the chances of

709: 652: 286: 1654:"Escape to Alexandria, Egypt. Atherton gets shot in the knee. Only British journalist to escape" 1000: 892:

who later confirmed that for Atherton Partisans were only "a bypass or way station" en route to

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in February 1942. Special Operations Executive agents, including a former junior officer of the

467: 2646: 328:. When he eventually emigrated to the United States he was suspected by U.S. agencies as being 3423: 3211: 3207:

Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans: The Special Operations Executive and Yugoslavia, 1941-1945

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Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans: The Special Operations Executive and Yugoslavia 1941-1945

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for ten years. He traveled extensively throughout Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and was fluent in

3297: 2217:, p. 67): "... and on the evening of his arrival at Tito's headquarters in Foca on 19 " 1195: 1069: 963: 925: 889: 850: 570: 521:

and now in control of the Italian forces, in an attempt to safely reach the Greek island of

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Reminiscences--the Struggle for Recognition and Independence: The New Yugoslavia, 1944-1957

2561:"Yugoslavia (War Correspondent's Death), Volume 408: debated on Wednesday 14 February 1945" 1115:

of their own) had died a hero's death on a mission behind enemy lines during World War II.

3137: 1792: 1627: 1551: 1249:, p. 54): "....Major Terence Atherton, who before the war had been a newspaperman in 1108: 1100: 748: 737: 721: 586: 578: 440: 248: 208: 38: 2852:

The National liberation war and revolution in Yugoslavia (1941-1945): selected documents

2012:

The National liberation war and revolution in Yugoslavia (1941-1945): selected documents

1926:

The National liberation war and revolution in Yugoslavia (1941-1945): selected documents

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village of Tatarevina. What became of the other team members of Op Hydra is a mystery.

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Građanski rat u Crnoj Gori: Dešavanja od sredine 1942. godine do sredine 1945. godine

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pro-Chetnik and anticommunist view at the extent that he began arguing with General

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Atherton had a deep knowledge of the Balkans, and was able to fully converse in the

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The War Diaries of Vladimir Dedijer: From November 28, 1942, to September 10, 1943

2347: 3226: 3194: 3173: 3162: 3141: 3117: 3096: 3085: 3043: 3032: 3021: 3000: 2989: 2978: 2967: 2956: 2935: 2914: 2893: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2829: 2808: 2766: 2755: 2544: 2512: 2253: 2168: 2149: 2065: 2010: 1924: 1746: 1726: 1667: 1166:, directed by Sava Mrmak, where he was played by Slovenian actor Majtaž Višnar. 874: 547: 271: 212: 884:

Between then 19 and 22 March 1942, Atherton and members of his mission reached

577:, and onto Alexandria. Atherton was fortunate not to have been a victim of the 1583:

Historical Dictionary of War Journalism by Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson

1073: 1045: 921: 866: 725: 514: 506: 460: 228: 156: 82: 32: 3346: 1341:, p. 193): "... Terence Atherton, the London Daily Mail correspondent." 713: 420: 305: 282: 267: 192: 188: 167:

intelligence officer for Section D and an espionage agent, both in pre-war

66: 62: 862: 808: 533: 2519:... after the assassination of British Major Terence Atherton by Chetniks. 1899:, p. 54): "The second group was headed by Major Terence Atherton...." 1162:

Atherton appears as the main character of the Yugoslav-3 part mini-series

924:. When they arrived at Partisans headquarter near Foča, Atherton also met 561:, Atherton and his companions promptly boarded a train for headed east to 3276: 1250: 1029: 1009: 888:

where they stayed until 15 April 1942. In Foča in March 1942 he also met

854: 767: 666: 644: 582: 471: 405: 244: 219: 168: 2708: 2015:. Military History Institute of the Yugoslav People's Army. p. 267. 704:

Operation Hydra (Yugoslavia) was a failed attempt by the British during

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as an Italian occupation force began entering the ancient walled town.

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who showed him some agreement about alleged Chetniks cooperation with

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local language well, he was the perfect candidate for such a mission.

1147: 636: 554: 424: 401: 391: 356: 355:. Atherton remained just three days at the front before returning to 340: 324:

had been close to Nazi-Germany, and only left Berlin because of the

513:

charts or a compass; only 12 gallons of fuel, some road maps, and a

435:

Atherton successfully escaped from Yugoslavia after the invasion by

1056:

Post war investigation and release of records to the general public

940:, according to the letter sent to Pijade by Tito on 11 April 1942. 266:, just one month before the King of Yugoslavia was assassinated in 753: 687: 659:

Atherton would have known the risks involved. SOE's first mission

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Preparations to a clandestine return into Axis occupied Yugoslavia

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in April 1941, teaming up with 3 American foreign correspondents;

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have not been so favourable to Serb desire for supremacy over the

677:

which departed Alexandria, Egypt in January 1942, a month before

2713: 774: 640: 3240: 2613:"Supplies For The Chetniks' (1946) The Times of London, 18 Jun" 1370:. Durham Review, Ontario, Canada. 22 November 1934. p. 7. 1127: 1052:. According to Dedijer, Dakić was a criminal from Montenegro. 990:

Based on initial testimonies that he was killed by Partisans,

281:

city. On 25 November 1935, Atherton reported to the Editor of

3505:

Special Operations Executive personnel killed in World War II

463:, a month later, with White remaining in hospital in Greece. 1230:"The Special Operations Executive and Yugoslavia, 1941-1945" 2855:. Military History Institute of the Yugoslav People's Army. 1929:. Military History Institute of the Yugoslav People's Army. 665:

was not successful after its members, who parachuted in to

218:

Atherton went on to become a leading British journalist in

1687:. Centralia Evening Sentinel, Illinois, 3 June. p. 9. 3143:

War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks

2937:

United States Foreign Policy Toward Yugoslavia: 1943-1963

1440:. Washington Evening Star. 13 September 1934. p. 16. 1368:"English Newspaper serves all Balkans: The Balkan Herald" 865:

Partisan Detachment Atherton in Partisan Headquarter for

447:; Leigh White (1914-1968) from Vermont, a writer for the 1701:. Washington Evening Star, 25 January. 1942. p. 62. 1656:. The Mail, Adelaide, Australia, 3 May. 1941. p. 3. 2709:"The Mission of Major Atherton (Yugoslavian TV series)" 431:

Axis invasion and escape from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

2768:

Deception Operations: Studies in the East-West Context

1126:

Some authors blame the persistent misreporting of the

486:

and other forces, was by using a small British radio.

2191:

had an exhausting argument with the English officer."

2151:

Glasnik Srpskog istorijsko-kulturnog društva "Njegoš"

1809:, p. 54): "....having had no word from Hudson…." 2919:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 2757:

Genocide against Bosniaks in World War II: Documents

2163: 2161: 2009:

Vojnoistorijski institut (Belgrade, Serbia) (1982).

1923:

Vojnoistorijski institut (Belgrade, Serbia) (1982).

1142:

Atherton is honoured and remembered, as part of the

3391: 3355: 3284: 3146:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2298: 2296: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1392: 1390: 140: 130: 120: 107: 89: 72: 49: 23: 2988:Nathan, George Jean; Mencken, Henry Louis (1943). 2760:. Muslim Association for Antigenocidal Activities. 2630: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1146:. His memorial is at the Phaleron War Cemetery in 1036:According to the late Croatian military historian 944:Atherton as soon as they realised they left Foča. 2269: 2267: 2265: 1685:"Escape by Reporter from Nazi Invaders Described" 1669:Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan 1024:Atherton and O'Donovan, his radio operator, left 970:in April 1943. Another simultaneous SOE mission, 351:during November 1940 in what became known as the 211:on 27 November 1925. He joined the service as an 2330:"Trial Of General Mihailovitch. (1946, June 11)" 1517:. Sydney Daily Telegraph, 8 November. p. 1. 627:The British already facilitated contact between 2677: 2664: 1022: 3460:British Special Operations Executive personnel 2336:. The Times (London). 11 June 1946. p. 4. 1580:Roth, Mitchel P.; Olson, James Stuart (1997). 1459:. The Times (London), 29 November. p. 10. 1123:were not open to the public until April 2003. 794:took Atherton to the Partisan headquarters in 3475:British Army personnel killed in World War II 3252: 2448:"Mihailović Lieutenant Kills British Officer" 2361: 1488:. Auckland Star,11 December. 1939. p. 5. 155:(3 August 1902 – 15 July 1942) was a British 8: 2980:Krcun: (životopis Slobodana Penezića Krcuna) 2958:Četnički pokret Draže Mihailovića: 1941-1945 2450:. Melbourne Argus, 18 June. 1946. p. 1. 2084: 1751:. Newsweek, Incorporated. 1941. p. 57. 1502:. Auckland Star, 14 March. 1940. p. 18. 1472:"Points from Letters: Wolves of the Balkans" 1362: 1360: 1186:Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines 844:of supreme command near Foča. Tito informed 37:Atherton (on the right with pipe) alongside 3066:Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941-1945 1321:"Royal Air Force Records for A.T. Atherton" 443:(1902-2003) from Chicago, a writer for the 347:were combating the Italian incursions from 3259: 3245: 3237: 3164:Četnici u Drugom svjetskom ratu: 1941-1945 2765:Charters, David; Tugwell, Maurice (1990). 2647:"A Terence Atherton, Reference: HS 9/59/3" 2422: 2316: 1474:. The Times (London), 3 March. p. 10. 643:general, the self-appointed leader of the 362:Atherton was in-country when the Yugoslav 31: 20: 2473: 2434: 2227: 2123: 2039: 1996: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1532:. Melbourne Argus, 8 November. p. 1. 1530:"Need for Fighters - Italian Air Control" 489:SOE's priority was to assist in ensuring 372:Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact 207:as a bank clerk. He enlisted within the 2531: 2303: 2240: 2214: 2201: 2184: 2052: 1983: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1500:"Prince's Marriage - Wife is US actress" 1351: 1338: 1191:Charles Armstrong (British Army officer) 645:Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army 493:escaped on a plane to Greece before the 374:on 25 March 1941. However a pro-British 203:From 1919, Atherton was employed by the 3175:Diverse forces in Yugoslavia: 1941-1945 3116:Šuvar, Mira; Velebit, Vladimir (2001). 2499: 2410: 2097: 1953: 1896: 1856: 1819: 1806: 1672:. International Magazine Company. 1941. 1397: 1300:"1911 census records for A.T. Atherton" 1246: 1215: 1207: 3495:20th-century Royal Air Force personnel 2961:. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod. 2460: 2287: 2136: 2110: 2026: 1832: 1725:Hammerton, Sir John Alexander (1941). 1712: 1040:, the investigation led by Hudson and 16:British espionage agent and journalist 2549:. Aktuelna pitanja socijalizma. 1981. 2486: 2274: 1607: 1381: 1315: 1313: 839:orders sent with Atherton's mission. 539:The voyage south coincided with the 308:gave Yugoslavia a common border with 256:Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark 7: 2913:Kurapovna, Marcia Christoff (2009). 1940: 1699:"From the land of the silent people" 1515:"Greeks Desperate Need of Warplanes" 647:, and the British liaison officer, 501:, and then onto the coastal port of 187:on 24 November 1887. He was born in 3119:Vladimir Velebit: svjedok historije 318:Princess Nadejda Petrovna of Russia 3480:British Army General List officers 2802:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2798:Deakin, Frederick William (1971). 2733:Carmichael, Cathie (2 July 2015). 1731:. Amalgamated Press. p. 525. 14: 3490:Military personnel from Liverpool 3210:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 2871:Jovanović, Aleksandar S. (1999). 2651:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk 2593:Brewer, Sam Pope (17 June 1946). 293:. Whereas the Mayor of Belgrade, 3470:20th-century British journalists 3267: 2813:. University of Michigan Press. 2574:Sulzberger, C.L (12 June 1946). 1550:Osborn, John (2 November 2017). 1097:Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet 1082:Under-Secretary of State for War 826:Atherton had to travel from the 378:deposed the regent and declared 359:, previously known as Monastir. 285:of the donation of animals from 94: 3275:missions to Draža Mihailović's 3098:Dnevnik 1941-1945: V partizanih 2940:. University Press of America. 1028:on 22 April for the village of 3228:Raste ustanak: I ovo da se zna 3042:Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1994). 2739:. Cambridge University Press. 2635:. Sunday Times , 14 Feb. 1988. 2632:""New list of war criminals."" 2546:Socialist Thought and Practice 1282:"Entry for Arthur T. Atherton" 803:An initial Chetnik perspective 1: 2793:. Bedford: Bedford Books Ltd. 2399:. 31 January 1943. p. 8. 1164:The Mission of Major Atherton 758:British submarine HMS Thorn, 205:Bank of Liverpool and Martins 3409:Office of Strategic Services 3404:Special Operations Executive 3399:Yugoslav government-in-exile 3172:Vukcevich, Bosko S. (1990). 3167:. Sveučilišna naklada Liber. 3069:. Rutgers University Press. 2994:. American Mercury Magazine. 1765:McConville, Michael (1986). 1235:. University of Southampton. 1068:On 14 February 1945, in the 906:Independent State of Croatia 837:Yugoslav government-in-exile 708:to develop contact with the 700:Operation Hydra (Yugoslavia) 633:Yugoslav government-in-exile 453:Columbia Broadcasting System 306:German annexation of Austria 165:Special Operations Executive 145:Operation Hydra (Yugoslavia) 114:Special Operations Executive 3063:Roberts, Walter R. (1973). 3020:Radlovic, I. Monte (1948). 2736:A Concise History of Bosnia 2678:Charters & Tugwell 1990 2665:Charters & Tugwell 1990 1795:. British Embassy Belgrade. 457:The New York Herald Tribune 260:Prince George, Duke of Kent 3521: 3204:Williams, Heather (2003). 2807:Dedijer, Vladimir (1990). 2619:. 18 June 1946. p. 3. 1410:Williams, Heather (2003). 1228:Williams, Heather (1994). 902:Communist Party of Croatia 697: 557:, situated on the western 173:World War II in Yugoslavia 3429:Mission Greenwood–Rootham 3323:Charles Douglas Armstrong 3084:St. John, Robert (1948). 2999:Pleterski, Janko (2008). 2934:Larson, David L. (1979). 2860:John, Robert St. (1957). 2691:"Commonwealth War Graves" 2362:Nathan & Mencken 1943 1875:. Yale University Press. 1869:Ray Moseley, Ray (2017). 1268:British Embassy, Belgrade 1253:and was a member of SOE." 1176:Yugoslavia and the Allies 732:were to be put ashore at 720:resistance group led by 669:and were captured by the 541:German invasion of Greece 366:yielded to pressure from 304:The following year, the 291:Prince Paul of Yugoslavia 264:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 30: 3161:Tomašević, Jozo (1979). 2969:Ivan Milutinović Milutin 2892:Kardelj, Edvard (1982). 2563:. Hansard UK Parliament. 2085:Šuvar & Velebit 2001 1683:St John, Robert (1941). 730:Royal Yugoslav Air Force 185:Lindley, North Yorkshire 41:during February 1942 in 3465:British anti-communists 3225:Zečević, Vlada (1968). 3095:Šnuderl, Makso (1994). 3087:The Silent People Speak 3031:Redžić, Vučeta (2002). 2966:Marković, Lazo (1970). 2514:Vojno-istoriski glasnik 2067:Vojno-istoriski glasnik 1528:Atherton, A.T. (1940). 1513:Atherton, A.T. (1940). 1438:"Good luck charm works" 1132:Ministry of Information 1003:, a 60 year old former 958:Subsequent SOE missions 495:unconditional surrender 326:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 153:Arthur Terence Atherton 3500:Royal Air Force airmen 2955:Latas, Branko (1979). 2898:. Blond & Briggs. 2834:. Library of America. 2800:The Embattled Mountain 1181:History of the Balkans 1034: 782:A Partisan perspective 763: 607:South Slavic languages 491:Peter II of Yugoslavia 455:; and Russell Hill of 397:British Foreign Office 380:Peter II of Yugoslavia 3485:People from Wavertree 3199:. C. Scribner's sons. 3196:The Long Balkan Night 3193:White, Leigh (1944). 3178:. Authors Unlimited. 2977:Matić, Boško (1984). 2863:Foreign correspondent 2831:Reporting World War 2 2828:Hersey, John (2001). 2754:Čekić, Smail (1996). 1470:Atherton, T. (1937). 1451:Atherton, T. (1935). 1286:Atherton.one-name.net 1144:General Service Corps 757: 224:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 135:General Service Corps 3026:. Coldharbour Press. 2991:The American Mercury 2517:. 1986. p. 78. 2258:. 1971. p. 322. 2070:. 1986. p. 78. 1554:. History of Warfare 999:An account given by 972:Operation Hoathley 1 553:Once in the port of 417:Operation Punishment 262:and their gift from 3365:Walter R. Mansfield 3101:. Založba Obzorja. 1728:The War Illustrated 1586:. Greenwood Press. 1453:"A Zoo In Belgrade" 1138:Memorial and legacy 1086:Arthur Henderson MP 649:Duane "Bill" Hudson 484:Royal Yugoslav Army 334:George Bernard Shaw 283:The Times of London 251:, of Muslim faith. 3414:Operation Bullseye 3370:Robert H. McDowell 2849:Institute (1982). 2599:The New York Times 2580:The New York Times 2397:The New York Times 2379:The New York Times 1099:, responsible for 993:The New York Times 869:and Gulf Kotor in 818:Sequence of events 764: 710:Yugoslav Partisans 662:Operation Disclaim 653:Operation Bullseye 618:Intelligence Corps 287:Tierpark Hagenbeck 3437: 3436: 3424:Operation Halyard 3316:Kenneth Greenlees 3217:978-1-85065-592-3 3185:978-1-55666-053-5 3153:978-0-8047-0857-9 3129:978-953-6985-00-5 3108:978-86-377-0739-4 3076:978-0-8135-0740-8 3055:978-0-09-471260-7 3012:978-961-241-261-6 2972:. Grafički zavod. 2947:978-0-8191-0669-8 2926:978-0-47061-566-9 2905:978-0-85634-135-9 2841:978-1-931082-05-1 2820:978-0-472-10109-2 2778:978-0-08-036706-4 2746:978-1-107-01615-6 2255:Istorijski zapisi 2170:Istorijski zapisi 1793:"SOE in Belgrade" 1624:Gerhard Schreiber 1121:National Archives 1005:Brigadier General 938:Petar Nedeljković 559:Peloponnese coast 412:under his watch. 387:Dragiša Cvetković 370:and declared the 353:Greco-Italian War 343:to cover how the 339:Atherton went to 258:’s engagement to 161:War correspondent 150: 149: 3512: 3374:Ellsworth Kramer 3342:Zaharije Ostojić 3302: 3294:Terence Atherton 3271: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3200: 3189: 3168: 3157: 3138:Tomasevich, Jozo 3133: 3112: 3091: 3080: 3059: 3038: 3027: 3016: 2995: 2984: 2973: 2962: 2951: 2930: 2909: 2888: 2867: 2856: 2845: 2824: 2803: 2794: 2791:Partisan Picture 2782: 2761: 2750: 2719: 2718: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2381:. 1 August 1945. 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1722: 1716: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1635: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1577: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1552:"Belgrade Blitz" 1547: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1407: 1401: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1260: 1254: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1196:Western betrayal 1070:House of Commons 964:Operation Fungus 926:Vladimir Dedijer 917:Ivan Milutinović 894:Draža Mihailović 890:Vladimir Velebit 851:Vladimir Dedijer 841:Ivan Milutinović 736:, just north of 629:Draža Mihailović 445:Associated Press 395:interest by the 109: 100: 98: 97: 79: 59: 57: 35: 25:Terence Atherton 21: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3419:Operation Hydra 3387: 3351: 3298: 3280: 3265: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3192: 3186: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3136: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3030: 3019: 3013: 2998: 2987: 2983:. Dečje novine. 2976: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2933: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2870: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2806: 2797: 2787:Davidson, Basil 2785: 2779: 2764: 2753: 2747: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2423:Tomasevich 1975 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2317:Carmichael 2015 2314: 2310: 2301: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2182: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2154:. Njegoš. 1992. 2148: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1638: 1628:Bernd Stegemann 1618: 1614: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1537: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1388: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1172: 1160: 1140: 1109:Dinara Division 1101:Maclean Mission 1058: 1001:Ljubo Novaković 984: 966:which departed 960: 833:Jovan Tomašević 820: 805: 784: 760:Operation Hydra 738:Petrovac, Budva 722:Josip Broz Tito 702: 696: 694:Operation Hydra 675:Operation Hydra 595: 587:Robert St. John 579:Slamat disaster 468:Banja Koviljača 441:Robert St. John 433: 209:Royal Air Force 201: 181: 95: 93: 81: 77: 61: 55: 53: 45: 39:Josip Broz Tito 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3392:Related topics 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3378:George Musulin 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3334:Jasper Rootham 3331: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312:William Bailey 3309: 3304: 3290: 3288: 3286:United Kingdom 3282: 3281: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3134: 3128: 3113: 3107: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3039: 3028: 3023:Titoś Republic 3017: 3011: 2996: 2985: 2974: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2910: 2904: 2889: 2883: 2868: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2804: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2700: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2638: 2622: 2604: 2585: 2566: 2552: 2536: 2523: 2504: 2502:, p. 168) 2491: 2489:, p. 581) 2478: 2476:, p. 257) 2474:Tomašević 1979 2465: 2463:, p. 174. 2453: 2439: 2435:Kurapovna 2009 2427: 2425:, p. 129. 2415: 2402: 2384: 2366: 2353: 2339: 2321: 2308: 2292: 2290:, p. 191) 2279: 2277:, p. 364) 2261: 2245: 2232: 2228:Pleterski 2008 2219: 2206: 2193: 2176: 2157: 2141: 2139:, p. 254) 2128: 2124:Jovanović 1999 2115: 2102: 2089: 2076: 2057: 2044: 2042:, p. 266) 2040:Institute 1982 2031: 2018: 2001: 1997:Vukcevich 1990 1988: 1958: 1945: 1943:, p. 280) 1932: 1915: 1901: 1888: 1881: 1861: 1837: 1824: 1811: 1798: 1784: 1777: 1757: 1738: 1717: 1715:, p. 837) 1704: 1690: 1675: 1659: 1636: 1634:, 1995, p. 484 1612: 1610:, p. 242) 1599: 1592: 1565: 1535: 1520: 1505: 1491: 1486:"Full of Food" 1477: 1462: 1443: 1429: 1422: 1402: 1400:, p. 165) 1386: 1384:, p. 108) 1373: 1356: 1343: 1330: 1309: 1291: 1273: 1255: 1238: 1220: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1159: 1156: 1139: 1136: 1057: 1054: 1042:William Bailey 1038:Jozo Tomašević 983: 980: 959: 956: 828:Adriatic coast 819: 816: 804: 801: 783: 780: 712:, the leading 698:Main article: 695: 692: 679:James Klugmann 594: 591: 470:and then onto 432: 429: 345:Metaxas Regime 237:Serbo-Croatian 233:Daily Dispatch 229:The Daily Mail 200: 197: 180: 177: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 111: 105: 104: 102:United Kingdom 91: 87: 86: 80:(aged 39) 74: 70: 69: 51: 47: 46: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3357:United States 3354: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048:. Constable. 3047: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2884:9788670261266 2880: 2876: 2875: 2874:Broz i Hrvati 2869: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771:. Brassey's. 2770: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2680:, p. 72) 2679: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 74) 2666: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532:Davidson 1946 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437:, p. 90. 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2306:, p. 68) 2305: 2304:Williams 2003 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2243:, p. 67) 2242: 2241:Williams 2003 2236: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2215:Williams 2003 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202:Williams 2003 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:Marković 1970 2180: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2113:, p. 45) 2112: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053:Radlovic 1948 2048: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1986:, p. 69) 1985: 1984:Williams 2003 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1882:9780300226348 1878: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1862: 1859:, p. 54) 1858: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1822:, p. 33) 1821: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1778:9780333386750 1774: 1771:. Macmillan. 1770: 1769: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1593:9780313291715 1589: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1423:9781850655923 1419: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Radlovic 1948 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339:St. John 1948 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1158:Dramatisation 1157: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1105:Momčilo Đujić 1102: 1098: 1095:In the 1988, 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 994: 988: 981: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 955: 952: 948: 945: 941: 939: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 913: 909: 907: 903: 897: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 858: 856: 852: 847: 842: 838: 834: 829: 824: 817: 815: 812: 810: 802: 800: 797: 793: 787: 781: 779: 776: 771: 769: 761: 756: 752: 750: 744: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 701: 693: 691: 689: 684: 683:Budva Riviera 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 619: 615: 610: 608: 603: 601: 592: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 480:Dušan Simović 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:New York Post 446: 442: 438: 430: 428: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:prince regent 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:Russian noble 319: 313: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 240: 238: 234: 230: 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 198: 196: 194: 190: 186: 178: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 112: 106: 103: 92: 88: 84: 75: 71: 68: 64: 60:3 August 1902 52: 48: 44: 40: 34: 29: 22: 19: 3347:Michael Lees 3327:Albert Seitz 3299: 3293: 3279:headquarters 3227: 3206: 3195: 3174: 3163: 3142: 3118: 3097: 3090:. Doubleday. 3086: 3065: 3044: 3033: 3022: 3005:. Modrijan. 3001: 2990: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2936: 2915: 2894: 2873: 2866:. Doubleday. 2862: 2851: 2830: 2809: 2799: 2790: 2767: 2756: 2735: 2726:Bibliography 2712: 2703: 2695:Ancestry.com 2694: 2685: 2672: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2588: 2579: 2569: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2526: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2500:Dedijer 1990 2494: 2481: 2468: 2456: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2411:Dedijer 1990 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2356: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2311: 2282: 2254: 2248: 2235: 2222: 2209: 2196: 2179: 2169: 2150: 2144: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2098:Roberts 1973 2092: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2047: 2034: 2021: 2011: 2004: 1991: 1954:Kardelj 1982 1948: 1935: 1925: 1918: 1904: 1897:Roberts 1973 1891: 1871: 1864: 1857:Roberts 1973 1827: 1820:Kardelj 1982 1814: 1807:Roberts 1973 1801: 1787: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1707: 1693: 1678: 1668: 1662: 1632:Detlef Vogel 1619: 1615: 1602: 1582: 1556:. Retrieved 1523: 1508: 1494: 1480: 1465: 1456: 1446: 1432: 1412: 1405: 1398:Zečević 1968 1376: 1346: 1333: 1325:Ancestry.com 1324: 1304:Ancestry.com 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1247:Roberts 1973 1241: 1223: 1216:Šnuderl 1994 1210: 1163: 1161: 1152: 1141: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1094: 1090: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1035: 1023: 1018: 1014: 998: 991: 989: 985: 982:Testimonials 968:Derna, Libya 961: 953: 949: 946: 942: 934: 914: 910: 898: 883: 859: 825: 821: 813: 806: 788: 785: 772: 765: 745: 718:Anti-fascist 706:World War II 703: 660: 658: 626: 622: 611: 604: 596: 552: 548:dive bombers 538: 530:Italian Navy 527: 511: 488: 465: 434: 414: 384: 361: 338: 330:Lord Haw-Haw 314: 310:Nazi Germany 303: 299:Belgrade Zoo 276: 270:whilst on a 253: 241: 217: 202: 182: 152: 151: 141:Battles/wars 85:, Yugoslavia 78:(1942-07-15) 76:15 July 1942 18: 3455:1942 deaths 3450:1902 births 3383:Nick Lalich 3338:Robert Wade 3330:Archie Jack 3307:Bill Hudson 3231:. Prosveta. 2461:Deakin 1971 2288:Ridley 1994 2189:Milutinović 2137:Redžić 2002 2111:Larson 1979 2027:Ridley 1994 1912:. UBoatNet. 1833:Larson 1979 1713:Hersey 2001 1558:18 December 930:Milan Nedić 875:Danilovgrad 792:Moša Pijade 734:Perazića Do 437:Axis forces 376:coup d'état 274:to France. 272:state visit 213:aircraftman 171:and during 3444:Categories 3319:Neil Selby 3122:. Razlog. 3037:. Stupovi. 2487:Čekić 1996 2350:. Bonhams. 2275:Latas 1979 1608:White 1944 1382:Matić 1984 1202:References 1074:Irene Ward 1046:Tatarovina 1030:Tatarovina 867:Montenegro 726:Montenegro 612:Whilst in 571:HMS Havock 515:gunny sack 507:Montenegro 461:Alexandria 295:Vlada Ilić 179:Early life 157:journalist 90:Allegiance 83:Tatarovina 56:1902-08-03 2617:The Times 2334:The Times 1941:John 1957 1457:The Times 1416:. Hurst. 978:success. 846:Comintern 749:HMS Thorn 714:Communist 421:armistice 268:Marseille 193:Liverpool 189:Wavertree 67:Liverpool 63:Wavertree 3140:(1975). 2877:. 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