1296:
690:, was reduced and did not touch the ground, while the others, corresponding to the second, third and fourth toes, were kept on the ground. Analysis of the resistance of the toes based on biomechanical models of curved beams, in particular of the second toe and its nail claw, indicate that it was modified into a "sickle claw" and was relatively uniform in various species and said claw would be relatively curved and large, which implies the need to keep it elevated to avoid wear or breakage due to contact with the ground, which would be achieved with a well-developed extensor tubercle and soft tissue pads on the fingers. The second toe, which was shorter and had fewer phalanges, also had more resistance and would make it easier to hold the claw off the ground and retain prey, a compromise with its predatory function and movement on the run, as occurs with modern seriemas, although to a lesser degree of specialization than
642:(BNS), while it has high neural spines in its lower regions. This suggests that the phorusrhacid had a highly flexible and developed neck allowing it to carry its heavy head and strike with terrifying speed and power. Although the phorusrhacid externally looks like it has a short neck, its flexible skeletal neck structure proves that it could expand farther beyond the expected reach and intimidate its prey using its height, allowing it to strike more easily. Once stretched out into its full length in preparation for a downward strike, its developed neck muscles and heavy head could produce enough momentum and power to cause fatal damage to the terror bird's prey.
130:
5512:
821:
731:
711:
5548:
154:
1022:
631:
4416:; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014).
5523:
783:
671:
tall, but the new fossil belongs to a bird that probably stood about 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. Scientists theorize that the large terror birds were extremely nimble and quick runners, able to reach speeds of 48 km/h (30 mph). Examination of phorusrhacid habitats also indicates that phorusrhacids may have presented intense competition to predatory metatherian
5518:
5560:
3060:
816:
The bones of the beak were tightly fused together, making the beak more resilient to force from the front to back direction, thus suggesting that it could cause a great amount of harm through pecking as opposed to side-to-side head movements like shaking prey. Generally speaking, it is thought that a
2344:
However, the role of competitive displacement in South
American predator lineages has been questioned by some researchers. The timing of turnover events and the decline of South American predators do not correlate well with the arrival of large carnivores like canids or sabretooths (although they do
859:
All phorusrhacids are thought to have been carnivorous. The strong downwards curve from the tip of this beak suggests that it ripped the flesh from the body of other animals; many extant bird species with this feature are carnivorous. CT scans performed on the skull of a phorusrhacid reveal that the
2388:
may have been present until 96,040 ± 6,300 years ago (maximum age obtained from the bottom of the fossil-containing stratum), which would extend the existence of the smaller members of this group of avian predators considerably. Another unidentified smaller type which may be a possible psilopterine
670:
yet found. The fossil has been described as being a 71-centimetre (28 in), nearly intact skull. The beak is roughly 46 cm (18 in) long and curves in a hook shape that resembles an eagle's beak. Most species described as phorusrhacid birds were smaller, 60–90 cm (2.0–3.0 ft)
812:
have weaker bite forces and often laterally weak skulls as adaptations towards, not away from, killing large prey, relying instead on the presence of a cutting edge, a wide gape made possible by the reduction of jaw musculature, and the driving force of the body or neck. Since phorusrhacids share
795:
Most phorusrhacids were very fast runners. All members possessed a large, sharp beak, a powerful neck and sharp talons. However, even with these attributes, the phorusrhacids are often assumed to have preyed on relatively small animals (about the size of a rabbit) that could be dispatched with a
4784:
Cid, A.S.; Anjos, R.M.; Zamboni, C.B.; Cardoso, R.; Muniz, M.; Corona, A.; Valladares, D.L.; Kovacs, L.; Macario, K.; Perea, D.; Goso, C.; Velasco, H. (2014). "Na, K, Ca, Mg, and U-series in fossil bone and the proposal of a radial diffusion–adsorption model of uranium uptake".
817:
terror bird would use its feet to injure prey by kicking it, and to hold the prey down and dispatch by pecking at it with its large beak. Larger prey may also have been attacked by pecking and kicking, or by using the beak as a blade to strike at or slash vital organs.
763:(areas found in the nose) were found to be more square than triangular. These all contribute to a skull that is more rectangular in view rather than triangular. The structure of the fossils also suggest that these birds may have been swifter than originally thought.
2332:
as early as 7.3 million years ago.) The population of phorusrhacids declined thereafter according to older hypotheses, suggesting that competition with newly arrived predators was a major contributor to their extinction. Similar ideas have been considered for
566:
are included. However, the taxonomic placement of both taxa within phorusrhacids are considered highly questionable, and their remains are too fragmentary to be included in phylogenetic analyses. Possible specimens have also been discovered from the
4206:
Federico J. Degrange; Claudia P. Tambussi; MatĂas L. Taglioretti; Alejandro Dondas; Fernando
Scaglia (2015). "A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds".
999:
in the family
Cariamidae. While they are the most taxon-rich group within Cariamiformes, the interrelationships between phorusrhacids are unclear due to the incompleteness of their remains. A lineage of related predatory birds, the
2320:
During the
Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, there was an increase in the phorusrhacid population size in South America, suggesting that, in that time frame, the various species flourished as predators in the savanna environment.
2349:
in South
America, but these were omnivorous), with native South American predator lineages (including most phorusrhacids and all sparassodonts and sebecids) dying out well before the arrival of most larger placental carnivores.
2373:
There were some suggestions that phorusrhacids, like the majority of
Pleistocene megafauna, were killed off by human activity such as hunting or habitat change. This idea is no longer considered valid, as improved dating on
796:
minimum of struggle. This is because with the phorusrhacids' beak proportions, the jaw could not generate a great deal of bite force with which to kill the prey. This is disputable as many big-game hunting predators such as
2426:
may have been able to fly briefly in a clumsy manner, primarily to reach the treetops for nesting and protection, on the basis of body mass estimates and hindlimb proportions being similar to those of certain birds like
2354:, which were similar in ecology and are likely close relatives of phorusrhacids, existed entirely within North America during part of the Cenozoic and competed successfully for a time with large carnivorans such as
2397:
for the molar enamel samples of a proboscidean from the same site, but the validity of this previous radiocarbon dating has been considered highly questionable due to the enamel's lack of collagen; the tibia of
813:
many of the same adaptations, such as a large, laterally flattened skull with a sharp-edged beak and powerful neck musculature, it is possible that they were specialized predators of relatively large prey.
702:, showcasing a trackway made by a mid-to-large sized terror bird with functionally didactyl footprints, the inner toe with the sickle claw raised mostly off the ground akin to their Mesozoic counterparts.
1295:
746:
though there was never enough empirical evidence to support this. However, new fossils have been discovered in
Comallo, Argentina. These skulls reveal that the terror bird has a triangular dorsal view, a
2378:
specimens show that the last phorusrhacids went extinct over one million years before humans arrived. However, several fossil finds of smaller forms have been described from the late
Pleistocene of
3885:"Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North American Bathornis grallator —one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)"
2550:
Ameghino, F (1889). "ContribuiciĂłn al conocimiento de los mamĂferos fĂłsiles de la RepĂşblica
Argentina" [Contribution to the knowledge of fossil mammals in the Argentine Republic].
774:. The discovery of this skull allows for the establishment of primary osteological homologies, which are useful in comparative anatomy, functional morphology, and phylogenetic studies.
766:
A skull from a smaller subspecies of this bird was also found recently. With this fossil, it was found that the internal structure of the beak is hollow and reinforced with thin-walled
4682:
Prevosti, Francisco J; Forasiepi, AnalĂa; Zimicz, Natalia (2013). "The
Evolution Of The Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild In South America: Competition Or Replacement?".
1004:, occupied North America prior to the arrival of phorusrhacids, living from the Eocene to Miocene and filled a similar niche to phorusrhacids. Only one genus belongs in the family,
2513:
Jones, W.; Rinderknecht, A.; Alvarenga, H.; Montenegro, F.; Ubilla, M. (2017). "The last terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): new evidence from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay".
3734:
Nasif, Norma L.; Esteban, Graciela I.; Ortiz, Pablo E. (2009). "Novedoso hallazgo de egagrĂłpilas en el Mioceno tardĂo, FormaciĂłn Andalhuala, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina".
2569:
Degrange, F.J. (2015). "Hind limb morphometry of terror birds (Aves, Cariamiformes, Phorusrhacidae): functional implications for substrate preferences and locomotor lifestyle".
888:. However, Ameghino never formally described these specimens and they have not yet been relocated, making it difficult to determine if they are phorusrhacid pellets. Fossilized
2328:
2.7 million years ago, carnivorous dogs, bears, and cats from North America were able to cross into South America, increasing competition. (They had been preceded by
5649:
880:, with all their bones crushed and corroded, piled on with no apparent order and forming a nearly spherical mass with the skull in the center" that resembled giant
851:, while very fast runners in a straight line, were poor at tight turns at speed, which contradicts the idea of phorusrhacids being agile predators of small prey.
2404:
from the same site has been more precisely dated to a mean value of approximately 21,600 ± 1,000 years ago based on gamma spectrometry and radiocarbon dating.
1247:: These species were the product of adaptive radiation. The following classification is based on LaBarge, Garderner & Organ (2024), and taxa identified as
4007:
Federico L. Agnolin & Pablo Chafrat (2015). "New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina".
1709:
from Europe in the phorusrhacoids; these have meanwhile turned out to be more basal members of Cariamae. Though traditionally considered as members of the
3646:
Semicircular canal shape within Aves and non-avian Theropoda: Utilizing geometric morphometrics to correlate life history with canal cross-sectional shape
5733:
5728:
5636:
2364:
expanded northward into a southern North America during the Interchange and coexisted for several million years with large canids and big cats like
4888:
4500:
3285:
Bertelli, Sara; Chiappe, Luis M; Tambussi, Claudia (2007). "A New Phorusrhacid (Aves: Cariamae) from the Middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina".
2844:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Tabuce, R.; Mahboubi, M’hammed; Adaci, Mohammed; Bensalah, Mustapha (2011). "A Phororhacoid bird from the Eocene of Africa".
770:. There is also an absence of both zona flexoria palatina and zona flexoria arcus jugalis, which are key features that relate to the evolution of
469:, would have weighed up to 350 kilograms (770 lb). Their closest modern-day relatives are believed to be the 80-centimetre-tall (31 in)
2992:
Mayr, G. (2022). "Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies), Falconiformes (Falcons), and Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies)".
683:, causing the mammalian predators to choose forested habitats to avoid the more successful and aggressive avian predators on the open plains.
3009:
5511:
964:
4177:
3659:
129:
3972:
5713:
4185:. Raising Questions in the central Mojave Desert: The 2013 Desrt Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings. pp. 181–183. Archived from
4078:
Alvarenga, Herculano (2014). "South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds — Paleobiogeographic Affinities and Disparities".
3973:"Review Of The Putative Phorusrhacidae From The Cretaceous And Paleogene Of Antarctica: New Records Of Ratites And Pelagornithid Birds"
1364:, Argentina) — gigantic species, standing on average 8.6 feet (2.6 m) high. Placement in Phorusrhacidae and/or monophyly disputed.
5738:
3710:
3135:
Cracraft, J. (1968). "A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae".
3116:
3030:
LaBarge, T. W.; Gardner, J. D.; Organ, C. L. (2024). "The evolution and ecology of gigantism in terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae)".
2973:
2797:
MacFadden, Bruce J.; Labs-Hochstein, Joann; Hulbert, Richard C.; Baskin, Jon A. (2007). "Revised age of the late Neogene terror bird (
2757:
622:, though this has been seriously contested, as these might have evolved independently for the same carnivorous, flightless lifestyle.
2473:
Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; Jones, W. (2024). "Insights on the oldest terror bird (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the Eocene of Argentina".
5708:
3329:
5718:
3348:
Nuevos aportes sobre la paleobiologĂa de los fororrácidos (Aves: Phorusrhacidae) basados en el análisis de estructuras biolĂłgicas
4728:
4123:"The youngest large carnassial bird (Phorusrhacidae, Phorusrhacinae) from South America (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of Uruguay)"
2515:
1617:
1547:
1505:
1357:
956:, but their differences in body mass are too drastic and, thus, one cannot overly depend on these living families for answers.
724:
3353:
New contributions on the paleobiology of phororrhacids (Aves: Phorusrhacidae) based on the analysis of biological structures
4179:
The Terror Bird, Titanis (Phorusrhacidae) from Pliocene Olla Formation, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Southern California
3884:
2394:
5538:
153:
3073:
972:
752:
4629:
3754:
3346:
884:, suggesting that phorusrhacids may have swallowed their prey whole and regurgitated the indigestible parts similar to
820:
4881:
1808:
1575:
3563:
1484:
865:
659:
3074:"Were terror birds the apex continental predators of Antarctica? New findings in the early Eocene of Seymour Island"
1696:
4417:
4305:
Hackett, Shannon J.; et al. (2008-06-27). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History".
2242:
638:
The neck can be divided into three main regions. In the higher regions of the neck, the phorusrhacid has bifurcate
492:
3137:
4860:
4763:"Taphonomy, sedimentology and chronology of a fossiliferous outcrop from the continental Pleistocene of Uruguay"
3777:
2393:
has also been dated to the late Pleistocene, perhaps 17,620 ± 100 years ago based on radiocarbon analysis using
3863:"A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae"
3862:
2143:
260:
4536:
4513:
3298:
1625:
860:
species would not have been able to shake its prey side to side, but rather exert significant downward force.
1679:
5723:
5703:
3700:
2161:
1033:
Phylogenetic analysis of Cariamiformes and their relatives according to Mayr (2016) in his redescription of
1445:
up to 9.8 feet (3.0 m) high), but somewhat slender and decidedly more nimble than the Brontornithinae
1280:
5576:
4874:
1783:
1654:
1592:
1361:
4845:
699:
5675:
4585:
Gasparini, Zulma (September 1984). "New Tertiary Sebecosuchia (Crocodylia: Mesosuchia) from Argentina".
1947:
1413:
1319:
4729:"The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay"
1336:
4261:
527:
dating to 96,040 ± 6,300 years ago would imply that phorusrhacids survived in South America until the
5623:
5522:
4794:
4594:
4551:
4432:
4369:
4314:
4216:
4134:
4016:
3896:
3827:
3598:
3502:
3445:
3383:
3239:
2913:
2853:
2810:
2766:
2578:
2179:
1999:
1981:
1833:
1650:
889:
881:
767:
5471:
710:
513:
became extinct in North America around the time of the arrival of humans, but subsequent datings of
491:. This makes the phorusrhacids the only known large South American predator to migrate north in the
5614:
5552:
2704:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens"
2061:
1929:
1430:
917:
861:
568:
223:
5156:
4840:
4498:
Webb, S. David (23 August 2006). "The Great American Biotic Interchange: Patterns and Processes".
2448:
To be specific, this is the maximum age obtained from the bottom of the fossil-containing stratum.
730:
455:
They ranged in height from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft). One of the largest specimens from the
5441:
5233:
5163:
5103:
5006:
4709:
4610:
4517:
4338:
4242:
4158:
4103:
3920:
3843:
3648:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th Annual Meeting At: Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
3518:
3471:
3302:
2877:
2826:
2532:
2486:
1851:
1767:
1026:
313:
148:
5517:
5255:
5223:
5177:
5016:
4984:
830:
5680:
5299:
5149:
5135:
4186:
3667:
5662:
5041:
4866:
4849:
4820:
4664:
4567:
4466:
4395:
4330:
4150:
4095:
3912:
3716:
3706:
3626:
3463:
3409:
3325:
3267:
3112:
3051:
3005:
2969:
2941:
2869:
2733:
2681:
2325:
2197:
2086:
1463:
1021:
803:
748:
496:
456:
380:
5667:
5654:
5244:
5186:
4855:
3564:"Terror Birds Cometh: A New Hypothesis Unlocking Phorusrhacid Feeding Dynamics & Ecology"
3493:(Aves, Phorusrhacidae), a late early Miocene little terror bird from Patagonia (Argentina)".
3106:
2358:, before becoming extinct in the Early Miocene, about 20 million years ago. The phorusrhacid
5307:
4810:
4802:
4743:
4699:
4691:
4602:
4559:
4509:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4385:
4377:
4322:
4232:
4224:
4142:
4087:
4058:
4024:
3987:
3951:
3904:
3835:
3789:
3616:
3606:
3510:
3453:
3399:
3391:
3294:
3257:
3247:
3202:
3192:
3142:
3085:
3047:
3039:
2997:
2931:
2921:
2861:
2818:
2774:
2723:
2715:
2671:
2663:
2630:
2594:
2586:
2524:
2478:
2215:
1327:
877:
591:
528:
438:
410:
353:
338:
48:
5374:
5270:
2111:
1713:, based on both morphological and genetic studies (the latter being based on the seriema)
1014:
was more lightly built, with longer limbs proportionally and skulls more akin to those of
873:
771:
739:
680:
418:
218:
4176:
Chandler, Robert M; Jefferson, George T; Lindsay, Lowell; Vescera, Susan P (2013-04-01).
1529:— intermediate sized and very nimble species, standing around 5.4 feet (1.6 m) high
4861:
Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology: "Raven, the claw-handed bird, last of the phorusrhacids"
4798:
4598:
4555:
4436:
4373:
4358:"Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds"
4318:
4220:
4138:
4020:
3900:
3831:
3602:
3506:
3449:
3404:
3387:
3371:
3243:
2917:
2902:""Terror Birds" (Phorusrhacidae) from the Eocene of Europe Imply Trans-Tethys Dispersal"
2857:
2814:
2770:
2582:
5330:
5064:
4461:
4390:
4357:
3621:
3582:
3537:
3359:(PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Uruguay: Universidad de la RepĂşblica - Facultad de Ciencias.
3262:
3223:
2936:
2901:
2728:
2703:
2676:
2351:
1459:
1377:) of RhĂ´ne, France and Baselland, Switzerland (a cariamiform, probably more related to
1266:
1058:
1001:
984:
980:
925:
587:
572:
4563:
924:
was not given. Current thinking is that the name is derived from a combination of the
782:
630:
5697:
5487:
5457:
5411:
5383:
5213:
5126:
5112:
4974:
4950:
4935:
4898:
4762:
4652:
4521:
4107:
3847:
3815:
2536:
2490:
2346:
2334:
1892:
1714:
1692:
1675:
1670:
1646:
1583:
1404:
1369:
1301:
1105:
1091:
992:
988:
953:
847:
788:
751:
that is hooked and more than half the length of the actual skull, and a more compact
719:
691:
672:
603:
595:
554:
488:
426:
422:
205:
87:
4747:
4713:
4246:
4063:
3956:
3939:
3924:
3522:
3306:
2881:
2830:
2635:
2618:
612:, were similar in size to the largest phorusrhacids. At least one analysis recovers
517:
fossils provided no evidence for their survival after 1.8 Ma. However, reports from
5564:
5390:
5353:
5315:
5080:
4606:
4413:
4342:
4146:
3475:
2778:
2652:"Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed"
2651:
2400:
1721:, and their closest living relatives, according to nuclear sequence studies, are a
1566:
1539:
1501:
1496:
1349:
1314:
1154:
1137:
912:
839:
743:
695:
676:
249:
4806:
4418:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
3839:
2482:
4228:
4028:
3611:
3514:
3252:
2926:
618:
as sister taxa to phorusrhacids, on the basis of shared features in the jaws and
5608:
5450:
5427:
5339:
5026:
4929:
3168:] (in Spanish). Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara. pp. 1–79.
3001:
2966:
Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance
2435:
2422:
2384:
2329:
1905:
1718:
1687:
1642:
1608:
1588:
1480:
1450:
1275:
563:
544:
523:
499:
465:
62:
4043:
3395:
1740:
The following cladogram follows the analysis of Degrange and colleagues, 2015:
5420:
5397:
5291:
5197:
5050:
4995:
4695:
3992:
3720:
2865:
2719:
2590:
2571:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2528:
2366:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1637:
1534:
1379:
1344:
1332:
1285:
898:
808:
686:
The feet of the phorusrhacids had four toes, the first of which, known as the
576:
407:
107:
72:
31:
5599:
4668:
4571:
4154:
4099:
3916:
3181:"A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema
3105:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O. Jr.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
1010:, according to a 2016 analysis by paleontologist Gerald Mayr, who noted that
5480:
5073:
4637:
4444:
4326:
3762:
3538:"Brontosaur Killers: Late Jurassic Allosaurids as Sabre-tooth Cat Analogues"
2338:
1734:
1628:
of southern and eastern Argentina respectively) (Possible Late Pleistocene (
1621:
1488:
1421:
1374:
1236:
1120:
1006:
976:
893:
869:
663:
614:
580:
414:
165:
112:
56:
4824:
4470:
4399:
4334:
3630:
3467:
3413:
3271:
3197:
3180:
3055:
3043:
2945:
2873:
2755:(Aves: Phorusrhacidae) from the Pleistocene coastal plain of South Texas".
2737:
2685:
2667:
17:
5593:
5346:
5142:
5088:
4917:
4091:
3162:
Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
2355:
1629:
1613:
1571:
1543:
1471:
1426:
1409:
1353:
1074:
996:
960:
835:
825:
798:
760:
651:
646:
639:
619:
608:
449:
434:
430:
185:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
44:
4474:
3908:
3816:"A revision of skull morphology in Phorusrhacidae (Aves, Cariamiformes)"
3793:
1251:
were all excluded from phylogenetic analysis in their study (except for
1235:
Following the revision by Alvarenga and Höfling (2003), there are now 5
443:
5641:
5360:
5206:
4614:
4452:
4381:
4237:
4162:
4122:
3685:. Vol. 21. La Plata: Taller de Impresiones Oficiales. p. 573.
3489:
Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P. (2011). "Re-examination of
3207:
3166:
Systematics and Phylogeny of Phororrhacoid Birds (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
2599:
2429:
2390:
2379:
2360:
1518:
1513:
1476:
1455:
1244:
1178:
968:
949:
948:. Researchers have compared Phorusrhacidae with the living families of
714:
655:
549:
518:
484:
475:
470:
460:
139:
117:
92:
4815:
4704:
3583:"Mechanical Analysis Of Feeding Behavior In The Extinct "Terror Bird'
2822:
2345:
correlate well with the earlier-arriving procyonids, which evolved to
4911:
3660:"Ancient "terror bird" used powerful beak to jab like an agile boxer"
3146:
1730:
975:, and some bird groups around the world developed a tendency towards
834:, which confirms that they held their second toe off the ground like
599:
559:
539:
535:
175:
5570:
3458:
3433:
991:, and the Phorusrhacidae. Phorusrhacids are an extinct group within
910:
The etymology of the name Phorusrhacidae is based on the type genus
3683:
Obras completas y correspondencia cientifica de Florentino Ameghino
3372:"First terror bird footprints reveal functionally didactyl posture"
579:, suggesting that this group had a wider geographical range in the
4923:
4761:
Corona, Andrea; Perea, Daniel; Toriño, Pablo; Goso, Cesar (2012).
3090:
1722:
1294:
1240:
819:
781:
729:
709:
667:
629:
480:
3324:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 61.
845:
It has been recently shown that at least some phorusrhacids like
448:, though some specimens suggest that they were present since the
5628:
3222:
Tambussi, CP; de Mendoza, R; Degrange, FJ; Picasso, MB. (2013).
896:
have also been suggested to pertain to small phorusrhacids like
885:
756:
738:
In the past, these birds were thought to have high beaks, round
195:
5574:
4948:
4870:
4653:"Los prociónidos extinguidos del género Chapalmalania Ameghino"
4262:"Old World phorusrhacids (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): a new look at
4044:"Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)"
3940:"Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)"
2619:"Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)"
2996:. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer Cham. pp. 153–176.
687:
4736:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
3755:"Phorusrhacos "wrinkle bearer (jaw)": Etymology and Meaning"
2475:
Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology
1665:— medium-sized species, standing 4.4 feet (1.3 m) high
872:
of "petrified masses preserving skeletons of large rodents,
694:
dinosaurs. This is further supported by footprints from the
2964:
Mayr, G. (2017). "Cariamiforms and Diurnal Birds of Prey".
2801:) in North America during the Great American Interchange".
502:(the main pulse of the interchange began about 2.6 Ma ago;
995:, the only living members of which are the two species of
4514:
10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[245:TGABIP]2.0.CO;2
4121:
Tambussi, Claudia; Ubilla, MartĂn; Perea, Daniel (1999).
3299:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[409:ANPACF]2.0.CO;2
3072:
Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Jones, Washington (2024).
2900:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; LĂ©cuyer, C.; Amiot, R. (2013).
1339:
of ItaboraĂ, Brazil) (identity as a phorusrhacid dubious)
1283:
of Algeria (likely more related to a possible paleognath
30:"Terror Bird" redirects here. For the studio album, see
3434:"Palaeontology: Skull Morphology Of Giant Terror Birds"
3427:
3425:
3423:
3224:"Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird
3032:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2656:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
521:
of new findings of phorusrachids such as a specimen of
3938:
Alvarenga, Herculano M.F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003).
1603:— small species, standing 3.2 feet (0.98 m) high
5536:
4550:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 90–95.
3694:
3692:
2650:
Blanco, Rudemar Ernesto; Jones, Washington W (2005).
2370:, before its extinction about 1.8 million years ago.
5468:
5438:
5408:
5371:
5327:
5279:
5267:
5251:
5240:
5229:
5219:
5174:
5123:
5100:
5061:
5038:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4991:
4980:
4970:
658:
epoch, some 15 million years ago, discovered in the
433:
era. Their definitive fossil records range from the
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
256:
5583:
5467:
5437:
5407:
5370:
5326:
5278:
5266:
5196:
5173:
5122:
5099:
5060:
5037:
4961:
4727:Alvarenga, H.; Jones, W.; Rinderknecht, A. (2010).
3681:Ameghino, Florentino (1936). Torcelli, A.J. (ed.).
2792:
2790:
2788:
3108:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
4863:includes links to other articles on phorusrhacids
4657:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
2968:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 189–204.
2751:Baskin, J. A. (1995). "The giant flightless bird
4651:Kraglievich, J.L.; Olazabal, A.G. (1959-01-01).
2895:
2893:
2891:
534:Phorusrhacids may have even made their way into
4086:(3). Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina: 266.
3130:
3128:
2697:
2695:
1041:as closer to seriemas than phorusrhacids were.
4856:Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology: "terror birds"
4663:. Museo Argentino de Ciencia Naturales: 1–59.
3705:. Oxford: Elsevier Science. pp. 157–158.
2420:It has been suggested that psilopterines like
1550:of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) – includes
1029:, the closest living relative of phorusrhacids
4882:
4630:"Dumb Metatherians vs Evil, Smart Placentals"
3699:Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E. (16 November 2017).
2439:which often walk but are able to run and fly.
8:
3644:King, Logan; Barrick, Reese (October 2016).
1441:— giant species 8.3 feet (2.5 m) high (
4201:
4199:
2987:
2985:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2552:Actas Academia Nacional Ciencias de CĂłrdoba
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
734:Comparison of different phorusrhacid skulls
479:, one of the larger species, is known from
5571:
5323:
5275:
4958:
4945:
4889:
4875:
4867:
2048: true "terror birds"
1705:Alvarenga and Höfling did not include the
128:
36:
4814:
4703:
4460:
4389:
4356:Alexander Suh; et al. (2011-08-23).
4236:
4062:
3991:
3955:
3620:
3610:
3457:
3403:
3261:
3251:
3206:
3196:
3089:
2935:
2925:
2727:
2675:
2634:
2617:Alvarenga, H. M. F.; Höfling, E. (2003).
2598:
1717:may belong to a separate group of birds,
506:at 5 Ma was an early northward migrant).
3111:. Indiana University Press. p. 95.
3025:
3023:
3021:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1020:
5543:
4767:Revista Mexicana de Ciencias GeolĂłgicas
4501:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3702:Palaeobiology of giant flightless birds
3432:Chiappe, Luis M.Bertelli; Sara (2006).
3370:Melchor, R; Feola, S (September 2023).
2460:
2413:
328:
4787:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
4773:(2): 514–525 – via ResearchGate.
3878:
3876:
1517:(Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (
3778:"Flights of Fancy in Avian Evolution"
2612:
2610:
1305:at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
717:of the skull of P 14357, holotype of
666:in 2006, represents the largest bird
7:
3536:Bakker, Robert; et al. (1998).
2337:and for South America's terrestrial
1521:) of Florida, California, and Texas)
965:extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs
936:, and "rhakos", which translates to
143:, Florida Museum of Natural History
4537:"The Terror Birds of South America"
4042:Alvarenga, HMF; Höfling, E (2003).
3581:Wroe, Stephen; et al. (2010).
2395:accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
2134:
2127:
2102:
2077:
2052:
1972:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1824:
1799:
1774:
1762:
1754:
1743:
1170:
1112:
1051:
1044:
495:that followed the formation of the
4587:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4209:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4127:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3820:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3776:Ksepka, Daniel (6 February 2017).
3495:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3287:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2758:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1433:of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)
1408:(Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (
27:Extinct family of flightless birds
25:
5734:Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
4564:10.1038/scientificamerican0294-90
1657:of Catamarca Province, Argentina)
1641:(Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (
1587:(Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (
1322:of Rio Negro Province, Argentina.
5558:
5546:
5521:
5516:
5510:
1674:(Late Miocene to Late Pliocene (
152:
5729:Cenozoic birds of South America
4846:Terror Birds: Bigger and Faster
4064:10.1590/s0031-10492003000400001
3957:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001
2702:Woodburne, M. O. (2010-07-14).
2636:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001
2389:from the La Paz Local Fauna of
725:Field Museum of Natural History
4684:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
4636:(Mailing list). Archived from
4607:10.1080/02724634.1984.10011988
4147:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011154
3814:Degrange, Federico J. (2020).
3761:(Mailing list). Archived from
3666:. Aug 18, 2010. Archived from
3179:Mayr, G.; Noriega, J. (2013).
2779:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011266
2708:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1697:Playa Los Lobos Allo Formation
1399:is included within the family
634:Phorusrhacinae skulls compared
1:
4807:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.05.018
4628:Naish, Darren (30 May 2001).
3840:10.1080/02724634.2020.1848855
3587:(Gruiformes: Phorusrhacidae)"
3345:Jones, Washington W. (2010).
3189:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3160:Agnolin, Federico L. (2009).
2483:10.1080/08912963.2024.2304592
1491:; largest known phorusrhacid)
4229:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656
4029:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.02.001
3753:Creisler, Ben (2012-06-26).
3612:10.1371/journal.pone.0011856
3515:10.1080/02724634.2011.595466
3253:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701
2927:10.1371/journal.pone.0080357
2516:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1758: "psilopterines"
1663:Subfamily Mesembriornithinae
973:evolutionary diversification
928:words "phoros", which means
421:that were among the largest
4748:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052
4535:Marshall, Larry G. (1994).
4260:Mayr, Gerald (2005-04-15).
3736:Serie CorrelaciĂłn GeolĂłgica
3002:10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6_8
1809:Mesembriornis milneedwardsi
1576:Agua de la Piedra Formation
1570:(Middle to Late Oligocene (
1425:(Middle to Late Oligocene (
1416:of SĂŁo Paulo State, Brazil)
868:that he had specimens from
347:Moreno & Mercerat, 1891
5755:
5714:Ypresian first appearances
4051:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
3971:Cenizo, Marcos M. (2012).
3944:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
3562:Nash, Duane (2015-09-02).
3396:10.1038/s41598-023-43771-x
3078:Palaeontologia Electronica
2623:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
2324:With the emergence of the
2243:Paraphysornis brasiliensis
1699:of northeastern Argentina)
1595:of northwestern Argentina)
1538:(Early to Middle Miocene (
1500:(Early to Middle Miocene (
1348:(Early to Middle Miocene (
1299:Reconstructed skeleton of
920:in 1887, the etymology of
916:. When first described by
723:in the collections of the
509:It was once believed that
493:Great American Interchange
137:Reconstructed skeleton of
29:
5739:Prehistoric bird families
5507:
4957:
4944:
4906:
4696:10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9
3993:10.2478/v10183-012-0014-3
3867:American Museum Novitates
3183:Noriegavis santacrucensis
3138:American Museum Novitates
3061:Supplementary Information
2866:10.1007/s00114-011-0829-5
2720:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8
2591:10.1017/S1755691016000256
2529:10.1007/s12542-017-0388-y
2293:
2238:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2107:
2100:
2082:
2075:
2057:
2050:
1995:
1977:
1970:
1943:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1847:
1829:
1822:
1804:
1797:
1779:
1772:
1760:
1752:
1527:Subfamily Patagornithinae
1192:
1175:
1168:
1151:
1134:
1117:
1110:
1088:
1071:
1056:
1049:
319:
312:
276:
271:
255:
248:
149:Scientific classification
147:
136:
127:
39:
5709:Extinct flightless birds
4901:and their extinct allies
4009:Annales de Paléontologie
3320:AntĂłn, Mauricio (2013).
2401:Macrauchenia patachonica
2144:Phorusrhacos longissimus
1626:Arroyo ChasicĂł Formation
1439:Subfamily Phorusrhacinae
1389:Subfamily Physornithinae
824:Only known phorusrhacid
463:, possibly belonging to
402:, colloquially known as
261:Phorusrhacos longissimus
5719:Pleistocene extinctions
4445:10.1126/science.1253451
4327:10.1126/science.1157704
3889:Journal of Paleontology
3585:Andalgalornis steulleti
3226:Andalgalornis steulleti
2162:Andalgalornis steulleti
1680:Monte Hermoso Formation
1632:) records from Uruguay)
1601:Subfamily Psilopterinae
1487:of RĂo Negro Province,
864:claimed in a letter to
3228:(Aves Phorusrhacidae)"
3198:10.4202/app.00011.2013
3044:10.1098/rspb.2024.0235
2994:Paleogene Fossil Birds
2668:10.1098/rspb.2005.3133
1784:Mesembriornis incertus
1578:of southern Argentina)
1306:
1030:
842:
792:
755:portion. The external
735:
727:
635:
374:Dolgopol de Saez, 1927
5676:Paleobiology Database
4362:Nature Communications
3980:Polish Polar Research
3883:Mayr, Gerald (2016).
3861:Cracraft, J. (1968).
1948:Psilopterus bachmanni
1655:Andalhualá Formations
1485:Collón Curá Formation
1362:Monte LeĂłn Formations
1320:Chichinales Formation
1298:
1281:Glib Zegdou Formation
1259:Family Phorusrhacidae
1037:: A 2024 study finds
1024:
823:
785:
733:
713:
660:Collón Curá Formation
633:
4092:10.5710/amgh.v51i3.2
3491:Psilopterus lemoinei
2180:Andrewsornis abbotti
2000:Psilopterus lemoinei
1982:Psilopterus colzecus
1834:Llallawavis scagliai
1618:Santa Cruz Formation
1548:Santa Cruz Formation
1506:Santa Cruz Formation
979:; this included the
586:The closely related
356:& Mercerat, 1891
341:& Mercerat, 1891
4799:2014JEnvR.136..131C
4599:1984JVPal...4...85G
4556:1994SciAm.270b..90M
4544:Scientific American
4437:2014Sci...346.1320J
4431:(6215): 1320–1331.
4374:2011NatCo...2..443S
4319:2008Sci...320.1763H
4313:(5884): 1763–1768.
4221:2015JVPal..35E2656D
4139:1999JVPal..19..404T
4021:2015AnPal.101...87A
3909:10.1017/jpa.2016.45
3901:2016JPal...90..357M
3832:2020JVPal..40E8855D
3794:10.1511/2014.106.36
3603:2010PLoSO...511856D
3507:2011JVPal..31.1080D
3450:2006Natur.443..929C
3388:2023NatSR..1316474M
3244:2012PLoSO...737701T
3185:(Aves, Cariamidae)"
2918:2013PLoSO...880357A
2858:2011NW.....98..815M
2846:Naturwissenschaften
2815:2007Geo....35..123M
2771:1995JVPal..15..842B
2662:(1574): 1769–1773.
2583:2015EESTR.106..257D
2062:Kelenken guillermoi
1930:Psilopterus affinis
1612:(Middle Oligocene (
1593:ItuzaingĂł Formation
1431:Sarmiento Formation
918:Florentino Ameghino
862:Florentino Ameghino
720:Andalgalornis ferox
700:RĂo Negro Formation
647:Kelenken guillermoi
590:occupied a similar
569:La Meseta Formation
444:43 to 0.1
5442:Mesembriornithinae
5104:Eleutherornithidae
4382:10.1038/ncomms1448
3782:American Scientist
3568:Antediluvian Salad
3038:(2021). 20240235.
2382:in South America.
1852:Procariama simplex
1768:Mesembriornithinae
1620:and Late Miocene (
1414:Tremembé Formation
1337:ItaboraĂ Formation
1307:
1031:
1027:red-legged seriema
892:from northwestern
866:Édouard Trouessart
843:
804:great white sharks
793:
736:
728:
636:
288:Mesembriornithinae
5691:
5690:
5663:Open Tree of Life
5577:Taxon identifiers
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5042:Ameghinornithidae
3011:978-3-030-87644-9
2823:10.1130/G23186A.1
2326:Isthmus of Panama
2312:
2311:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2227:
2226:
2198:Patagornis marshi
2087:Devincenzia pozzi
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
1959:
1958:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1707:Ameghinornithidae
1464:Early Pleistocene
1462:, possibly up to
1373:- Middle Eocene (
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
959:During the early
497:Isthmus of Panama
457:Early Pleistocene
446:million years ago
397:
396:
390:
389:Kraglievich, 1932
387:Mesembriorniidae
384:
375:
369:
363:
357:
348:
345:Darwinornithidae
342:
333:
325:
244:
227:
16:(Redirected from
5746:
5684:
5683:
5671:
5670:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5644:
5632:
5631:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5470:
5440:
5410:
5373:
5329:
5324:
5308:Paleopsilopterus
5281:
5276:
5269:
5253:
5242:
5231:
5221:
5176:
5125:
5102:
5063:
5040:
5024:
5014:
5004:
4993:
4982:
4972:
4959:
4946:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4868:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4733:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4473:. Archived from
4464:
4422:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4278:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4184:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4048:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3759:usc.edu dinosaur
3750:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3501:(5): 1080–1092.
3486:
3480:
3479:
3461:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3050: 11040249.
3027:
3016:
3015:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2510:
2495:
2494:
2470:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2418:
2216:Physornis fortis
2135:
2128:
2103:
2078:
2053:
1973:
1921:
1914:
1900:
1825:
1800:
1775:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1691:(Late Pliocene (
1552:Morenomerceraria
1391:— equivalent to
1328:Paleopsilopterus
1318:– Early Miocene
1279:– Middle Eocene
1239:, containing 14
1171:
1113:
1052:
1045:
878:Proterotheriidae
772:cranial akinesis
592:ecological niche
529:late Pleistocene
447:
439:Late Pleistocene
419:flightless birds
388:
379:
373:
367:
361:
360:Patagornithidae
352:
351:Stereornithidae
346:
337:
336:Brontornithidae
331:
323:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
258:
242:
237:
222:
217:
157:
156:
132:
122:
59:
49:Late Pleistocene
43:Temporal range:
37:
21:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5674:
5666:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5640:
5635:
5627:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5579:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5535:
5526:
5515:
5493:
5463:
5433:
5403:
5375:Patagornithinae
5366:
5322:
5271:Phorusrhacoidea
5262:
5192:
5169:
5118:
5095:
5056:
5033:
4953:
4940:
4902:
4895:
4837:
4832:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4276:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3826:(6): e1848855.
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3713:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3459:10.1038/443929a
3431:
3430:
3421:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3012:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2852:(10): 815–823.
2843:
2842:
2838:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2753:Titanis walleri
2750:
2749:
2745:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2347:large body size
2318:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2302:Patagornithinae
2300:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2228:
2112:Titanis walleri
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1960:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1393:Brontornithinae
1331:(Lower Eocene (
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
908:
874:Interatheriidae
857:
786:Restoration of
780:
759:and antorbital
708:
706:Skull structure
628:
542:, if the genus
476:Titanis walleri
442:
393:
378:Devincenziidae
366:Hermosiornidae
327:
326:
324:Family synonymy
294:Patagornithinae
267:
264:
241:
235:
221:
219:Phorusrhacoidea
215:
151:
140:Titanis walleri
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
51:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5752:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5724:Apex predators
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Phorusrhacidae
5696:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5672:
5659:
5646:
5633:
5620:
5615:Phorusrhacidae
5605:
5589:
5587:
5585:Phorusrhacidae
5581:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5567:
5555:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5474:
5472:Physornithinae
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5333:
5331:Phorusrhacinae
5321:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5283:Phorusrhacidae
5273:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5249:
5238:
5227:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5065:Bathornithidae
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5020:
5010:
5000:
4989:
4978:
4967:
4965:
4963:incertae sedis
4955:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4836:
4835:External links
4833:
4831:
4830:
4776:
4753:
4742:(2): 229–234.
4719:
4674:
4659:(in Spanish).
4643:
4640:on 2011-11-20.
4620:
4577:
4527:
4508:(2): 245–257.
4490:
4405:
4348:
4297:
4274:(Peters 1987)"
4252:
4215:(2): e912656.
4195:
4192:on 2023-07-21.
4168:
4133:(2): 404–406.
4113:
4070:
4034:
3999:
3986:(3): 239–258.
3963:
3930:
3895:(2): 357–374.
3872:
3853:
3806:
3768:
3765:on 2016-03-04.
3745:
3726:
3712:978-1785481369
3711:
3688:
3673:
3670:on 2017-05-16.
3664:OHIO: Research
3651:
3636:
3573:
3554:
3528:
3481:
3419:
3362:
3337:
3330:
3312:
3293:(2): 409–419.
3277:
3214:
3171:
3152:
3141:(2326): 1–46.
3124:
3118:978-0253016089
3117:
3097:
3064:
3017:
3010:
2981:
2975:978-1119020769
2974:
2951:
2912:(11): e80357.
2887:
2836:
2809:(2): 123–126.
2784:
2765:(4): 842–844.
2743:
2714:(4): 245–264.
2691:
2642:
2606:
2577:(4): 257–276.
2561:
2554:(in Spanish).
2542:
2523:(2): 365–372.
2496:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2341:crocodilians.
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:Phorusrhacinae
2298:
2296:Physornithinae
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1748:Phorusrhacidae
1742:
1731:Psittaciformes
1725:consisting of
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1683:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1633:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1579:
1562:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1492:
1467:
1460:Early Pliocene
1436:
1435:
1434:
1417:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1340:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1267:Incertae sedis
1249:incertae sedis
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:Phorusrhacidae
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:Opisthocomidae
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
985:Dromornithidae
981:Gastornithidae
907:
906:Classification
904:
856:
853:
779:
776:
742:, and vaulted
707:
704:
681:thylacosmilids
627:
624:
573:Seymour Island
423:apex predators
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
376:
372:Psilopteridae
370:
368:Rovereto, 1914
364:
362:Mercerat, 1897
358:
349:
343:
334:
332:Ameghino, 1891
330:Pelecyornidae
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
308:
307:
301:
300:Phorusrhacinae
295:
289:
283:
282:Phsyornithinae
274:
273:
269:
268:
266:Ameghino, 1887
265:
253:
252:
246:
245:
243:Ameghino, 1889
239:Phorusrhacidae
233:
229:
228:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
60:
42:
40:Phorusrhacidae
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5751:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5540:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5490:
5489:
5488:Paraphysornis
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5458:Mesembriornis
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5412:Psilopterinae
5406:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:Andalgalornis
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5127:Idiornithidae
5121:
5115:
5114:
5113:Eleutherornis
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4975:Elaphrocnemus
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:Cariamiformes
4947:
4943:
4937:
4936:Cariamiformes
4933:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Hooper Museum
4839:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4494:
4491:
4480:on 2019-12-06
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4414:Jarvis, E. D.
4409:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3551:(8): 145–158.
3550:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:(7114): 929.
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3331:9780253010421
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:(5): e37701.
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3091:10.26879/1340
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2352:Bathornithids
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:sparassodonts
2331:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:Psilopterinae
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Passeriformes
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:Cariamiformes
1712:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1693:Chapadmalalan
1690:
1689:
1684:
1682:of Argentina)
1681:
1677:
1676:Montehermosan
1673:
1672:
1671:Mesembriornis
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:Montehermosan
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1584:Andalgalornis
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:Palaeociconia
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:of Argentina)
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:Paraphysornis
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:Eleutherornis
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:Paraphysornis
1297:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:Cariamiformes
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:Elaphrocnemus
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:bathornithids
998:
994:
993:Cariamiformes
990:
989:Palaeognathae
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:underwent an
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
954:Sagittariidae
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
905:
903:
901:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
854:
852:
850:
849:
848:Andalgalornis
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
811:
810:
805:
801:
800:
791:
790:
789:Andalgalornis
784:
778:Palaeobiology
777:
775:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
732:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:dromaeosaurid
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:sparassodonts
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:stage of the
653:
649:
648:
643:
641:
640:neural spines
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
606:; some, like
605:
604:Early Miocene
601:
597:
596:North America
593:
589:
588:bathornithids
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
556:
555:Eleutherornis
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
489:North America
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
453:
451:
445:
440:
436:
435:Middle Eocene
432:
428:
427:South America
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
400:Phorusrhacids
386:
382:
377:
371:
365:
359:
355:
350:
344:
340:
335:
329:
318:
315:
311:
306:Psilopterinae
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
277:
275:
270:
263:
262:
254:
251:
247:
240:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
214:
212:Superfamily:
211:
210:
207:
206:Cariamiformes
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
141:
135:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
50:
46:
45:Middle Eocene
38:
33:
19:
5584:
5553:Paleontology
5486:
5479:
5456:
5449:
5426:
5419:
5396:
5391:Andrewsornis
5389:
5382:
5359:
5354:Phorusrhacos
5352:
5345:
5338:
5316:Patagorhacos
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5254:
5243:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5205:
5185:
5162:
5157:Occitaniavis
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5111:
5087:
5081:Eutreptornis
5079:
5072:
5049:
5025:
5015:
5005:
4994:
4983:
4973:
4962:
4928:Superorder:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4722:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4638:the original
4634:USC dinosaur
4633:
4623:
4593:(1): 85–95.
4590:
4586:
4580:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4482:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4428:
4424:
4408:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4289:. Retrieved
4284:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4212:
4208:
4187:the original
4178:
4171:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4057:(4): 55–91.
4054:
4050:
4037:
4015:(2): 87–94.
4012:
4008:
4002:
3983:
3979:
3966:
3950:(4): 55–91.
3947:
3943:
3933:
3892:
3888:
3866:
3856:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3785:
3781:
3771:
3763:the original
3758:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3701:
3682:
3676:
3668:the original
3663:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3531:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3441:
3437:
3382:(1): 16474.
3379:
3375:
3365:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3136:
3107:
3100:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3035:
3031:
2993:
2965:
2909:
2905:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2711:
2707:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2629:(4): 55–91.
2626:
2622:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2520:
2514:
2474:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2399:
2383:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2323:
2319:
2241:
2239:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2140:
2110:
2108:
2085:
2083:
2060:
2058:
1998:
1996:
1980:
1978:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1926:
1904:
1850:
1848:
1832:
1830:
1807:
1805:
1782:
1780:
1747:
1739:
1704:
1686:
1669:
1662:
1636:
1607:
1600:
1582:
1567:Andrewsornis
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1540:Santacrucian
1533:
1526:
1512:
1502:Santacrucian
1497:Phorusrhacos
1495:
1470:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1420:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1367:Genus ?
1350:Santacrucian
1343:
1342:Genus ?
1326:
1325:Genus ?
1315:Patagorhacos
1313:
1312:Genus ?
1300:
1284:
1274:
1273:Genus ?
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1155:Dynamopterus
1153:
1152:
1138:Ameghinornis
1136:
1135:
1119:
1118:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1072:
1057:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1015:
1011:
1005:
963:, after the
958:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:Phorusrhacos
921:
913:Phorusrhacos
911:
909:
897:
858:
846:
844:
840:dromaeosaurs
829:
815:
807:
797:
794:
787:
765:
737:
718:
696:Late Miocene
685:
645:
644:
637:
613:
607:
585:
553:
543:
533:
522:
514:
510:
508:
503:
474:
464:
454:
450:Early Eocene
404:terror birds
403:
399:
398:
272:Subfamilies
259:
250:Type species
238:
138:
55:43–0.1
5609:Wikispecies
5451:Llallawavis
5428:Psilopterus
5340:Devincenzia
5234:Pseudolarus
5164:Propelargus
5027:Lavocatavis
5007:Similiornis
4930:Australaves
4793:: 131–139.
4690:(1): 3–21.
4453:10072/67425
4238:11336/38650
4080:Ameghiniana
3208:11336/41730
3084:(1): 1–31.
2600:11336/44728
2423:Psilopterus
2385:Psilopterus
1906:Psilopterus
1719:Australaves
1688:Llallawavis
1643:Huayquerian
1609:Psilopterus
1589:Huayquerian
1481:Colloncuran
1451:Devincenzia
1276:Lavocatavis
1237:subfamilies
882:owl pellets
677:borhyaenids
650:, from the
626:Description
598:across the
564:Switzerland
545:Lavocatavis
524:Psilopterus
500:land bridge
466:Devincenzia
429:during the
415:carnivorous
381:Kraglievich
18:Terror bird
5698:Categories
5421:Procariama
5398:Patagornis
5292:Brontornis
5256:Smiliornis
5224:Miocariama
5198:Cariamidae
5178:Salmilidae
5051:Strigogyps
5017:Talantatos
4996:Itaboravis
4985:Gradiornis
4897:Genera of
4816:11336/5799
4705:11336/2663
4484:2018-05-27
4368:(8): 443.
4291:2008-07-04
4287:(1): 11–16
4277:(abstract)
4268:Aenigmavis
4264:Strigogyps
3742:(105–114).
3721:1012400051
3597:(8): 1–7.
3322:Sabertooth
2456:References
2367:Xenosmilus
2330:procyonids
2316:Extinction
1727:Falconidae
1711:Gruiformes
1651:Cerro Azul
1638:Procariama
1535:Patagornis
1397:Brontornis
1380:Strigogyps
1358:Santa Cruz
1345:Brontornis
1333:Itaboraian
1286:Eremopezus
1253:Brontornis
950:Cariamidae
899:Procariama
831:Rionegrina
809:Allosaurus
768:trabeculae
744:braincases
577:Antarctica
511:T. walleri
32:Terrorbird
5481:Physornis
5300:Macrornis
5150:Oblitavis
5136:Gypsornis
5074:Bathornis
4910:Kingdom:
4669:1514-5158
4572:0036-8733
4522:198152030
4281:PaleoBios
4155:0272-4634
4108:126914134
4100:0002-7014
3917:0022-3360
3848:234119602
3147:2246/2536
2558:: 1–1028.
2537:134344096
2491:267475903
2356:nimravids
1622:Chasicoan
1489:Argentina
1422:Physornis
1375:Bartonian
1121:Bathornis
1039:Bathornis
1035:Bathornis
1012:Bathornis
1007:Bathornis
977:gigantism
894:Argentina
876:and even
870:Argentina
761:fenestras
664:Patagonia
615:Bathornis
581:Paleogene
417:, mostly
413:of large
406:, are an
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
5594:Wikidata
5347:Kelenken
5143:Idiornis
5089:Paracrax
4918:Chordata
4916:Phylum:
4912:Animalia
4899:Seriemas
4825:24953228
4714:15751319
4471:25504713
4400:21863010
4335:18583609
4247:85212917
3925:88936361
3631:20805872
3591:PLOS ONE
3523:86790415
3468:17066027
3414:37777554
3405:10542783
3307:85693135
3272:22662194
3232:PLOS ONE
3056:38654650
2946:24312212
2906:PLOS ONE
2882:19805809
2874:21874523
2831:67762754
2738:21125025
2686:16096087
1630:Lujanian
1614:Deseadan
1572:Deseadan
1560:Tolmodus
1544:Laventan
1475:(Middle
1472:Kelenken
1443:Kelenken
1427:Deseadan
1410:Deseadan
1354:Laventan
1075:Paracrax
997:seriemas
961:Cenozoic
938:wrinkles
836:seriemas
828:, named
826:trackway
799:Smilodon
675:such as
652:Langhian
620:coracoid
609:Paracrax
471:seriemas
431:Cenozoic
314:Synonyms
232:Family:
224:Ameghino
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
5668:3600059
5642:4852146
5629:4433711
5600:Q752173
5539:Portals
5361:Titanis
5245:Riacama
5207:Cariama
5187:Salmila
4934:Clade:
4922:Class:
4850:Science
4795:Bibcode
4615:4522967
4595:Bibcode
4552:Bibcode
4462:4405904
4433:Bibcode
4425:Science
4391:3265382
4370:Bibcode
4343:6472805
4315:Bibcode
4307:Science
4217:Bibcode
4163:4524003
4135:Bibcode
4017:Bibcode
3897:Bibcode
3869:(2326).
3828:Bibcode
3622:2923598
3599:Bibcode
3503:Bibcode
3476:4381103
3446:Bibcode
3384:Bibcode
3263:3360764
3240:Bibcode
2937:3842325
2914:Bibcode
2854:Bibcode
2811:Bibcode
2803:Geology
2799:Titanis
2767:Bibcode
2729:2987556
2677:1559870
2579:Bibcode
2477:: 1–9.
2430:Psophia
2391:Uruguay
2380:Uruguay
2376:Titanis
2361:Titanis
2339:sebecid
1909:
1895:
1770:
1750:
1519:Blancan
1514:Titanis
1477:Miocene
1456:Miocene
1245:species
1243:and 18
1179:Cariama
1108:
1016:Cariama
969:mammals
934:bearing
890:pellets
749:rostrum
715:CT scan
698:of the
656:Miocene
550:Algeria
519:Uruguay
515:Titanis
504:Titanis
485:Florida
461:Uruguay
441:around
437:to the
408:extinct
202:Order:
192:Class:
5655:118423
5214:Chunga
4823:
4712:
4667:
4613:
4570:
4520:
4469:
4459:
4398:
4388:
4341:
4333:
4245:
4161:
4153:
4106:
4098:
3923:
3915:
3846:
3799:11 May
3788:: 36.
3719:
3709:
3629:
3619:
3521:
3474:
3466:
3438:Nature
3412:
3402:
3376:Nature
3355:]
3328:
3305:
3270:
3260:
3115:
3054:
3008:
2972:
2944:
2934:
2880:
2872:
2829:
2736:
2726:
2684:
2674:
2535:
2489:
2240:
2213:
2195:
2177:
2159:
2141:
2109:
2084:
2059:
1997:
1979:
1945:
1927:
1903:
1891:
1849:
1831:
1806:
1781:
1766:
1685:Genus
1668:Genus
1635:Genus
1606:Genus
1581:Genus
1564:Genus
1532:Genus
1511:Genus
1494:Genus
1469:Genus
1448:Genus
1419:Genus
1402:Genus
1241:genera
1104:
987:, the
983:, the
930:bearer
753:caudal
740:orbits
688:hallux
600:Eocene
560:France
540:Europe
536:Africa
411:family
383:, 1932
354:Moreno
339:Moreno
226:, 1889
5681:39461
5650:IRMNG
5565:Birds
4732:(PDF)
4710:S2CID
4611:JSTOR
4540:(PDF)
4518:S2CID
4478:(PDF)
4421:(PDF)
4339:S2CID
4272:sapea
4243:S2CID
4190:(PDF)
4183:(PDF)
4159:JSTOR
4104:S2CID
4047:(PDF)
3976:(PDF)
3921:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3541:(PDF)
3519:S2CID
3472:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
3351:[
3303:S2CID
3164:[
2878:S2CID
2827:S2CID
2533:S2CID
2487:S2CID
2408:Notes
1723:clade
1395:, if
946:rents
942:scars
926:Greek
757:nares
668:skull
558:from
548:from
481:Texas
5637:GBIF
4924:Aves
4821:PMID
4665:ISSN
4568:ISSN
4467:PMID
4396:PMID
4331:PMID
4151:ISSN
4096:ISSN
3913:ISSN
3801:2023
3717:OCLC
3707:ISBN
3627:PMID
3545:GAIA
3464:PMID
3410:PMID
3326:ISBN
3268:PMID
3113:ISBN
3052:PMID
3006:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2942:PMID
2870:PMID
2734:PMID
2682:PMID
2436:Otis
2433:and
1733:and
1653:and
1360:and
1025:The
952:and
886:owls
855:Diet
838:and
806:and
679:and
562:and
552:and
538:and
483:and
196:Aves
63:Preęž’
5624:EoL
4811:hdl
4803:doi
4791:136
4744:doi
4740:256
4700:hdl
4692:doi
4603:doi
4560:doi
4548:270
4510:doi
4457:PMC
4449:hdl
4441:doi
4429:346
4386:PMC
4378:doi
4323:doi
4311:320
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4233:hdl
4225:doi
4143:doi
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4059:doi
4025:doi
4013:101
3988:doi
3952:doi
3905:doi
3836:doi
3790:doi
3786:102
3617:PMC
3607:doi
3511:doi
3454:doi
3442:443
3400:PMC
3392:doi
3295:doi
3258:PMC
3248:doi
3203:hdl
3193:doi
3143:hdl
3086:doi
3048:PMC
3040:doi
3036:291
2998:doi
2932:PMC
2922:doi
2862:doi
2819:doi
2775:doi
2724:PMC
2716:doi
2672:PMC
2664:doi
2660:272
2631:doi
2595:hdl
2587:doi
2575:106
2525:doi
2479:doi
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