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that while health services had "appropriate management" in response to terrorist attacks, it still faced several issues, including coordinating resource allocation in crises. In addition, security measures by the government have caused some health workers to be unwilling to work in dangerous areas, undermining access to health services in regions affected by terrorism. Meanwhile, IDPs also face poor health access. For example, the local health center at the Mentao refugee camp (which houses 30% of all IDPs) provides free health services but is constantly overwhelmed with patients.
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interests." Additionally, the U.S. State
Department also raised Burkina Faso to Level 3 on its travel advisory scale in 2019 which signifies that people should "reconsider travel to Burkina Faso due to terrorism and kidnapping." Meanwhile, particular areas of Burkina Faso were at Level 4 or "Do not travel;" these areas included the Sahel, Est, and Centre-Est regions, the western border areas with Mali, and certain neighborhoods in the capital of Ouagadougou.
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508:(ISGS) formed in May 2015 from a breakaway faction of al-Mourabitoun that pledged allegiance to IS. ISGS has conducted at least two attacks in Burkina Faso. On September 1, 2016, ISGS attacked a gendarmerie and, on October 12, 2016, it attacked a police outpost. Both incidents occurred in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso.
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Terrorism has harmed access to education and health facilities in several areas of the country. According to a report by the BBC, since
December 2018, 1,111 out of 2,869 schools in the Nord, Sahel, and Est regions of Burkina Faso have closed. Due to terrorist activity, 150,000 children were effected,
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in 2015 against the transitional government. Although the coup failed, the RSP was dissolved, weakening the state security apparatus and allowing terrorist organizations to increase their operations domestically. The RSP included about 1,300 soldiers and had received training from the U.S. and France
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Several different terrorist organizations have claimed responsibility for attacks in
Burkina Faso. Most attacks are carried out by foreign-based organizations, affiliated with Al-Qaeda, usually from neighboring Mali. Such organizations tend to focus on religious extremism and anti-Western sentiment.
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Meanwhile, access to health services in
Burkina Faso has also declined. Prior to 2015, the health system was able to overcome external pressure and maintain secure access to health services. However, the increase in terrorism has made it harder for the system to address citizen needs. A study found
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Such human rights abuses dampen counterterrorism efforts because they make locals less likely to collaborate with security forces against terrorist organizations. Worries over security force violence might also contribute to the ambiguous or favorable attitudes that about 30% of
Burkina Faso people
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From 2018 onward, the military has also been conducting more raids against terrorist networks in northern areas of
Burkina Faso, but such raids are often correlated with alleged human rights abuses. For example, on February 4, 2019, the Army claimed to have fought and killed 146 terrorists near the
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The government also created specialized military units dedicated to fighting terrorism. In
January 2013, the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) was created as a joint Army-Gendarmerie-Police counterterrorism task force. GFAT has since grown from 500 troops to 1,600 troops that specialize
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More recently, human rights organizations have also accused the security forces of carrying out "atrocities...leaving scores dead and forcing tens of thousands of villagers to flee their homes." Some argue that the human rights abuses conducted by the security forces in the name of counterterrorism
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regularly publishes reports on crime and safety in
Burkina Faso. In 2015, the country had a terrorism rating of low. In 2016, the terrorism rating increased to medium. And, in 2018, the terrorism threat was listed as high, with regards to activity "directed at or affecting official U.S. government
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In
January 2019, the Burkina Faso government created two IDP-hosting sites and a response strategy to the displacement crisis. Currently, 90% of IDPs live in host communities, many of whom live in the Mentao refugee camp near Djibo, Sahel. IDPs face several issues including malaria, cholera, and
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Regarding increasing security forces in
Burkina Faso, President Kaboré planned to remove soldiers deployed as peacekeepers in Darfur, Sudan by July 2017 to refocus manpower on domestic terrorism issues. The government also requested in 2016 that Burkina Faso soldiers that were part of the United
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is also believed to operate in Burkina Faso. Boko Haram is a terrorist organization based in nearby Nigeria. Some suspect this organization of smuggling weapons and money through Burkina Faso. Additionally, a witness to a terrorist attack on August 23, 2015 in the Oursi province of Burkina Faso
155:. Security force violence and alleged human rights abuses have regularly undermined these efforts. In response to the growing attacks, the government declared a state of emergency in December 2018 in several northern provinces. The failure of the government to stem terrorist attacks led to the
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Part of GIABA's mission in Burkina Faso is to prevent terrorist financing. In response, Burkina Faso has taken measures to close economic regulatory gaps and to hold discussions with the public to better understand how terrorism and other illicit activities benefit off the economy.
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Counterterrorism efforts in Burkina Faso are two-fold. First, domestic efforts involve mobilizing the military to prevent terrorist attacks. Second, international efforts involve improving security, preventing terrorist economic activities, and partnerships with Western countries.
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As part of the declaration, the government authorized curfews, restrictions on movement, searches of private property, weapons confiscation, and prohibiting pro-terrorism publications. The government ruled that any terrorist crimes would be tried in military, not civilian, courts.
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However, some organizations also target Burkina Faso because of communal frustration over the lack of economic development. In particular, terrorist organizations are able to recruit people in Burkina Faso, due to disillusionment about the stagnating economy.
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advised in 2019 against "all but essential travel" to any area of Burkina Faso, listing the country as one of the most dangerous in the world. The Canadian Government issued a similar warning to "avoid non-essential travel...due to the threat of terrorism."
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Burkina Faso also participates in the State Department's Africa Peacekeeping Program (AFRICAP) II, Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) contracts, and National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) Section 2282 funding initiatives.
1557:, a French organization, recently installed four health clinics in the Mentao camp. Meanwhile, the UNHCR deployed a Field Unit to the Mentao camp and provided 93 refugee housing units to IDPs throughout the Sahel and Centre-Nord regions.
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resolution, and supported by French military forces and a $ 60 million grant from the United States. This international financial support is particularly useful because funding is "perhaps the most immediate challenge" of the task force.
197:. While most research suggests that partnerships between Compoaré and terrorist organizations did exist, the exact nature of these agreements remains unverified. In particular, some reports show that Compaoré brokered an agreement with
407:. For months leading up to his resignation, the opposition had called for Thieba to step down due to the failure of the government to stop terrorist attacks. Although Thieba did not provide the reason for his resignation, President
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470:. JNIM poses a particularly serious threat because it has a wide set of capabilities including high fatality rates, targeting foreigners (from Western nations), striking armed targets, and coordinating several attacks at once.
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has described counterterrorism as a "national priority." Efforts to fight terrorism include placing more security forces throughout Burkina Faso, creating specialized task forces, and organizing raids targeting terrorists.
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Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission in Mali be deployed to areas close to its own border. Nonetheless, media reports in 2019 showed that Burkina Faso forces outside the country were often better trained than domestic units.
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Beginning in December 2018, there was a spike in terrorist activity in Burkina Faso. Over a two-month period, there were eight terror attacks, killing over thirty people altogether (see List of terrorist incidents below).
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448:. These two organizations had merged one month earlier in December 2015, although they previously had a contentious relationship. Following the merger, many expected the danger posed by AQIM to the region to increase.
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During this time period, attacks in Burkina Faso increased both in number and fatality rate. Such incidents garnered international attention, especially including three major terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou in
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have towards terrorist groups like the Islamic State. Although Burkina Faso puts significant effort into counterterrorism efforts, some of these efforts might thus be hindered by security force violence.
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in counterterrorism practices. Following its dissolution, this technical expertise and manpower was no longer available to contribute to security efforts. For comparison, Burkina Faso's entire
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Terrorist incidents are currently concentrated in the Sahel and Est regions because these regions are particularly close to instability in Mali and Niger. The most fatal attacks include the
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The Joint Force primarily prevents terrorism by deploying border patrols to limit criminal movement. The Force is backed by the international community â it was authorized by the
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International counterterrorism efforts in Burkina Faso involve regional cooperation to improve physical and economic security, as well as partnerships with Western countries.
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undermines their effectiveness at preventing terrorist attacks, because abuses make locals less likely to collaborate with security forces against terrorist organizations.
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Terrorism has had several significant impacts on Burkina Faso, including the displacement of people, limiting access to public services, and declining safety ratings.
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256:'s discontinuation of Compaoré's practice of negotiating with terrorist organizations. Another more referenced cause is the weakened Burkina Faso security apparatus.
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205:. In trade for operating in Burkina Faso, the Tuareg groups and associated terrorist organizations allegedly agreed not to carry out attacks within the country.
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1546:(IDPs) in Burkina Faso. Regions most affected included the Sahel, Centre-Nord, Nord, and Est regions, which are also where terrorism attacks are the highest.
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1515:(TSCTP). The TSCTP provides support for regional cooperation, educational programs to prevent radicalization, democracy promotion, and military training.
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G5 Sahel logo depicting five member countries. The motto, "Securite et Developpement," points to the importance of improving security to the organization.
1368:** Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM) formed in March 2017 from the merger of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Ansar al-Dine, and al-Mourabitoun.
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border with Mali, but human rights groups suggested that there was no evidence that the people targeted were terrorists and described the incident as a "
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462:. JNIM's creation was particularly interesting because it signaled AQ's adaptability. AQ perhaps expected JNIM to counter the growing presence of the
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162:. Overall, terrorism has had a significant impact in Burkina Faso, displacing more than 100,000 people and diminishing access to public services.
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efforts by Burkina Faso include domestic and regional security efforts, preventing terrorism-related economic transactions, and cooperating with
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only 57.9% of children in 2016 completed elementary school, and 352 schools were closed in the Soum province, the highest rate in the country.
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Even with these amended regulations, several terrorist attacks occurred during January 2019. In response, on January 19, former Prime Minister
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As expected, following the flare in terrorist activity in 2015, safety ratings of Burkina Faso have declined. The U.S. State Department's
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Burkina Faso also partners with regional organizations to prevent terrorism-related economic activities. In particular, it is part of the
455:(JNIM) formed from the merger of AQIM, Ansar al-Dine, and al-Mourabitoun. JNIM remains under the control of AQIM/AQ and is based in Mali.
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likely pressured Thieba to resign due to the high-profile terrorism-related kidnapping of foreigners in Burkina Faso in December.
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3414:"30 killed, 85 injured in terrorist attack on West African army headquarters and French embassy in Burkina Faso | National Post"
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executed 31 unarmed men on the day of their arrest by the security forces. They were killed within a few hours of their arrest.
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in several northern provinces. The state of emergency began on January 1, 2019 and included the following fourteen provinces.
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While GIABA is making headway in Burkina Faso, there were no convictions as of 2012 for terrorist financing in the country.
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Since its formation, JNIM has carried out several attacks in Burkina Faso. For example, JNIM claimed responsibility for the
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3060:
2298:""We Found Their Bodies Later That Day" | Atrocities by Armed Islamists and Security Forces in Burkina Faso's Sahel Region"
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In addition to regional efforts, Burkina Faso is also part of several U.S. Department of State-led programs, including the
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terror attacks in Ouagadougou. As shown in the table below, there has been a further spike in terrorism activity in 2019.
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conducted by foreign-based organizations, although some activity occurs because of communal frustration over the lack of
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1363:* Most "unidentified" terror attacks are likely carried out by Ansar al-Islam or Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen.
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3295:""By Day We Fear the Army, By Night the Jihadists" | Abuses by Armed Islamists and Security Forces in Burkina Faso"
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98:
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Zimmerer, Megan (2019-04-11). "Terror in West Africa: a threat assessment of the new Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali".
183:. Additionally, there were some reports that terrorist financing and fund-raising were taking place domestically.
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Prior to 2015, there were no recorded terrorist incidents in Burkina Faso. However, the country experienced seven
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Burkina Faso partners with other countries in the region to improve security efforts. The country is part of the
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to refocus military efforts on fighting terrorism domestically and to help reinforce existing security forces.
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1464:. The G5 Sahel focuses on six key issue areas, one of which is domestic security, and operates a Joint Force.
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Graph of terrorism-related fatalities. The dotted trend line shows the gradual increase of the fatality rate.
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currently has approximately 11,200 personnel â the RSP thus constituted about 10% of Burkina Faso's army.
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4359:"Terrorist attack of 15 January 2016 in Ouagadougou: how resilient was Burkina Faso's health system?"
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2739:"Islamic State in the Greater Sahara claims second attack in Burkina Faso | FDD's Long War Journal"
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In response to the increased terrorist threat, in November 2016, Burkina Faso decided to withdraw
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In 2014, popular uprisings removed Compaoré from power. Following his removal, the Burkina Faso
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4293:"Denmark and Burkina Faso take the lead on countering violent extremism in the Sahel at the UN"
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4113:"Burkina Faso military 'executed' dozens during counter-terror operation, rights group says"
3355:"Attentat à Ouagadougou: Affaires au ralenti aux alentours du café-restaurant Aziz Istanbul"
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Other prominent allies with regards to counterterrorism efforts include France and Denmark.
401:
382:
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159:
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1993:"Blowback in Africa: How America's Counterterror Strategy Helped Destabilize Burkina Faso"
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1494:(ECOWAS), a regional cooperative organization in which Burkina Faso plays an active role.
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Other AQ affiliates that have participated in terrorist activity in Burkina Faso include:
372:
348:
344:
332:
264:
180:
2128:
2106:
Chouli, Lila (April 1, 2015). "The popular uprising in Burkina Faso and the Transition".
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According to Joe Penney, this spike in activity can perhaps be attributed to the current
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to operate in Burkina Faso, serving as a key partner for counterterrorism efforts in the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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360:
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4233:"Understanding the G5 Sahel Joint Force: Fighting Terror, Building Regional Security?"
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1955:
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Some of these issues have been addressed by international organizations. For example,
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3870:"Five Burkina Faso gendarmes killed as 'terrorists' attack Oursi in the Sahel region"
3172:"Burkina Faso New Year terror attacks linked to radical preacher Malam Ibrahim Dicko"
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signify "crucial but endangered allies" in "creating a global anti-terror regime."
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3928:"Four Burkina Faso gendarmes killed in attack on base in Barani near Mali border"
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2414:
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1922:
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4017:"Burkina Faso - H.E. Mr. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, President | Africa Renewal"
3606:"Airstrikes reported after Burkina Faso soldier killed in bomb attack near Pama"
2196:
Boyle, Michael J. (2008-03-01). "The war on terror in American grand strategy".
221:
118:
4374:
3899:"Roadside bombs kill Burkina Faso police and military personnel in the Gourma"
2356:"Burkina Faso: State of emergency imposed in 14 provinces January 1 /update 2"
2029:
GIABA (Intergovernmental Action Group Against Money Laundering In West Africa)
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512:
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4382:
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2646:
2217:
2171:
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ISIL activity in Burkina Faso has been limited as compared to AQIM activity.
481:(ISGS), a breakaway group from al-Mourabitoun that pledged allegiance to the
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78:
4589:"The world's 17 most dangerous countries (according to the Foreign Office)"
4400:
3664:"Burkina Faso soldiers killed in roadside bomb blast between Fada and Pama"
3325:"Gunmen have killed 18 people in an attack on a restaurant in Burkina Faso"
2563:"Jihadist group claims attacks on military, French embassy in Burkina Faso"
1542:(UNHCR) report, increasing violence has led to the displacement of 115,310
4415:"Cost of counter-terrorism for civilians in Liptako-Gourma - Burkina Faso"
3812:"4 Burkina Faso soldiers killed in attack on military base in Nassoumbou"
3635:"Five killed in bomb and gun attack near Boungou in eastern Burkina Faso"
2706:"Burkina : deux morts dans l'attaque d'un poste de douane Ă Markoye"
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Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa
4651:
4357:
Meda, Ivlabehire Bertrand; Lechat, Lucie; Ridde, Valéry (2016-07-01).
3487:"Burkina Faso security forces personnel killed in roadside bomb blast"
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respiratory disease outbreaks, sexual violence, and cultural clashes.
2070:
1855:"Burkina Faso declares state of emergency in north following attacks"
209:
3783:"10 killed in 'terrorist attack' in Sikire in northern Burkina Faso"
516:
claimed that the terrorists had expressed allegiance to Boko Haram.
73:
carried out with the intent of causing fear and spreading extremist
4262:
4231:
Cooke, Jennifer; Toucas, Boris; Heger, Katrin (November 15, 2017).
3751:"'Terrorist' attack in Gasseliki in northern Burkina Faso kills 12"
2160:"Burkina Faso, west Africa's linchpin, is losing its war on terror"
1490:(GIABA). GIABA is a Financial Action Task Force authorized by the
1461:
467:
437:
296:
217:
114:
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France Diplomatie :: Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
3960:"Dozens killed in two suspected jihadist attacks in Burkina Faso"
2600:. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
2469:"Burkina Faso arrests six over deadly militant attack in January"
3693:"Burkina Faso police officers killed in ambush near Mali border"
3577:"Blast kills eight soldiers in new blow to jihadist-hit Burkina"
3516:"In Burkina Faso, the terrorist threat is spreading to the east"
2833:"Islamist group says holding Romanian hostage seized in Burkina"
1888:"Terrorism Threatens a Former Oasis of Stability in West Africa"
1453:
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312:
176:
110:
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4172:"Burkina Faso: Security Forces Allegedly Execute 31 Detainees"
2594:
How Al-Qaeda Survived Drones, Uprisings, and the Islamic State
1586:
Ratings from other countries also follow this pattern. The UK
523:
477:(IRSAD), which is led by a radicalized Burkina Faso preacher,
17:
1793:"Burkina Faso attack: French embassy targeted in Ouagadougou"
861:
Unidentified* (al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is suspected)
436:(AQ), based in Mali. AQIM has conducted attacks all over the
1685:"Burkina Faso Plagued by Terror Attacks, Rights Allegations"
220:. Such partnerships led to descriptions of Burkina Faso as "
2961:"Gunmen kill three Burkina Faso gendarmes near Mali border"
2670:"Sub-Saharan Africa's Three "New" Islamic State Affiliates"
1103:
Unidentified* (Jihadist attack triggering ethnic massacre)
4625:
Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada (2012-11-16).
3841:"'Terrorist attack' on Burkina Faso forces in Kompienbiga"
3082:"'Jihadists' attack police posts in northern Burkina Faso"
2932:"Burkina Faso says unidentified gunmen attack police post"
2865:"Hostages shown in al-Qaeda Mali video as Macron flies in"
489:, a Mali organization that has worked with AQIM, and the
4291:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (June 13, 2014).
3545:"At least 9 killed in extremist attacks in Burkina Faso"
3384:"New security measures in Burkina capital after attacks"
2386:"Burkina Faso: Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré is new PM"
1743:"Burkina Faso attack: Foreigners killed at luxury hotel"
3722:"Death toll in Burkina Faso ethnic clashes rises to 46"
3259:"In Burkina Faso, an Extremist Fulani Struggle Sprouts"
3229:"Extremists kill 2 in Burkina Faso as schools targeted"
2990:"Thousands in first big protest against Burkina leader"
4081:"Burkina Faso to withdraw Darfur peacekeepers by July"
3111:"Australian woman freed from al-Qaeda in Burkina Faso"
2327:"Burkina Faso to withdraw Darfur peacekeepers by July"
1923:"The country where it's too dangerous to go to school"
193:, who was in power from 1987 to 2014, partnered with
137:
and its affiliates garnered international attention.
2232:"Islamist Terrorism Spreads to Eastern Burkina Faso"
311:
In response to a terror attack near the border with
4993:
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4687:
3020:"Al Qaeda Attacks in Burkina Faso Kill at Least 30"
58:
Regions of Burkina Faso with significant terrorism.
1714:"Burkina Faso Travel Advisory Map - February 2019"
1609:"Burkina Faso Travel Advisory Map - February 2019"
424:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its affiliates
208:In addition, Compaoré allowed special forces from
3143:"Deadly attack targets army base in Burkina Faso"
1823:"Burkina Faso: Killings, Abuse in Sahel Conflict"
1768:"Burkina Faso gun attack kills 18 people at cafe"
1653:"Burkina Faso: Extremism & Counter-Extremism"
271:, RSP), who was loyal to Compoaré, carried out a
697:Ansar al-Dine / Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
428:Prior to 2017, most attacks were carried out by
4627:"Travel Advice and Advisories for Burkina Faso"
4237:Center for Strategic and International Security
3571:
3569:
1448:, a cooperative alliance between Burkina Faso,
2769:"Preventing Violent Extremism in Burkina Faso"
2767:Loada, Augustin; Romaniuk, Peter (June 2014).
1083:Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM)**
883:Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM)**
4667:
4502:"Burkina Faso 2018 Crime & Safety Report"
4473:"Burkina Faso 2016 Crime & Safety Report"
4203:"G5 Sahel Joint Force and the Sahel Alliance"
3992:"'Terrorist' Attacks Kill 44 in Burkina Faso"
3018:Hinshaw, Drew; Wonogo, Zoumana (2016-01-17).
2903:"Chapter 2. Country Reports: Africa Overview"
2440:"Al-Qaeda carves out its own country in Mali"
1540:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
8:
432:(AQIM). AQIM is the North African branch of
4444:"Burkina Faso 2015 Crime and Safety Report"
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491:Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa
4674:
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89:. Recent attacks have concentrated in the
4390:
3057:"Foreigners killed at Burkina Faso hotel"
2127:
1956:"Country Operation Update - Burkina Faso"
1513:Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership
1492:Economic Community of West African States
903:Unidentified* (roadside bomb and attack)
714:Kidnapping of Australian medical workers
319:, the Burkina Faso government declared a
179:during this time period, the most of any
157:2019 resignation of former Prime Minister
153:Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership
3458:"Six dead in Burkina 'terrorist' attack"
3201:"A new frontier for Islamist militants?"
2531:"Terrorism - Burkina Faso travel advice"
2415:"Entire Burkina Faso government resigns"
1435:
559:
511:Another affiliate of the Islamic State,
53:
4201:MinistĂšre de l'Europe et des Affaires.
4143:"Most dislike ISIS in Muslim countries"
2101:
2099:
1600:
1183:Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen**
1163:Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen**
440:. For example, AQIM and its affiliate,
4297:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
4107:
4105:
4075:
4073:
4043:
4041:
3439:
3429:
2776:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
2732:
2730:
2700:
2698:
2557:
2555:
2525:
2523:
2258:
2256:
2019:
2017:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1881:
1879:
504:Its main affiliate near Burkina Faso,
493:(MUJAO), a breakaway group from AQIM.
269:Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle
147:, often through partnerships like the
4141:Poushter, Jacob (November 17, 2015).
3777:
3775:
3223:
3221:
3137:
3135:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2859:
2857:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1849:
1847:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1679:
1677:
453:Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen
315:on December 27, 2018 that killed ten
201:rebel groups in Mali associated with
7:
4049:"Chapter 1. Country Reports: Africa"
3323:Dahir, Abdi Latif (14 August 2017).
2499:"The re-emergence of AQIM in Africa"
2287:IISS Military Balance 2012, 423â424.
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1414:On 9 April 2020, security forces of
757:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
737:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
483:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
3275:from the original on March 29, 2019
2674:Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel
2108:Review of African Political Economy
1350:SĂ©no Province-Kourakou and Tondobi
819:Ansar-ul-Islam lil-Ichad wal Jihad
799:Ansar-ul-Islam lil-Ichad wal Jihad
779:Ansar-ul-Islam lil-Ichad wal Jihad
506:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
479:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
4182:from the original on 20 April 2020
1580:Overseas Security Advisory Council
612:Kidnapping of Romanian mineworker
475:Ansar-ul-Islam lil-Ichad wal Jihad
303:2018 state of emergency to present
14:
2053:Lyman, Princeton (January 2004).
1399:in targeting terrorism activity.
520:List of major terrorist incidents
444:, claimed responsibility for the
261:Regiment of Presidential Security
4980:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4750:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3972:from the original on 5 July 2022
2210:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00699.x
2055:"The Terrorist Threat in Africa"
717:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
528:
497:Islamic State and its affiliates
22:
4637:from the original on 2019-04-05
4607:from the original on 2019-05-05
4570:from the original on 2019-05-30
4541:from the original on 2019-01-05
4512:from the original on 2019-05-05
4483:from the original on 2018-11-13
4454:from the original on 2022-09-05
4425:from the original on 2019-05-05
4339:from the original on 2019-05-05
4303:from the original on 2021-04-11
4273:from the original on 2021-04-17
4243:from the original on 2019-04-16
4213:from the original on 2019-05-05
4153:from the original on 2019-04-28
4123:from the original on 2019-04-01
4091:from the original on 2019-05-06
4027:from the original on 2019-06-09
3938:from the original on 2019-03-28
3909:from the original on 2019-03-31
3880:from the original on 2019-03-29
3851:from the original on 2019-03-31
3822:from the original on 2019-03-29
3793:from the original on 2019-03-29
3761:from the original on 2019-03-29
3732:from the original on 2019-03-29
3703:from the original on 2019-03-28
3674:from the original on 2019-03-29
3645:from the original on 2019-03-30
3616:from the original on 2019-03-29
3587:from the original on 2019-03-29
3555:from the original on 2019-03-29
3526:from the original on 2019-03-29
3497:from the original on 2019-03-29
3468:from the original on 2019-03-29
3365:from the original on 2019-03-29
3335:from the original on 2019-03-29
3305:from the original on 2019-03-27
3239:from the original on 2019-03-29
3207:from the original on 2019-03-29
3182:from the original on 2019-03-29
3176:International Business Times UK
3153:from the original on 2019-03-26
3121:from the original on 2019-03-30
3092:from the original on 2019-03-29
3063:from the original on 2016-06-11
3038:from the original on 2019-03-26
3000:from the original on 2019-03-26
2971:from the original on 2019-03-26
2913:from the original on 2017-10-02
2875:from the original on 2019-04-28
2843:from the original on 2019-03-29
2814:from the original on 2015-10-11
2785:from the original on 2019-04-28
2749:from the original on 2019-03-26
2716:from the original on 2019-03-26
2684:from the original on 2019-05-05
2607:from the original on 2019-10-25
2573:from the original on 2018-07-18
2541:from the original on 2019-03-29
2509:from the original on 2019-05-13
2479:from the original on 2019-04-28
2450:from the original on 2019-04-28
2421:from the original on 2019-02-08
2396:from the original on 2021-01-13
2384:AfricaNews (January 21, 2019).
2366:from the original on 2019-05-05
2337:from the original on 2019-03-29
2308:from the original on 2021-12-19
2270:from the original on 2020-12-18
2242:from the original on 2019-03-29
2178:from the original on 2019-05-05
2085:from the original on 2022-09-05
2035:from the original on 2018-06-24
2003:from the original on 2019-04-09
1966:from the original on 2019-05-05
1929:from the original on 2019-05-04
1898:from the original on 2019-03-26
1865:from the original on 2019-03-29
1833:from the original on 2019-04-06
1724:from the original on 2019-03-25
1695:from the original on 2019-02-18
1663:from the original on 2017-07-10
1619:from the original on 2019-03-25
1588:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1473:United Nations Security Council
430:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
135:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
109:regions, along the border with
4531:"Burkina Faso Travel Advisory"
3266:Institute for Defense Analyses
3257:Bybee, Ashley (May 11, 2017).
2668:Warner, Jason (January 2017).
1023:Unidentified* (roadside bomb)
1003:Unidentified* (roadside bomb)
983:Unidentified* (roadside bomb)
943:Unidentified* (roadside bomb)
923:Unidentified* (roadside bomb)
920:Security forces convoy attack
1:
2804:"Boko Haram au Burkina-Faso?"
2639:10.1080/17539153.2019.1599531
2627:Critical Studies on Terrorism
2129:10.1080/03056244.2015.1026196
2120:10.1080/03056244.2015.1026196
2025:"Member States: Burkina Faso"
1921:Dewast, Louise (2019-03-11).
1330:Boucle du Mouhoun â Bourasso
1283:Solhan and Tadaryat massacres
618:Oudalan â Tambao mining site
4560:"Burkina Faso travel advice"
3390:. 2017-09-05. Archived from
2938:. 2015-08-24. Archived from
2236:Council on Foreign Relations
1718:U.S. Embassy in Burkina Faso
1613:U.S. Embassy in Burkina Faso
1544:Internally Displaced Persons
1290:Sahel - Solhan and Tadaryat
966:Est â Diabiga and Kompienga
658:Hauts-Bassins â Samorogouan
81:activity primarily involves
2737:says, Dennis (2016-10-15).
1086:Boucle du Mouhoun â Loroni
293:United Nations peacekeeping
224:'s linchpin" by the media.
5095:
4263:"Program Overview - TSCTP"
3412:News; World (2018-03-03).
2591:Zelin, Aaron (June 2017).
1991:Penney, Joe (2018-11-22).
1538:According to a March 2019
1506:Partnerships with the West
1388:Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
1246:Boucle du Mahoun â Barani
796:Targeted reprisal attacks
409:Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
232:2015 military coup to 2018
5079:Terrorism in Burkina Faso
4375:10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000056
4261:U.S. Military - Africom.
2712:(in French). 2016-09-02.
1657:Counter Extremism Project
1561:Access to public services
1386:Burkina Faso's President
1200:Military reprisal attack
1180:Military facility attack
537:This article needs to be
117:. A series of attacks in
63:Terrorism in Burkina Faso
31:This article needs to be
4735:Central African Republic
4053:U.S. Department of State
2907:U.S. Department of State
2092:– via Hein Online.
1373:Counterterrorism efforts
1220:Military convoy attacks
879:2018 Ouagadougou attacks
816:Police stations attacks
693:2016 Ouagadougou attacks
460:2018 Ouagadougou attacks
446:2016 Ouagadougou attacks
67:non-state actor violence
2691:– via West Point.
1060:Military convoy attack
1040:Military convoy attack
1000:Military convoy attack
980:Military convoy attack
940:Military convoy attack
857:2017 Ouagadougou attack
754:Army checkpoint attack
487:Macina Liberation Front
415:Terrorist organizations
195:terrorist organizations
4321:UNHCR (October 2013).
2743:www.longwarjournal.org
2264:"Burkina Faso profile"
1441:
775:2016 Nassoumbou attack
652:Police station attack
565:
59:
4895:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4755:Republic of the Congo
4323:"Mentau Refugee Camp"
2198:International Affairs
1439:
1422:International efforts
1240:Military base attack
1160:Military base attack
1106:Centre-Nord â Yirgou
1080:Police convoy attack
1020:Police convoy attack
900:Mining convoy attack
886:Centre â Ouagadougou
864:Centre â Ouagadougou
700:Centre â Ouagadougou
563:
186:Some argue that then-
57:
1954:UNHCR (March 2019).
1526:Impacts of terrorism
1310:Nord â Namissiguima
906:Est â Fada N'Gourma
802:Sahel â Djibo, SibĂ©
734:Customs post attack
405:resigned from office
171:Independence to 2015
87:economic development
4970:States with limited
4682:Terrorism in Africa
4147:Pew Research Center
3024:Wall Street Journal
1166:Sahel â Nassoumbou
977:September 26, 2018
957:September 15, 2018
782:Sahel â Nassoumbou
672:Gold convoy attack
632:Police post attack
327:Boucle du Mouhoun:
83:religious terrorism
4176:Human Rights Watch
3442:has generic name (
3299:Human Rights Watch
2302:Human Rights Watch
1827:Human Rights Watch
1442:
1217:March 16â17, 2019
1186:Est â Kompienbiga
1126:Sahel â Gasseliki
1077:December 27, 2018
1057:December 22, 2018
1017:November 30, 2018
986:Sahel â Baraboule
937:September 5, 2018
813:February 27, 2017
793:December 31, 2016
771:December 16, 2016
731:September 1, 2016
566:
321:state of emergency
60:
5066:
5065:
4997:other territories
4770:Equatorial Guinea
4363:BMJ Global Health
4178:. 20 April 2020.
3147:www.aljazeera.com
3115:www.aljazeera.com
2503:www.aljazeera.com
2497:Guitta, Olivier.
1555:MĂ©decins du Monde
1405:summary execution
1360:
1359:
1197:February 5, 2019
1177:January 30, 2019
1157:January 28, 2019
1137:January 27, 2019
1117:January 12, 2019
1037:December 3, 2018
960:Targeted attacks
842:Sahel â Kourfayl
760:Sahel â Intangom
751:October 12, 2016
711:January 15, 2016
689:January 15, 2016
669:November 8, 2015
655:Mali separatists
558:
557:
141:Counter-terrorism
95:Boucle du Mouhoun
52:
51:
5086:
5058:
5057:(United Kingdom)
5053:Tristan da Cunha
5049:Ascension Island
5041:
5028:
5019:
4995:Dependencies and
4688:Sovereign states
4676:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4535:travel.state.gov
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4469:
4463:
4462:
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4459:
4440:
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4405:
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4219:
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4189:
4187:
4168:
4162:
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4159:
4158:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4117:The Defense Post
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4055:. Archived from
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:Voice of America
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3932:The Defense Post
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3903:The Defense Post
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3874:The Defense Post
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3845:The Defense Post
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3816:The Defense Post
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3787:The Defense Post
3779:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3755:The Defense Post
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3726:The Defense Post
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3697:The Defense Post
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3668:The Defense Post
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3639:The Defense Post
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3610:The Defense Post
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3491:The Defense Post
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3344:
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3341:
3340:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3233:Associated Press
3225:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3161:
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3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
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3078:
3072:
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3069:
3068:
3053:
3047:
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3043:
3015:
3009:
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3006:
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2986:
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2861:
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2800:
2794:
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2790:
2784:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2710:JeuneAfrique.com
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
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2606:
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2465:
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2430:
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2411:
2405:
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2381:
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2279:
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2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
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2228:
2222:
2221:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2114:(144): 325â333.
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2071:10.2307/20033830
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1938:
1937:
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1934:
1918:
1907:
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1883:
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1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1649:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1481:Economic efforts
1431:Security efforts
1382:Domestic efforts
1140:Village attacks
1097:January 1, 2019
1066:Est â Kompienga
997:October 6, 2018
917:August 28, 2018
897:August 13, 2018
853:August 14, 2017
740:Sahel â Markoye
649:October 9, 2015
629:August 23, 2015
597:(Region â city)
583:
553:
550:
544:
532:
531:
524:
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
5094:
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4030:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3968:. 4 July 2022.
3958:
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3556:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3438:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3003:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2059:Foreign Affairs
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1576:
1563:
1536:
1528:
1509:
1484:
1434:
1424:
1384:
1375:
1344:Village attack
1341:April 6-7 2023
1324:Village attack
1304:Village attack
1279:June 4â5, 2021
1237:March 28, 2019
1146:Sahel â Sikire
1120:Village attack
1100:Village attack
615:Al-Mourabitoun
554:
548:
545:
542:
533:
529:
522:
499:
451:In March 2017,
426:
417:
365:Hauts-Bassins:
305:
234:
226:Linchpin states
191:Blaise Compaoré
181:African country
173:
168:
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5042:
5029:
5020:
5006:Canary Islands
5002:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4617:
4595:. 2016-02-04.
4580:
4551:
4522:
4493:
4464:
4435:
4406:
4369:(1): e000056.
4349:
4313:
4283:
4253:
4223:
4193:
4163:
4133:
4119:. 2019-03-14.
4101:
4087:. 2016-11-05.
4069:
4037:
4008:
3983:
3948:
3934:. 2019-03-28.
3919:
3905:. 2019-03-18.
3890:
3876:. 2019-02-06.
3861:
3847:. 2019-01-31.
3832:
3818:. 2019-01-28.
3803:
3789:. 2019-01-27.
3771:
3757:. 2019-01-12.
3742:
3728:. 2019-01-04.
3713:
3699:. 2018-12-28.
3684:
3670:. 2018-12-22.
3655:
3641:. 2018-12-01.
3626:
3612:. 2018-10-07.
3597:
3583:. 2018-09-26.
3565:
3551:. 2018-09-15.
3536:
3522:. 2018-09-08.
3507:
3493:. 2018-08-28.
3478:
3464:. 2018-08-14.
3449:
3404:
3375:
3345:
3315:
3301:. 2018-05-21.
3286:
3249:
3235:. 2017-03-03.
3217:
3203:. 2017-08-14.
3192:
3178:. 2017-01-03.
3163:
3131:
3102:
3088:. 2017-02-28.
3073:
3059:. 2016-01-16.
3048:
3010:
2996:. 2018-09-29.
2981:
2967:. 2015-10-09.
2952:
2923:
2885:
2871:. 2017-07-02.
2853:
2839:. 2015-05-19.
2824:
2795:
2759:
2726:
2694:
2660:
2633:(3): 491â511.
2617:
2583:
2569:. 2018-03-03.
2551:
2519:
2489:
2475:. 2016-06-01.
2460:
2431:
2417:. 2019-01-19.
2406:
2376:
2347:
2333:. 2016-11-05.
2318:
2304:. 2019-03-22.
2289:
2280:
2266:. 2018-03-05.
2252:
2223:
2204:(2): 191â209.
2188:
2166:. 2018-12-13.
2151:
2095:
2045:
2013:
1976:
1939:
1908:
1892:Foreign Policy
1886:Blake, James.
1875:
1861:. 2018-12-31.
1843:
1829:. 2018-05-21.
1809:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1720:. 2019-02-14.
1705:
1673:
1659:. 2016-12-19.
1629:
1615:. 2019-02-14.
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1575:
1574:Safety ratings
1572:
1562:
1559:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1508:
1503:
1483:
1478:
1471:, upheld by a
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:Unidentified*
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:Unidentified*
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:Unidentified*
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:Unidentified*
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:Unidentified*
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:Unidentified*
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:Sahel â Oursi
1204:
1203:Unidentified*
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:Unidentified*
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:Unidentified*
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Unidentified*
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:Unidentified*
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:Est â Boungou
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:Unidentified*
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
946:Est â Kabonga
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
876:
875:March 2, 2018
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
854:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:Unidentified*
837:
836:School attack
834:
833:March 3, 2017
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
772:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
726:2 (kidnapped)
724:
721:
720:Sahel â Djibo
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
678:Sahel â Djibo
676:
675:Unidentified*
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:Sahel â Oursi
636:
635:Unidentified*
633:
630:
626:
625:
624:1 (kidnapped)
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:April 4, 2015
606:
605:
602:
599:
593:
590:
587:
556:
555:
536:
534:
527:
521:
518:
498:
495:
442:al-Mourabitoun
425:
422:
416:
413:
394:
393:
375:
369:
363:
341:
335:
304:
301:
233:
230:
172:
169:
167:
164:
50:
49:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5091:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Guinea-Bissau
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4618:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:The Telegraph
4590:
4584:
4581:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4059:on 2018-09-19
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3433:
3419:
3418:National Post
3415:
3408:
3405:
3394:on 2018-03-03
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3364:
3361:(in French).
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3330:
3329:Quartz Africa
3326:
3319:
3316:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2942:on 2019-03-26
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:The Economist
2161:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1997:The Intercept
1994:
1987:
1985:
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1981:
1977:
1965:
1961:
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1950:
1948:
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1940:
1928:
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1321:July 3, 2022
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1826:
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1799:. 2018-03-02
1796:
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1774:. 2017-08-14
1771:
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1749:. 2016-01-16
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1361:
1257:May 3, 2021
596:
592:Perpetrator
567:
546:
538:
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337:Centre-Est:
310:
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289:its soldiers
286:
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278:Armed Forces
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71:Burkina Faso
62:
61:
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4972:recognition
4925:South Sudan
4815:Ivory Coast
3359:apanews.net
1006:Est â Pama
926:Est â Pama
601:Fatalities
485:(ISIL/IS),
402:Paul Thieba
222:West Africa
160:Paul Thieba
119:Ouagadougou
5027:(Portugal)
4985:Somaliland
4905:Seychelles
4870:Mozambique
4855:Mauritania
4840:Madagascar
4795:The Gambia
4730:Cape Verde
4641:2019-05-05
4611:2019-05-05
4574:2019-05-05
4545:2019-05-05
4516:2019-05-05
4487:2019-05-05
4458:2019-05-05
4429:2019-05-05
4343:2019-05-12
4330:Relief Web
4307:2019-05-10
4277:2019-05-12
4247:2019-05-05
4217:2019-05-05
4157:2019-05-05
4127:2019-05-05
4095:2019-05-05
4063:2019-05-05
4031:2019-05-05
4021:www.un.org
4002:2024-01-07
3942:2019-03-29
3913:2019-03-29
3884:2019-03-29
3855:2019-03-29
3826:2019-03-29
3797:2019-03-29
3765:2019-03-29
3736:2019-03-29
3707:2019-03-29
3678:2019-03-29
3649:2019-03-29
3620:2019-03-29
3591:2019-03-29
3559:2019-03-29
3530:2019-03-29
3501:2019-03-29
3472:2019-03-29
3423:2019-03-29
3398:2019-03-29
3369:2019-03-29
3339:2019-03-29
3309:2019-03-29
3243:2019-03-29
3211:2019-03-29
3186:2019-03-29
3157:2019-03-26
3125:2019-03-29
3096:2019-03-29
3067:2019-03-26
3042:2019-03-26
3004:2019-03-26
2975:2019-03-26
2946:2019-03-26
2917:2019-03-26
2879:2019-03-29
2847:2019-03-29
2818:2019-05-05
2808:aOuaga.com
2789:2019-05-12
2753:2019-03-26
2720:2019-03-26
2688:2019-05-12
2611:2019-05-12
2577:2019-03-29
2545:2019-03-29
2513:2019-05-05
2483:2019-05-05
2454:2019-05-05
2425:2019-05-05
2400:2019-05-05
2390:Africanews
2370:2019-05-05
2360:GardaWorld
2341:2019-03-29
2312:2019-05-04
2274:2019-03-29
2246:2019-04-10
2182:2019-05-04
2089:2019-05-12
2039:2019-05-12
2007:2019-04-10
1970:2019-05-12
1933:2019-05-05
1902:2019-03-26
1869:2019-03-29
1837:2019-05-04
1803:2022-11-24
1778:2022-11-24
1753:2022-11-24
1728:2019-03-26
1699:2019-04-10
1667:2019-02-23
1623:2019-03-26
1595:References
1458:Mauritania
513:Boko Haram
367:Kénédougou
353:Komandjari
339:Koulpélogo
254:government
166:Background
65:refers to
43:April 2021
4860:Mauritius
4601:0307-1235
4419:ReliefWeb
4383:2059-7908
3965:France 24
3581:France 24
3520:France 24
3432:cite news
3353:APANEWS.
3279:April 28,
3086:France 24
3032:0099-9660
2994:France 24
2655:150718794
2647:1753-9153
2567:France 24
2444:USA TODAY
2218:0020-5850
2172:0013-0613
2146:155017126
2138:0305-6244
604:Injuries
595:Location
589:Incident
357:Kompienga
317:gendarmes
188:President
79:Terrorist
5073:Category
5051: /
5047: /
5040:(France)
5034: /
5012: /
5008: /
4960:Zimbabwe
4935:Tanzania
4785:Ethiopia
4780:Eswatini
4760:Djibouti
4725:Cameroon
4710:Botswana
4635:Archived
4605:Archived
4568:Archived
4539:Archived
4510:Archived
4481:Archived
4452:Archived
4423:Archived
4401:28588927
4334:Archived
4301:Archived
4271:Archived
4241:Archived
4211:Archived
4186:20 April
4180:Archived
4151:Archived
4121:Archived
4089:Archived
4025:Archived
3970:Archived
3936:Archived
3907:Archived
3878:Archived
3849:Archived
3820:Archived
3791:Archived
3759:Archived
3730:Archived
3701:Archived
3672:Archived
3643:Archived
3614:Archived
3585:Archived
3553:Archived
3524:Archived
3495:Archived
3466:Archived
3363:Archived
3333:Archived
3303:Archived
3270:Archived
3237:Archived
3205:Archived
3180:Archived
3151:Archived
3119:Archived
3090:Archived
3061:Archived
3036:Archived
2998:Archived
2969:Archived
2911:Archived
2873:Archived
2841:Archived
2812:Archived
2780:Archived
2747:Archived
2714:Archived
2682:Archived
2602:Archived
2571:Archived
2539:Archived
2507:Archived
2477:Archived
2448:Archived
2419:Archived
2394:Archived
2364:Archived
2335:Archived
2306:Archived
2268:Archived
2240:Archived
2176:Archived
2083:Archived
2079:20033830
2033:Archived
2031:. 2012.
2001:Archived
1964:Archived
1927:Archived
1896:Archived
1863:Archived
1831:Archived
1797:BBC News
1772:BBC News
1747:BBC News
1722:Archived
1693:Archived
1661:Archived
1617:Archived
1446:G5 Sahel
549:May 2021
434:al-Qaeda
214:the U.S.
203:al-Qaeda
149:G5 Sahel
145:the West
75:ideology
5036:RĂ©union
5032:Mayotte
5023:Madeira
5018:(Spain)
5014:Melilla
4945:Tunisia
4915:Somalia
4900:Senegal
4885:Nigeria
4875:Namibia
4865:Morocco
4830:Liberia
4825:Lesotho
4775:Eritrea
4745:Comoros
4720:Burundi
4695:Algeria
4392:5321324
4267:Africom
4085:Reuters
3549:AP NEWS
2965:Reuters
2936:Reuters
2837:Reuters
2473:Reuters
2331:Reuters
1859:Reuters
539:updated
466:in the
379:Oudalan
377:Sahel:
33:updated
5055:
5038:
5025:
4955:Zambia
4950:Uganda
4890:Rwanda
4845:Malawi
4805:Guinea
4700:Angola
4599:
4564:GOV.UK
4399:
4389:
4381:
3976:6 July
3462:News24
3388:News24
3030:
2653:
2645:
2535:GOV.UK
2216:
2170:
2144:
2136:
2077:
1460:, and
870:21â25
576:, and
371:Nord:
349:Gourma
345:Gnagna
333:Sourou
265:French
245:, and
210:France
199:Tuareg
129:, and
105:, and
5010:Ceuta
4930:Sudan
4880:Niger
4835:Libya
4820:Kenya
4800:Ghana
4790:Gabon
4765:Egypt
4705:Benin
4337:(PDF)
4326:(PDF)
3273:(PDF)
3262:(PDF)
2783:(PDF)
2772:(PDF)
2651:S2CID
2605:(PDF)
2598:(PDF)
2142:S2CID
2075:JSTOR
1960:UNHCR
1462:Niger
586:Date
468:Sahel
438:Sahel
391:Yagha
373:Lorum
361:Tapoa
343:Est:
329:Kossi
297:Sudan
291:from
218:Sahel
177:coups
115:Niger
103:Sahel
4940:Togo
4850:Mali
4740:Chad
4597:ISSN
4397:PMID
4379:ISSN
4188:2020
3978:2022
3444:help
3281:2019
3028:ISSN
2643:ISSN
2214:ISSN
2168:ISSN
2134:ISSN
1454:Mali
1450:Chad
1356:N/A
1293:132
763:3â5
681:1â3
578:2018
574:2017
570:2016
387:Soum
383:SĂ©no
313:Mali
273:coup
247:2018
243:2017
239:2016
212:and
151:and
131:2018
127:2017
123:2016
113:and
111:Mali
99:Nord
4387:PMC
4371:doi
2869:BBC
2635:doi
2206:doi
2124:hdl
2116:doi
2067:doi
1689:VOA
1407:."
1353:44
1336:NA
1333:22
1316:NA
1313:12
1296:NA
1274:20
1271:30
1252:NA
1232:NA
1172:NA
1152:NA
1149:10
1129:12
1089:10
1032:NA
992:NA
972:NA
912:NA
892:85
889:30
867:19
828:NA
788:~2
785:12
766:NA
706:71
703:30
684:NA
295:in
133:by
121:in
107:Est
69:in
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4508:.
4504:.
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4365:.
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4235:.
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