664:
1890:
1875:
2664:
1843:
649:
3458:
147:
1829:
1857:
3445:
440:
122:
3452:
489:
are defined by their conservative molar morphology, which includes "trilophed intermediate molars, third molars with three to four loph(id)s, and pretrite half-loph(id)s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form trefoil-patterned enamel loops with wear (simple molar crowns
2256:
2486:"The Oldest Cranium of Sinomastodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae), Discovered in the Uppermost Miocene of Southwestern China: Implications for the Origin and Migration of This Taxon"
594:
first arrived in North
America during the mid-Miocene, approximately 16-15 million years ago, and is suggested to be ancestral to later New World gomphothere genera, such as
2050:
Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022).
467:(known from a 35-year-old male) measuring 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in) tall and weighing 4.6 t (4.5 long tons; 5.1 short tons). The largest species
2697:
3702:
2484:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Ji, Xue-Ping; Jablonski, Nina G.; Su, Denise F.; Ge, Jun-Yi; Ding, Chang-Fen; Yu, Teng-Song; Li, Wen-Qi; Duangkrayom, Jaroon (June 2016).
3677:
3567:
2155:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha"
3692:
2257:"Stable Isotope Ecology of a Late Miocene Population of Gomphotherium productus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma, USA"
3687:
2239:
2371:"Discovery of a primitive Gomphotherium from the Early Miocene of northern China and its biochronology and palaeobiogeography significance"
427:
of
Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the most diverse genus of gompothere, with over a dozen valid species. The genus is probably
2052:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA"
3652:
3647:
680:
657:
134:
2624:
Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (28 November 2023),
3697:
2690:
1856:
3667:
1874:
3662:
231:
1842:
3672:
2116:
834:
3457:
1889:
1828:
146:
1983:
Wu, Yan; Deng, Tao; Hu, Yaowu; Ma, Jiao; Zhou, Xinying; Mao, Limi; Zhang, Hanwen; Ye, Jie; Wang, Shi-Qi (16 May 2018).
2683:
568:
underwent rapid evolution after its arrival in
Eurasia, reaching its peak diversity during the Early-Middle Miocene.
663:
3682:
1985:"A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia, 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae"
475:, Germany, measured up to 3.17 m (10.4 ft) tall and weighed 6.7 t (6.6 long tons; 7.4 short tons).
2536:"A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia"
2313:"A new species of Gomphotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution of Gomphotherium in Eurasia"
558:
2282:
1918:"Early Pleistocene large-mammal fauna associated with Gigantopithecus at Mohui Cave, Bubing Basin, South China"
3444:
2589:
Göhlich, Ursula B. (2010). "The
Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (southern Germany)".
635:
species disappeared from North
America at the beginning of the Pliocene, approximately 5 million years ago.
3507:
739:
322:
3657:
3619:
3606:
3554:
3470:
3451:
2598:
2547:
2428:
2370:
2324:
2312:
2270:
2166:
2063:
1998:
1929:
628:
503:
3067:
3058:
2669:
2153:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016). Beatty, Brian Lee (ed.).
1488:
515:
308:
3097:
2534:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (4 May 2017).
2311:
Wang, Shi-Qi; Li, Yu; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (4 May 2017).
2108:
576:
and the ancestor of later gomphothere genera, including the "tetralophodont gomphotheres" such as
3545:
2812:
2571:
2513:
2454:
2394:
2348:
2135:
1989:
523:
270:
141:
3611:
3624:
648:
3593:
3420:
3289:
2563:
2505:
2446:
2386:
2340:
2286:
2235:
2202:
2184:
2089:
2032:
2014:
1963:
1945:
1866:
810:
3598:
3146:
2637:
2606:
2555:
2497:
2436:
2378:
2332:
2278:
2227:
2192:
2174:
2125:
2079:
2071:
2022:
2006:
1937:
672:
375:
3480:
3475:
3088:
2936:
2920:
1524:
1510:
1409:
1382:
1368:
692:
482:
2602:
2551:
2471:
Spencer LG 2022. The last North
American gomphotheres. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45–58.
2432:
2328:
2274:
2170:
2067:
2002:
1933:
439:
3410:
3242:
3118:
3074:
2983:
2953:
2897:
2843:
2625:
2415:
MacFadden, Bruce J.; Morgan, Gary S.; Jones, Douglas S.; Rincon, Aldo F. (March 2015).
2197:
2154:
2084:
2051:
2027:
1984:
608:
460:
3641:
3490:
3400:
3380:
3333:
3317:
3303:
3296:
3256:
3235:
3221:
3200:
3174:
3111:
2906:
2867:
2833:
2782:
2517:
2485:
2398:
1917:
1582:
1062:
602:
578:
79:
31:
2575:
2458:
2352:
2221:
121:
3344:
3249:
3167:
3139:
3044:
2973:
2913:
2883:
2823:
2792:
2139:
619:
587:
583:
573:
522:
enamel unearthed in the Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma reveal it fed predominantly on
428:
240:
2675:
2559:
2382:
2336:
2626:"Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms"
2179:
1941:
3580:
3539:
3485:
3390:
3272:
3207:
3190:
3153:
3132:
3125:
3023:
2876:
2761:
2746:
2707:
2535:
596:
472:
420:
417:
211:
198:
54:
2075:
2010:
3160:
3104:
3037:
3007:
2802:
2737:
2659:
2610:
2501:
1422:
99:
64:
3530:
2567:
2509:
2450:
2390:
2344:
2290:
2188:
2018:
1949:
732:(Borissiak and Belyaeva, 1928) China, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene
3370:
3360:
3214:
3016:
2417:"Gomphothere proboscidean ( Gomphotherium ) from the late Neogene of Panama"
1365:
542:
416:; "nail beast" for its double set of straight tusks) is an extinct genus of
158:
104:
17:
2206:
2130:
2093:
2036:
2642:
3524:
3326:
2963:
2853:
2725:
1895:
1450:
627:
became extinct at the beginning of the Late
Miocene, around the start of
178:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
2441:
2416:
3572:
3353:
3282:
2993:
2261:
1396:
546:
424:
109:
84:
3585:
760:
Wang, Li, Duangkrayom, Yang, He & Chen, 2017 China, Middle
Miocene
3030:
2731:
2719:
1965:
Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals
553:
are known from Africa, dating to approximately 19.5 million years ago
188:
168:
3501:
2231:
676:
647:
438:
3559:
490:
with no accessory conules on the posttrite side of the crown)".
3505:
2679:
402:
1364:
408:
399:
2283:
10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0279:SIEOAL>2.0.CO;2
1916:
Wang, Wei; Liao, Wei; Li, Dawei; Tian, Feng (1 July 2014).
405:
393:
485:, had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks. Species of
384:
778:(Cope, 1874) North America, Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene
742:, 1924) Mongolia, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene
381:
2109:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
2369:
Li, Chunxiao; Wang, Shi-Qi; Yang, Qing (26 May 2022).
1978:
1976:
1974:
390:
378:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3314:
3267:
3185:
3085:
3055:
3004:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2894:
2864:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2778:
3514:
3343:
3313:
3266:
3184:
3084:
3054:
3003:
2934:
2893:
2863:
2759:
396:
387:
2223:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea
471:, known from a complete 37-year-old male found in
2226:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 94.
2255:Fox, David L.; Fisher, Daniel C. (1 June 2001).
772:(Klahn, 1922) Europe, China, Middle-Late Miocene
754:(Schlesinger, 1917) Europe, Early-Middle Miocene
631:, approximately 10 million years ago. The last
1585:("tetralophodont gomphotheres", Elephantidae)
2691:
8:
748:(Cuvier, 1817) (type) Europe, Middle Miocene
541:likely originated in Africa during the late
3502:
2942:
2771:
2767:
2756:
2698:
2684:
2676:
120:
38:
2641:
2440:
2196:
2178:
2129:
2083:
2026:
1968:. Government Printing Office, Washington.
662:
617:are suggested to have been ancestral to
1908:
1824:
766:(Osborn, 1926) Pakistan, Middle Miocene
1962:Palmer, T. S.; Merriam, C. H. (1904).
708:(Matsumoto, 1925) Japan, Early Miocene
564:" approximately 19 million years ago.
514:from China are suggested to have been
27:Extinct genus of elephant-like mammals
2529:
2527:
2479:
2477:
2410:
2408:
2364:
2362:
784:(Lartet, 1859) Europe, Middle Miocene
7:
726:(Fourtau, 1918) Egypt, Early Miocene
702:Welcomme, 1994 Europe, Early Miocene
2220:Sanders, William J. (7 July 2023).
1713:
1667:
1660:
1638:
1616:
1560:
1538:
1531:
1503:
1481:
1442:
1415:
1388:
1378:
1195:
1173:
1127:
1120:
1051:
1029:
1007:
1000:
954:
932:
910:
888:
866:
826:
802:
795:
691:are considered valid, with over 30
506:or mixed feeders, but specimens of
2540:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2317:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
714:(Osborn, 1932) Asia, Early Miocene
658:American Museum of Natural History
557:migrated into Eurasia across the "
518:. Oxygen and carbon isotopes from
135:American Museum of Natural History
25:
3703:Pliocene mammals of North America
720:Tassy, 1985 Europe, Early Miocene
3678:Miocene mammals of North America
3456:
3450:
3443:
2662:
1888:
1873:
1855:
1841:
1827:
582:which are probably ancestral to
374:
145:
623:. The last European species of
2490:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
3693:Fossil taxa described in 1837
2560:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284
2383:10.1080/08912963.2022.2077106
2337:10.1080/02724634.2017.1318284
2117:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
835:Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi
3688:Prehistoric placental genera
2591:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
2180:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1942:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.036
1135:Gomphotherium subtapiroideum
459:were similar in size to the
50:Early Miocene–Early Pliocene
1568:Gomphotherium steinheimense
1233:Gomphotherium steinheimense
3719:
2076:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559
2011:10.1038/s41598-018-25909-4
502:are inferred to have been
451:(left) compared to a human
286:Falconer and Cautley, 1846
29:
3653:Miocene mammals of Europe
3648:Miocene mammals of Africa
3465:
3440:
2945:
2774:
2770:
2755:
2714:
2611:10.1007/s12542-010-0053-1
2502:10.1007/s10914-015-9311-z
1835:Gomphotherium angustidens
1718:
1711:
1687:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1580:
1565:
1558:
1546:Gomphotherium angustidens
1543:
1536:
1529:
1508:
1501:
1486:
1479:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1386:
1327:
1230:
1215:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1076:
1059:Gomphotherium angustidens
1056:
1049:
1037:Gomphotherium mongoliense
1034:
1027:
1012:
1005:
998:
974:
959:
952:
937:
930:
915:
908:
893:
886:
871:
864:
848:
831:
824:
807:
800:
695:proposed for these taxa.
276:
269:
262:
257:
248:Gomphotherium angustidens
246:
239:
142:Scientific classification
140:
128:
119:
41:
1922:Quaternary International
1723:+ American gomphotheres
1646:Gomphotherium inopinatum
1624:Gomphotherium sylvaticum
1015:Gomphotherium inopinatum
940:Gomphotherium sylvaticum
687:Over a dozen species of
549:. The oldest remains of
443:Skeletal restoration of
30:Not to be confused with
3698:Miocene mammals of Asia
2421:Journal of Paleontology
2107:Larramendi, A. (2016).
1849:Gomphotherium productum
1721:Gomphotherium productum
1467:Gomphotherium annectens
1218:Gomphotherium productum
896:Gomphotherium annectens
874:Gomphotherium hannibali
572:has been posited to be
131:Gomphotherium productum
3668:Pliocene proboscideans
2131:10.4202/app.00136.2014
1079:Gomphotherium connexum
977:Gomphotherium pygmaeus
684:
660:
452:
3663:Miocene proboscideans
3620:Paleobiology Database
3607:Paleobiology Database
2643:10.7554/eLife.90908.1
962:Gomphotherium libycum
918:Gomphotherium cooperi
788:Phylogeny after Wang
666:
651:
613:Asian populations of
469:G. steinheimense
442:
3673:Zanclean extinctions
3471:Plesielephantiformes
2706:Genera of the order
1690:Gomphotherium tassyi
1675:Gomphotherium browni
1203:Gomphotherium browni
1181:Gomphotherium wimani
1150:Gomphotherium tassyi
3059:Choerolophodontidae
2670:Paleontology portal
2603:2010PalZ...84..163G
2552:2017JVPal..37E8284W
2442:10.1017/jpa.2014.31
2433:2015JPal...89..360M
2329:2017JVPal..37E8284W
2300:– via BioOne.
2275:2001Palai..16..279F
2171:2016PLoSO..1147009M
2068:2022iSci...25j3559B
2003:2018NatSR...8.7640W
1934:2014QuInt.354..122W
1489:Choerolophodontidae
2375:Historical Biology
1990:Scientific Reports
1435:Gomphotheres
685:
661:
481:, like most basal
453:
3683:White River Fauna
3635:
3634:
3594:Open Tree of Life
3508:Taxon identifiers
3499:
3498:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3421:Stegotetrabelodon
3290:Paratetralophodon
2930:
2929:
2241:978-1-315-11891-8
1867:Charles R. Knight
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1700:
1699:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1513:(shovel tuskers)
1361:
1360:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1160:
1159:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
987:
986:
811:Phiomia serridens
752:G. subtapiroideum
671:. Collected from
365:
364:
359:
348:
337:
326:
312:
298:
287:
235:
16:(Redirected from
3710:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3503:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3316:
3269:
3187:
3147:Progomphotherium
3087:
3057:
3006:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2943:
2896:
2866:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2182:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2030:
1980:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1913:
1892:
1877:
1859:
1845:
1831:
1714:
1668:
1661:
1639:
1617:
1561:
1539:
1532:
1504:
1482:
1443:
1416:
1389:
1379:
1196:
1174:
1128:
1121:
1052:
1030:
1008:
1001:
955:
933:
911:
889:
867:
827:
803:
796:
770:G. steinheimense
656:skeleton at the
498:Most species of
455:Most species of
449:G. steinheimense
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
357:
346:
335:
321:
307:
296:
285:
230:
223:
210:
150:
149:
124:
114:
51:
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3481:Elephantimorpha
3476:Numidotheriidae
3461:
3442:
3426:
3339:
3309:
3271:
3270:"Tetralophodont
3262:
3189:
3180:
3089:Amebelodontidae
3080:
3050:
2999:
2939:
2937:Elephantiformes
2926:
2921:Prodeinotherium
2889:
2859:
2764:
2751:
2710:
2704:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2546:(3): e1318284.
2533:
2532:
2525:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2323:(3): e1318284.
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2165:(1): e0147009.
2152:
2151:
2147:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2049:
2048:
2044:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1701:
1604:
1595:
1525:Gomphotheriidae
1511:Amebelodontidae
1437:sensu lato
1410:Elephantimorpha
1383:Elephantiformes
1369:Gomphotheriidae
1362:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1161:
1108:
1099:
1090:
988:
693:junior synonyms
646:
641:
555:. Gomphotherium
536:
527:
496:
483:elephantimorphs
437:
377:
373:
356:
345:
334:
320:
306:
295:
284:
253:
250:
229:
221:
212:Gomphotheriidae
208:
144:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3536:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3411:Stegodibelodon
3404:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3243:Rhynchotherium
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3119:Archaeobelodon
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3075:Choerolophodon
3071:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2984:Palaeomastodon
2977:
2967:
2957:
2954:Dagbatitherium
2946:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2898:Deinotheriidae
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2844:Phosphatherium
2837:
2827:
2817:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2616:
2597:(1): 163–204.
2581:
2523:
2496:(2): 155–173.
2473:
2464:
2427:(2): 360–365.
2404:
2358:
2303:
2269:(3): 279–293.
2247:
2240:
2232:10.1201/b20016
2212:
2145:
2099:
2042:
1970:
1955:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:G. angustidens
1879:
1872:
1870:
1863:G. angustidens
1861:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1342:G. angustidens
1339:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
980:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
958:
953:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
936:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
914:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
892:
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
870:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
830:
825:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
801:
799:
794:
786:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
746:G. angustidens
743:
736:G. mongoliense
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
667:Front view of
645:
642:
640:
637:
609:Rhynchotherium
535:
532:
525:
495:
492:
461:Asian elephant
436:
433:
363:
362:
361:
360:
349:
338:
327:
313:
299:
288:
274:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
255:
254:
252:(Cuvier, 1817)
251:
244:
243:
237:
236:
219:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3715:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3546:Gomphotherium
3541:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:Gomphotherium
3513:
3509:
3504:
3492:
3491:Elephantoidea
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:Selenetherium
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:Palaeoloxodon
3375:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3334:Stegolophodon
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3318:Stegodontidae
3312:
3306:
3305:
3304:Tetralophodon
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:Pediolophodon
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3257:Stegomastodon
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:Notiomastodon
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:Gomphotherium
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:Gnathabelodon
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:Blancotherium
3198:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:"Trilophodont
3183:
3177:
3176:
3175:Torynobelodon
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:Aphanobelodon
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:Afrochoerodon
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:Chilgatherium
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2868:Barytheriidae
2862:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:Numidotherium
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:Arcanotherium
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2660:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(1): 103559.
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Elephantoidea
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:Gomphotherium
1370:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:Gomphotherium
1343:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
983:
982:
979:
978:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
957:
956:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
852:
851:Gomphotherium
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
836:
829:
828:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
805:
804:
798:
797:
793:
791:
783:
782:G. pyrenaicum
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
731:
730:G. inopinatum
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:G. sylvaticum
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
696:
694:
690:
689:Gomphotherium
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
659:
655:
654:Gomphotherium
650:
643:
638:
636:
634:
633:Gomphotherium
630:
626:
625:Gomphotherium
622:
621:
616:
615:Gomphotherium
612:
610:
605:
604:
603:Stegomastodon
599:
598:
593:
592:Gomphotherium
589:
585:
581:
580:
579:Tetralophodon
575:
571:
570:Gomphotherium
567:
566:Gomphotherium
563:
561:
560:Gomphotherium
556:
552:
551:Gomphotherium
548:
544:
540:
539:Gomphotherium
533:
531:
529:
521:
517:
513:
512:steinheimense
509:
505:
501:
500:Gomphotherium
493:
491:
488:
487:Gomphotherium
484:
480:
479:Gomphotherium
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Gomphotherium
450:
446:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
419:
413:
371:
370:
369:Gomphotherium
355:
354:
350:
344:
343:
339:
333:
332:
328:
324:
319:
318:
317:Serridentinus
314:
310:
305:
304:
300:
294:
293:
289:
283:
282:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
256:
249:
245:
242:
238:
233:
228:
227:
226:Gomphotherium
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
44:
43:Gomphotherium
40:
37:
33:
32:Comphotherium
19:
3658:Gomphotheres
3515:
3449:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3352:
3345:Elephantidae
3332:
3325:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3273:gomphotheres
3255:
3250:Sinomastodon
3248:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:gomphotheres
3173:
3168:Stenobelodon
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3140:Platybelodon
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3098:Afromastodon
3096:
3073:
3066:
3045:Zygolophodon
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
2992:
2982:
2974:Hemimastodon
2972:
2962:
2952:
2919:
2914:Deinotherium
2912:
2905:
2884:Omanitherium
2882:
2875:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2824:Moeritherium
2822:
2811:
2801:
2793:Daouitherium
2791:
2781:
2742:
2736:Superorder:
2647:, retrieved
2633:
2629:
2619:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2543:
2539:
2493:
2489:
2467:
2424:
2420:
2374:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2266:
2260:
2250:
2222:
2215:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2121:
2115:
2102:
2059:
2055:
2045:
1994:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1880:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1720:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1644:
1623:
1622:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1545:
1544:
1509:
1487:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1425:(mastodons)
1421:
1395:
1394:
1372:
1366:paraphyletic
1363:
1348:
1341:
1335:G. annectens
1334:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1180:
1179:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1078:
1077:
1058:
1057:
1036:
1035:
1014:
1013:
976:
975:
961:
960:
939:
938:
917:
916:
895:
894:
873:
872:
853:sp. (Mwiti)
850:
849:
833:
832:
809:
808:
789:
787:
781:
776:G. productum
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
706:G. annectens
705:
700:G. hannibali
699:
688:
686:
669:G. productum
668:
653:
632:
624:
620:Sinomastodon
618:
614:
607:
601:
595:
591:
584:stegodontids
577:
574:paraphyletic
569:
565:
559:
554:
550:
538:
537:
530:year-round.
520:G. productum
519:
511:
507:
499:
497:
486:
478:
477:
468:
465:G. productum
464:
456:
454:
448:
447:(right) and
445:G. productum
444:
429:paraphyletic
421:proboscidean
368:
367:
366:
352:
351:
342:Ocalientinus
341:
340:
330:
329:
316:
315:
303:Tetrabelodon
302:
301:
292:Bunolophodon
291:
290:
280:
279:
263:
247:
241:Type species
225:
224:
130:
129:Specimen of
42:
36:
18:Tetrabelodon
3581:iNaturalist
3540:Wikispecies
3486:Elephantida
3391:Primelephas
3208:Cuvieronius
3154:Protanancus
3133:Konobelodon
3126:Eurybelodon
3024:Losodokodon
2877:Barytherium
2813:Khamsaconus
2762:Proboscidea
2747:Tethytheria
2708:Proboscidea
1997:(1): 7640.
1928:: 122–130.
597:Cuvieronius
588:elephantids
562:land bridge
435:Description
418:gomphothere
358:Frick, 1933
353:Tatabelodon
347:Frick, 1933
336:Frick, 1933
297:Vacek, 1877
281:Trilophodon
199:Proboscidea
3642:Categories
3469:See also:
3161:Serbelodon
3105:Amebelodon
3038:Sinomammut
3008:Mammutidae
2803:Eritherium
2738:Afrotheria
1903:References
1423:Mammutidae
724:G. libycum
712:G. cooperi
652:Detail of
331:Trobelodon
232:Burmeister
3371:Mammuthus
3361:Loxodonta
3215:Eubelodon
3017:Eozygodon
2718:Kingdom:
2568:0272-4634
2518:254702519
2510:1064-7554
2451:0022-3360
2399:249145789
2391:0891-2963
2345:0272-4634
2291:0883-1351
2189:1932-6203
2019:2045-2322
1950:1040-6182
1347:"Derived
1330:Outgroups
764:G. browni
758:G. tassyi
679:. At the
673:Clarendon
543:Oligocene
534:Evolution
423:from the
264:See text
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
3525:Wikidata
3327:Stegodon
2964:Eritreum
2854:Saloumia
2732:Mammalia
2726:Chordata
2724:Phylum:
2720:Animalia
2576:90593535
2459:52093950
2353:90593535
2207:26756209
2159:PLOS ONE
2094:34988402
2056:iScience
2037:29769581
1896:Ontogeny
1883:skeleton
1451:Eritreum
639:Taxonomy
504:browsers
473:Mühldorf
271:Synonyms
258:Species
205:Family:
189:Mammalia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
3599:4943162
3573:3240495
3560:4454839
3531:Q132604
3354:Elephas
3283:Anancus
2994:Phiomia
2730:Class:
2599:Bibcode
2548:Bibcode
2429:Bibcode
2377:: 1–9.
2325:Bibcode
2271:Bibcode
2262:PALAIOS
2198:4710528
2167:Bibcode
2140:2092950
2085:8693454
2064:Bibcode
2028:5956065
1999:Bibcode
1930:Bibcode
1397:Phiomia
792:, 2017
644:Species
547:Miocene
545:-early
516:grazers
494:Ecology
463:, with
425:Neogene
218:Genus:
195:Order:
185:Class:
133:at the
3612:333695
3586:546107
3031:Mammut
2649:29 May
2574:
2566:
2516:
2508:
2457:
2449:
2397:
2389:
2351:
2343:
2296:2 July
2289:
2238:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2138:
2092:
2082:
2035:
2025:
2017:
1948:
1344:group"
1337:group"
790:et al.
740:Osborn
528:plants
325:, 1923
323:Osborn
311:, 1884
234:, 1837
3625:43247
2743:Clade
2630:eLife
2572:S2CID
2514:S2CID
2455:S2CID
2395:S2CID
2349:S2CID
2136:S2CID
2112:(PDF)
1063:s. s.
677:Texas
3568:GBIF
2651:2024
2564:ISSN
2506:ISSN
2447:ISSN
2387:ISSN
2341:ISSN
2298:2024
2287:ISSN
2236:ISBN
2203:PMID
2185:ISSN
2090:PMID
2033:PMID
2015:ISSN
1946:ISSN
1371:and
681:AMNH
606:and
586:and
309:Cope
55:PreꞒ
3555:EoL
2638:doi
2607:doi
2556:doi
2498:doi
2437:doi
2379:doi
2333:doi
2279:doi
2228:doi
2193:PMC
2175:doi
2126:doi
2080:PMC
2072:doi
2023:PMC
2007:doi
1938:doi
1926:354
1865:by
629:MN9
403:ɪər
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90:T
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80:C
75:D
70:S
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