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548:. The Lake was primarily fed by snowmelt and rain runoff when the Mexico Valley had a temperate climate. Between 11,000 and 6,000 years ago, the climate naturally warmed and snowfall in central Mexico became less prevalent. This caused the water level of the lake to drop over the next several millennia. Remnants of the ancient shoreline that Lake Texcoco had from the last glacial period can be seen on some slopes of
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540:, the lake occupied the entire Mexico Valley. Lake Texcoco reached its maximum extent 11,000 years ago with a size of about 2,189 square miles (5,670 km) and over 500 feet (150 m) deep. When the lake's water level fell it created several paleo-lakes that would connect with each other from time to time. At the north in the modern community of San Miguel Tocuilla there is a great
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504:). Much of the lake was fed from groundwater aquifers; fresh water poured in from Lake Chalco and Xochimilco's freshwater springs, and the thermal springs of Zumpango and Xaltocan, as well as some in Texcoco itself, provided saline water. During periods of high water levels—typically after the May-to-October
508:—the lakes were often joined as one body of water, at an average elevation of 2,242 m (7,356 ft) above mean sea level. In the drier winter months the lake system tended to separate into individual bodies of water, a flow that was mitigated by the construction of
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influence. None of these predominated and they coexisted more or less in peace for several centuries. This time was described as a Golden age in Aztec chronicles. By the year 1300, however, the
Tepanec from Azcapotzalco were beginning to dominate the area.
700:, a drain was built to control the level of the lake, but in 1629 another flood kept most of the city covered for five years. At that time, it was debated whether to relocate the city, but the Spanish authorities decided to keep the existing location.
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System"), a network of several hundred kilometers of tunnels, was done, at a depth between 30 and 250 m (98 and 820 ft). The central tunnel has a diameter of 6.5 m (21.3 ft) and carries rain water out of the basin. The
492:. Lake Texcoco formerly extended over a large portion of the southern half of the basin, where it was the largest of an interconnected chain of five major and several smaller lakes (the other main lakes being Lakes Xaltocan,
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The modern
Texcoco Lake has a high concentration of salts and its waters are evaporated for their processing. A Mexican company, "Sosa Texcoco S.A." has an 800-hectare (2,000-acre) solar evaporator known as
438:. Drainage of the lake has led to serious ecological and human consequences. The local climate and water availability have changed considerably, contributing to water scarcity in the area; subsequent
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attempted to build an aqueduct that would take fresh water from the mainland to the lakes surrounding the
Tenochtitlan city. The aqueduct failed, and the city suffered a major flood in 1502.
1621:
516:. Lake Texcoco was the lowest-lying of all the lakes, and occupied the minimum elevation in the valley so that water ultimately drained towards it. The Valley of Mexico is a closed or
1826:
Siebe, Claus; Peter Schaaf; Jaime
Urrutia-Fucugauchi (October 1999). "Mammoth bones embedded in a late Pleistocene lahar from Popocatépetl volcano, near Tocuila, central México".
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The planned area for the park is 14,000 ha (35,000 acres), of which 4,800 ha (12,000 acres) will be public spaces. The park was inaugurated by the president of Mexico
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The ecological consequences of the draining were enormous. Parts of the valleys were turned semi-arid, and even today Mexico City suffers from lack of water. Due to
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Mexico City suffered from periodic floods; in 1604 the lake flooded the city, with an even more severe flood following in 1607. Under the direction of
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10 meters (33 feet) in the last century. Furthermore, because soft lake sediments underlie most of Mexico City, the city has proven vulnerable to
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had eclipsed the
Tlatilco cultural centers and was the major power in the Valley of Mexico during the next 200 years when its famous conical
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Matthew Vitz, "'The Land with which we struggle': Land
Reclamation, Revolution, and Development in Mexico's Lake Texcoco Basin, 1910-1950".
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560:) were found, suggesting human presence. It is believed that the lake disappeared and re-formed at least 10 times in the last 30,000 years.
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1326:"Mexico City is proposing to build one of the world's largest urban parks. Will it serve as a climate adaptation example for other cities?"
658:. It also permitted them to control the level of the lake. The city also had an inner system of channels that helped to control the water.
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wandered in the deserts of modern Mexico for 100 years before they came to the thick forests of the place now called the Valley of Mexico.
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4 km (2.5 mi) east of Mexico City, which covers part of the ancient lake bed. Also there are small remnants of the lakes of
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La Terra degli
Elefanti: atti del 1 Congresso Internazionale = The World of Elephants: proceedings of the 1st International Congress
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Agriculture around the lake began about 7,000 years ago, with humans following the patterns of periodic inundations of the lake.
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Several villages appeared on the northeast side of the lake between 1700 and 1250 BC. By 1250 BC the identifying signs of the
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Berres, Thomas E. (January 2000). "Climatic change and lacustrine resources at the period of initial Aztec development".
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After the fall of
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was built. The Xitle volcano destroyed
Cuicuilco around AD 30, a destruction that may have given rise to
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1004:"The water balance for the Basin of the Valley of Mexico and implications for future water consumption"
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Land reclamation of the lakebed was part of Mexico's attempts at development in the twentieth century.
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1350:"Will Mexico City's massive new park be a climate adaptation paragon for other cities? | Greenbiz"
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Life and Labor in
Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain
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828:, officially called Parque EcolĂłgico Lago de Texcoco (PELT), is a national park in the
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1258:"Gobierno de AMLO presenta proyecto de Parque EcolĂłgico para rescatar Lago de Texcoco"
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that is depleting the aquifer beneath the city, Mexico City is estimated to have
672:'s siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the dams were destroyed, and never rebuilt, so
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Monuments of Progress: Modernization and Public Health in Mexico City, 1876–1910
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under much of the city. Native species endemic to the lake region, such as the
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as well as mountains west of Mexico City. The disarticulated remains of seven
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1st International Congress "the World of Elephants", Rome, 16–20 October 2001
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Several species indigenous to the lake are now extinct or endangered (e.g.
650:. To overcome the problems of drinking water, the Aztecs built a system of
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1423:"El desagüe del Valle de México, siglos XVI–XXI: Una historia paradójica"
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on 30 August 2024. The park was designated after the cancelling of an
427:, efforts to control flooding led to most of the lake being drained.
30:
This article is about the lake. For the pre-Columbian city-state, see
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Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability
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The term "Texcoco Lake" now refers only to a big area surrounded by
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to separate the salty waters of the lake from the rain water of the
1382:. Latin American and Caribbean series, no. 4. Calgary and Boulder:
906:
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when hundreds of buildings collapsed and thousands of people died.
2271:
1679:
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Joint Academies Committee on the Mexico City Water Supply (1995).
1470:
Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; Elaine Johnston; Luis Morett A. (2001).
1168:
Moreno Murillo, Juan Manuel (1995). "The 1985 Mexico Earthquake".
702:
687:
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639:
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593:, Coyohuacan, Culhuacán, Chimalpa, and Chimalhuacán – mainly from
545:
1630:(trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England:
638:
in the western part of the lake in the year 1325. Around it, the
1711:(1979-01-12). "Early Sedentary Economy in the Basin of Mexico".
1301:"AMLO y Sheinbaum inauguran el Parque EcolĂłgico Lago de Texcoco"
400:
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1890:
1568:"Paleolimnology of Lake Texcoco, Mexico. Evidence from Diatoms"
512:
and causeways in the Late Postclassic period (1200–1521 CE) of
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461:, 14,000 hectares of public space and ecological restoration.
40:
1474:. In G. Cavarretta; P. Gioia; M. Mussi; M.R. Palombo (eds.).
1886:
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10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1550:MBEIAL>2.3.CO;2
1472:"Mammoth bone technology at Tocuila in the Basin of Mexico"
430:
The entire lake basin is now almost completely occupied by
853:
The park has been internationally praised as both a major
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832:, and a federal government project. It is part of the
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Eventually the lake was drained by the channels and a
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1280:"Asà será el Parque Ecológico del Lago de Texcoco"
556:dated between 10,220 ± 75 and 12,615 ± 95 years (
834:larger metropolitan area in the Valley of Mexico
249:
1879:Agua y SubordinaciĂłn en la Cuenca del RĂo Lerma
1110:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 304–.
1541:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1421:Aréchiga Córdoba, Ernesto (July–August 2004).
419:, which would later become the capital of the
2287:
1902:
1779:"Las cuencas lacustres del Altiplano Central"
1172:(3). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 5–19.
151:
8:
524:is estimated to be 72–79% of precipitation.
34:. For the modern municipality and city, see
2824:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
434:, the capital of the present-day nation of
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2280:
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1909:
1895:
1887:
1193:"The animal that's everywhere and nowhere"
1132:"Moctezuma: The leader who lost an empire"
1083:. Water Resources Publication. p. 6.
936:"The animal that's everywhere and nowhere"
692:Monument to Enrico Martinez in Mexico City
646:using a system similar to the creation of
142:
1591:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
857:project, and having great potential for
898:
1828:Geological Society of America Bulletin
624:According to a traditional story, the
544:, with a great amount of pleistocenic
620:Tenochitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519.
481:located in the southern highlands of
361:
353:
345:
336:
7:
218:
188:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1231:"Proyecto ecolĂłgico Lago de Texoco"
1217:Hispanic American Historical Review
1484:Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
313:2,100 square miles (5,400 km)
25:
2445:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1080:Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
882:Paleontological Museum in Tocuila
755:during earthquakes, most notably
676:became a big problem for the new
3193:Landforms of the State of Mexico
2255:
2254:
1566:Bradbury, John P. (March 1971).
877:Index of Mexico-related articles
816:This section is an excerpt from
477:of 2,236 m (7,336 ft)
217:
210:
187:
180:
166:
45:
2153:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
1002:Birkle, Peter (December 1998).
520:. Because there is no outflow,
324:
316:
308:
56:needs additional citations for
27:Former lake in Valley of Mexico
3213:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
453:After the cancellation of the
1:
3173:Former lakes of North America
2365:Centralist Republic of Mexico
2216:Aquifers in the United States
1147:"Why is Mexico City sinking?"
709:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
239:
2794:Institutional stock exchange
2430:Second American intervention
2221:Aquifer storage and recovery
1968:Buried Valley Aquifer System
1735:10.1126/science.203.4376.131
1388:University Press of Colorado
849:airport in the same location
826:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
818:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
806:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
800:Restoration and conservation
459:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
2995:Water supply and sanitation
2360:Spanish reconquest attempts
1384:University of Calgary Press
1191:Jones, Benji (2022-01-25).
934:Jones, Benji (2022-01-25).
845:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
473:is a basin with an average
455:Mexico City Texcoco Airport
3234:
2395:Second French intervention
2343:Control of Central America
2018:Santa Clara valley aquifer
1572:Limnology and Oceanography
1535:; Umberger, Emily (1996).
1378:Agostini, Claudia (2003).
815:
803:
609:
321:over 500 feet (150 m)
29:
3119:
2903:
2752:
2630:
2594:Tropical cyclone rainfall
2492:
2249:
1988:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
1668:National Research Council
1623:The Conquest of New Spain
1618:DĂaz del Castillo, Bernal
1593:10.4319/lo.1971.16.2.0180
1537:Aztec Imperial Strategies
1104:Alonso de Zurita (1994).
973:10.1017/S0956536100111101
914:Sites Information Service
887:List of prehistoric lakes
740:was inaugurated in 2019.
680:built over Tenochtitlan.
374:
370:
329:7,349 feet (2,240 m)
231:Show map of North America
174:
165:
150:
3188:Landforms of Mexico City
3183:Geography of Mesoamerica
2635:Administrative divisions
1703:(in English and Spanish)
1672:National Academies Press
1307:(in Spanish). 2024-08-30
1219:92, no. 1 (2012): 41-71.
738:eastern discharge tunnel
36:Texcoco, State of Mexico
3050:Handcrafts and folk art
2819:National stock exchange
2557:Protected natural areas
2385:Second Mexican Republic
2350:Supreme Executive Power
1937:Laurentian River System
1709:Niederberger, Christine
514:Mesoamerican chronology
396:
158:
3218:Ramsar sites in Mexico
2862:States by unemployment
2852:Science and technology
2355:First Mexican Republic
2169:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
2148:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
2028:Southern Hills Aquifer
872:History of Mexico City
855:ecological restoration
757:in the 1985 earthquake
712:
707:Lake Texcoco map from
693:
621:
440:groundwater extraction
388:
152:
3090:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2584:Territorial evolution
2400:Second Mexican Empire
1932:Arkell Spring Grounds
1775:Rojas Rabiela, Teresa
1529:Boone, Elizabeth Hill
1305:polĂtica.expansion.mx
1077:Fuat ĹžentĂĽrk (1994).
1028:10.1007/s100400050171
706:
691:
619:
542:paleontological field
272:19.41944°N 99.13333°W
3107:World Heritage Sites
2522:Environmental issues
2380:Mexican–American War
2338:First Mexican Empire
2101:Great Artesian Basin
2091:Botany Sands Aquifer
1819:online reproduction)
1787:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
1777:(July–August 2004).
1626:. Penguin Classics.
1513:online reproduction)
1486:. pp. 419–423.
1463:online reproduction)
1431:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
1170:Geofisica Colombiana
1008:Hydrogeology Journal
479:above mean sea level
417:MÄ“xihco TenĹŤchtitlan
65:improve this article
2762:Automotive industry
2650:Chamber of Deputies
2333:War of Independence
2236:Sole Source Aquifer
2023:Snake River Aquifer
2008:San Diego Formation
1983:Fox Hills Formation
1840:1999GSAB..111.1550S
1727:1979Sci...203..131N
1584:1971LimOc..16..180B
1525:Blanton, Richard E.
1067:Niederberger (1979)
1020:1998HydJ....6..500B
961:Ancient Mesoamerica
684:Artificial drainage
538:last glacial period
277:19.41944; -99.13333
268: /
2963:Indigenous peoples
2867:Telecommunications
2726:State legislatures
2667:Federal government
2547:Metropolitan areas
2425:Mexican Revolution
2111:Yarragadee Aquifer
1942:Oak Ridges Moraine
1664:(published online)
1539:. Washington, DC:
1531:; Hodge, Mary G.;
1521:Berdan, Frances F.
859:climate adaptation
713:
694:
634:was founded on an
622:
554:Columbian mammoths
522:evapotranspiration
415:built the city of
363:Reference no.
201:Show map of Mexico
32:Texcoco (altepetl)
3155:
3154:
3115:
3114:
2890:
2889:
2739:
2738:
2709:Political parties
2672:Foreign relations
2617:
2616:
2405:Restored Republic
2323:Pre-Columbian era
2269:
2268:
2241:Surficial aquifer
2195:Upper Rhine Plain
2143:Bas Saharan Basin
1834:(10): 1550–1562.
1721:(4376): 131–142.
1689:978-0-585-03773-8
1641:978-0-14-044123-9
1550:978-0-88402-211-4
1533:Smith, Michael E.
1397:978-1-55238-094-9
1117:978-0-8061-2679-1
1090:978-0-918334-80-0
907:"Lago de Texcoco"
753:soil liquefaction
644:artificial island
393:Nahuatl languages
378:
377:
326:Surface elevation
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3225:
3208:Tlatilco culture
3178:Valley of Mexico
3135:
3128:
3075:National symbols
2901:
2842:
2787:Renewable energy
2777:Economic history
2750:
2628:
2490:
2470:Chiapas conflict
2370:Texas Revolution
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2231:Artesian aquifer
2211:List of aquifers
2204:Related articles
2127:Waiwhetu Aquifer
1998:Ogallala Aquifer
1978:Floridan aquifer
1958:Biscayne Aquifer
1911:
1904:
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1810:. Archived from
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1504:. Archived from
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1337:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
999:
993:
992:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
903:
861:for Mexico City.
729:Drenaje Profundo
711:, December 1855
661:The Aztec ruler
642:created a large
568:Tlatilco culture
471:Valley of Mexico
425:Spanish conquest
409:Valley of Mexico
399:) was a natural
283:
282:
280:
279:
278:
273:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
251:
232:
221:
220:
214:
202:
191:
190:
184:
170:
161:
155:
143:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3168:Lakes of Mexico
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3111:
3004:
2980:Public holidays
2953:Nationality law
2948:Life expectancy
2886:
2840:
2735:
2699:Law enforcement
2613:
2604:Water resources
2479:
2455:Mexican miracle
2309:
2300:
2270:
2265:
2245:
2199:
2190:Schwyll Aquifer
2185:Alnarpsströmmen
2173:
2157:
2131:
2115:
2079:
2070:Guarani Aquifer
2058:
2042:
2013:Sankoty Aquifer
1993:Mahomet Aquifer
1973:Edwards Aquifer
1963:Bishop Subbasin
1946:
1920:
1915:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1825:
1814:
1781:
1773:
1707:
1702:
1690:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1616:
1565:
1551:
1519:
1515:on 6 June 2008.
1508:
1494:
1469:
1458:
1425:
1420:
1398:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1001:
1000:
996:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
905:
904:
900:
895:
868:
863:
862:
830:State of Mexico
821:
813:
811:Ecological park
808:
802:
698:Enrico MartĂnez
686:
614:
608:
530:
518:endorheic basin
467:
444:land subsidence
389:Lago de Texcoco
350:Lago de Texcoco
342:
276:
274:
270:
267:
262:
259:
257:
255:
254:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
222:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
156:
153:Lago de Texcoco
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2882:Water scarcity
2879:
2877:Transportation
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2834:Pension system
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:Municipalities
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Extreme points
2524:
2519:
2514:
2511:Climate change
2504:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:Jandakot Mound
2103:
2098:
2096:Gnangara Mound
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1873:External links
1871:
1869:
1868:
1823:
1821:on 2008-05-11.
1790:(in Spanish).
1771:
1705:
1688:
1654:
1640:
1614:
1578:(2): 180–200.
1563:
1549:
1517:
1492:
1467:
1465:on 2008-05-15.
1434:(in Spanish).
1418:
1396:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1341:
1317:
1292:
1271:
1246:
1221:
1208:
1183:
1160:
1149:. The Guardian
1137:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1089:
1069:
1060:
1047:
1014:(4): 500–517.
994:
951:
926:
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
867:
864:
822:
814:
812:
809:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
685:
682:
610:Main article:
607:
604:
536:epoch and the
529:
526:
466:
463:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:Ramsar Wetland
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
291:
285:
284:
252:
246:
245:
244:Central Mexico
242:
238:
237:
224:
223:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
194:
193:
186:
185:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
163:
162:
148:
147:
139:
138:
80:"Lake Texcoco"
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:States by HDI
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:States by GDP
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Manufacturing
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2731:Supreme Court
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:South America
2061:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Turlock Basin
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Permian Basin
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:United States
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:(68): 20–27.
1793:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:10.17226/4937
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:Penguin Books
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:88-8080-025-6
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:(68): 60–65.
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1148:
1145:Sample, Ian.
1141:
1138:
1134:. 2009-09-21.
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:(11): 27–38.
966:
962:
955:
952:
941:
937:
930:
927:
915:
913:
908:
902:
899:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
810:
807:
799:
797:
794:
792:
786:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
705:
701:
699:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
670:Hernán Cortés
666:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
618:
613:
605:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:rainy seasons
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
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76:Find sources:
70:
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59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3203:Tenochtitlan
3198:Pánuco River
3018:Architecture
2923:Demographics
2767:Central bank
2677:Human rights
2657:Constitution
2475:War on drugs
2450:World War II
2435:Cristero War
2328:Colonial era
2253:
2226:Aquifer test
2054:Lake Texcoco
2053:
1882:(in Spanish)
1831:
1827:
1812:the original
1791:
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1718:
1712:
1659:
1622:
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1536:
1506:the original
1475:
1456:the original
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917:. Retrieved
910:
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780:
764:salt marshes
761:
745:overdrafting
742:
728:
721:Pánuco River
714:
695:
667:
660:
632:Tenochtitlan
630:
623:
612:Tenochtitlan
606:Tenochtitlan
587:Azcapotzalco
584:
565:
562:
550:Mount Tlaloc
532:Between the
531:
488:
468:
452:
429:
423:. After the
421:Aztec Empire
404:
381:Lake Texcoco
380:
379:
310:Surface area
225:Lake Texcoco
195:Lake Texcoco
146:Lake Texcoco
127:
121:January 2008
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
18:Texcoco Lake
2943:Immigration
2809:Land reform
2757:Agriculture
2579:Territories
2517:Earthquakes
2465:Peso crisis
2460:Lost Decade
2162:Middle-East
2120:New Zealand
2075:Hamza River
1628:J. M. Cohen
1229:SEMARNART.
838:Mexico City
725:water table
678:Mexico City
580:Teotihuacan
534:Pleistocene
432:Mexico City
403:within the
397:Tetzco(h)co
358:5 June 2022
275: /
250:Coordinates
159:Tetzco(h)co
3162:Categories
3102:Television
3060:Literature
2938:Healthcare
2913:Censorship
2908:Corruption
2841:(currency)
2799:Irrigation
2420:Porfiriato
2415:Yaqui Wars
2390:La Reforma
2375:Pastry War
1371:References
1359:2021-10-03
1335:2021-10-03
1311:2024-08-31
1202:2023-12-12
1041:2016-10-03
945:2023-12-12
919:5 November
791:El Caracol
768:Xochimilco
599:Chichimeca
502:Xochimilco
355:Designated
318:Max. depth
263:99°08′00″W
260:19°25′10″N
91:newspapers
3065:Monuments
3055:Languages
2928:Education
2847:Petroleum
2804:Labor law
2772:Companies
2714:President
2662:Elections
2552:Mountains
2485:Geography
2410:Caste War
2084:Australia
1856:0016-7606
1800:0188-8218
1743:0036-8075
1650:162351797
1620:(1963) .
1602:0024-3590
1444:0188-8218
1406:1498-2366
1178:0121-2974
1153:3 October
1036:140202319
989:162952844
836:, around
663:Ahuitzotl
656:effluents
648:chinampas
572:Cuicuilco
489:altiplano
475:elevation
465:Geography
442:leads to
3142:Category
3085:Religion
3045:Folklore
2704:Military
2682:Intersex
2640:Congress
2623:Politics
2609:Wildlife
2599:Volcanos
2440:Maximato
2307:articles
2260:Category
2038:Wekepeke
1918:Aquifers
1864:94209925
1808:29789840
1767:29625197
1759:17834702
1698:42330470
1559:27035231
1502:50419738
1482:. Rome:
1452:29789840
1414:51495264
1260:. Forbes
981:26308028
866:See also
783:axolotls
776:Zumpango
733:Drainage
674:flooding
591:Tlacopan
494:Zumpango
487:central
241:Location
3126:Outline
3033:Cuisine
3010:Culture
3000:Welfare
2990:Smoking
2975:Poverty
2896:Society
2872:Tourism
2745:Economy
2719:Cabinet
2537:Islands
2532:Forests
2507:Climate
2497:Borders
2315:History
1836:Bibcode
1751:1644869
1723:Bibcode
1714:Science
1610:1715910
1580:Bibcode
1285:15 June
1264:25 June
1239:26 June
1016:Bibcode
731:("Deep
719:to the
668:During
576:pyramid
528:History
448:axolotl
405:Anahuac
385:Spanish
295:pluvial
293:Former
105:scholar
3147:Portal
3097:Sports
3028:Cinema
2958:People
2782:Energy
2645:Senate
2567:States
2562:Rivers
2502:Cities
2305:
2303:Mexico
2178:Europe
2136:Africa
2047:Mexico
1925:Canada
1862:
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1058:(1999)
1056:et al.
1054:Siebe
1034:
987:
979:
912:Ramsar
774:, and
772:Chalco
717:tunnel
640:Aztecs
626:Mexica
595:Toltec
500:, and
498:Chalco
483:Mexico
436:Mexico
413:Mexica
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3133:Index
3080:Radio
3070:Music
2968:Women
2933:Flags
2918:Crime
2839:Peso
2542:Lakes
1782:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1426:(PDF)
1330:Ensia
1234:(PDF)
1032:S2CID
985:S2CID
977:JSTOR
893:Notes
636:islet
546:fauna
510:dikes
299:paleo
112:JSTOR
98:books
3038:Wine
2687:LGBT
2589:Time
1860:OCLC
1852:ISSN
1804:OCLC
1796:ISSN
1755:PMID
1747:OCLC
1739:ISSN
1694:OCLC
1684:ISBN
1646:OCLC
1636:ISBN
1606:OCLC
1598:ISSN
1555:OCLC
1545:ISBN
1498:OCLC
1488:ISBN
1448:OCLC
1440:ISSN
1410:OCLC
1402:ISSN
1392:ISBN
1386:and
1287:2022
1266:2021
1241:2021
1174:ISSN
1155:2016
1112:ISBN
1085:ISBN
921:2022
824:The
749:sunk
652:dams
597:and
469:The
401:lake
366:2469
301:lake
297:and
289:Type
84:news
3023:Art
2829:Oil
2694:Law
1844:doi
1832:111
1817:PDF
1731:doi
1719:203
1676:doi
1588:doi
1511:PDF
1461:PDF
1197:Vox
1024:doi
969:doi
940:Vox
840:.
785:).
485:'s
407:or
67:by
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